Understanding the Structure of the Universe

A Basic Structural Toolkit By: Paul N. Butler Rather than attempt to explain all of the wrong Basic Physical Assumptions in mans current understanding of the universe, I think it will be much more productive to introduce some basic conceptual tools that (if understood and used properly) can lead to a greater understanding of the universe that will make it obvious which of mans current Basic Physical Assumptions are correct and which ones are incorrect. I will cover them only at a very basic level and leave the full development of them to those who can see their value. This will be done partly because an in depth discussion of them could easily fill several volumes and partly because I will need to leave this world at some time and it is possible that my ability to pass on information to this world could be hindered at some point in the future, so I desire to encourage others to develop patterns of thought that can best be established by actually using and further developing these and other tools to increase their understanding over time. If this happens, the end result will be of much greater and enduring benefit to this world than I could ever hope to accomplish from my individual efforts. I will give some examples of their use in examining the real world, but will not attempt in any way to use them to completely describe the world, as that would take many libraries full of volumes to accomplish. Not to mention that there is only one who possesses all that information and it is not me. Since there seems to be a belief in many that Quantum Physics (Mechanics) tells us that all we can understand about interactions at very small size scales such as between subatomic particles is the probabilities that each observed type of interaction will occur, I will start out with an introduction into Probability Structuring.

Probability Structuring
Probability Structuring is based on the concept that probabilities are not existent physical structures in themselves (I am not talking about information structures here), but are just resultant outputs of existing physical structures and, or their interactions. Such structures can either directly generate the probabilities or they can modify or limit the probabilities generated by other structures. When looked at in this way it can be understood that observed probabilities (other than possibly 0 or 100 percent or completely random probabilities) are best looked at as clues to help us gain an understanding of the hidden structure that generates them. Even if one looks at the existing probability information and from that information comes to a conclusion of the hidden structure that generates the observed probabilities that ultimately is shown to be wrong or incomplete, such visualization would likely encourage

further observational studies that would generate additional new information that not only could correct any minor flaws in the original concept or cause the original concept to be scrapped as wrong, but could also lead to the generation of new more accurate and more extensive concepts that can increase the understanding of that hidden structure. As an example, the concept that all material objects are composed of some smallest sized object that was named the atom instead of being continuous objects led to the completion of many observational experiments to test that hypothesis. Along the way of proving that concept chemistry was developed. After the atom was discovered it turned out that further observational experimentation indicated that the probability of interaction was greater near the center of the atom than farther out from the center. This was interpreted to indicate that the atoms structure was not that of a point object or even of an extended object that was the same throughout, but an object that contained a dense center core surrounded by something less dense. Even though further observational experimentation proved that the atom was not really the smallest part of matter, the concept generated much research that greatly advanced mans understanding of the overall structure of matter. Today in Quantum Mechanics a condition exists in which observational information shows that when two matter particles interact there can be multiple possible outcomes, each with its own probability of occurrence. Instead of seeing that these multiple outcomes and their probabilities are indicative of underlying hidden (currently unobserved) structure, there is more an attitude that we should just accept them as not understandable. This is sort of like believing that the earth is the center of the universe and building a mechanical model of it as celestial spheres rotated by various arrangements of gears and when it is later found by observation that the planets dont rotate neatly around the earth as was supposed by that theory, but make odd back and forth motions at times, to just add additional gears etc. to allow accurate predictions to be made and say we may never know why it works that way, but why bother to try to find out when we have a model that works to make the predictions of the positions of the heavenly bodies that we need to make. This way of looking at things is very dangerous to the progression of scientific knowledge because it tends to inhibit experimentation that could lead to an in depth understanding of what causes the multiple outcomes and what structure generates the various probabilities. This is todays Galileo moment. The direction that is taken today will determine whether physics stagnates for an extended Dark Age period or advances as it should, to greatly increase mans understanding of the universe that we live in. What kinds of concepts might we consider concerning the multiple outcomes and their various probabilities? Although there are many, I will just mention a few. First they indicate that matter particles are not solid point objects. The multiple outcomes are indicative of internal structures that can vary how one particle sees the other during an interaction depending on which structural parts of the particle interact or what the motions or other states of the interacting structures in the particles are at the time of the interaction. The various specific

