Topik 1 - Fungsi Dan Graf

TOPIK 1 - FUNGSI DAN GRAF
________________________________________________________________________
Relations and Functions
Definition of relation
- A relation between two sets is the correspondence between elements of the first set, called
domain and elements of the other set, called range.
- A relation can be represented by :
(a) an arrow diagram
(b) an ordered pairs
- Example 1:
Let A = { 2, 3, 5 } and B = { 6, 9, 10 }. Consider the relation is a factor of
This relation can be displayed using an arrow diagram as follow :
The relation can also be written in the form of ordered pairs as
{(2,6), (2,10), (3,6), (3,9), (5,10)}
- There are four types of relations
i) One to one
each element in set X is connected to an element in set Y
2
3
5
6
9
10
is a factor of
A
B
1
2
3
1
4
9
X Y
>
>
>
is the square
of
-2
-1
1
2
1
________________________________________________________________________
(iii) One to many
(iv) Many to many

Definition of function
- A function is a special case of a relation which takes every element of one set (domain) and
assigns to it one and only one element of a second set (range).
- In other words, a function is
one to one relation or
many to one
0
1
4
-2
-1
1
2
Y
X
is the square root of
>
>
>
>
a
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
c
d
1
2
3
4
2
ii) Many to
one
________________________________________________________________________
- A mapping or function f from a set A to a set B is usually writtten as B A : f
- If an element x, of set A is mapped into an element y in set B we say that y is an image of x.
- The image of x is thus represented by f(x) and we write y = f(x)
Example of relations which are not function
(a) (b)
3
B
A
a
b
c
1
2
3
B
A
a
b
c
1
2
3
B
A
a
b
c
1
2
3
4
B
A
a
b
c
1
2
3
One-to-one relation and onto One-to-one relation and not onto
Many to one relation and onto Many to one relation and not onto
B
A
a
b
c
1
2
3
B
A
a
b
c
1
2
3
d
________________________________________________________________________
Example 1
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = { set of integers}. Illustrate the function f : x x + 3.
Solution
(i )Quadratic function
(a) f(x) = x
2
(b) f(x) = -x
2

(ii) Cubic function
(a) f(x) = x
3
(b) f(x) = -x
3
(iii) surd function
The graph exist only for x 0
4
B
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
7
f
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
0
________________________________________________________________________
(a) x x f ) ( (b) x x f ) (

(iv) Reciprocal function
(a) (b)
(v) Absolute value function, |f(x)|
(a) f(x) = |x|
Example
Sketch the graph of the following functions.
(a) f(x) = -5 (b) f(x) = -x + 2
5
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
x
x f
1
) (
x
x f
1
) (
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
0
0
________________________________________________________________________
(c ) f(x) = x
2
x 2 (d) f(x) = x
2
( 2 x )
(e) f(x) = 5 + x (f) f(x) = | x 2 |
(g)
'
+
<
0 5
0
2
x , x
x , x
) x ( f
Solution
(a) f(x) = -5
(b) f(x) = -x + 2
(c ) f(x) = x
2
x 2
(d) f(x) = x
2
( 2 x )
- The graph is a function if each vertical line drawn through the
domain cuts the graph at only one point.
The line cuts the graph at two points.

Not A Function
6
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
0
-5
2
2
-1 2
-2
________________________________________________________________________
(e) f(x) = 5 + x
(f) f(x) = | x 2 |
g)
'
+
<
0 5
0
2
x , x
x , x
) x ( f

Not A Function
7
x 0
x
0
f(x)
x
0
f(x
)
x
0
2
-5
2
2
f(x)
x
0
5
________________________________________________________________________
Example :
Consider the graphs shown below and state whether they represent functions.
Domain and Range
- Domain of f(x) is the set of values of x for which f(x) is defined.
- Range of f(x) is the set of values of y for which elements in the domain mapped.
- We can evaluate the domain and range by :
(i) Graph (ii) Algebraic approach
Vertical Line Test :
- To test if a graph displayed is a function.
(i)
(ii)
2 2

