دستور سغدی

Prods Oktor Skjrv
An Introduction To Manichean Sogdian
Copyright 2007 by Prods Oktor Skjrv Please do not cite without the authors permission My thanks to all of my students who have actively noted ypos, inconsistencies, etc. The manuscript samples are from the online collections of the Berliner Turfansammlung, Depositum of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften in the STAATSBIBLIOTHEK ZU BERLIN Preuischer Kulturbesitz Orientabteilung. www.bbaw.de/bbaw/Forschung/Forschungsprojekte/turfanforschung/de/DigitalesTurfanArchiv The picture above is from www.askasia.org/teachers/images/image.php?no=827&review=yes
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AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN
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NOTE This version of the Introduction has been corrected and minimally updated to be more reliable. A problem with the preceding version was that, as I had moved texts about, the glossaries had not all be updated. I have tried to update them here, but there may still be words in the wrong place. The complete glossary at the end should help. I would have liked to update and complete the bibliography, but time is in short demand. A complete online bibliography of Sogdian studies would be useful. Many of the Sogdian texts had to be retyped, since they were originally typed in a right-to-left mode, which was no longer available after Mac OS 7.5. To obviate potential typos when the text is typed backward, I decided to simply use the photos from the Berlin Turfan collection. I hope I will find time to add intros to Buddhist and Christian Sogdian by and by. INTRODUCTION The Sogdians and their language. Sogdian is an Eastern Middle Iranian language, like Khotanese and Choresmian (Khwarezmian), as opposed to the Western Middle Iranian languages Middle Persian, with Parthian and Bactrian in the middle. The Eastern Middle Iranian languages are closely related to the Old Iranian language Avestan, the Western Middle Iranian languages to the Old Iranian language Old Persian. The modern Iranian language Yaghnobi is the descendant of a variant of Sogdian. We have Sogdian texts in four different alphabets: Old Sogdian Aramaic, Sogdian-Uighur, Manichean, and Nestorian Christian scripts. The Old Sogdian Aramaic script is used in a group of letters (the Ancient Letters) discovered near Dunhuang, which date from the beginning of the fourth century,1 and in graffiti on rocks in northern Pakistan. The Sogdian(-Uighur) script is the most common, being used for secular documents, as well as Buddhist and Manichean texts. The Manichean script is a Syriac script, related to Estrangelo and the Nestorian script. The Nestorian script was used for Christian texts. The center of ancient Sogdiana was around the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara in present-day Uzbekistan. Many Sogdians were merchants, however, and traveled east as far as China, bringing with them the Sogdian language. The Manicheans and Christians, as they fled before the persecutions of the Sasanian state from the third century on, must have settled for a while in Central Asia, learning Sogdian, before continuing east, even to the farthest reaches of Chinese Turkestan and beyond into Mongolia.2 In early times the Sogdians must have been the neighbors of the Tokharians, who borrowed numerous words from an Iranian language, possibly proto-Sogdian. The Ancient Letters. These are letters written on paper discovered by the British discoverer and archeologist Marc Aurel Stein in eastern Chinese Turkestan. The letters contain references to events that took place in the early fourth century and can therefore be dated to that time.3 The letters from Mount Mug. This is a collection of letters and administrative, economic, and legal documents written in the Sogdian script from the archives of King Dwst found at Mount Mug east of Samarkand (8th cent.). The graffiti on the Karakorum highway. These are a large number of inscriptions written in a script similar to that of the Ancient Letters found on rocks in northern Pakistan. They consist mostly of names.4 Inscriptions. The most important inscriptions other than the Karakorum Highway inscriptions are those found in