probabilities of occurrence of each outcome indicates that one (or more) dynamic structural variable(s) is present within the particle that varies the outcome as a result of the specific structural phasing relationships of that variable(s) that exist between the particles at the time of interaction. The fact that matter particles have been observed to possess wave like properties suggests that they contain internal cyclical motions of some sort. The phasing of these motions between the particles at the time of interaction can explain the specific probabilities, as an example. With a little thought I am sure many other concepts can be developed also. Then it will be up to the development of further observations to narrow the field down to the one(s) that explain things as completely, accurately, and simply as possible. Some may say that it is not possible to do such experiments, but remember that the same could have been logically said about the concept of the atom at the time it was developed. It was the desire to determine if the atom concept was true that over a long period of time lead to the development of the observational equipment that ultimately allowed the concept of the atom to be proven to be at least to some extent true.

Structural sequencing
Another way to gain insight into the nature of hidden structure is to follow the chains or sequences of interactions or changes between the most basic structures that can be observed in an attempt to find the most basic observed structure and to learn more about the nature of the basic structures. At present the most basic structural entities that man has discovered are the energy photon and matter particles. One might say that quarks are more basic than matter particles, but if they exist, they have not yet been individually observed. Observations of interactions such as low kinetic energy interactions between matter particles and anti-matter particles have shown that matter particles and anti-matter particles can be changed into energy photons (Note that any quarks that were in the particles are apparently destroyed in the process and are, therefore, only transient structures at best and may only be output indicators of the true underlying structures involved). Furthermore, it has been observed that energy photons can be converted into angular motion such as when an electron in an atom absorbs a photon resulting in the electron transferring to a higher level orbit within the atom. This interaction can also occur in the opposite direction in which the electron decreases its angular motion amplitude by transferring to a lower orbit and generating an energy photon in the process of the interaction to carry off the excess motion. An energy photon can also be changed into linear motion such as when a high energy (high frequency) photon interacts with an electron in an atom and transfers enough motion to it so that it completely escapes the atom and travels off from the atom in some direction at a velocity that is dependent on the amount of motion transferred to it from the photon such as in the photo-electric effect. This sequence of interactions makes it clear that a matter particle, an energy photon and motion are all manifestations of the same basic entity. It is obvious that motion is the simplest and most

basic entity of the three. The observation that motion is the most basic building block of all structure in the universe opens up a whole new way of looking at the world and how it works. All one must do is to determine what individual motions an energy photon or a matter particle are composed of, how those motions interact within them and between them, and how the motions are stored within them. Once these things are understood a great leap in understanding the various outcomes that can result from interactions and the causes of the various probabilities that each result will occur can be obtained. From this it can be seen that looking for chains or sequences of structural change or transfer within a system can lead to vary great and often profound breakthroughs in understanding. Structural Analysis Structural analysis looks at the observed structural properties and behaviors of an entity and then attempts to trace these observations back to the existent structure(s) that generate(s) them. Since motion seems to be the simplest structure of the three existent structures covered so far, I will look at that first. Motion is actually a very simple structure to define when interactions are not involved. In general, any three dimensional motion can be looked at as existing at a specific point (position) in space in any point in the motion continuum. Its existent position changes continuously in a specific direction in space (this direction can be looked at as a composite of three individual dimensional directions) at a specific rate (compared to some other motion entity) that is due to its internal motion amplitude. Its motion amplitude can also be looked at as the composite result of an individual motion amplitude in each of three dimensions. When looked at in this way, its apparent direction in three dimensional space is determined by a combination of its individual dimensional directions with its individual dimensional motion amplitudes. As an example, if we define dimension ones directions to be north and south, dimension twos directions to be east and west, and dimension threes directions to be up and down, if the motion entitys dimension one direction is north, its dimension two direction is east, and its dimension three direction is up, and if it possesses the same motion amplitude in all three dimensions, the apparent direction will be at an angle of forty-five degrees between north and east and at a forty-five degree angle between the two dimensional plane of dimensions one and two and the up direction. If we (in order to simplify the example) look at only dimensions one and two, we see that the dimension one and dimension two directions determine the directional quadrant (north to east, east to south, south to west, and west to north) and the amount of difference between the motion amplitudes of dimension one and dimension two determines the specific angle of the motions direction within the quadrant. In the above example, if the motion amplitude in the north direction is reduced to zero, the motion will be directly to the east within the two dimensional plane. If instead the motion amplitude in the east direction is reduced to zero, the apparent motion will be to the north. Equal motion amplitudes in both dimensions result in an apparent