Not A Function
The line cuts the graph at only one
point.Function
-1
iii)
8
- Vertical lines are drawn parallel to the y-axis
0
The line cuts the graph at only one point.Function
________________________________________________________________________
Example 1
Consider the function f : x x + 4 with domain A = {1, 2, 3,4}. Then the range of the function can
be shown by the table.
x 1 2 3 4
f(x) 5 6 7 8
The range of the function is B = {5, 6, 7, 8}.
Example 2
The domain of this function is A = {x : -3 x 3} and the range is B = {x : 0 f(x) 9 }.
Example 3
For what values of x are the following functions defined?
i) f(x) = 2x 5 ii) f(x) =
2
1
x
Solution
i) y = f(x) = 2x 5 is defined for all values of x.
ii) y = f(x) =
2
1
x
is defined for every value of x except x = 2.
Example 4
Sketch the graph of the following functions. Hence, find its domain and range.
(a) f(x) = -3 (b) f(x) = -2x + 1
(c ) f(x) = x
2
x 2 (d) f(x) = x
2
( 4 x )
(e) f(x) = 7 + x (f) f(x) = | x 4 |
(g)
'
+
<
0 5
0
2
x , x
x , x
) x ( f
9
-3 3
9
f(x)
x
0
0
________________________________________________________________________
Solution
(a) f(x) = -5
D
f
=
R
f
= {-3}
(b) f(x) = -2x + 1
(c ) f(x) = x
2
x 2
(d) f(x) = x
2
( 4 x )
10
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
0
-3
1
1/2
-1 2
-2
4
) , (
D
f
= (-, )
R
f
= (-, )
D
f
= (-, )
R
f
= ) , [
4
9
D
f
= (-, )
R
f
= (-, )
________________________________________________________________________
(e) f(x) = 7 + x
(f) f(x) = | x 4 |
g)
'
+
<
0 5
0
2
x , x
x , x
) x ( f
11
x 0
f(x)
x
0
f(x)
x
0
-7
4
4
f(x)
x
0
5
D
f
= [-7, )
R
f
= [0, )
D
f
= (-, )
R
f
= [0, )
D
f
= (-, )
R
f
= (- ,0) [5, )
________________________________________________________________________
Algebraic Approach
Find the domain and range for the following functions :
(a) f(x) = 3x + 1, x R
D
f
= (-, )
R
f
= (-, )
(b) f(x) = x
2
3x, x R

Df = (-,)

c) f(x) = 5 + x
x + 5 0
x - 5 D
f
= [- 5,)
By inspection
when x = -5, f(x) = 0
when x , f(x)
Rf = [0, )
Composite Functions
Definition: Consider two functions f(x) and g(x). We define f g(x) = f [g(x)] meaning that the
output values of the function g are used as the input values for the function f.
Note that ( f g)(x) f(x) g(x).
Similarly, we define g f(x) = g [f(x)] meaning that the output values of the
function f are used as the input values for the function g.
Note that (g f)(x) g(x) f(x).
Example 1
If f(x) = 3x + 1 and g(x) = 2 - x, find as a function of x
(a) f g (b) g f
Solution
(a) (f g)(x) = f[g(x)]
= f(2 - x)
= 3(2 - x) + 1
12
4
9
2
3
2
) x (
) , [ R
f