1 2
Go to http://idp.bl.uk/ and SEARCH THE IDP DATABASE for Sogdian. See La Vaissire, 2004, 2005. 3 See Sims-Williams, 1985. 4 Sims-Williams, 1989, 1992. 3 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
Kirghizia, Bugut, Karabalgasun, and Ladakh. Buddhist texts. This is the largest corpus of Sogdian texts. It contains complete or fragmentary Buddhist texts, stras, jtakas, prajpramit texts, and other, most of them translated from Chinese. Manichean texts. There are numerous Manichean texts in Sogdian, some written in Manichean script but most of them in Sogdian-Uighur script. Some of them have parallel texts in Middle Persian or Parthian, of which they are expanded translations. Christian texts. Almost all the Christian texts were found at a Christian Nestorian monastery at Bulayq north of Turfan. Most of the texts are translations from Syriac. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Benveniste, E., Textes Sogdiens, Paris, 1940. Benveniste, E., Vessantara Jtaka, Paris, 1946. Gershevitch, I., A Grammar of Manichean Sogdian, Oxford, 1954. Grenet, F. and N. Sims-Williams, The historical context of the Sogdian Ancient Letters, in Transition Periods in Iranian History. Actes du symposium de Fribourg-en-Brisgau (22-24 mai 1985), Studia Iranica. Cahier 5, Paris, 1987, pp. 101-22. and . de la Vaissire, tienne de. The Sogdian Ancient Letter V, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 12, 1998 [2001], pp. 91-104. , The last days of Panjikent, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 8, 2002, pp. 155-96. Henning, W. B., Ein manichisches Bet- und Beichtbuch, Abh. PAW 1936 X. , Sogdian tales, BSOAS 11/3, 1945, pp. 465-487. , Sogdica, London, 1940. , The Book of the Giants, BSOAS 11/1, 1943, pp. 56-74. , "The Sogdian texts of Paris, BSOAS 11/4, 1946, pp. 713-740. La Vaissire, . de, Histoire des marchands sogdiens, 2nd revised ed., Paris, 2004. , Sogdian Traders. A History, transl. by J. Ward, Leiden and Boston, 2005. MacKenzie, D. N., The Stra of the Causes and Effects of Actions in Sogdian, Oxford, 1970. , The Buddhist Sogdian Texts of the British Library, Tehran and Lige, 1976. Mller, F. W. K. Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift aus Turfan, Chinesisch-Turkestan, I, Sb. PAW, 1904 IX, pp. 348-352; II Anhang, Abh. PAW, 1904, pp. 1-117. Paul, L., Prteritum und Perfect im Soghdischen, Indogermanische Forschungen 102, 1997, pp. 199-205. Provasi, E., Note sulle costruzioni relative in sogdiano, in Scribhtair a ainm n-ogaim. Scritti in memoria di E.Campanile, Pisa, 1997, pp. 1-25. Reck, Ch., Mitteliranische Handschriften. Teil 1. Berliner Turfanfragmente manichischen Inhalts in soghdischer Schrift (Verzeichnis der orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland 18), Stuttgartg, 2006. Reichelt, H., Die soghdischen Handschriftenreste des Britischen Museums I-II, Heidelberg, 1928-31. Sims-Williams, N., A Sogdian Ideogram, BSOAS 35/3, 1972, pp. 614-15. , Notes on Sogdian Palaeography, BSOAS 38/1, 1975, pp. 132-39. , The Sogdian Fragments of the British Library, Indo-Iranian Journal 18/1-2, 1976 [1977], pp. 43-82. , On the Plural and Dual in Sogdian, BSOAS 42/2, 1979, pp. 337-46. , (with H. Haln) The Middle Iranian Fragments in Sogdian script from the Mannerheim Collection, Studia Orientalia 51/13, 1980, pp. $$. , The Sogdian Fragments of Leningrad, BSOAS 44/2, 1981, pp. 231-40. , Sogdian Manuscript Collections: A Brief Report, JA 269, 1981, pp. 31-33. , The Sogdian Sound-system and the Origins of the Uyghur Script, JA 269, 1981, pp. 347-60. , Remarks on the Sogdian Letters and x (with special reference to the orthography of the Sogdian version of the Manichean church-history), Appendix to: W. Sundermann, Mitteliranische manichische Texte kirchengeschichtlichen Inhalts, Berliner Turfantexte 11, Berlin, 1981, pp. 194-98.
