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Pipe#6
Covered in this lecture: 1. Hazen Williams Equations 2. Hardy Cross Methods Hazen William Formula Historically, and number of engineering formula have been used to compute head loss. One widely used approach is the Hazen Williams formulation
0.54 S (FSS units) : V = 1.318 C hw R 0.63 h 0.63 (SI units) : V = 0.849 C hw R h S 0.54
Where Rh is the hydraulic radius (A/wp), S is the head loss per unit length, and Chw is the roughness coefficient. HazenWilliams Coefficient Chw Pipes extremely straight & smooth Pipes very smooth Smooth wood, smooth masonry New riveted steel, vitrified clay Old cast iron, ordinary brick Old riveted steel Old iron in poor condition 140 130 120 110 100 95 6080
There is a relationship between the Darcy f and the formula, assuming water at 70 deg F f= 1090 d 0.015 R 0.15 C 1.85 e hw
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Pipeflow
Pipe#6
Advantages to Hazen Williams approach 1. Coefficient Chw is rough measure of relative roughness 2. Effect of Reynolds number is included in formula 3. Effect of roughness on velocity are given directly Disadvantages to Hazen Williams approach 1. Empirical 2. Can not be applied to all fluids in all conditions Example: If 90 gal/min of water flows through smooth 3 in pipe, calculate the head loss is 6,000 ft of pipe. Given: Q = VA R h = d4 V = 1.318 C hw R 0.63 S 0.54 h d= 3 in = 0.25 ft l = 6000 ft
Q = 90 gal/min Solution: V=
R h = ( 3 )4 = 0.0625 ft 12
C hw = 140
4.08 = 1.138 140 (0.0625) 0.63 S 0.54 S = 0.0218 = h l6000 h l = 131 ft of water
Pipeflow
Pipe#6
SBasic principles are presented here SPipe network is the aggregation of connected pipes
SPipe Junctions denoted by capital letters AH SIndividual pipes numbered 110 SClosed circuits given Roman Numerals IIII
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loop
SPipes 1, 3, 4 and 2 comprise Loop 1 SPipes 2, 8, 10, 7 comprise Loop 2 SPipe 4 is common to both loops SSolution to any network problem must satisfy
continuity and energy principles throughout the network only one EGL is possible zero.
SBernouli principle requires that at any junction SAny head loss around any single loop must be SApplying this to each loop and junction results
Pipeflow
Pipe#6
Q = QA + Q2 Q1 = 0 Q = Q1 + QF Q3 = 0 Q = Q3 Q4 Q8 = 0
E F
Q = Q2 + Q4 + Q7 + Q5 = 0
B n + K Qn + K Qn = 0 hL = K1Qn + K Q 3 3 4 4 2 2 1
There are like equations for the other loops in the network.
SFlow directions are assumed, may actually be
different
termined
SThe solution is by trial and error SThe simplest method is known as HardyCross SStarts with reasonable set of guesses of Qi
that satisfy continuity and then iterate until head loss is satisfied
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Pipeflow
Pipe#6
the actual flowrates Qi should be only a small L different from t he guesses, Q0i in each loop
SFor example
Q 2 = Q 03 + I Q 8 = Q 08 + II Q 4 = Q 04 + I II because L is always assumed to be clockwise around each loop. In general the head loss takes is expressed as
hL = ()KiQn i =0
L L
where (+) depends on the direction of the flow and the Qi are taken as the magnitudes of the flow. For the assumes flow directions
Pipeflow
Pipe#6
and loops given in the figure, the head loss equations are
n N n K 1Q n 1 + K 3Q 3 + K 4Q 4 + K 2Q 2 = 0 n + K QN + K Qn = 0 + K Q K 4Q n 7 7 8 8 10 10 4 n + K QN + K Qn = 0 K 5Q n + K Q 7 9 9 6 6 7 5
hL = ()iKi(Q01 L)n = 0
L L
Expanding by the binomial theorem and neglect all terms with small products of L, e.g. L2, L3 etc because L is small, then
1 hL = ()iKi(Q01n nQn 0i L) = 0 L L
Solving for L
()iKiQN 0i L = L 1| nKiQn 0i
L
Process can be complicated by boundary conditions, pumps, etc. You will use WaterCad to solve these equations.