WIMAX OFDM ADAPTIVE MODULATION WITH BROADBAND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY HSDPA

Farrukh Sahar, Nawab Zada Nasrullah Khan & Arzak khan Blekinge Tekniska Hogskola Sweden This paper works comprises on the analysis of IEEE 802.16 WiMAX standards and the performance analysis of its physical layer using the OFDM adaptive modulation and it uses the concept of cyclic prefix that adds additional bits at the transmitter end. The signal is transmitted through the channel and it is received at the receiver end, then the receiver removes these additional bits in order to minimize the inter symbol interference, to improve the bit error rate and to reduce the power spectrum. An Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel model is used with Rayleigh fading to resemble the real world scenario. The transmitter and receiver are assumed to be in fixed positions and the channel coding is not used. The transmitted and received signals are considered to in perfect sync with each other in time and frequency. Losses from feeder cables, joints, connectors, jumpers are not taken in consideration. In our research work, we investigated the physical layer performance on the basis of bit error rate, signal to noise ratio, power spectral density and error probability. These parameters are discussed in two different models. The first model is a simple OFDM communication model without the cyclic prefix, while the second model includes cyclic prefix. The study reviewed scientific articles that provide in-depth knowledge that WiMAX provides increased throughput and better protection against multi path propagation and self interference as compared to HSDPA, furthermore, in this paper different aspects of the model were investigated and with MATLAB simulations it has been demonstrated that lower modulation schemes provide better performance in noisy conditions. Higher modulation schemes provide higher data rates, but encounter high BER in noisy and low SNR conditions. Keywords:-OFDM adaptive modulation, Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, Rayleigh fading, bit error rate, signal to noise ratio, MATLAB simulations, HSDPA. Introduction WiMAX The IEEE 802.16 standard Worldwide Interoperability for Micro Wave Access (WiMAX) is broadband wireless technology which provides a high-speed and last mile wireless broadband services. The frequency band range specifies 10 Ghz to 66 Ghz in the WiMAX to coverage a wide geographical area. The Wireless Metropolitan Area Networking (WMAN) not only offers a last mile broadband services for wireless which are alternative for DSL, cable, and T1 level in WiMAX, but also offer back haul due to higher data rates for 802.11 hot spots (Jeffrey G et al, 2007). The main idea to bring for WiMAX is to give better solution for broadband by using wireless infrastructure. HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is the 3.5 generation before 4G, which is based on UMTS third generation network in Release 5. UMTS third generation systems, precise in Release 99 include WCDMA air interface. High-Speed Up-link Packet Access (HSUPA) and HSDPA belong to the family High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA). HSPA belong to the WCDMA network, which is upgrade form of 3G network (GSM World, 2009). HSDPA offers maximum output data rates of down-link speeds 3.6, 7.2 and 14.4 Mbps. As compare to UMTS network, HSDPA provides better quality of service, spectral quality for down-link packet data rate services. HSPA was planned to offer high data rate at non real time, but after experiment it will show the results for low data rate application such as VOIP (Holma and Toskala, 2004). In future, Release six and seven would get better look up for VOIP and related services result of HSDPA. Comparison: HSDPA vs. WiMAX HSDPA is an upgrade to the 3G UMTS network, which is primarily designed for voice and WiMAX, which is a new technology from scratch is designed for data. Competition between the two technologies cant be avoided at any cost because of the fact that their primary objective tends to cross into each other; HSDPA is converging towards data and WiMAX is moving towards voice. Its the industry is affirmative that the performance of both the