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INTRODUCTION
Some Sogdian Denominal Abstract Suffixes, Acta Orientalia 42, 1981 [1982], pp. 11-19. The Double System of Nominal Inflexion in Sogdian, Transactions of the Philological Society 1982, 67-76. Chotano-Sogdica [I], BSOAS 46/1, 1983, pp. 40-51. Indian Elements in Parthian and Sogdian, in K. Rhrborn and W. Veenker, eds., Sprachen des Buddhismus in Zentralasien, Vortrge des Hamburger Symposions vom 2. Juli bis 5. Juli 1981, Wiesbaden, 1983, pp. 132-41. , The Sogdian Rhythmic Law, W. Skalmowski and A. van Tongerloo (ed.), Middle Iranian Studies, Proceedings of the International Symposium organized by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven from the 17th to the 20th of May 1982 (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 16), Leuven, 1984, pp. 203-15. , The Christian Sogdian manuscript C2 (Berliner Turfantexte 12), Berlin 1985. , Ancient Letters, in Encyclopdia Iranica II/1, 1985, pp. 7-9. , Sogdian prm and its cognates, in R. Schmitt and P. O. Skjrv, eds., Studia Grammatica Iranica, Festschrift fr Helmut Humbach, Mnchen 1986, 407-424. , (with F. Grenet) The historical context of the Sogdian Ancient Letters, in Transition periods in Iranian history, Actes du Symposium de Fribourg-en-Brisgau (22-24 Mai 1985), Leuven 1987, 101-122. , Syro-Sogdica III: Syriac elements in Sogdian, in A Green Leaf, Papers in Honour of Professor Jes P. Asmussen, Acta Iranica 28, Leiden 1988, 145-56. , Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus I, London, 1989. , Eastern Middle Iranian, in R. Schmitt, ed., Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Wiesbaden, 1989. , Sogdian, in ibid. , The Leningrad Fragments of the Manichean Church History, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4, 1990. , (with J. Hamilton) Documents turco-sogdiens du IXeXe sicle de Touen-houang, London, 1990. , A Sogdian greeting, in R. E. Emmerick and D. Weber, eds., Corolla Iranica: papers in honour of Prof. Dr. David Neil MacKenzie, Frankfurt, 1991, pp. 176-87. , Chotano-Sogdica II: aspects of the development of nominal morphology in Khotanese and Sogdian, in Gh. Gnoli and A. Panaino, eds., Proceedings of the First European Conference of Iranian Studies Held in Turin, September 7th11th, 1987 by the Societas Iranologica Europaea I, Rome, 1990 [1991], pp. 275-96. , Die christlich-sogdischen Handschriften von Bulayq, in H. Klengel and W. Sundermann, eds., gypten, Vorderasien, Turfan: Probleme der Edition und Bearbeitung altorientalischer Handschriften, Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients 23, erlin 1991, pp. 119-25. , The Sogdian fragments of Leningrad III: Fragments of the Xwstwn^ft, in A. van Tongerloo and S. Giversen, eds., Manichaica Selecta. Studies presented to Professor Julien Ries on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, Manichaean Studies I, Louvain 1991, pp. 323-28. , The Sogdian fragments of Leningrad II: Mani at the court of the Shahanshah, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4 (Aspects of Iranian Culture. In honor of Richard Nelson Frye), 1990 [1992], pp. 281-88. , Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus II, London, 1992. , The Development of the Sogdian Verbal System, in A. Wezler and E. Hammerschmidt, eds., Proceedings of the XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies, Hamburg, 25th-30th August 1986, Stuttgart, 1992, 205. , The Sogdian inscriptions of Ladakh, in