4
9
________________________________________________________________________
= 6 - 3x + 1 = 7 - 3x
(b) (g f)(x) = g[f(x)]
= g(3x + 1)
= 2 - (3x + 1)
= 1 - 3x
Note that ( f g)(x) ( g f)(x).
Example 2
Given that f(x) = 3
x
and g(x) = 1 + x, find as a function of x
(a) g f (b) f g
Solution
(a) (g f)(x) = g[f(x)]
= g( 3
x
)
= 1 + 3
x
.
(b) (f g)(x) = f[g(x)]
= f(1 + x)
= 3
x + 1
.
Example 3
If f(x) = 2x - 1 and g(x) = x
3
, find the values of
(a) gf(3) (b) fg(3) (c) f
2
(3)
Solution
(a) gf(3) = g[f(3)]
= g[2(3) - 1]
= g(5)
= 5
3
= 125
(b) fg(3) = f[g(3)]
= f[3
3
]
= f[27]
= 2(27) - 1 = 53
(c) f
2
(3) = f[f(3)]
= f(5)
= 2(5) - 1 = 9
Note that f
2
(3) [ f(3) ]
2
13
________________________________________________________________________
Example 4
The functions f, g and h are defined by f(x) = 2 x, g(x) =
1 x
3
+
(x -1) and h(x) = 2x 1.
(a) Show that f
2
(x) = x.
(b) Find an expression for g
2
(x), and state for which two values of x it is
undefined.
(c) Solve the equation h
3
(x) = x.
Solution
(a) f
2
(x) = f[f(x)]
= f(2 x)
= 2 (2 x) = x
(b) g
2
(x) = g[g(x)]
= g(
1 x
3
+
)
=
1
1 x
3
3
+
+
=
4 x
1) x ( 3
+
+
(c) h
3
(x) = h
2
[h(x)]
= h[h
2
(x)]
= h[h(2x 1)]
= h[2(2x 1) - 1]
= h[4x 3]
= 2(4x 3) - 1 = 8x 7
So, when h
3
(x) = x
8x 7 = x
7x = 7, x = 1
Example 5
Consider the function f(x) = x
2
for x R and g(x) = 2x + 3 for x R .
(a) Find g f and determine its domain.
(b) Find f g and determine its domain.
Solution
(a) ( g f)(x) = g(x
2
)
= 2x
2
+ 3
The domain of g f is the domain of f, that is x R.
(b) (f g)(x) = f(2x + 3)
= (2x + 3)
2
14
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The domain of f g is the domain of g, that is x R.
Example 6
The functions f and g are defined by f(x) = 1 + 2x for x 0 and g(x) =
1 - x
1
for x > 1
(a) Find an expression for fg(x) and determine its domain.
(b) Find an expression for gf(x) and determine its domain.
Solution
(a) fg(x) = f(
1 - x
1
)
= 1 + 2(
1 - x
1
) =
1 x
1 x
+
The domain of fg(x) is the domain of g(x), that is {x R : x > 1}.
(b) gf(x) = g(1 + 2x)
=
1 ) x 2 1 (
1
+
=
x 2
1
The domain of gf(x) is the domain of f(x), that is x 0. But then, when x = 0, gf(x) =
x 2
1

is undefined. So, the domain of gf(x) is {x R: x > 0 }.
Example 7
Given that f(x) = 2x + 3 and fg(x) = 10x - 9, find g(x).
Solution
f(x) = 2x + 3
fg(x) = f[g(x)]
= 2g(x) + 3
But, fg(x) = 10x - 9
Therefore, 2g(x) + 3 = 10x - 9
2g(x) = 10x - 12
g(x) = 5x - 6.
Example 8
If g(x) = 2x + 3 and fg(x) = 10x - 9, find f(x).
Solution
fg(x) = 10x - 9
f(2x + 3) = 10x - 9
Let u = 2x + 3
u - 3 = 2x
2
3 u
= x
15
________________________________________________________________________
Therefore, f(u) = 10(
2
3 u
) - 9
f(u) = 5u - 15 - 9
f(u) = 5u - 24
By substituting u with x, f(x) = 5x - 24.
Even and Odd Function ?
Inverse Functions
The inverse function f

-1
exists only if f is one-to-one.