technologies wont be much of importance while deciding which to deploy, but would be their properties which best fit the operators requirements. Network architecture The 3GPP (3GPP, release 6; 3GGP TS25.308, version 5.5.0; 3GGP TS25.855, version 5.5.0) has defined the whole architecture for the HSPA network, from the edge to the core, from the lowest layer to the highest layer. The IEEE 802-16 specifications only define WiMAX as a technology which supports only the physical and the MAC layer (Amimo et al, 2007; Smura T, n.d.; WiMAX Forum, 2007). OPEX and CAPEX HSPA is just an upgrade to the previously UMTS networks, usually just a software upgrade and/or much as changing of transceiver at the edge (RNC, Node B). Therefore, unless a new HSPA network is being installed, the CAPEX (capital expenditure) is very low as compared to WiMAX (Furuskar A et al, 2005). WiMAX on the other hand is a totally new technology hence operators have to build the network from scratch for which the CAPEX is quite high for the came coverage as of an HSPA network. The OPEX (operational expenditure) on the other hand can be treated as nearly the same for both the technologies (Amimo et al, 2007). Performance analysis WiMAX uses a higher bit rate modulation coding (64 QAM) then HSPA (16 QAM). 64 QAM is supported by HSPA release7 which cannot be used simultaneously with MIMO. Release8 of HSPA supports 64 QAM competitive with WiMAX. HSPA on the contrary has less overhead hence the peak data rate is more than WiMAX (Anon, 2009). WiMAX beats HSPA release6 as it has better spectrum efficiency. Release7 of HSPA has comparable spectrum efficiency as compared to WiMAX performance. Preliminary features of HSPA release8 show better efficiency, then WiMAX (Anon, 2009). Results are similar as presented by 3G America (3G Americas, 2006). WiMAX deployed in higher frequencies would have additional losses in link budget as high frequencies tend to have low range. HSPA operates in lower frequencies leading WiMAX. Still WiMAX has the flexibility to operate in multiple frequency bands adapting according to the regions regulations. Technical Comparison HSPA and WiMAX both have been designed for high-speed packet switched services. Both technologies are similar in the case that they support dynamic link adaptation, hybrid ARQ, dynamic scheduling, multi level QoS and support for smart antennas. Their main difference arises in their operating frequency bands, duplex schemes, and signal format and handover mechanism (Anon, 2009). Simulation Environment The simulations are designed and implemented using MATLAB. Performance is evaluated by transmitting randomly generated data stream over an AWGN channel with Rayleigh fading. The stream is then received, demodulated and compared for errors with the theoretical model. MATLAB v7.4.0 (Release: 2007a) was used on HP work station which was running Microsoft Windows XP professional. Simulations were done in the computer laboratories in the Section of Teknik at Blekinge Tekniska Hgskola, Karlskrona Sweden. The rand () function was used to create a random data stream. It uses the Mersenne twister algorithm to generate random numbers. Additive white noise channel (AWGN) model is used to characterize the noise. Rayleigh distribution is used to simulate the multi path fading effect. Monte Carlo simulation method is used to simulate repeatedly random sampling. In this method the simulations are repeated with new data each time, BER is calculated each time for every simulation. Simulation Block (Insert Figure 1) Simulation Results The simulation results based upon the adaptive modulation technique are presented in this section. The modulation techniques used are BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM. All the modulation schemes were used to simulate the real time environment. Un-coded EbNo vs. BER plots are presented with different modulation schemes. Un-coded data is considered the channel encoding has not been used. OFDM simulation with adaptive modulation in AWGN A random data stream was transmitted using adaptive modulation in an AWGN channel with Rayleigh fading using 256 OFDM pilot carriers. (Insert Figure 2) and (Insert Table 1).

