CHAPTER - 1

IN T R O D U C T I O N

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

he importance of working capital in any industry needs no special emphasis. Working capital is considered to be life-giving force to an economic entity.

Management of working capital is one of the most important functions of corporate management. Every organization whether profit oriented or not, irrespective of its size and nature of business, needs requisite amount of working capital. Capital to keep an entity working is working capital. The efficient Working capital management is the most crucial factor in maintaining survival, liquidity, solvency and profitability of the concerned business organization. It needs sufficient finance to carry out purchase of raw materials; payment of day-today operational expenses including salaries and wages, repairs and maintenance expenses etc. and funds to meet these expenses are collectively known as working capital. In simplicity, working capital refers to that portion of total fund, which finances the day-to-day working expenses during the operating cycle. The term "working" here implies continuity of production and distribution of want removing goods and services required by the society. Working capital is necessary to finance current assets which include inventories, debtors, marketable securities, bank, cash, short term loans and advances, payment of advance tax and so on. An inadequate working capital as both the phenomena of over capitalization and under capitalization of working capital generates adverse effects on the profitability and liquidity of the concerned firm. The effective working capital necessitates careful handling of current assets to ensure short-term liquidity and solvency of the business. To be more specific, neither under stocking nor overstocking of raw materials, careful maintenance and trade off between credit receiving.

IFFCO meets its working capital needs by borrowing Fund based loans and Nonfund based loans from different banks. Fund based loans include loans like Cash credit, Working capital term loan, Working capital demand loan, Packing Credit, Advance against retention money etc..Whereas Non-fund based loans include Letter of Credit and Bank Guarantee. Generally in any company the requirements of Non-fund based loans is more than Fund based loans.

CHAPTER-2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 REASEARCH METHODOLOGY: 4

Study objectives :a) To study the nature of working capital, concepts and definition of working capital. b) To examine the effectiveness of working capital management practices of the firm. c) To find out how adequacy or otherwise of working capital affects commercial operations of the company. d) To prescribe remedial measures to encounter the problems faced by the firm. e) To study the working capital financing or means of financing of the company.

Scope of the study :a) Planning of working capital management b) Working capital finance

Methods of Data collection :a) Primary data: Basic information collected from the local sources as well as from the company staff like managers, accountants and officers. Moreover information gathered through practically preparing the data for working capital. b) Secondary data: i. ii. iii. iv. From the B/S of the company From CMA proposal report From internet From books

CHAPTER 3

INDUSTRY SCENARIO

3.1 INDUSTRY SCENARIO:

The fertilizer industry in India consists of three major players; The Government owned Public Sector undertakings, Cooperative Societies like IFFCO,KRIBHCO and units from Private sector. There are about 33 major producers producing N and NP/NPK fertilizers in the country at present. The fertilizer industry of India had made constructive use of the fertilizer subsidy provided by the Government of India to ensure that the country achieved reasonable self-sufficiency in food grain production. The fertilizer industry has organized itself through Fertilizer Association of India (FAI) to coordinate with the Government of India to achieve the macro-economic objectives related to agricultural sector and to provide other services. 3.2 INDIAN FERTILIZER IINDUSTRY OVERVIEW: Fertilizer is generally defined as "any material, organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic, which supplies one or more of the chemical elements required for the plant growth." Chemical fertilizers have played a vital role in the success of India's green revolution and consequent self-reliance in food-grain production. The increase in fertilizer consumption has contributed significantly to sustainable production of food grains in the country. The Government of India has been consistently pursuing policies conducive to increased availability and consumption of fertilizers in the country. The Indian Fertilizer industry had a very humble beginning in 1906, when the first manufacturing unit of Single Super Phosphate (SSP) was set up in Ranipat near Chennai with an annual capacity of 6000 MT. The Fertilizer & Chemicals Travancore of India Ltd. (FACT) at Cochin in Kerala and the Fertilizers Corporation of India (FCI) in Sindri in Bihar were the first large sized fertilizer plants set up in the forties and fifties with a view to establish an industrial base to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains. Subsequently, green revolution in the late sixties gave an impetus to the growth of fertilizer industry in India. The seventies and eighties then witnessed a significant addition to the fertilizer production capacity. Although agricultures share in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has declined from over half at Independence to less than one-fifth currently, agriculture remains the predominant sector in terms of employment and livelihood with more than half of Indias workforce engaged in it as the principal occupation. Agriculture still contributes significantly to export earnings and is an important source of raw materials as well as of demand for many industries. Fertilizer sector is a very crucial for Indian economy because it provides a very important input to agriculture. The fertilizer industry in India has played a pivotal role in achieving 7

self sufficiency in food grains as well as in rapid and sustained agriculture growth. India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizers in the world after China and the United States. The Indian fertilizer industry is broadly divided into nitrogenous, phosphatic and potassic segments. In addition to these, nutrients are combined to produce several complex fertilizers. To express the nutrient constitution of fertilizers, the grade of a fertilizer is expressed as a set of three numbers in the order of percent of Nitrogen (N), Phosphate (P) and Potash (K). The straight nitrogenous fertilizers produced in the country are urea, ammonium sulphate, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and ammonium chloride. The only straight phosphatic fertilizer being produced in the country is SSP. The complex fertilizers include DAP, several grades of nitro phosphates and NPK complexes. Urea and DAP are the main fertilizers produced indigenously. As on 31 Jan 08, the country has an installed capacity of 120.61 lakh MT of nitrogen and 56.59 lakh MT of Phosphate. Presently, there are 56 large size fertilizer plants in the country manufacturing a wide range of nitrogenous, phosphatic and complex fertilizers. Out of these, 30 (functioning) units produce urea, 21 units produce DAP and complex fertilizers, 5 units produce low analysis straight nitrogenous fertilizers and the remaining 9 manufacture ammonium sulphate as-product. Besides, there are about 72 medium and small-scale units in operation producing SSP. The sector-wise installed capacity is given in the table below:Sector wise percentage contribution of Nitrogen and phosphatic (as on 1st January, 2008): Sector Public Sector Cooperative Sector Private Sector Total Nitrogen 29.00 26.27 44.73 100 Phosphatic 07.65 30.27 62.08 100

The Fertilizer Association of India was established in 1955 to bring together all those concerned with the production, marketing and use of fertilizers in India. It assists the Indian fertilizer industries in promoting sustainable fertilizer use, thus increasing productivity and operational efficiency in agriculture. India is the third largest producer and consumer of fertilizers in the world with an installed capacity of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphate (P) nutrients at 14 million tones per annum. Urea, a nitrogenous type of fertilizer, is most widely consumed in India. Currently the urea capacity is 20.2 million tones while consumption is 21.7 million tones. The demand of urea is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4 percent. 8

3.3 Determinants of fertilizer demand: Rainfall and irrigation facilities: Adequate and well diversified rainfall gives the farmers confidence to invest in fertilizers along with well equipped irrigation facilities. Relative prices of fertilizers: Indian agriculture is characterized by small holdings and demand for fertilizers tends to be price sensitive. If there is significant price differentiation between fertilizers, demand will move in the favor of the cheaper fertilizers, even if its not the most appropriate one. Cropping pattern: This determines the need and timing of fertilizers purchases. Government policy: Government policies and framework influences pricing, production and distribution of fertilizers.

3.4 Rising demand for fertilizers:

There has been significant growth in the consumption of fertilizers in last three years due to overall good monsoon. The growth in NPK consumption was: Year 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Growth 9.50% 10.60% 8.40%

It is expected to grow by at least eight per cent during 2007-08 in anticipation of good monsoon. Against the robust growth in consumption, domestic fertilizer production has remained range bound in the last decades. Fertilizers output grew by a modest 6.50 per cent during 2006-07. The surge in fertilizers demand and stagnant to modest increase in production has widened the gap between consumption and production causing larger dependence on imports. Hence the rising demand for fertilizers is providing ample scope for the companies in this sector to increase their production capacity and volumes thereby, driving the growth of fertilizer sector. 3.5 Type of Fertilizers:

Various types of fertilizer are used or produced in India in which some of the well known fertilizers used are: Nitrogenous Fertilizers Urea Ammonium Sulphate (AS) Ammonium Chloride (ACl) Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) Phosphatic & Potassic Fertilizers Single Super Phosphate (SSP) Muriate of Potash (MOP) Sulphate of Potash (SOP) Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP) Rock Phosphate (RP) NPK Grades 10:26:26 12:32:16 14:35:14 15:15:15 3.6 Cost of production: Fertilizer production, particularly nitrogenous fertilizers, is highly energy intensive with cost of feedstock and fuel alone accounting for between 55 to 80 percent of the cost of production, depending upon the type of feedstock used, technology, age of plant etc. Plants in India are based on three feedstock -- naphtha, fuel oil and natural gas with a significant proportion of domestic capacity of urea plants based on naphtha or fuel oil whose cost is much higher than natural gas, on which most of the global capacity is based. The cost competitiveness of urea units in a liberalized scenario for imports would be a function of two factorsthe domestic cost of production and the international price of urea. An important reason for domestic cost of production being high in India is that a significant proportion of domestic capacity is naphtha or fuel-oil based. To reduce the cost of production, no. of technological programmes and other like Energy Saving are held. Cost of production is the only feature of concentration for increasing the profit margin. 3.7 Industry players and profile: 10 46%N 21%N 26%N 25%N

16% P2O5 60%K2O 48%K2O 18 46 16 - 20% P2O5

The Indian fertilizer industry has a capacity of 56 lakh MT of phosphatic nutrient and 121 lakh MT of nitrogen. While the private sector has a huge installed capacity for phosphatic fertilizers, capacity utilization of nitrogenous fertilizers is higher in the public sector. Sector-wise, Nutrient-wise Installed Fertilizer Manufacturing Capacity as on 31.01.2007 The government has established nine public sector undertakings in the Indian fertilizer market and one cooperative society, known as the Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited (KRIBHCO) that functions under the supervision of the Department of Fertilizers in India. There are 63 large units dedicated to the production of fertilizers. Among these, 9 units produce ammonium sulphate while 38 units produce urea. There are 79 small and medium scale units producing single superphosphate. The public sector companies in Indian fertilizer market are listed below: Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited (FCIL) Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited (HFC) Pyrites, Phosphates & Chemicals Limited Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited (RCF) National Fertilizers Limited (NFL) Projects &Development India Limited (PDIL) The Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited (FACT) Madras Fertilizers Limited (MFL) FCI Aravali Gypsum & Minerals India Limited, Jodhpur Along with the public sector units, there has been a euphoric growth in the production of fertilizers in the private sector as well. Some of the companies dedicated to the production of fertilizers include Khaitan Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited, Mangalore Chemicals, Nagarjuna Fertilizers, Zauri Chambal, BEC Fertilizers and Gujarat State Fertilizers &Chemicals Limited. The fertilizer industry in India shows an upward rising trend that would challenge the broader market in future years. With an outstanding investment of Rs. 20, 677 Crore in the September, 2007 quarter, the sector will witness burgeoning production that will reach new heights in the coming years. Most of the companies are expecting an approval for their huge capital expenditure plans from the Department of Fertilizers in India. The flourishing industry will fill in the gap between demand and supply of fertilizers in India.