- Method to test wether a function is 1-1 :
i) Algebraic approach.
If f ( x
1
) = f ( x
2
) , then x
1
= x
2
ii) Horizontal line test ( graphical approach)
If the horizontal line intersects the graph of the function only once , then
the function is one to- one.
Example :
Example 2
Show that the following functions are one to - one functions.
a) f ( x ) = 3x 2 , x R
b) g ( x ) = x
3
+ 7 , x R
one-to-one
Not one-to-one
b)
16
a)
________________________________________________________________________
Solution :
a) f ( x ) = 3x 2 , x R
Method 1 : Use f ( x
1
) = f ( x
2
) to show x
1
= x
2
f ( x
1
) = f ( x
2
)
Therefore, 3x
1
- 2 = 3x
2
- 2
3x
1
= 3x
2
x
1
= x
2
Hence , f ( x ) is one to one function
Method 2 : Horizontal Line Test
The horizontal line intersects the graph y = 3x - 2 at one point only.
b) g ( x ) = x
3
+ 7 , x R
Method 1 : Use f ( x
1
) = f ( x
2
) to show x
1
= x
2
Thus , x
1
3
+ 7 = x
2

3
+ 7
x
1

3
= x
2

3

x
1
= x
2

Method 2 : Horizontal Line Test
y = 3x - 2
y
x
y = k
17
________________________________________________________________________
The horizontal line intersects the graph y = x
3
+ 7 at one point only.
Hence , f (x) is one to one function
Example 3
Find the inverse function to f(x)=
2
3 x
.
Solution
The function f maps x onto y where y =
2
3 x
.
Make x the subject of this equation,

2
3 x
= y
x - 3 = 2y
x = 2y + 3, Hence f
-1
(x) = 2x + 3.
Suppose - 4 was a value in the original domain . Then f will map this onto 3
2
1
.
f
-1
will now map this value onto 2(-3
2
1
) +3 = -4, which is the original value.
Example 4
Find the inverse of f(x) = 3 x
Solution
f maps x onto y where y = 3 - x,
so x = 3 - y
f
-1
(x) = 3 - x
y = k
y = x
3
+ 7
y
x
18
________________________________________________________________________
Example 5 :
Find the inverse for each of the following function :
R x , x ) x ( f ) a 1 2
R x , x ) x ( f ) b 1 2
3
+
R x , x ) x ( f ) c
3
2
3
+
R x , x ) x ( f ) a 1 2
Solution :
x )] x ( f [ f
1
x ) x ( f
1 2
1
2
1
1
+

x
) x ( f
R x , x ) x ( f ) b 1 2
3
+
x )) x ( f ( +
1 2
3 1
3
1
2
1

x
) x ( f
R x , x ) x ( f ) c
3
2
3
+
y ) x ( f Let
1
x ) y ( f
x )] x ( f [ f
1
x y +
3
2
3
3
3
2
x y
3
1
3
2

x ) x ( f
19
________________________________________________________________________
Example
Given the function f(x) =
3
+
x
p x
, (x 3) , where p is a constant,
(a) Find the value of p if f(5) = 1
2
1
,
(b) Find f
-1
in a similar form.
(c) State the value of x for which f
-1
is undefined.
Solution
(a) f(5) =
3 5
5
+ p
= 1
2
1
5 + p = 3
p = -2
(b) From (a), f (x) =
3
2
x
x
f[f
-1
(x) = x

x
) x ( f
) x ( f
3
2
1
1
x ) x ( xf ) x ( f 3 2
1 1

x ) x )( x ( f 3 2 1
1
+
1
1
3 2
1
x ,
x
x
) x ( f
(c) f
-1
is undefined for x =1 (This means that there is no value of x in the original domain which
had an image of 1. So, 1 does not exist in the range and therefore cannot be used.
Example 7
Given that f (x) = 3x + 5. Find
(a) (f
1
)
2
(b) (f
2
)
-1

Solution
(a) (f
1
)
2
Let y = 3x + 5
x =
f
-1
(x) =
(f
-1
)
2
(x) =f
-1
[f
-1
(x)]

