ABDULLATIP,AISAH A.

I-BS BIOLOGY

STEM ANATOMY Herbaceous Dicot or Gymnosperm - Primary Growth

(Fig. 16.1 from Esau 1960)

STEM ANATOMY Woody Dicot or Gymnosperm - Secondary Growth

(Plate 28 from Esau 1965)

STEM ANATOMY Herbaceous Monocot - Primary Growth

(Plate 58 from Esau 1965, Fig. 17.8 from Esau 1960)

Stem - Morphology

Root - Morphology

Leaf - Morphology

ROOT ANATOMY
Herbaceous Dicot, Gymnosperm or Monocot - Primary Growth

(Plate 84 & 86 from Esau 1965)

ROOT ANATOMY Woody Dicot or Gymnosperm - Secondary Growth

A woody dicot or gymnosperm root in secondary growth looks very similar to a stem in secondary growth. The tissue is more porous and less dense, and the periderm is thinner. Rings of xylem growth may not be as distinctive as occurs in stems. This is because roots of temperate plants do not posses a distinctive rest or physiological dormancy period during the winter as do buds and shoots. Root growth may occur whenever the soil moisture, fertility and temperature are favorable.

(Fig.15.4 from Esau 1960)

LEAF ANATOMY
Dicot

(Plate 73 from Esau 1965)

Monocot (Similar to dicot, except no palisade, mesophyll is all spongy parenchyma)

(Fig. 19.6 from Esau 1960)

LEAF ANATOMY
Gymnosperm

(Plate 78 from Esau 1965)

Fig1: Illustration of the different cell types and transport pathways in gymnosperm leaves on a schematic drawing of a P. sylvestris needle cross section (a) and an electron micrograph of a Gnetum gnemon fifth class minor vein (b). The pre-phloem pathway (brown arrows) from the mesophyll is symplasmic and crosses bundle sheath, transfusions parenchyma and Strasburger cells before approaching the sieve elements. The post-xylem pathway (blue arrows) in pines starts in transfusion tracheids and has to enter the bundle sheath via the inner tangential wall, since the radial walls are sealed by the suberized Casparian strips (red). From the bundle sheath onwards it is not known to which extent the transpiration stream follows an apoplasmic, symplasmic, or transcellular route towards the sub-stomatal chambers (indicated here by the parallel arrows in a); scale bar 10 m; a based on Fig. 23 in Mnch (1930) Mentions: Independent of shape, the vascular tissue of gymnosperm leaves consists of axial xylem and phloem elements embedded in the characteristic transfusion tissue. This tissue is again bordered by a conspicuous bundle sheath which for a number of gymnosperms was described to have similarities to a root endodermis. The transfusion tissue is composed of transfusion tracheids and transfusion parenchyma cells that are in contact with the axial xylem elements (tracheids) and Strasburger cells of the phloem, respectively (Fig. 1). Structure, amount, and arrangement of the transfusion tissue vary in the different species (Esau 1965).

SUMMARY OF ANATOMY VEGETATIVE STRUCTURES

MONOCOT DICOT GYMNOSPERM

PRIMARY (herbaceous) GROWTH STEM

SECONDARY (woody) GROWTH

none

PRIMARY (herbaceous) GROWTH ROOT

SECONDARY (woody) GROWTH

none

PRIMARY (herbaceous) GROWTH

LEAF SECONDARY (woody) GROWTH

none

none

none

FLOWER STRUCTURE

FRUIT STRUCTURE Example of a dry fruit fruit

Example of a fleshy

SEED STRUCTURE