3.8 Scope of fertilizer industries:

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Until the turn of this country the nutrients supply in farm soil were entirely dependent upon natural sources like mineral deposits and animal and vegetable waste. But nowadays these nutrients are obtained from commercial and synthetic fertilizers. As the use of synthetic fertilizers is increasingly rapidly, we can see that fertilizer industries have very bright future for marketing and in agriculture oriented country like INDIA.

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CHAPTER - 4

COMPANY PROFILE

13

COMPANY PROFILE
4.1 VISION STATEMENT:

To augment the incremental incomes of farmers by helping them to increase their crop productivity through balanced use of energy efficient fertilizers, maintain the environmental health, and to make cooperative societies economically and democratically strong for professionalized services to the farming community to ensure an empowered rural India.

4.2 MISSION of IFFCO: To provide to farmers high quality fertilizers in right time and in adequate quantities

with an objective to increase crop productivity. To make plants energy efficient and continually review various schemes to

conserve energy. Commitment to health, safety, environment and forestry development to enrich the

quality of community life. Commitment to social responsibility for a strong social fabric. To institutionalize core values and create a culture of team building, empowerment

and innovation which would help in incremental growth of employees and enable achievement of strategic objectives. Foster a culture of trust, openness and mutual concern to make working a

stimulating and challenging experience for stakeholders. Building a value driven organization with an improved and responsive customer

focus. A true commitment to transparency, accountability and integrity in principle and practice. To acquire, assimilate and adopt reliable, efficient and cost effective technologies.

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Sourcing raw materials for production of phosphatic fertilizers at economical cost

by entering into Joint Ventures outside India. To ensure growth in core and non-core sectors. A true cooperative society committed for fostering cooperative movement in the

country. Emerging as dynamic organization, focusing on strategic strengths, seizing opportunities for generating and building upon past success, enhancing earnings to maximize the shareholders value.

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4.3 BOARD OF DIRECTORS: Mr.Surinder kumar Jakhar Mr.N.P.Patel Mr.Vithalbhai Radadia Mr.Sheesh Pal Singh Mr.Balvinder Singh Nakai Mr.Ravindra Pratap Singh Mr.K.Srinivasa Gowda Mr. K.Somashekhar Rao Mr.Simachal Padhy Mr.Pramod Kumar Singh Mr. Sudhir Rajpal Mr. S.L.Dharmegowda Mr. Ramakant Bhargava Mr. Ankushrao R.Tope Mr. Harminder Singh Jassi Mr. Rajhans Upadhyaya Mr. Amal Kumar Verma Mr. Umesh Tripathi Mr. Kartik Chandra Sarkar Mr. B.S.Viahwanathan Mr. Rajkumar Tripathi Mr. (Dr.) U.S.Awasthi Mr. D.K.Bhatt Mr. Rakesh Kapur Mr. V.K. Bali Mr. S.K. Mishra Mr. K.L. Singh Mr. (Dr.) G.N. Saxena - Chairman - Vice Chairman - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Director - Managing Director -Dep.Managing Dir. cum marketing Director - Deputy Managing Director - Director (Technical) - Director (HRD) - Director (JV) - Director (Coop. Development)

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4.4 REGISTERED OFFICE: IFFCO Sadan, C-1, District Centre Saket Place, New Delhi-110017 4.5 PLANT LOCATIONS: KALOL UNIT P.O. Kasturinagar Dist. Gandhinagar - 382423 (Gujarat) KANDLA UNIT Post Office: Kandla Gandhidham - 370201 Kandla (Kachchh) Gujarat PHULPUR UNIT P.O. Ghiyanagar Dist. Allahabad - 212404 (Uttar Pradesh) AONLA UNIT P.O. IFFCO Township Paul Pothen Nagar, Bareilly - 243403 (U.P.) PARADEEP UNIT Village: Musadia PO: Paradeep Dist: Jagatsinghpur- 754142

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4.6 EXISTING BANKERS: Indian Overseas Bank State Bank of India Bank of Baroda Standard Chartered Bank The Maharashtra State Cooperative Bank Ltd. The West Bengal State Cooperative Bank Ltd. Madhya Pradesh State Cooperative Bank Ltd. The Karnataka State Cooperative Bank Ltd. The Punjab State Cooperative Bank Ltd. The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd. ICICI Bank Ltd. IDBI Bank Ltd. HDFC Bank Ltd. Punjab National Bank

4.7 AUDITORS: M/s. G. S. Mathur & Co., Chartered Accountants, A-160, Defense Colony, New Delhi-110 024. M/s S. Mohan & Co., Chartered Accountants, G-47, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110 001. M/s. S.K. Mehta & Co., Chartered Accountants 2682, Gali No. 2, Beadan Pura Ajmal Khan Road Market Karol Bagh New Delhi - 110 005. M/s. S.C. Vasudeva & Co., Chartered Accountants B-41, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi - 110 017. M/s. Arun Singh & Co., Chartered Accountants, F-7, Lajpat Nagar III, 18

New Delhi-110 024. 4.8 IFFCO ASSOCIATES: IFFCO-Tokio General Insurance Company Ltd. Oman India Fertilizer Company S.A.O.C. Indo Egyptian Fertilizers Company, SAE Jordan India Fertilizer Company, L.L.C. IFFCO Chhattisgarh Power Ltd. IFFCO Kisan Sanchar Ltd. IFFCO Kisan SEZ Ltd. Industries Chimiques Du Senegal Kisan International Trading, FZE National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Ltd. National Collateral Management Services Ltd. Indian Potash Limited IFFCO Kisan Bazar Ltd. Indian Farm Forestry Development Cooperative Ltd. IFFCO Foundation Cooperative Rural Development Trust IFFCO Kisan Sewa Trust Freeplay Energy India Pvt. Ltd. Aria Chemicals (Orissa) Ltd.

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4.9 ABOUT THE COMPANY:

Indian farmers fertilizer cooperative Limited. 4.9.1 History of IFFCO Ltd: Mr. Uday Bhansinh who is known as the founder of the fertilizer within cooperative sector rather than company. This concept was established in 1967. He told to Mrs. Indira Gandhi regarding this aid. At that time Rs.100 Crore was the requirement and 70% was granted and the rest was covered from the society. In 1969 Kalol plant was established having the investment of Rs.65 crore. Then Kandla plant was introduced with Rs.35 crore of cost. In 1982-83, Aonla (U.P.) plant having the investment of Rs.100 crore and in 1985 KRIBHCO., again established by IFFCO with a cost of Rs.100 crore. Kalol plant is the first one and that is why only it is called the Mother Plant. For four decades, the worlds largest co-operative producer of fertilizer, IFFCO, has been the integral part of the Indian Farmers life and time. The strength of co-operative movement emanates from its ability to empower people who are individually weak and often helpless. The spirit of co-operations encourages people to come together on the basis of equality to achieve their economic interests. Voluntary association of individuals is the important aspect of any co-operative endeavor. Equality is assured to all the individuals involved in an unselfish atmosphere. The goal is to achieve the common economic interests of the group of individuals who have come together for the purpose. The Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited [IFFCO], established in 1967, registered under the Multi-State Cooperative Act, is the largest fertilizer producing cooperatives in Asia. It has a membership base of 39,456 (as on Jan, 2008) agricultural cooperatives throughout the country. It is engaged in the production and marketing of chemical fertilizers. Its main objective is to provide quality fertilizer and technical knowhow on agriculture to the farmers through its member-cooperatives. The IFFCO has emerged as a fertilizer giant and the undisputed market leader in India for the supply of nitrogenous and NP/NPK complex fertilizers. It operates five large fertilizer plants located in Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa.

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In the context of innovations in technologies, changing global scenario, changing perspectives in government policies, changes in legislation, tougher competition and new players in the market place, IFFCO has instituted a number of promotional and developmental programmes to support its member-cooperatives that constitute the larger membership of the IFFCO. IFFCO has contributed Rs.100 crore just for plantation purpose only. Generally the wasted chemical is reused by filtering it. This amount is invested by the Kalol plant at Paradeep plant. Because of this investment, we can say that IFFCO is taking care of not only people but also environment. 4.9.2 Performance Highlights for the year 2008-09:

Highest Production of Fertilizers (Previous Best 70.12 lakh MT in 2006-07) Highest Production of Urea (Previous Best 39.63 lakh MT in 2007-08) Production of NPK/DAP/NP (Best 32.26 lakh MT in 2006-07) Highest Sales of Fertilisers (Previous best 93.24 lakh MT in 2007-08) Highest Sales of Urea (Previous best 54.29 lakh MT in 2007-08) Highest Sales of NPK/DAP (Previous best 38.95 lakh MT in 2007-08) Profit Before Tax (Best PBT 807.1 crore in 2002-03) Profit After Tax (Best PAT 557.2 crore in 2002-03) Highest Turnover (Previous best Rs.12163 crore in 2007-08) Plant Productivity (Best 1669 MT in 2005-06) Highest Marketing Productivity (Previous best 6158 MT in 2007-08) Composite Energy Consumption (Lowest 5.907Gcal / MT in 2007-08)

71.68 lakh MT 40.68 lakh MT 31.00 lakh MT 112.58 lakh MT 58.69 lakh MT 53.89 lakh MT Rs.441.95 crore Rs.360.01 crore Rs 32933 crore

1376 MT per employee 7397 MT per employee 5.941 Gcal/ MT

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4.9.3 About IFFCO Kalol Unit :

IFFCO unit at 26

The Kalol located km. from

Ahmadabad - mehsana highway and is constructed over an area of 96 hectares. Kalol units commissioned its 910 tpd. (300300 tonnes/year). Ammonia plant and 1200 tpd. (396000 tonner/year). Urea plant in Nov. 1974 and jan.1975 respectively. The unit consists of plants to produce ammonia, urea, liquid CO2 and dry ice along with necessary utilities & offsite facilities. The natural gas available in the vicinity of the unit and SRN naphtha are used as feed stock for stock for the manufacture of ammonia. Associated gas, naptha, and LSHS are used as fuels. Water is supplies by GIDC from 15 bore wells around the unit. The plant is upgrated to produce 1100 tonnes of ammonia per day from 910 tpd & 1650 tpd urea from 1200 tpd by installing various schemes under Kalol expansion project. The IFFCO Kalol is located in the rural area of Gandhinagar district. The plant is having far surface road inside the premises including premises including periphery road. Plant-layout is such that in case of any emergency the employees can easily evacuated. YEAR OF COMMISSIONG INVESTMENT YEAR OF COMMISSIONG INVESTMENT : : : : 1975 71.23 CRORES 1997 149.70 CRORES