20
3
5 y
3
5 x
,
_

3
5
1
x
f
3
5
3
5
x
________________________________________________________________________
(b) (f
2
)
-1

f
2
(x) = f [f (x)]
= f(3x + 5)
= 3(3x + 5) +5
= 9x + 20
Let w = 9x + 20
x =
Note that :
Example 8
The functions f and g are defined by f : x 2x + 3 and g : x x - 1. Find
(a) f
-1
and g
-1
(b) g f
-1
and f g
-1
(c) (f g)
-1
(d) f
-1
g
-1
Solution
(a) x )] x ( f [ f
1
x ) x ( f +
3 2
1
2
3
1

x
) x ( f
x )] x ( g [ g
1
x ) x ( f
1
1
1
1
+
x ) x ( f
(b) (g f
-1
)(x) = g[f
-1
(x)]
= g(
2
3 x
)
=
2
3 x
- 1 =
2
5 x
(f g
-1
)(x) = f[g
-1
(x)]
= f(x + 1)
= 2(x + 1) + 3
= 2x + 5
21
9
20
x
9
20 w
( ) ( )
9
20
1
2

x
x f
( ) ( )
1
2
2
1

f f
________________________________________________________________________
(c) (f g)(x) = f[g(x)]
= f(x - 1)
= 2(x 1) + 3
= 2x + 1
Let a ) x ( ) g f (
1
1 2 +
a x
) a )( g f ( x
2
1
x
a
(f g)
-1
(x) =
2
1 x
(d) f
-1
g
-1
= f
-1
(x + 1)
=
2
3 ) 1 x ( +
=
2
2 x
Note that (f g)
-1
(x) f
-1
g
-1
(x)
Example 9
Given that f(x) = 1 - x and g(x) =
2 x
1
+
, x -2.
Find (f g)
-1
and g
-1
f
-1
. What conclusion can you draw?
Solution
(f g)(x) = f[g(x)]
= f(
2 x
1
+
)
= 1 -
2 x
1
+
=
2 x
1 x
+
+
Let

2 a
1
- 1
g)(a) (f x
1
+
a ) x ( ) g f (
x
a

+
1
2
1

x
a
+
1
1
2 , 2
1
1
x
a
x
x
) x ( ) g f (

1
1 2
1

22
________________________________________________________________________
b ) x ( f
Let
1 1 -
g
2 b
1

1
+
) b ( g ) x ( f
,
_
2
1
b
f x

2
1
1
+

b
x
b

+
1
2
1
x
b
+
1
1
2 , 2
1
1
x
b ,
x
x
) x ( f g

1
1 2
1 1
Therefore, (f g)
-1
= g
-1
f
-1
Example 10
Given that f(x) =
x 1
x 1
+
and g(x) =
x
1
are defined for all x R (excluding 1, 0 and 1).
Show that (f g)
-1
= f g.
Solution
(f g)(x) = f[g(x)] = f(
x
1
)
=
x
1
1
x
1
1
+
=
1 x
1 x
+
a ) x ( Let
-1
g) (f
x ) a )( g f (
x
a
a
+
1
1
a + 1 = ax x
a(1 x) = -(1+x)

1
1
x
x
a
1
1
1
+

x
x
) x ( ) g f (
23
________________________________________________________________________
Graphical Illustration of an inverse Function.
Verify that the inverse of f(x) = 2x -3 is,
f
-1
(x) =
2
3 + x