motion direction that is exactly in the middle between north and east or forty-five degrees to either dimension. The addition of the third dimension can be looked at as generating two quadrant structures with one located above the dimensions one and two plane and the other located below it. The up or down angle is also added to the selected quadrant, of course. There are other ways to look at this, but I chose this method to make it as simple as possible to visualize. To sum it all up, at any point in the motion continuum, in the absence of an interaction, any motion entity is located at a specific position and is continually changing that position in a specific direction at a specific rate of change (compared to some other motion) as determined by its specific motion amplitude. So each motion entity contains three information variables. In the absence of an interaction its position continually varies, while its direction and motion amplitude remain constant. During an interaction its direction and motion amplitude can vary, but its position is usually not varied by the interaction, but is varied indirectly as a result of changes to its direction and/or motion amplitude. Looking at it in this way, external interaction information inputs feed the direction and motion amplitude property value computation structures and the direction and motion amplitude information feed the position change computation structure. The motion entities primary output into the dimensional structure is its position change information. One could also consider that it has secondary outputs of its direction and motion amplitude information into the interaction change computation structure. Presenting it in this information format is meant to show that there is a definite flow pattern of information into and out of a motion entity. The details of that flow and of the dimensional and interaction structures that generate it are a part of pattern structuring, which is well beyond the scope of this paper and are presented for you as a concept to develop if you wish. During an interaction, motions do not cancel out even if they are in opposite directions. Total input motion content into the interaction is conserved in the output of the interaction. An individual motion entity can cease to exist, but in the process of doing so its complete motion content is transferred to one or more other motion entities. The energy photon is a little more complex because it contains two motions. First it contains a straight line motion that is basically the same as in a basic motion entity except that whereas a basic motion entity can have a motion amplitude in a continuous spectrum basically from zero to that motion amplitude that is commonly referred to as the speed of light, the motion amplitude of an energy photon for the most part servos at the speed of light level. The energy photon also possesses an angular motion component that generally acts at ninety degrees to its in line motions direction of travel. This angular motion component is cyclical in that it acts first in one direction for some time and then reverses and acts in the opposite direction for the same amount of time. This cycle continues indefinitely. Its motion amplitude as determined by its dynamic mass effect seems to be continuously variable from almost zero to some maximum level. It appears that this motion varies in a linear fashion from zero motion amplitude up to its maximum value in one direction and then returns in the same linear fashion to zero amplitude.