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4.9.4 Basic Information Of The Kalol Unit: 1. Annual licensed capacity Urea Plant (tpa) Ammonia Plant (tpa) 2. Indusry license no. 3. D.G.T.D. Factory no. 4. Date of start of Construction Work 5. Mechanical completion ammonia 6. Mechanical completion urea 7. Commercial Production ammonia 8. Commercial Production Urea 9 Production of Dry ice 10. Production of Liquid CO2 11. Dedication of Kalol Plant By Prime Minister late smt.Indira Gandhi 12. Dedication of KEP to Farmers by the Union home minister Of India, shri L.K.Advani 13. ISO 9002 Certificate of Approval 14. ISO 9002 Re-Certification 15. ISO 14001 Certificate by BVQI 16. Area Of the Project Side 17. Area of Township Original Plant 396,000 300,300 With Expansion 544,500 363,000 L/18(1)/1 D W 302001 23-06-1972 15-03-1974 15-10-1974 01-03-1975 01-04-1975 March 1978 April 1998 08-11-1974 02-08-1998 10-08-1996 07-08-1999 20-09-2000 96 hectares 21.85 hectares

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4.9.5 Kalol Unit Records And Achievements:

Achievement Highest production For a Day For a Month For a Year Lowest Specific Energy For a Month For a Year Highest On-stream days Highest Dispatches For a Day For a Month For an Year

Ammonia 1160 (06-12-2006) 34219 (Dec-2006) 346244 (1998-99) 8.253 (Dec-2006) 8.702 (2006-07) 355 (1991-92)

Urea 1827 (11-01-2007) 54549 (Dec-2006) 560201 (2006-07) 5.672 (Dec-2006) 5.981 (2006-07) 338 (1995-96)

2078 (20-09-2003) 25009 (Sept-2003) 90989 (1980-81)

5223 (01-08-2000) 61040 (July-1999) 560200 (2006-07)

4.9.6 Kalol Units Major Awards:

Kalol unit has received major award in following institution: Seven award for overall performance from F.A.I Two award for industrial safety from G.O.I Awards for technical; innovation from F.A.I. 24

 Two Rajya Bhasa Shilelds for promoting Hindi. Three awards for safety from national safety council, Chicago & guj.safety council. Indo germen Greentech environment excellence award.

4.9.7 Environmental Management System At IFFCO Kalol:

IFFCO-Kalol unit has sound environment management system comprising of following features: Facilities for effluent treatment. Monitoring of environment quality. Implementation of waste minimization / pollution abatement schemes. Well equipped laboratory and EPC cell. Green belt development ISO 14001 Accreditation both for plant and township. Development of all around awareness regarding environmental issues.

4.9.8 Various Departments At IFFCO Kalol:

1.Fire & Safety: INTRODUCTION OF FIRE Fire means combustion, may be defined as chemical reaction of rapid oxidation accompanied with the evolution of heat & light. 25

The basic requirement is necessary before combustion namely: 1. The presence of oxygen or other supporter of combustion. 2. The presence of fuel or combustible substance. 3. The presence of heat. CAUSES OF FIRE 1. Sparking or short-circuiting on electrical system. 2. Friction in rotating equipments. 3. Open flame smoking, matches . 4. Spontaneous ignition of material accelerated by external heat from dryer, boiler, oven etc. 5. Spark from combustion from mechanical tools & equipments. 6. Static electricity & lightening leakages of flammable stuffing box etc. CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE It can be classified into following categories. 1. Class A fire Fire in ordinary combustible material such as wood, paper, & fertilizers etc. cooling effect of water is essential for extinguishing the fire. Generally soda acid type fire extinguishers or water is used for extinguishing the fire. 2. Class B fire Fire in flammable liquid like oily solvents, petroleum products, varnishes & paints etc. where blanketing effect is essential. Foam, Co2 & other extinguishers can be used. 3. Class C fire Fire involving gaseous substances under pressure where it is necessary to dilute the burning gas at a very fast rate with an inert gas or powder CO2 & dry powder type fire extinguishers are available for extinguishing such type of fires 4. Class D fire 26

Fire involving metals like Hg,Al,Zn, K,etc. where the burning metal is reactive to water & which requires special extinguishing media or techniques, sand buckets & dry powder extinguishers are suitable. In some cases special type of powder is used. 5. Class E fire Fire involving electrical equipments where the non-conductivity of the extinguisher is important. CC14, CO2 & dry chemical powder can be used as extinguishers. In IFFCO-Kalol unit, three fire-fighting vehicles & small portable extinguishers are installed at regular places to prevent any major fire hazards. Personal Protective Equipments: They are divided into two parts. Respiratory protective devices The air we breathe is sometimes contaminated with dust vapors , toxic fumes or gases. Various types of respiratory protective equipments are provided which enables as to breathe in an uncontaminated atm, even in presence of contaminant. Non-respiratory protective devices Eye protection, Head protection, Hand protection, Foot protection, Body protection, Hearing protection, Safety belts.

2. Personnel & Administrative: Time-office Time office is attendance related office. Attendance is capturing through on line data capturing terminals. There are two machines one is Time-In machine &other is Time-Out machine. Time-In machine is user at the entering in the iffco. Time-out machine is use at the time of going from iffco by there employees.

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 Time office is also loading the leave foams and over time foams for attendance of that employee. Final marking is done at 25th of the every month. Then it is given to accounts department and according to it the pay-slip is prepared & that amount is deposited directly to there employees accounts. And if there is any absentee is found then salary is cut from its pay-slip directly. Welfare activities Welfare activity mainly includes retirement benefits. It includes gratuity, provident fund, pension plan, transportation, town-ship etc. Gratuity is received at the time of the retirement. For gratuity there is one formula is there. (Basic+D.a.)* no. of service years *15/26 Provident fund is 10% of basic is deducted from every months salary and it is given at the time of the retirement with the interest Pension is cut @ 1.33% from the p.f.and it is also given at the time of the retirement. Iffco is also giving bus services for the employees. Iffco is also providing town-ship for the employees. Beside its iffco has its own benevorant trust. In which Rs .2500 is given to the employee every for that employees has to put Rs.20 & management put Rs.20 Every month at the time of the retirement in that trust min. Rs10000 of amount is required in the account of the employees for its benefit. IFFCO has retirement policy canteen facilities. There are two canteens one is big canteen for launch & dinner and another is small canteen for snacks, tea, &coffee. There is sport service available from canteen. Medical Dispensary at plant is open for 24 hours. There are four pharmacists and one helper is there for 24 hours available. There is also one ambulance available for 24 hours. First aid treatment is available at plant and hospital is available at Kasturinagar township In hospital there are three pharmacists, two sisters & two doctors is available for 24hours. 28

 They are giving free service to their employees and dependable. If employee go out side & get treated than that expense is 100% reimbursement There are two types of claims normal & special. In case of normal claim lower limit is Rs.2250 (colony resident)& Rs. 4500 (except colony). And in case of special claim there is no limit. Medical department will pay the money to the hospital directly in case of the special claims. In case of normal treatment they are paid to the employees accounts. Employees have to first get approval from the medical department and then his/her treatment is process further. In case of the emergency employee has to take approval after the treatment is over. That is called Ex post facto. Incase of Rs.30000 IIFCO (Kalol) is giving approval and above Rs.30000. They have to send to the H.O. and they are giving approval for that treatment. If you get permission of Rs.1 lakh and expense is went over Rs.1 lakh. Then you have to do an enhancement for expense above Rs.1lakh. I.R.&H.B.L. I.R. is industrial relation and H.B.L. is house building loan. I.R.is maintaining trough good relation with the union. That department is taking care of legal activities, fatal accident, normal accident, theft, misbehave, misconduct, high absenteeism, etc. H.B.L. is given to the employee for the construction, renovation, purchase of hour. And there rate of interest is only 5.5%per annum. They are also giving car loan, convenience loan, and personnel loan. The loan is given on the basis of the basic salary. 3. Material & Purchase:

Material and purchase department mainly includes two things that is procurement and contracting procedure. Another is powers of officers. That is expressed below. Procurement &contracting procedures 29

Scope Responsibility for purchase-function Registration of vendors Requisition for purchase Record and numbering of requisition Invitation to bird Time allow for submission of bids Validity of bids Opening of bids Late, invalid and unsolicited bids and emd Quotation comparison statement Tender committee Selection of successful bidder Single tender Negotiation Rate contracting Purchase order Guarantees Amendment to purchase order Extension of delivery or completion time Repeat order Follow of purchase orders-by stores Inspection of material Clearing and transportations of material Damage/short/rejected materials Insurance claim Local/cash purchase

Powers of officers Powers of purchase the material is higher to top order and lower to respectively lower level. For that one equation is there SR.ED/ED>SR.GM/GM>JT.GM/GM>CM 30

 Capital expenditure Revenue expenditure Vendor list: MD only Emergent expenditure Proprietary purchase Miscellaneous Local purchase/ cash purchase Special non stander items Demurrage/wharf age Fixing the charges for hiring and equipment Contingent expenses Repair of vehicles Disposal of unserviceable damage of bags/fixed assets Repairing Power for approving adjustment/loss for job requirement Special provision

4. Marketing Department: IFFCO is not to meet the total of the fertilizer industries in India besides that IFFCO is the largest production of fertilizer industries in India. So the question of exporting does not arises at the present and in the future they are not exporting newt 4 to 5 year. IFFCO has 5 zonal, 17 states, 64 area and 374 district offices. 31

Central Office 53-54, Govardhan, Nehru Palace, New Delhi-110 019 Fax: 011-26237704, 26288203 Phone: 26432507/511 Zonal Office (West Zone) Block 2,3rd Floor, Paryawas, Arera Hills, Bhopal Phone-0755-2555854, 2764932 Fax-0755-2553093 Email: zmbhp@iffco.nic.in State Office (Gujarat) 2nd Floor, Mistry Chambers, Khanpur, Ahmedabad-380001 079-25601493, 25601175 Email: smmgujarat@iffco.nic.in Area Offices(Gujarat) Block No.F-27,2nd Floor, Khetivadi Utpadan Bazar Samiti, Mehsana 384002 Email: am_mehsana@iffco.nic.in Aga Khan Hostel Building, College Road, Junagadh 362001 Email: am_junagadh@iffco.nic.in 1st Floor, Maruti, Behind Dhareshwar Farm, Kotecha Chowk, Kalavad/Nirmal Road Rajkot 360001 3rd Floor, Murlidhar Sahakar Bhavan, Near Hotel Yuvraj, Opp. Railway Station, Surat 395001 Email: am_surat@iffco.nic.in 10, Kamla Nehru Park Society, 32