Theoretical values Theoretical values of BER are presented here for the AWGN and the Rayleigh channel for each of the modulation schemes used. AWGN. (Insert Figure 3) and (Insert Table 2). Rayleigh. (Insert Figure 4) and (Insert Table 3). Probability of error. (Insert Figure 5) and (Insert Table 4). Theoretical vs. Actual values Comparisons between the theoretical BER values for both AWGN and Rayleigh model with the actual values are presented in this section for all four modulation schemes used. BPSK. (Insert Figure 6). QPSK. (Insert Figure 7). 16QAM. (Insert Figure 8). 64QAM. (Insert Figure 9). Conclusion The main concentration of this research is on the WiMAX physical layer. Performance is evaluated using an AWGN and a Rayleigh channel which nearly resembles the real world scenarios. It has been observed that lower bit rate modulation schemes are better in terms of power efficiency and bandwidth consumption as compared with other modulation schemes such as QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM. Higher modulation schemes such as 64QAM provide high data rates, but are susceptible to higher Bit error rates (BER) on low SNR. WiMAX adaptable modulation provides best possible error free communications in a wide range of channel conditions, hence WiMAX provides a better throughput with its fast scheduling as compared to HSDPA. It also provided better protection against multi path and self interference with scalable channel bandwidth and OFDMA. The only advantage HSDPA had over WiMAX was it provided better mobility, but with the recent amendments to the 802.16 standard, WiMAX not even supports mobility, but also supports multi hop relays. References Furuskar A., Almgren M. & Johansson K. (2005). An Infrastructure Cost Evaluation of Single and Multi-Access Networks with Heterogeneous Traffic Density. IEEE Proceedings. HSPA Mobile Broadband Today. (2009). URL: http://www.gsmworld.com. Harri Holma & Antti Toskala. (2004). HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS. John Wiley & sons. Jeffrey G. Andrews, Arunabha Ghosh, Rias Muhamed. (2007). Fundamentals of WiMAX: Understanding Broadband Wireless Networking. Prentice Hall, Hybrid-ARQ. http://www.wimax.com/commentary/wimax_weekly/2-5-2-hybrid-arq. Otieno Amimo, Rayolla; Anish Kurien; Damien Chatelain; Marcel Odhiambo. (2007). Wireless Broadband: Comparative Analysis of HSDPA vs. WiMAX. South African Telecommunications Networks and Applications Conference, SATNAC. Smura T. (n.d.). Competition between Emerging Wireless Network Technologies: Case HSPA vs. WiMAX in Europe. Helsinki University of Technology Networking Labs, Finland. Anon. (2009). .Technical overview and performance of HSPA and mobile WiMAX (2009.) Ericsson white paper, 284 23-3128 Uen Rev B. WiMAX Forum. (2007). WiMAX and IMT-2000. White Paper.

3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project. (n. d.).Technical Specification: Group Radio Access Network; Spatial channel model for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) simulations (Release 6) Technical Report 25.996 V6.1.0. 3GGP TS25.308. (n.d.). UTRA High- Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); Overall description Stage 2. Version 5.5.0. 3GGP TS25.855. (n.d.). High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); Overall UTRAN description. Version 5.5.0. 3G Americas. (2006). Mobile Broadband: EDGE, HSPA and LTE. URL: http://www.3gamericas.org/English/Technology_Center/WhitePapers/. Table 1: BER statistics for system unde study Variance S.D. 0.066 0.0044 BPSK 7 0.067 0.0046 QPSK 5 0.039 16QA 0.0015 1 M 2.3576e0.015 64QA 004 4 M Table 2: Statistics for theoretical BER in an AWGN channel Variance S.D. 1.1446e0.003 BPSK 005 4 1.1446e0.003 QPSK 005 4 5.5653e0.007 16QA 005 5 M 1.5491e0.012 64QA 004 4 M Table 3: Statistics for theoretical BER in a Rayleigh fading channel Variance S.D. 7.5381e0.008 BPSK 005 7 7.5383e0.008 QPSK 005 7 1.6227e0.012 16QA 004 7 M 3.1275e0.017 64QA 004 7 M Table 4: Statistics for probability of error Varianc S.D. e 0.032 0.0010 BPSK 0 0.033 0.0011 QPSK 7 0.073 16QA 0.0055 9 M

64QA M

0.0237

0.154 0

Figure1. Simulation Block diagram

Figure2. Adaptive modulation over AWGN and Rayleigh in OFDM

Figure 3. Theoretical BER values in an AWGN channel

Figure 4. Theoretical BER values in a Rayleigh fading channel

Figure 5. Probability for error for Adaptive modulation over AWGN and Rayleigh in OFDM

Figure 6. Theoretical and actual BER values for BPSK

Figure 7. Theoretical and actual BER values for QPSK

Figure 8. Theoretical and actual BER values for 16QAM

Figure 9. Theoretical and actual BER values for 64QAM