-2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

The graph of y = f(x) and f
-1
(x) are reflection of each other in the line y = x.
24
1
2
3
4
5
y = x
A'
y =
3
2 x +
-1
-2
-3
A
y = 2x - 3
y
x
32
32
f
-1
f
y
y
y = x
x
________________________________________________________________________

f(x) =
x
1
, then f
-1
(x) =
x
1

One final point that is worth noting is that
f ( f
-1
(x) ) = f
-1
( f (x) ) = x
D
f
= R
f
-1
R
f
= D
f
-1
Example 10
For each the functions below, find the inverse function and state the domain and the range of f
-1
.
Sketch the graph of f and f
-1
on the same axes.
a) f(x) = -x
2
+ 5 , x 5
b) f(x) = 2 x , x 2
c) f(x) = 3
3
2
>
x ,
x
Solution
a) Let f[f
-1
(x)] = x
[-f
-1
(x)]
2
+ 5 = x
(f
-1
(x))
2
= x 5
f
-1
(x) = , x 5
D
f
= [ 0, + ) = R
f
-1

R
f
= ( -, 5 ] = D
f
-1
b) f(x) = 2 x , x 2
Let f[f
-1
(x)] = x
25
y = x
x
5
5 f
f
-1
y = x
f(x)
x
y = x
f(x)
f
-1
________________________________________________________________________

x ) x ( f
2
1
2 1
2 x ) x ( f
f
-1
(x)= x
2
+ 2
D
h
= [ 2, + ) = R
h
-1
R
h
= [ 0, + )

= D
h
-1
c) f(x) = 3
3
2
>
x ,
x
Let f[f
-1
(x)] = x

x
) x ( f

3
2
1
x
x
) x ( f
3 2
1
+
D
f
= ( 3, + ) = R
f
-1
R
f
= ( 0, + ) = D
f
-1
Example 11
Find the inverse of f(x)= ( x + 4)(x 1), x
2
3
and stating its domain. Then, on the same axes,

sketch the graph of f and its inverse.
Solution
y = ( x + 4)(x 1) x
2
3

= x
2
+ 3x 4
( By completing the square )
26
x
f 2
2
y = x
f(x)
x
3
3
f
f
-1
4
25
2
3
2
+ ) x (
4
25
2
3
2
+
,
_
+ y x
4
25
2
3
+ t + y x
4
25
2
3
+ t y x
4
25
2
3
1
+ +

x ) x ( f
4
25
4
25
2
3
2
3
f
-1
f
y = x
)
, D
f
4
25
1
________________________________________________________________________
Example 12
Given that f ( x ) = ( x 9 )
2
, x R , x 9.
i) Find the inverse of function f .
ii) Sketch the graph of f and f
-1
on the same plane.
iii) State the domain and range of f
-1
.
Solution
a) To find f
-1
We may use f [ f
-1
(x) ] = x
( f
-1
(x) - 9)
2
= x
f
-1
(x) - 9 = x ( taking the + sign )
= x + 9
27
________________________________________________________________________
c) Domain of f
-1
: [ 0 , )
Range of f
-1
: [ 9 , )
Example 13
The function g is defined by
Explain why g has no inverse.
If the domain of g is x R , x 0 , find g
-1
and sketch the graph of g and g
-1
. State the domain
and range of g
-1
.
Solution
By Horizontal Line Test ,
b) Sketch the graphs
y
x
f
9
9
f
-1
y =
k
y
x
y = ( x + 1)
2
- 2
28
R x , 2 1) (x x : g
2
+
________________________________________________________________________
Graph y = k intersects y = (x +1)
2
- 2 at two points. It is seen that g(x) is not one to one. Hence,
g has no inverse.
To find g
-1
,

x + 1 = 2 + t y
x = 1 2 + y
That is g
-1
( y ) = 1 2 + y
Let y = x,
Hence,
If the domain of g is x R , x 0 , then g is one to one - and hence g
-1
exists .
D
g
-1

= [-1 , ) , R
g
-1

= [0 , )
y
x
g y = k
-1
g
-1
-1
29
Let y = ( x + 1)
2
- 2
y + 2 = ( x + 1)
2
1 2
1
+
x ) x ( g
( taking the + sign because x 0 )

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Topik 1 - Fungsi Dan Graf

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TOPIK 1 - FUNGSI DAN GRAF

and stating its domain. Then, on the same axes,

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