Mehsana Nagar, Nizampura, Vadodra 390002 Email: am_vadodra@iffco.nic.in Two field representatives who are assisted by district field officer are appointed at the district level. The sale of IFFCOs fertilizer and various programs are conducted by about 500 field officers who are graduates and most in agricultural and supported by a team of manager at area, state, zonal & head office level. Field Officer A field officer is basically an agricultural graduate. The field officers are given special incentives. Their work is to give advice to farmers and area officers in other promotional activities. Round about 10 to 15 officers are under each area office. Marketing Department do the following activities Marketing services Product planning Product pricing Product distribution Promotional activities Transportation Agricultural services Training of farmers Warehousing facilities

5. Finance & Accounting: Function of F & A Bills section 33

 Stores Accounts section F.C. section Cash and bank Books F.I.C.C. Managerial Reporting Insurance Fixed asset Raw material payment Pay roll and established section Taxes Budget

Function of F & A To make payments To receive payment

34

 Accounting of transactions as per: Accounting standard published by institute of charted accountant Companys significant accounting policy Master chart of account Stores Accounts section This section controls the inventories. In IFFCO there is about RS.39 crores inventories. This section booking receipt of inventories on the basis of S.R.V. (Stores Receipt Voucher) which issued at the time when raw material is coming in the plant. This section booking consumption of inventories on the basis of S.I.V. (stores issue voucher) Which issued at the time when inventories are going in the use of the plant There is nearly about 47000 items are stored in inventory section. Account department make payment when they received S.R.V. from the stores section. Financial Concurrence section F.C. section is considered when the purchase amount or contract amount is more than RS.1 lakh. This section sees whether purchases are as per purchase procedure. To see whether requirement is genuine and also checks the availability of the budget for that purchase. This section also sees purchases are economical and feasibility of the purchase.

Cash and bank Cash and bank section arrange fund as per the requirement of the different section for daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly forecast 35

 This section prepares the check for all purpose. Writing of cash book, bank book, bank reconciliation etc. and also tally cash on hand daily. Books This section prepares monthly, quarterly, yearly account. Accounts are audited by internal auditors and statutory auditors. This section also analyze financial ratio, BEP , IRR, pay back period. This section also prepare cost sheet. F.I.C.C. F.I.C.C. stands for fertilizer industries co-ordination committee. This committee fixes the selling price. This committee belongs to government and it is for all the fertilizer industry. For getting subsidy IFFCO has to follow the guideline of F.I.C.C. Managerial Reporting Account is first audited by unit level. Secondly it is audited by H.O. level. Than it is audited by the government body.

Insurance

36

 IFFCOS all insurance are with the IFFCO-TOKIO general insurance company. In this company. In this company IFFCO is major share holder with 51% of holding share. Now IFFCO has taken one big mega risk policy for all the plants. Which include followings: Fire insurance Earthquake Cyclone Other natural calamities Machine break down (accident) Loss of profit policy Cash in transit Motor vehicle policy Worker policy Public liability policy Group gratuity cum life assurance policy Personnel accident policy and relevant policy for plant.

Fixed Asset Fixed asset issue mainly include land, building, machines, plants, town ship, bus and truck, equipment, railway sidings, furniture & fixture and other fix assets. In IFFCO there is as wall as 54 heads of fixed assets. IFFCO is applying S.L.M.(strait line method) for the depreciation. Rate of depreciation is decided by the H.O. For the disposal of the any unused fixed asset there is some provision . Raw material payment For the payment of the raw material following things are required: S.R.V.(stores receipt voucher) P.O. bill (purchase order bill) Bill from supplier

Pay roll and Establishment section 37

 This section is mainly related to the payment of the employees related. This include the followings Salary Wages Ta/Da Medical reimbursement LTC HBL Convenience achievement etc. Taxes There are mainly two types of taxes excise duty and VAT & Additional VAT, Service tax etc Excise duty is levied by the central government. And sales tax is levied by the state government. Now 16% excise duty is charged by the central govt. and 4 & 12.5 % Vat and 1 & 2.5 % Additional Vat is charged by the state govt. and 10.3% service tax charged by govt.

4.9.9 RECENT PROJECTS OF IFFCO: 38

KALOL EXPANSION PROJECT

IFFCO has envisaged setting up 1.3 Million MT of Urea Plant at Kalol with an investment of about Rs. 4000 Crore. An agreement has been signed with Halder Topsoe for pre-engineering activities of the project and proposal for similar agreement with Saipem and PDIL is on the anvil. The No Objection Certificate has been received from Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation and Provisional Approval of Plot Plan has been obtained from the Directorate of Factories. Geo-technical investigation and Site Contour Mapping has been completed and pre-project activities of site clearances and site grading are under progress along with associated works for storm water drain, approach roads, fencing, etc. Also, an MoU has been signed with the Government of Gujarat to facilitate State clearances, as required.

39

4.10 Swot analysis of Iffco Ltd: Strength: Over the years, IFFCO has grown in strength from a modest membership of 57 societies in 1967-68 to 33260 as on March 31,1997. The society derives strength from the invaluable contribution made by its talented and dedicated employees, who is well accomplished to deliver in the dynamic economic scenario for gaining competitive advantage. Weakness: IFFCO are going only straight forward direction, i.e. produce only fertilizers. The use of fertilizers is depending only on rain and irrigation facilities. If both are not good it will directly affected to the use of fertilizers. IFFCO is Multi State Co-operative Society registered under Bombay Cooperative Societies Act (Act 7 of 1925) and under Multi Unit Co-operative Societies Act 2002. Being a Co-operative Society it can not issue the equity share capital as company. Pricing policy of the IFFCO has totally formulated by the government of India. IFFCO has not any power to decide the price of its fertilizers. IFFCO can not sale its fertilizer at higher price than price decided by central government. IFFCO is the co-operative society so it could not sale its fertilizers directly to the customers. Opportunity: Expand the market by globalization. IFFCO has a good distribution network by which he will sale pesticides, bio fertilizer, research seeds etc 40

 Sourcing raw materials for production of phosphatic fertilizers at economical cost by entering into Joint Ventures outside India. In India more than 65% population are live on agriculture and the fertilizer is the main source of increasing the agriculture productivity and the production of Indian agriculture. Government are now more concentrate on agriculture by more and more irrigation facilities like Narmada Saradar Sarovar Yojana, Suzlam-Suflam Yojana, Micro Irregation with 50% subsidy etc. Threat: When any change in crop patent it will directly affected to the use of fertilizers, The fertilizers use is directly depending on the irrigation facilities, if irrigation is less then the use of fertilizers is also less. IFFCO run by share capital of co-operative branches if branches are become weak it will directly affected to the IFFCO. Increasing input costs of feed stock i.e. Fuel Oil/LSHS/NG/Naphtha. Slow growth in urea consumption during last 7-8 years. Globalize competitive scenario in industrial products and reducing trend of import duties and the threat from dumping of low products.

41

CHAPTER 5

THEORY OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

42

5.1 NATURE OF WORKING CAPITAL:

orking capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage current assets, the current liabilities and the

interrelationship that exists between them. The term current assets refers to those assets which in the ordinary course of business can be or will be, converted into cash within one year without undergoing a diminution in value and without disrupting the operations of the firm. The major current assets are cash, marketable securities, accounts receivables and inventory. Current liabilities are those liabilities which are intended, at their inception, to be paid in the ordinary course of business, within a year, out of the current assets or earnings of the concern. The basic current liabilities are account payable, bills payable, bank overdraft, and outstanding expenses. The goal of working capital management is to manage the firms current assets and liabilities in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is maintained. This is so because if the firm cannot maintain a satisfactory level of working capital, it is likely to become insolvent and may even be forced into bankruptcy. The current asset should be large enough to cover its current liabilities in order to ensure a reasonable margin of safety. Each of the current assets must be managed efficiently in order to maintain the liquidity of the firm while not keeping too high a level of any one of them. Each of the short-term sources of financing must be continuously managed to ensure that they are obtained and used in the best possible way. The interaction between current assets and current liabilities is, therefore, the main theme of the theory of the theory of working management.

43

The basic ingredients of the theory of working capital management may be said to include its definition, need, optimum level of current assets, and the tradeoff between profitability and risk which is associated with the level of current assets and liabilities, financing-mix strategies and so on.

5.2 CONCEPT OF WORKING CAPITAL: There are two concepts of working capital: Gross and Net. The term gross working capital, also referred to as working capital, means the total current assets. The term net working capital can be defined in two ways: 1. the most common definition of net working capital(NWC) is the difference between current assets and current liabilities; and 2. Alternate definition of NWC is that portion of current assets which is financed with long-term funds. The task of the financial manager in managing working capital efficiently is to ensure sufficient liquidity in the operations of the enterprise. The liquidity of a business firm is measured by its ability to satisfy short-term obligations as they become due. The three basic measures of a firm overall liquidity are i. ii. iii. The current ratio The acid-test ratio, and Net working capital ratio Net working capital (NWC), as a measure of liquidity is not very useful for comparing the performance of different firms, but it is quite useful for internal control. The NWC helps in comparing the liquidity of the same firm over time. For purpose of working capital management, therefore, NWC can be said to measure the liquidity of the

44

firm. In other words, the goal of working capital management is to manage the current assets and liabilities in such a way that an acceptable level of NWC is maintained. The two concepts of working capital Gross and Net are not exclusive; rather, they have equal significance from the management viewpoint.

5.3 DEFINITION :

Orking capital refers to the cash a business requires for day-to-day operations, or, more specifically, for financing the conversion of raw materials into finished

goods, which the company sells for payment. Among the most important items of working capital are levels of inventory, accounts receivable, and accounts payable. Analysts look at these items for signs of a company's efficiency and financial strength. Working capital is commonly defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Efficient working capital management requires that firm should operate with some amount of working capital, the exact amount varying from firm to firm and depending, among other things, on the nature of industry. The theoretical justification for the use of working capital to measure liquidity is based on the premise that the greater the margin by which the current assets cover the short term obligations, the more is the ability to pay obligations when they become due for payment. The NWC is necessary because the cash outflows and inflows do not coincide. In other words, it is the nonsynchronous nature of cash flows that makes NWC necessary. In general, the cash outflows resulting from payment of current liabilities are relatively predictable. Some companies are inherently better placed than others. Insurance companies, for instance, receive premium payments up front before having to make any payments; however, insurance companies do have unpredictable outgoings as claims come in. Normally a big retailer like Wal-Mart has little to worry about when it comes to accounts receivable: customers pay for goods on the spot. Inventories represent the biggest 45

problem for retailers. Manufacturing companies, for example, incur substantial up-front costs for materials and labor before receiving payment. Much of the time they eat more cash than they generate.