It then appears to do the same in the opposite direction. Another possibility is that it always travels at the same motion amplitude level, but instantaneously changes to the opposite direction as a result of an interaction with some boundary. In that case, the apparent variation of its motion amplitude from zero to some maximum level could be caused by some variable that limits its dynamic mass effect in an interaction in a cyclical way from its maximum value to the zero level instead of it continuously being at its maximum value as one would expect if its motion amplitude is constant. One way to visualize this concept is to consider that this angular motion component travels in a fourth physical dimension that intersects with our three dimensional structure at ninety degrees like the other three dimensions, but is extremely small in size. If we assume that all motion entities are of some minimum size and that this fourth dimensions size is three times that size, so that as the angular motion travels from one end of the dimension to the other, it completely leaves our three dimensional structure just as it gets to the end of the dimension then bounces off the dimensional boundary and travels in the opposite direction until it reaches the dimensional boundary at the other end of the fourth dimension just as it again leaves our three dimensional structure, we can see that as it begins to enter into our three dimensional structure only a very small part of it is in that structure with most of it still outside of it and thus it is not able to fully interact with full effect with entities within our three dimensional structure. At this point in its travel it would have almost no mass effect in an interaction. As it moves more and more into our three dimensional structure, its mass effect becomes greater and greater in an interaction until it reaches the full effect that one would expect it to be due to its fourth dimensional motion amplitude when it is completely within our three dimensional structure. Its dynamic mass effect then continually decreases as it begins to leave our three dimensional structure until it reaches zero at the point that it is completely out of the three dimensional structure. It then bounces off of the fourth dimensional boundary and does the same thing again except this time in the opposite direction, so that its dynamic mass effect in an interaction would be in the opposite direction. There could be other ways to visualize how the ninety degree motion works to generate the observed effects, but I have chosen this method as it is the simplest method that I have found. Like in all endeavors to acquire knowledge it is usually best to start with the most basic model that fits the currently observed data and then modify or replace it with a better model as new observations dictate. You always have to start somewhere. In any attempt to model the photons effective motion at ninety degrees to its direction of travel, one must consider that any cyclical motion generally requires one or more interactions because the motion involved must leave a point and return to that same relative point at least in one dimension. In my example the fourth dimensional motion is used to create the cyclical motion and the interaction of the motion with the dimensional boundary is used to change the motions direction to allow the cycle to be completed in that dimension. A circular bounded infinity motion could be considered, but the interface would have to allow each half rotation to appear to be in the

opposite direction thus complicating the dimensional interface structure, etc. The other main consideration is that the motion must be made to at least appear in the output structure to be continually changing in motion amplitude from zero to some maximum level and back to zero in a cyclical fashion. In my example this is accomplished by the variable interfacing of the motion entity with our three dimensional structure from zero to maximum (full) overlap. Feel free to try to make your own model. There are many possibilities. Of course, only one is completely true to reality, but all of reality is not presently known by man, so you only need to fit it to current observation. It can then be changed or replaced with a better model as needed to match new data. As you can see the photon is more complex than a simple motion entity because of its dual motion content one of which is a cyclical motion generally requiring internal interactions. The cyclical motion gives the photon its frequency, wavelength, and dynamic mass effects. The greater its motion amplitude is, the faster it travels from one end of the fourth dimension to the other, so that it can complete a cycle more quickly thus increasing its cyclical frequency. It can then complete a cycle while traveling a shorter distance in its linear motion at the speed of light. This shortens its wave length. Its greater motion amplitude means that it contains more total motion content that can be transferred during an interaction, which increases its dynamic mass effect in an interaction. If we consider that any attempt to add motion content to the photon in one or more of the first three dimensions causes that motion to be transferred instead into its fourth dimensional motion or any attempt to remove motion content from one or more of the first three dimensions causes some of its fourth dimensional motion to be transferred back down to restore its linear motion to the speed of light, we can see why the photon servos at the speed of light. All that is necessary to accomplish this is to consider that any composite three dimensional motion that exceeds the speed of light induces the excess motion into the fourth dimension due to the characteristics of the interface of the fourth dimension with the lower three dimensions. Matter particles are still more complex than energy photons. We know that matter particles can be converted into energy photons and that energy photons can be converted into matter particles, so they must contain much of the same base structure, but there must be at least one variable that makes one a matter particle and the other an energy photon. The main differences between their observed behaviors are: 1. A photon continually travels at the speed of light and any attempt to slow it down only either completely dissipates all of its motion content into one or more other entities, so that it completely ceases to exist or only dissipates some of its fourth dimensional motion, so that it leaves the interaction as a lower frequency photon still traveling at the speed of light while a matter particle can essentially stand still and it is very difficult to increase its linear motion to near the speed of light.

