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Limitations in Fibers
Attenuation - Absorption, Scattering Dispersion - Modal, Chromatic, PMD Nonlinear effects - SPM, XPM, FWM, SBS, SRS
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Transmission Effects
Attenuation:
Reduces power level with distance
Fiber Fundamentals
Attenuation Dispersion Nonlinearity Distortion It May Be a Digital Signal, but Its Analog Transmission
THE DIGITAL SIGNAL IS CARRIED USING ANALOG CARRIER SIGNAL (LASER OR LED) AND THE TRANSMISSION MEDIA IS NOT IDEAL THE DATA CARRIED OVER OPTICAL SIGNAL IS MOSTLY DIGITAL AND HIGH SPEED
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z=0 Attenuation
z=L
z=0 Dispersion
z=L
DISPERSION
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Chromatic Dispersion
Dispersion is the spreading of light pulses as they travel down optical fiber; dispersion results in distortion of the signal, which limits the bandwidth of the fiber Two general types of dispersion affect DWDM systems; Chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
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DISPERSION HIERARCHY
TOTAL DISPERSION (ps/ nm -km)
MATERIAL DISPERSION
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DISPERSION(PULSE DISTORTION)
Limits the information carrying capacity of a fiber Measure of bandwidth,limits transmitted data rate and distance of optical pulse Pulse broadening of an optical pulse resulting in intersymbol interference at receiver end Types- Inter modal and Intra modal Inter modal Different modes travel at different rates Intra modal Pulse spread within a single mode Types-Material and wave guide dispersion Material dispersion Pulse spread caused by variation of refractive index of the fiber core material as a function of wave length Pulse spread due to finite spectral emission width of an optical source Wavelength dependent and increases with increase in spectral width of the source Wave guide dispersion SMF confines only 80% of optical energy.20% of optical power propagating in the cladding travels faster than light confined to the core resulting in pulse spread
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Chromatic Dispersion
Different wavelengths travel at different speeds Causes spreading of the light pulse
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When dispersion is too large, pulses interfere with each DISPERSION other. WHEN IS TOO LARGE PULSES
INTEREFERE WITH EACH OTHER
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DISPERSION - CONSEQUENCES
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BER is a key objective of the optical system design Goal is to get from Tx to Rx with a BER < BER threshold of the Rx BER thresholds are on data sheets Typical minimum acceptable rate is 10 -12
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MODAL DISPERSION
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MODAL DISPERSION
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CHROMATIC DISPERSION
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40 Gbps 4 Km SMF-28
t
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CHROMATIC DESPERSION
Chromatic dispersion
different wavelengths propagate at different Speeds Chromatic dispesion is measured in ps/nm/Km (picoseconds of dispersion per nanometer of signal bandwidth per kilometer of distance travelled.
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CHROMATIC DISPERSION
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CD CAN BE POSITIVE (SHORTER WAVELENGTHS THAT TRAVEL FASTER) OR NEGATIVE (LONGER WAVELENGTHS THAT TRAVEL FASTER). NEGATIVE DISPERSION IS FREQUENTLY USED TO COMPENSATE FOR EXCESSIVE POSITIVE DISPERSION IN A FIBER TRANSMISSION NETWORK.
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NORMAL DISPERSION IN GLASS DELAYS THE BLUE LIGHT MORE THAN THE RED LIGHT, WHILE IN ANOMALOUS DISPERSION THE RED LIGHT IS DELAYED MORE THAN THE BLUE. ANOMALOUS DISPERSION SOMETIMES OCCURS AT LONGER WAVELENGTHS, E.G. IN SILICA (THE BASIS OF MOST OPTICAL FIBERS) FOR WAVELENGTHS LONGER THAN THE ZERODISPERSION WAVELENGTH OF 1.3 um.
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Interference
Affects single channel and DWDM systems A pulse spreads as it travels down the fiber Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) leads to performance impairments Degradation depends on: laser used (spectral width) bit-rate (temporal pulse separation) Different SM types
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Chromatic Dispersion 3
1
0 .7 5
Amplitude
0 .5
0 .2 5
2 00
1 50
1 00
50
50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
T im e ( ps)
SUMMED SIGNAL
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Chromatic Dispersion 5
The Bit Rate-length Product
B2 L
c 2 4D 0
Repeater-less length of optical communication systems Bit rate 2.5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s SMF 1.3 m D ~ 1 ps/nm-km L = 6,993 km L = 437 km SMF 1.55 m D ~ 17 ps/nm-km L = 294 km L = 18 km DSF 1.55 m D ~ 1 ps/nm-km L = 4,995 km L = 312 km
Doubling the bit rate (B) would reduce the repeater-less length (L) of optical communication systems by a factor of 4.
CD is the main limiting factor for repeater-less length.
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MATERIAL DISPERSION
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WAVEGUIDE DISPERSION
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A FIBER BRAGG GRATING CONSISTS OF A PERIODIC MODULATION OF THE INDEX OF REFRACTION ALONG THE CORE OF AN OPTICAL FIBER.
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WAVEGUIDE DISPERSION
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DISPERSION EXAMPLE
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Distance (Km) =
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DISPERSION
Dispersion
DCU
Fiber spool
DCU
Length
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DISPERSION COMPENSATION
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DF 10
-10
-20 1200
1300
1400
1310 nm S band
SF = standard fiber DFF = dispersion flattened fiber DSF = dispersion shifted fiber NZ-DSF=non zero dispersion 1500 1600 1700 shifted fiber wavelength / nm -->
C band L band
Dispersion (ps/nm-km)
Standard single-mode
+10
1300
1400
1500
1600
(wavelength-nm)
Nonzero dispersion-shifted
-10 Zero dispersion shifted
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magnetic field
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PMD
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ITU-T RECOMMENDATION PMD SHOULD BE LESS THAN 0.1 TIMES THE BIT PERIOD
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PMD
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The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels down the fiber; this is a much weaker phenomenon than chromatic dispersion and it is of little relevance at bit rates of 10Gb/s or less
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PMD
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Only discovered in the 90s Most older fiber not characterized for PMD
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CHANGES IN POLARIZATION
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PRINCIPLE OF PMD
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Bit Rate Fiber core symmetry Environmental factors Bends/stress in fiber Imperfections in fiber
Improved fibers Regeneration Follow manufacturers recommended installation techniques for the fiber cable
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A patented OFS technology creates a "spin" within the fiber during the draw process. This built-in spin reduces birefringence by mixing the light between the two polarizations, which enables the fiber to exhibit ultra low PMD. In this process, an oscillating sheave imparts spin to the fiber at the base of the draw tower. The spin then propagates upward to the neck-down region where the molten glass is spun first one way and then the other. As the glass cools, the spin is "locked in" to the fiber. The angle of the spin and the rate of oscillation can be varied to impart different end-use characteristics.
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EXAMPLE OF PMD
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