5.4 NEED FOR WORKING CAPITAL: The need for working capital (gross) or current assets cannot be overemphasized. Given the objective of financial decision making to maximize the shareholders wealth, it is necessary to generate sufficient profits. The extent to which profits can be earned will naturally depend, among other things, upon the magnitude of the sales. A successful sales programme is, in other words, necessary for earning profits by any business enterprise. However, sales do not convert into cash instantly; there is invariably a time-lag between the sale of goods and the receipt of cash. There is, therefore, a need for working capital in the form of current assets to deal with the problem arising out of the lack of immediate realization of cash against goods sold. Therefore, sufficient working capital is necessary to sustain sales activity. 5.5 TYPES OF WORKING CAPITAL: WORKING CAPITAL

Permanent

Temporary

Initial working capital

Regular working capital

Seasonal working capital

Special working capital

46

Business activity does not come to an end after the realization of cash from customers. For a company, the process is continuous and, hence, the need for a regular supply of working capital. For all practical purposes, this requirement has to be met permanently as with other fixed assets. This requirement is referred to as permanent or fixed working capital.

Any amount over and above the permanent level of working capital is temporary, fluctuating or variable working capital. This portion of the required working capital is needed to meet fluctuations in demand consequent upon changes in production and sales as a result of seasonal changes.

Amount Of Working capital

Temporary

Permanent

Time

47

Figure shows that the permanent level is fairly constant, while temporary working capital is fluctuating-increasing and decreasing in accordance with seasonal demands. Initial working capital: In the initial period of its operation, a company must have enough money to pay certain expenses before the business yield a cash receipt. In the initial years bank may not grant loans or overdraft. Sales may be made in credit and may be necessary to make payment to creditors. Hence the necessary fund will have to be supplied by the owner in initial year.

Regular working capital: It is the working capital required to continue the regular business operation. It is required to maintain regular stock of raw material and work in-progress, finished goods. Regular working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities; it ensures smooth operation of business. Seasonal working capital: Some business enterprises require additional working capital during the season. For ex: - sugar mill have to purchase sugarcane in particular season and have to employ additional labor to produce. Special working capital: In all enterprise some unforeseen events do occur, when extra funds are needed to tide over such situation. Some of these events are sudden increase in demand of final product, downward movement of price, and sales during depression. 5.6 DETERMINANTS OF WORKING CAPITAL: A firm should plan its operations in such a way that it should have neither too much nor too little working capital. The total working capital requirement is determined 48

by a wide variety of factors. These factors, however, affect different enterprise differently. They also vary from time to time. General Nature of Business: The working capital requirements of an enterprise are basically related to the conduct of business. Enterprise falls into some broad depending on the nature of their business. For instances, public utilities have certain features which have a bearing on their working capital needs. The two relevant features are: 1. the cash nature of business, that is, cash sales, and 2. Sale of services rather than commodities. In the view of these features, they do not maintain big inventories and have, therefore, probably the least requirement of working capital. Production cycle: Another factor which has a bearing on the quantum of working capital is the production cycle. The term production or manufacturing cycle refers to the time involved in the manufacture of goods. It covers the time-span between the procurement of raw materials and the completion of the manufacturing process leading to the production of finished goods. Funds have to be necessarily tied up during the process of manufacture, necessitating enhanced working capital. In other words, there is some time gap before raw material becomes finished goods; to sustain such activities the need for working capital is obvious. Business cycle: The working capital requirements are also determined by the nature of the business cycle. Business fluctuations leads to cyclical and seasonal changes which, in turn, cause a shift in the working capital position, particularly for temporary working capital requirements. The variations in business conditions may be in two directions: 1. upward phase when boom conditions prevail, and 2. downswing phase when the economic activity is marked by decline. Production policy: The quantum of working capital is also determined by production policy. In case of certain lines of business, the demand for products is seasonal, that is, they are 49

purchased during certain months of the year. What kind of production policy should be followed in such case? There are two options open to such enterprise: either they confine their production only to periods when goods are purchased or they follow a steady production policy throughout the year. During slack season, the firms have to maintain their working force and physical facilities without adequate production and sale. Credit policy: The credit policy relating to sales and purchase also affects the working capital. The credit policy influences the requirement of working capital in two ways: 1. through credit terms granted by the firm to its customers , buyers of goods; 2. credit terms available to the firm from its creditors. The credit terms granted to customers have a bearing on the magnitude of working capital by determining the level of book debts. The credit sales result in higher book debts. Higher book debts mean more working capital. On the other hand, if liberal credit terms are available from the suppliers of goods, the need for working capital is less. Growth and Expansion: As a company grows, it is logical to expect that a larger amount of working capital is required. It is, of course, difficult to determine precisely the relationship between the growth in the volume of business of a company and the increase in its working capital. The composition of working capital in a growing company also shifts with economic circumstances and corporate practices. Vagaries in the Availability of Raw Material The availability or otherwise of certain raw material on a continuous basis without interruption would sometimes affect the requirement of working capital. There may be some materials which cannot be produced easily either because of their sources are few or they are irregular. To sustain smooth production, therefore the firm might be compelled to purchase and stock them far in excess of genuine production needs. Profit Level: The level of profits earned differs from enterprise. In general, the nature of the product, hold on the market, quality of management and monopoly power would by and large determine the profit earned by a firm. A priori, it can be generalized that a firm 50

dealing in a high quality product, having a good marketing arrangements and enjoying monopoly power in the market, is likely to earn high profits and vice-versa. Level of Taxes: The first appropriation out of profits is payment or provision for tax. The amount of taxes to be paid is determined by the prevailing tax regulations the management has no discretion in this respect. Very often, taxes have to be paid in advance on the basis of the profit of the preceding year. Tax liability is, in a sense, short-term liability payable in cash. An adequate provision for tax payments is, therefore, an important aspect of working capital planning.

Dividend Policy: Another appropriation of profits which has a bearing on working capital is dividend payment. The payment of dividend consumes cash resources and, thereby, affects working capital to that extent. Conversely, if the firm does not pay dividend but retains the profits, working capital increases. In planning working capital requirements, therefore, a basic question to be decided is whether profits will be retained or paid out to shareholders. Price Level Changes: Changes in the price level also affect the requirements of working capital. Rising prices necessitate the use of more funds for maintaining an existing level of activity. For the same level of current assets, higher cash outlays are required. The effect of rising prices is that a higher amount of working capital is needed.

51

CHAPTER 6

ANALYSIS

OF

WORKING

CAPITAL

52

6.1 WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE:

urrent assets are needed because sales do not convert into cash instantaneously. There is always an operating cycle involved in the conversion of sales into cash.

There is a difference between current and fixed assets in terms of their liquidity. A firm requires many years to recover the initial investment in fixed assets such as plant and machinery or land and buildings. Working capital cycle is the time duration required to convert sales, after the conversion of resources into inventories, into cash. The cycle of a manufacturing company involves three phases: 1. conversion of cash into inventory; 2. conversion of inventory into receivables; 3. conversion of receivables into cash.

53

Working capital cycle, also known as the asset conversion cycle, net operating cycle, cash conversion cycle or just cash cycle, is used in the financial analysis of a business. The higher the number, the longer a firm's money is tied up in business operations and unavailable for other activities such as investing. The cash conversion cycle is the number of days between paying for raw materials and receiving cash from selling goods made from that raw material. The operating cycle consists of three phases. In phase I, cash gets converted into inventory. This includes purchase of raw material, conversion of raw materials into workin-progress, finished goods and finally the transfer of goods to stock at the end of the manufacturing process. In phase II of the cycle, the inventory is converted into receivables as credit sales are made to customers. In phase III, when receivables are collected complete the operating cycle. The length of the operating cycle of a manufacturing firm is the sum of: i. ii. inventory conversion period debtors conversion period, total of these called Gross operating cycle. 54

The difference between operating cycle and payables deferral period is net operating cycle, also represents the cash conversion cycle. INVENTORY CONVERSION PERIOD Raw material conversion period: RMCP = Raw material inventory * 365 Raw material consumption

1239.72 * 365 15169.72

(Rs.in crores)

29.83 days

Work-in-progress inventory conversion period: WIPCP = work-in-progress inventory * 365 Cost of production = 42.30 * 365 31496.75 = 0.49 days

Finished goods conversion period: FGCP = finished goods inventory * 365 55

Cost of goods sold = 449.34 * 365 31496.75 = DEBTORS CONVERSION PERIOD DCP = Average debtors * 365 Net sales 5.21 days

410.495 * 365 7387.70

(Rs. In Crore)

20.28 days

CREDITORS DEFERRAL PERIOD Creditors deferral period: CDP = Average creditors * 365 purchase = 1664.225 * 365 14539.23 = WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE Net operating cycle = Gross operating cycle Creditors deferral period 56 41.78 days

= = =

(RMCP + WIPCP + FGCP + DCP) CDP (55.81 41.78) days 14 days

Companys working capital cycle completes in 14 days. In case of inventory conversion period, raw materials mainly are Gas, Ammonia and Urea. Raw Material conversion Period is 29.83 days and Work In Progress Inventory Conversion Period is 0.49 Days and Finished goods Conversion Period is 5.21 days. So total inventory conversion period is 35.53 days while Debtors Conversion period is 20.28 days which is quite good. So IFFCOs gross operating cycle is 55.81 days. But Creditors Deferral Period is 41.78 days. It is better in comparison with the Debtors Conversion period. So Net Working Capital Cycle is 14.03 days. So this is short working capital cycle and it indicates that IFFCO is well managing its working capital. As stated above a business should not over invest in working capital. The key point to note here is that a longer cash cycle ties up a bigger investment in working capital. It is therefore useful to monitor the length of cash cycle, and changes in it, to judge whether a business has an excessive working capital level or perhaps whether working capital is inadequate which may lead to liquidity problems.

6.2 WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS:

The two components of working capital are current assets and current liabilities. They have a bearing on the cash operating cycle. In order to calculate the working capital needs, what is required is the holding period of various types of various inventories, the credit collection period and the credit payment period. Working capital also depends on the budgeted level of activity in terms of production/sales. As the working capital requirement is related to the cost excluding depreciation and not to the sale price, working capital is computed with reference to cash cost.