2. A photon possesses only a variable dynamic mass effect that is somewhat directional while a matter particle exhibits a static constant level mass effect that is non-directional (It is the same mass effect level regardless of the direction from which the interaction comes to it). One similarity between them is that they both exhibit frequency or wave properties. This suggests that a matter particle also contains a fourth dimensional motion like that of an energy photon. This would make their structures the same up to that point. The question then becomes, how can the linear speed of light motion be contained, so that the particle can stand still as a unit and how is the static mass generated? We can get a clue about the mass generation from the dynamic mass effect of the photon. Since a very low frequency photon exhibits a very small dynamic mass effect compared to one of very high frequency it is apparent that most of the dynamic mass effect comes from the photons ninety degree angular motion component generated by its fourth dimensional motion and not from its linear speed of light motion. What is needed for the matter particle is an additional motion that can generate a three dimensional angular motion that can generate a static three dimensional mass effect and at the same time can contain the linear speed of light motion into a cyclical pattern of limited size to generate a static particle. Both of these things can be accomplished by a motion in another (fifth) dimension that has an interface with the lower dimensions that causes it to feed extra motion into each of the lower three dimensions in a cyclical pattern that causes the path to be curved such as to produce a three dimensional curved enclosed path of a small size. This enclosed path becomes the particle. The angular motion content introduced into each of the lower three dimensions generates the three dimensional static mass effect. This structure can explain many things about the structure and behavior of matter particles. First it can explain why matter particles and anti-matter particles are changed into energy photons when they come together with low kinetic energy. If the matter particles fifth dimensional motion is traveling in one direction in the fifth dimension while the fifth dimensional motion of the antimatter particle is traveling in the opposite direction it can be easy to see how these opposite angular motion components can cancel each other out with the result that their fifth dimensional motion is forced back down into their fourth dimensional components effectively converting them into photons. It also explains why a photon that contains enough total motion to produce a matter particle doesnt just spontaneously change into a matter particle because an interaction must occur that introduces the proper angular motion component to allow transfer of motion from its fourth dimensional motion into the fifth dimension. Moreover it explains why matter particles dont exist in a continuous range of sizes and masses because in order for the particle to be stable its fourth dimensional frequency cycle must fit properly into its enclosed path size in such a way as to create a balanced overall center structured mass effect. It also explains why some patterns are completely stable, others are somewhat, but less stable and others are completely unstable, so that the matter particles that are produced with

those patterns are completely stable, stable enough for the particle to exist for some short time, but ultimately leads to the cancellation of some or all of the particles fifth dimensional angular motion content, so that the particle either degenerates into another particle(s) with lower static mass and/or is changed to an energy photon, or so unstable that no particles can exist to any degree at those mass levels. One key to understanding these things is the minimum motion content that is required to generate a transfer from the fourth dimension to the fifth dimension. The continual cyclical motion components present in matter particles generate the various different possible outcomes from interactions between matter particles and also explain why some are more probable than others, but an explanation of how all that works is too large to fit in the remainder of this paper, so I leave it to you to figure out as that is what this paper is all about. Its purpose is not to give a complete understanding of how everything works, but to encourage others to begin to observe the world around them in new ways that can lead to much greater understanding of it and can give the pleasure that can be obtained through that endeavor. I have, therefore attempted to make this paper as understandable to as many as possible. I hope it helps you to increase in knowledge and understanding. As the famous saying goes (maybe not yet in this world, but I still have hope): if you give a man a new technology, he will be indebted to and dependent on you forever, but give him the means to develop it himself and you just may have created a whole new civilization that someday may be able to work equally with you for the benefit of both.