57

Working capital: excess of current assets compared to current liabilities, and indicates amount of excess current assets relative to current liabilities available to conduct revenue generating operations. Total current assets minus current liabilities are value of working capital. Current Assets: cash, marketable securities, notes receivable, accounts receivable, inventories, supplies, and prepaid expenses Consumed in production of sales revenue Current Liabilities: accounts payable, accrued expenses,(e.g. wages payable, interest payable, taxes payable) Operating cost incurred on credit Inflows- Sources of Working Capital: Income from operations a) Accrued income is sales revenue less all expense incurred in producing sales revenue inflow b) Sales revenue generated by cash sales or on credit through receivables c) Expenses incurred by immediate payment of cash or credit through Payable Accrual net income a) Determined after deducting noncash expenses b) To convert net income to increase working capital, capitalized added to net income Sale of long term assets a) Land, building, furniture, equipment, investment b) Sale treated as flow which increases working capital Increase in long term liability a) Create or increase loan, mortgage, or bond achieves this 58 expenses

b) Inflow that increases working capital c) Borrowing long tern debt create increase in cash, current assets, or current receivable with no effect to current liability Outflows - Uses of Working Capital: Loss from operations a) When loss occurs, expenses have exceeded sales revenue b) Decreases working capital Purchase of long term asset a) Land, building, furniture, equipment, investment b) Outflow that decreases working capital Payment of Long term liabilities Payment reducing principal amount owed on long term liability Payment of cash dividends Payable obligations b) In partnership, current asset withdrawals by owner are reductions to capital investments.

59

 CURRENT LIABILITIES Schedule-12 & 13 (Rs. in Crores)

60

2008-2009

2007-2008

2006-2007

LIABILITIES CURRENT LIABILITIES 1. Bank Overdraft 9.29 12.23 7.21

2. Sundry creditors 3. Advance payments from customers 4. Interest payable 5. Other statutory liability 6. Deposits 7.Other current liabilities 8. Provisions 9. Total current liabilities

2447.66

880.79

786.95

7.29 30.22 26.36 35.24 303.82 322.71 3182.89

5.21 15.16 19.36 27.53 88.21 323.08 1371.57

6.15 19.59 15.92 31.34 161.31 172.76 1201.23

CURRENT ASSETS Schedule-8 to 11 (Rs.In Crores) 61

2009-2008

2008-2007

2006-2007

ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS 9.Cash & Bank balances 10.Debtors (i) Considered as Good (ii) Considered as Doubtful (iii) Other Debts Unsecured (Considered as Good) Less: Prov.for Doubtful Debt 69.63(0.91%) 243.32(4.20%) 330.84(5.44%)

0.41(0.01%)

0.75(0.01%)

2.00(0.03%)

0.01(0.00%)

0.21(0.00%)

2.47(0.04%)

406.82(5.30%) (0.01)(0.00%)

413.01(7.15%) (0.21)(0.00%)

359.68(5.92%) (2.47)(0.04%)

Total(Debtors) 11. Inventory (i) Raw material (ii) Stock in progress (iii) Finished goods (iv) Stores & Spares (v) Loose Tools (vi) Chemicals & Catalysts (vii) Packing Materials (viii) Construction Material Total(Inventory) 12. Loans and Advances 13. Total current assets ( Gross working capital) NET WORKING CAPITAL ( Current assets Current liability) (13 9)

407.23(5.31%)

413.76(7.16)

361.68(5.95%)

823.39(10.73%) 42.30(0.55%) 449.34(5.86%) 290.21(3.78%) 2.03(0.03%) 72.49(0.94%) 37.49(0.49%) 14.11(0.18%) 1731.36(22.56%) 5464.77(71.22%) 7672.99 (100%)

959.39(16.61%) 36.89(0.64%) 174.24(3.02%) 327.83(5.68%) 1.83(0.03%) 28.94(0.50%) 33.26(0.58%) 14.72(0.26%) 1577.10(27.32%) 3541.56(61.32%) 5775.74(100%)

551.27(9.07%) 26.44(0.44%) 1320.90(21.72%) 311.74(5.13%) 2.25(0.04%) 30.81(0.51%) 28.08(0.46%) 12.45(0.21%) 2283.94(37.58%) 3104.82(51.01%) 6081.28 (100%)

4490.10

4404.17

4880.05

62

Analysis From the analysis of above tables we can found that the net working capital is positive, In the year 2006-07 the net working capital was Rs.4880.05 crore but in the year 2007-08 the net working capital was decreased to Rs.4404.17 Crore, then after in the year 2008-09 the net working capital is increased to Rs.4490.10 Crore. Because in the year 2008-09 total current assets are increased with the compare to previous year, and total current liabilities are also increased with the compare to previous year. But overall, net working capital is positive. So it shows efficient working capital management.

63

CHAPTER 7

WORKING CAPITAL RATIOS

7.1 RATIO ANALYSIS:

his is the measure of inter relationship between different sections of the financial statements which then is compared with the budgeted or forecasted results, prior 64

year results and or the Industrial results. To be most important ratios must include a study of underlying data. Ratios should be taken as guides that are useful in evaluating a companys financial position and operations and making comparisons with results in previous years or with other companies. The primary purpose of ratios is to point out areas needing further investigations. Ratios will not carry meaningful business reasoning if there is no supporting quantitative and financial information. Nevertheless, it is possible to construct a series of ratios that together will provide all of them with something that they will find relevant and from which they can investigate further if necessary. It removes some of the mystique surrounding the financial statements and makes it easier to pin point items which it would be interesting to investigate further.

7.2 Data Analysis and Interpretation of Working Capital Ratios:

Working Capital Ratios in order to examine short-term liquidity and solvency of firm is shown below. Working Capital Ratios show the financial ability of the firm to meet its current liabilities as well as its efficiency in managing currents assets for generation of sales. It needs no mention that cash/bank balance is converted into raw materials, raw materials is converted into work-in-progress, work-in-progress into finished goods, finished goods is converted into debtors and receivables through credit sales and finally debtors to cash/bank and this cash to cash phenomenon is technically known as operating cycle and shorter the operating cycle, greater the degree of efficiency in working capital management.

1.CURRENT RATIO: This compares assets which will become liquid within approximately twelve months with liabilities which will be due for payment in the same period and is intended 65

to indicate whether there are sufficient short term assets to meet the short- term liabilities. Recommended current ratio is 2:1. Any ratio below indicates that the entity may face liquidity problem but also Ratio over 2:1 as above indicates over trading, that is the entity is under utilizing its current assets. 1) Current Ratio=Current Assets/Current Liabilities 2008-09 Current Assets Current Liabilities Ratio(Times) 7672.99 3182.89 2.41 2007-08 5775.74 1371.57 4.21 Rs. In Lacs 2006-07 6081.28 1201.23 5.06

Interpretation: It can be observed that Current Ratio of IFFCO varied between 4.21: 1 and 5.06: 1 during the period from 2007-08 to 2006-2007. Usually, a Current Ratio of 2:1 is considered to be the standard to indicate sound liquidity position and Current Ratio of IFFCO in 2008-09 is 2.41:1 which is quite good for this point of view but it is considerably decreasing from the consecutive three years which is serious matter of 66

thinking for management. In 2008-09 current liabilities increased by 2.32 times or 132 % in comparison to previous year. 2. QUICK RATIO: This shows that, provided creditors and debtors are paid at approximately the same time, a view might be made as to whether the business has sufficient liquid resources to meet its current liabilities. A company in the service industry will not have inventories as such current ratio will not significantly be different from the current ratio. This ratio should ideally be 1 for companies with a slow inventory turnover. For companies with a faster inventory turnover, a quick ratio can be less than 1 without suggesting that the company should be in cash flow trouble. Both current and quick ratio offer an indication of the companys liquidity position, but the absolute figures should not be interpreted too literally. It is often theorized that an acceptable figure should be 2:1 for current ratio and 1: 1 for quick ratio but these should only be used as a guide. Different businesses operate in very different ways. 2) Quick Ratio= Quick Assets/Current Liabilities 2008-09 5952.0043 3182.89 1.87 2005-06 4197.0042 1,371.57 3.06 Rs. In Lacs 2006-07 3783.8745 1,201.23 3.15

Quick Assets Current Liabilities Ratio(Times)

67

Interpretation: Current Assets minus Inventory are Quick Assets and on an average, it has been maintained at Rs. 1.87 in 2008-09 for every rupee of quick liabilities. The Current Ratio and Quick Ratio of IFFCO reflect that short-term liquidity and solvency is in safety and it of course determined how the short-term financial obligation of the firm would be met under such sound financial position. The combined interpretation of these two ratios reflects that the interest of short-term creditors is at all protected by adequate solvency and liquidity of far from money assets. 3. Working Capital Turnover Ratio: Management is required to maintain an optimum level of working Capital. Remember if an entity is having high inventory levels it will incur high storage costs, theft, insurance costs and stock losses. Like wise having low stock levels will disturb the production run of the company as it will regularly run out of inventories thereby loosing important business opportunities. The same can be said of receivables, having more receivable the company may run the risk of bad debts but also being too strict with debt repayment period may result in loss of customers.

68

3) Working capital turnover ratio= COGS/Net working capital 2008-09 COGS Net working capital Ratio(Times) 31496.75 4490.10 7.01 2007-08 11,336.77 4404.17 2.6 Rs. In Lacs 2006-07 9,578.09 4880.05 2.0

Interpretation: Working Capital Turnover Ratio indicates the efficiency of the firm in utilizing the working capital in the business. Working Capital Turnover Ratio has been found to be positive through out the period under study. It varies between 7.01 times and 2.6 times because previously cost of goods sold was Rs. 11336.77 while in current year it increases by 2.78 times. It leads to increase Net Working Capital Turnover Ratio. This ratio signifies efficient working capital management.

69

4.Inventory Turnover Ratio: The ratio is aimed at checking how vigorous the entity is trading. It measures approximately the number of times an entity is able to acquire the inventories and convert them into sales. A lengthening inventory turnover period from one accounting year to the next indicates: 1) A slow down in trading; or 2) A build in inventory levels, perhaps suggesting that the investment in inventories is becoming excessive. The higher turnover ratio is good for the firm, but several aspects of inventory holding policy have to be balanced. Lead times Seasonal fluctuations in orders. Alternative use of warehouse space. Bulk discounts.

4) Inventory turnover ratio = COGS/Avg.Inventory 2008-09 COGS Avg.Inventory Ratio(Times) 31496.75 1654.23 19.04 2007-08 11,336.77 1930.52 5.87 Rs. In Lacs 2006-07 9,578.09 1901.79 5.04

70

Interpretation: It indicates extremely good. The ratio indicates how fast inventory is sold. A high ratio is good from the viewpoint of liquidity and vice versa. Inventory Turnover Ratio increases from 5.87 times in 2007-2008 to 19.04 times in 2008-2009.The trend shows inventory turn over ratio increases. However, on overall analysis, it may be opined that inventory management is extremely satisfactory. 5. Debtors Turnover Ratio: Another asset management ratio which is used estimates how long it takes for the credit customers to settle their balances. As outlined above it is very difficulty to establish the optimum level of receivables days, it will always depend with the nature of the business an enterprise is involved. For a Super store receivable days of 5 days will be considered as too long as it is supposed to operate on cash basis. While as in a Transport sector such receivable days will be considered as to mean to the customers and may result in loss of key employees. When setting the receivable days, an enterprise should also consider how long its major suppliers demand their payments. Failure to match receivable and payable days will result in failure to settle short term liabilities when they fall due. Increase in receivable days may also indicate overtrading especially when the profit levels increases, together with receivable amounts but there is no improvement in collection of receivables. The enterprise should always strive to be within the industrial averages because if they are too loose with their customers they run a risk of increasing the bad debtors levels. 71

5) Debtors turnover ratio = Gross Credit Sales/Avg.Debtors Rs. In Lacs 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 Gross Credit Sales 32933.30 12162.82 10330.11 Avg.Debtors Ratio(Times) 410.50 80.23 387.72 31.37 418.05 24.71

Interpretation: The analysis of the debtors turnover ratio supplements the information regarding the liquidity of one item of current assets of the firm. The ratio measures how rapidly receivables are collected. A high ratio is indicative of shorter time-lag between credit sales and cash collection. A low ratio shows that debts are not being collected rapidly.The Debtors Turnover Ratio is highest (80.23 times) in 2008-2009 and lowest (24.71 times) in 2006-2007 and average is 92.59 times. Debtors and Receivables management appears to be satisfactory. Simply speaking, more the number of times debtors' turnover, better the liquidity position of the firm. The combined effect of better management of inventory and debtors & receivables has enabled the firm to generate reported business of the firm. Some of the reasons for improvement may be:

72

a. b. c.

Aggressive debt collection by the company. Strict rules on credit transactions. Offering cash discounts for early settlement. 6.Current Assets Turnover Ratio: Current asset turn over ratio indicates that on an average, the firm has generated sales of Rs. with the current assets worth Rs. 6) Current asset turnover ratio = COGS/Avg.Current Assets Rs. In Lacs 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 COGS 31496.75 11,336.77 9,578.09 Avg.Current Assets Ratio(Times) 6724.37 4.68 5923.86 1.91 5410.48 1.77

73

Interpretation: The Current Assets Turnover Ratio varied between 4.68 times and 1.77 times during the entire period of study. This ratio indicates increasing trend. This ratio indicates that on an average the firm has generated sales of rs.4.68 with current assets worth re.1.And this is indeed a very near to the ground ratio in comparison to the standard norms of the industry.It leads to increase in profitability and productivity of company. 7. Average Collection Period: The average collection period measures the quality of debtors since it indicates the speed of their collection. The shorter the average collection period, the better the quality of debtors, since a short collection period implies the prompt payment by debtors. The average collection period should be compared against the firms credit terms and policy to judge its credit and collection efficiency. An excessively long collection period implies a very liberal and inefficient credit and collection performance. This certainly delays the collection of cash and impairs the firms liquidity. The firm should consider relaxing its credit and collection policy to enhance the sales level and improve profitability. 7) Average collection period = 365 / Debtors turnover ratio Rs. In crores 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Days 365 365 365 Debtors turnover ratio Ratio(days) 80.23 4.55 31.37 11.64 24.71 14.77

74

Interpretation: Finally, the average collection period is 4.55 days and it indicates that the firm has to wait for 4.55 days for receiving collection from debtors on account of credit sales. On year-wise analyses, it can be observed that the average collection period is decreases .It indicates efficient debtors collection management.

75

n the basis of overall analysis, it is therefore pertinent to state that the company isnt suffering from crises of working capital. Short term liquidity and solvency of

the firm is in very good position. Interest and financial security of the short-term creditors is not at risk. Utilization of current assets should have been made in much more effective manner.Last but not the least, working capital is the blood and life-giving force to the company and positive working capital can only save the life of the firm in any way, and company has it then company can meets its liabilities and manage day-to day activities.

76

CHAPTER 8

WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE

77

fter determining the level of working capital, a firm has to decide how it is to be financed. The need for financing arise mainly because the investment in working

capital/current assets, that is, raw material, work-in-progress, finished goods and receivables typically fluctuates during the year. The present chapter discusses the main sources of finances for working capital. Although long-term funds partly finance current assets and provide margin money for working capital, such assets working capital is virtually exclusively supported by short-term sources. The main sources of working capital financing, namely, trade credit, bank credit, commercial papers and factoring. IFFCO has divided its working capital needs which can be satisfied by two ways. In IFFCO working capital financing is mainly divided into two parts: 1) Fund based working capital financing 2) Non-fund based working capital financing. Difference between Fund based and Non-fund based loan Fund based loans are actually received in cash whereas Non-fund based loans are not received in cash. Non-fund based loans are given by bank to other parties on the behalf of a company. In Fund based loans there is no limit utilization whereas in Nonfund based loans there is certain limit to which it can be utilized. We may be aware that fund- based finance for exporters are considered at all times by the bankers in view of the necessity to earn foreign exchange. The computation of the credits for the exporter is taken up in the usual way as for any working capital limits. The maximum permissible bank finance is arrived at and the exporter is asked to bring in his share or stake. The non-fund-based limits are necessary to enable the parties concerned to get the requisite goods without the necessity of parting with the funds in advance. Based on the guarantee extended by the purchasers bank the supplier sells the items and thereafter claims under the L/C. the non-fund based limits confers to both the bankers and the exporters. 1. No blocking of funds. Hence no impact on credit-deposit ratio. 2. Banks are able to earn hefty income from commission without advancing any fund. 78

8.1 MARKET SCENARIO: Financial Assistance provided by financial institutions & commercial banks mainly includes following products.

Financial Products Fund Based Working capital Line of Credit Bill Finance Term Loan Short-term Corporate loan Bridge Loan Project Finance Over Draft Non-fund Based

Letter of Credit Bank Guarantee Deferred Payment Guarantees Solvency Certificate Credit Reports

Today, the market providing financing solutions to corporate is very competitive. The only difference that the provider can make is the differentiation through its services. Modifying some of the product features can distinguish the service provider but there is very less scope in that front as the current products are almost in line with its most innovative nature. Companies utilize this product according to its nature of business as well as financial terms agreed with its supplier and customers.

79

8.2 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS USED BY IFFCO LTD:

These two pats are further divided into subparts. Fund based financing can be classified into sub parts like 1) Cash Credit 2) Short term loans from Banks Non-fund based working capital can be divided into sub parts like 1) Bank Guarantee or Letter of Guarantee 2) Letter of Credit or Line of Credit

80

CHAPTER - 9

CONCLUSION

&

Suggestions

9.1 Suggestions and Conclusion: 81

From the study one can see that IFFCO has been a well managed company in spite of the low profits. This companys aim has never been to make profits but to help farmers to get fertilizers which the company has been successfully fulfilling. The analysis has led to the following findings: IFFCO has been maintaining an excellent current ratio which was 2.41 during 2009. This has been helping IFFCO to cope up with any urgent obligations without much hassle. The quick ratio has been maintained at a level greater than 2. However quite a large amount of the liquid assets are in the form of Government bonds which are partially marketable. However as the ratio is greater than two the position can be considered stable. The turnover of inventory at IFFCO has been lately closer to 19 which is excellent indicating that the entire inventory is used up 10 times on an average annually. This is an excellent sign indicating high production as well as high demand. Seeing at the trends of the past few years the company has a debtors collection period is around 5 days. This indicates much of the sales are quickly realized and a large percentage of sales is cash sales. The company has been maintaining a high liquidity level. The company has been paying a constant dividend of around 80 crores to its shareholder that are the cooperative societies. The company can easily continue to pay the same dividend as the dividend coverage ratio has being greater than 3 for almost all the years. The gross profit has been falling significantly because of the increase in the price of the raw materials as the price of oil has increased. The profitability has reduced as the cost is not passed on to the consumers as the prices are highly subsidized and the subsidies that the company are fixed. The net profit margin has been decreasing because of the decrease in gross profit and the late receipt of subsidies because of which bank loans had to be taken at high interest rates.

82

 CURRENT LIABILITIES Schedule-12 & 13 (Rs. in Crores)

LIABILITIES CURRENT LIABILITIES 1. Bank Overdraft 9.29 12.23 7.21

2. Sundry creditors 3. Advance payments from customers 4. Interest payable 5. Other statutory liability 6. Deposits 7.Other current liabilities 8. Provisions 9. Total current liabilities

2447.66

880.79

786.95

7.29 30.22 26.36 35.24 303.82 322.71 3182.89

5.21 15.16 19.36 27.53 88.21 323.08 1371.57

6.15 19.59 15.92 31.34 161.31 172.76 1201.23

CURRENT ASSETS Schedule-8 to 11 2009-2008 2008-2007 (Rs.In Crores) 2006-2007 83

ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS 9.Cash & Bank balances 10.Debtors (i) Considered as Good (ii) Considered as Doubtful (iii) Other Debts Unsecured (Considered as Good) Less: Prov.for Doubtful Debt 69.63(0.91%) 243.32(4.20%) 330.84(5.44%)

0.41(0.01%)

0.75(0.01%)

2.00(0.03%)

0.01(0.00%)

0.21(0.00%)

2.47(0.04%)

406.82(5.30%) (0.01)(0.00%)

413.01(7.15%) (0.21)(0.00%)

359.68(5.92%) (2.47)(0.04%)

Total(Debtors) 11. Inventory (i) Raw material (ii) Stock in progress (iii) Finished goods (iv) Stores & Spares (v) Loose Tools (vi) Chemicals & Catalysts (vii) Packing Materials (viii) Construction Material Total(Inventory) 12. Loans and Advances 13. Total current assets ( Gross working capital) NET WORKING CAPITAL ( Current assets Current liability) (13 9)

407.23(5.31%)

413.76(7.16)

361.68(5.95%)

823.39(10.73%) 42.30(0.55%) 449.34(5.86%) 290.21(3.78%) 2.03(0.03%) 72.49(0.94%) 37.49(0.49%) 14.11(0.18%) 1731.36(22.56%) 5464.77(71.22%) 7672.99 (100%)

959.39(16.61%) 36.89(0.64%) 174.24(3.02%) 327.83(5.68%) 1.83(0.03%) 28.94(0.50%) 33.26(0.58%) 14.72(0.26%) 1577.10(27.32%) 3541.56(61.32%) 5775.74(100%)

551.27(9.07%) 26.44(0.44%) 1320.90(21.72%) 311.74(5.13%) 2.25(0.04%) 30.81(0.51%) 28.08(0.46%) 12.45(0.21%) 2283.94(37.58%) 3104.82(51.01%) 6081.28 (100%)

4490.10

4404.17

4880.05

84

Analysis From the analysis of above tables we can found that the net working capital is positive, In the year 2006-07 the net working capital was Rs.4880.05 crore but in the year 2007-08 the net working capital was decreased to Rs.4404.17 Crore, then after in the year 2008-09 the net working capital is increased to Rs.4490.10 Crore. Because in the year 2008-09 total current assets are increased with the compare to previous year, and total current liabilities are also increased with the compare to previous year. But overall, net working capital is positive. So it shows efficient working capital management.

85

CHAPTER 7

WORKING CAPITAL RATIOS

86

7.1 RATIO ANALYSIS:

his is the measure of inter relationship between different sections of the financial statements which then is compared with the budgeted or forecasted results, prior

year results and or the Industrial results. To be most important ratios must include a study of underlying data. Ratios should be taken as guides that are useful in evaluating a companys financial position and operations and making comparisons with results in previous years or with other companies. The primary purpose of ratios is to point out areas needing further investigations. Ratios will not carry meaningful business reasoning if there is no supporting quantitative and financial information. Nevertheless, it is possible to construct a series of ratios that together will provide all of them with something that they will find relevant and from which they can investigate further if necessary. It removes some of the mystique surrounding the financial statements and makes it easier to pin point items which it would be interesting to investigate further. 87

7.2 Data Analysis and Interpretation of Working Capital Ratios:

Working Capital Ratios in order to examine short-term liquidity and solvency of firm is shown below. Working Capital Ratios show the financial ability of the firm to meet its current liabilities as well as its efficiency in managing currents assets for generation of sales. It needs no mention that cash/bank balance is converted into raw materials, raw materials is converted into work-in-progress, work-in-progress into finished goods, finished goods is converted into debtors and receivables through credit sales and finally debtors to cash/bank and this cash to cash phenomenon is technically known as operating cycle and shorter the operating cycle, greater the degree of efficiency in working capital management.

1.CURRENT RATIO: This compares assets which will become liquid within approximately twelve months with liabilities which will be due for payment in the same period and is intended to indicate whether there are sufficient short term assets to meet the short- term liabilities. Recommended current ratio is 2:1. Any ratio below indicates that the entity may face liquidity problem but also Ratio over 2:1 as above indicates over trading, that is the entity is under utilizing its current assets. 1) Current Ratio=Current Assets/Current Liabilities 2008-09 Current Assets Current Liabilities Ratio(Times) 7672.99 3182.89 2.41 2007-08 5775.74 1371.57 4.21 Rs. In Lacs 2006-07 6081.28 1201.23 5.06

88

Interpretation: It can be observed that Current Ratio of IFFCO varied between 4.21: 1 and 5.06: 1 during the period from 2007-08 to 2006-2007. Usually, a Current Ratio of 2:1 is considered to be the standard to indicate sound liquidity position and Current Ratio of IFFCO in 2008-09 is 2.41:1 which is quite good for this point of view but it is considerably decreasing from the consecutive three years which is serious matter of thinking for management. In 2008-09 current liabilities increased by 2.32 times or 132 % in comparison to previous year. 2. QUICK RATIO: This shows that, provided creditors and debtors are paid at approximately the same time, a view might be made as to whether the business has sufficient liquid resources to meet its current liabilities. A company in the service industry will not have inventories as such current ratio will not significantly be different from the current ratio. This ratio should ideally be 1 for companies with a slow inventory turnover. For companies with a faster inventory turnover, a quick ratio can be less than 1 without suggesting that the company should be in cash flow trouble. Both current and quick ratio offer an indication of the companys liquidity position, but the absolute figures should not 89

be interpreted too literally. It is often theorized that an acceptable figure should be 2:1 for current ratio and 1: 1 for quick ratio but these should only be used as a guide. Different businesses operate in very different ways. 2) Quick Ratio= Quick Assets/Current Liabilities 2008-09 5952.0043 3182.89 1.87 2005-06 4197.0042 1,371.57 3.06 Rs. In Lacs 2006-07 3783.8745 1,201.23 3.15

Quick Assets Current Liabilities Ratio(Times)

Interpretation: Current Assets minus Inventory are Quick Assets and on an average, it has been maintained at Rs. 1.87 in 2008-09 for every rupee of quick liabilities. The Current Ratio and Quick Ratio of IFFCO reflect that short-term liquidity and solvency is in safety and it of course determined how the short-term financial obligation of the firm would be met under such sound financial position. The combined interpretation of these two ratios reflects that the interest of short-term creditors is at all protected by adequate solvency and liquidity of far from money assets. 3. Working Capital Turnover Ratio:

90

Management is required to maintain an optimum level of working Capital. Remember if an entity is having high inventory levels it will incur high storage costs, theft, insurance costs and stock losses. Like wise having low stock levels will disturb the production run of the company as it will regularly run out of inventories thereby loosing important business opportunities. The same can be said of receivables, having more receivable the company may run the risk of bad debts but also being too strict with debt repayment period may result in loss of customers.

8) Working capital turnover ratio= COGS/Net working capital 2008-09 COGS Net working capital Ratio(Times) 31496.75 4490.10 7.01 2007-08 11,336.77 4404.17 2.6 Rs. In Lacs 2006-07 9,578.09 4880.05 2.0

91

Interpretation: Working Capital Turnover Ratio indicates the efficiency of the firm in utilizing the working capital in the business. Working Capital Turnover Ratio has been found to be positive through out the period under study. It varies between 7.01 times and 2.6 times because previously cost of goods sold was Rs. 11336.77 while in current year it increases by 2.78 times. It leads to increase Net Working Capital Turnover Ratio. This ratio signifies efficient working capital management.

4.Inventory Turnover Ratio: The ratio is aimed at checking how vigorous the entity is trading. It measures approximately the number of times an entity is able to acquire the inventories and convert them into sales. A lengthening inventory turnover period from one accounting year to the next indicates: 3) A slow down in trading; or 4) A build in inventory levels, perhaps suggesting that the investment in inventories is becoming excessive. The higher turnover ratio is good for the firm, but several aspects of inventory holding policy have to be balanced. Lead times Seasonal fluctuations in orders. Alternative use of warehouse space. Bulk discounts.

9) Inventory turnover ratio = COGS/Avg.Inventory 92

2008-09 COGS Avg.Inventory Ratio(Times) 31496.75 1654.23 19.04

2007-08 11,336.77 1930.52 5.87

Rs. In Lacs 2006-07 9,578.09 1901.79 5.04

Interpretation: It indicates extremely good. The ratio indicates how fast inventory is sold. A high ratio is good from the viewpoint of liquidity and vice versa. Inventory Turnover Ratio increases from 5.87 times in 2007-2008 to 19.04 times in 2008-2009.The trend shows inventory turn over ratio increases. However, on overall analysis, it may be opined that inventory management is extremely satisfactory. 5. Debtors Turnover Ratio: Another asset management ratio which is used estimates how long it takes for the credit customers to settle their balances. As outlined above it is very difficulty to establish the optimum level of receivables days, it will always depend with the nature of the business an enterprise is involved. For a Super store receivable days of 5 days will be considered as too long as it is supposed to operate on cash basis. While as in a Transport sector such receivable days will be considered as to mean to the customers and may result in loss of key employees. When setting the receivable days, an enterprise should also consider how long its major suppliers demand their payments. Failure to match receivable and payable days will result in failure to settle short term liabilities when they fall due. Increase in receivable days may also indicate overtrading especially when the profit levels increases, together with receivable amounts but there is no improvement in collection of receivables. The enterprise should always strive to be within the industrial averages because if they are too loose with their customers they run a risk of increasing the bad debtors levels. 93

10) Debtors turnover ratio = Gross Credit Sales/Avg.Debtors Rs. In Lacs 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 Gross Credit Sales 32933.30 12162.82 10330.11 Avg.Debtors Ratio(Times) 410.50 80.23 387.72 31.37 418.05 24.71

Interpretation: The analysis of the debtors turnover ratio supplements the information regarding the liquidity of one item of current assets of the firm. The ratio measures how rapidly receivables are collected. A high ratio is indicative of shorter time-lag between credit sales and cash collection. A low ratio shows that debts are not being collected rapidly.The Debtors Turnover Ratio is highest (80.23 times) in 2008-2009 and lowest (24.71 times) in 2006-2007 and average is 92.59 times. Debtors and Receivables management appears to be satisfactory. Simply speaking, more the number of times debtors' turnover, better the liquidity position of the firm. The combined effect of better management of inventory and debtors & receivables has enabled the firm to generate reported business of the firm. Some of the reasons for improvement may be: a. b. c. Aggressive debt collection by the company. Strict rules on credit transactions. Offering cash discounts for early settlement. 6.Current Assets Turnover Ratio: Current asset turn over ratio indicates that on an average, the firm has generated sales of Rs. with the current assets worth Rs. 11) Current asset turnover ratio = COGS/Avg.Current Assets Rs. In Lacs 94

2008-09 COGS Avg.Current Assets Ratio(Times) 31496.75 6724.37 4.68

2007-08 11,336.77 5923.86 1.91

2006-07 9,578.09 5410.48 1.77

Interpretation: The Current Assets Turnover Ratio varied between 4.68 times and 1.77 times during the entire period of study. This ratio indicates increasing trend. This ratio indicates that on an average the firm has generated sales of rs.4.68 with current assets worth re.1.And this is indeed a very near to the ground ratio in comparison to the standard norms of the industry.It leads to increase in profitability and productivity of company. 7. Average Collection Period: The average collection period measures the quality of debtors since it indicates the speed of their collection. The shorter the average collection period, the better the quality of debtors, since a short collection period implies the prompt payment by debtors. The average collection period should be compared against the firms credit terms and policy to judge its credit and collection efficiency. An excessively long collection period implies a very liberal and inefficient credit and collection performance. This certainly delays the collection of cash and impairs the firms liquidity. The firm should consider relaxing its credit and collection policy to enhance the sales level and improve profitability. 12) Average collection period = 365 / Debtors turnover ratio Rs. In crores 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 95

Days Debtors turnover ratio Ratio(days)

365 80.23 4.55

365 31.37 11.64

365 24.71 14.77

Interpretation: Finally, the average collection period is 4.55 days and it indicates that the firm has to wait for 4.55 days for receiving collection from debtors on account of credit sales. On year-wise analyses, it can be observed that the average collection period is decreases .It indicates efficient debtors collection management.

96

n the basis of overall analysis, it is therefore pertinent to state that the company isnt suffering from crises of working capital. Short term liquidity and solvency of

the firm is in very good position. Interest and financial security of the short-term creditors is not at risk. Utilization of current assets should have been made in much more effective manner.Last but not the least, working capital is the blood and life-giving force to the company and positive working capital can only save the life of the firm in any way, and company has it then company can meets its liabilities and manage day-to day activities.

97