K. Jettmar et al., eds., Antiquities of Northern Pakistan. Reports and Studies II, Mainz, 1993, pp. 151-163. , The Triple System of Deixis in Sogdian, TPS 92/1, 1994, pp. 41-53. , Christian Sogdian texts from the Nachlass of Olaf Hansen I: Fragments of the Life of Serapion, BSOAS 58, 1995, pp. 50-68. , Zu den sogdischen Inschriften [von Oshibat] (p. 24) and other contributions to M. Bemmann and D. Knig, Die Felsbildstation Oshibat (Materialien zur Archologie der Nordgebiete Pakistans, Band 1), Mainz, 1994 [1995]. , A Sogdian Version of the Gloria in excelsis Deo, in R. Gyselen, Au carrefour des religions. Mlanges offerts Philippe Gignoux, Res Orientales 7, Bures-sur-Yvette, 1995, pp. 257-62. , Christian Sogdian texts from the Nachlass of Olaf Hansen, II: Fragments of polemic and prognostics, BSOAS 58, 1995, pp. 288-302. , The Sogdian Manuscripts in Brhm^ Script as Evidence for Sogdian Phonology. Turfan, Khotan und Dunhuang, in R. E. Emmerick et al., eds., Vortrge der Tagung Annemarie von Gabain und die Turfanforschung veranstaltet von der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin (9.-12. 12. 1994), Berlin, 1996, pp. 307-15. , On the Historic Present and Injunctive in Sogdian and Choresmian, MSS 56, 1996, pp. 173-89. , Another Sogdian Ideogram? TPS 94/2, 1996 [1997], pp. 161-66. , The Sogdian Ancient Letter II, In M. G. Schmidt und W. Bisang, eds., Philologica et Linguistica. Historia, Pluralitas, Universitas. Festschrift fr Helmut Humbach zum 80. Geburstag am 4. Dezember 2001, Trier, 2001, , , , ,
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267-80. Sundermann, W. (1.1) "Christliche Evangelientexte in der berlieferung der iranisch-manichischen Literatur." MIO 14, 1968, pp. 386-405. (1.16) "Namen von Gttern, Dmonen und Menschen in iranischen Versionen des manichischen Mythos." AoF 6, 1979, pp. 95-133. (1.19) Mitteliranische manichische Texte kirchengeschichtlichen Inhalts. Berliner Turfantexte XI, Berlin 1981. (1.56) "Der Lebendige Geist als Verfhrer der Dmonen," in: Manichaica Selecta. Studies presented to Professor Julien Ries on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, ed. A. van Tongerloo and S. Giversen, Lovanii 1991, pp. 339-342. Die Jungfrau der guten Taten, in Recurrent Patterns in Iranian Religions. From Mazdaism to Sufism. Proceedings of the Round Table held in Bamberg (30th September 4th October 1991), ed. Ph. Gignoux (Studia Iranica, Cahier 11), Paris, 1992, pp. 15974. Eva illuminatrix, in Gnosisforschung und Religionsgeschichte. Festschrift fr Kurt Rudolph zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. H. Preiler and H. Seiwert, Marburg, 1994, pp. 31727. Eine Liste manichischer Gtter in soghdischer Sprache, in Tradition und Translation. Zum Problem der interkulturellen bersetzbarkeit religiser Phnomene, ed. C. Elsas e. a., Berlin and New York, 1994, pp. 45262. (1.63) Der Sermon vom Licht-Nous. Eine Lehrschrift des stlichen Manichismus. Edition der parthischen und soghdischen Version, Berlin 1997. On Human Races, Semi-Human Beings and Monsters, in The Light and the Darkness. Studies in Manichaeism and its World, ed. P. Mirecki and J. BeDuhn, Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 2001, pp. 18199. Manichaica Iranica. Ausgewhlte Schriften von Werner Sundermann, ed. Ch. Reck, D. Weber, C Leurini and A. Panaino, (Serie Orientale Roma 89, 12) Rome, 2001. The Book of the Head and the Book of the Limbs. A Sogdian Word List, in Iran: Questions et Connaissances, vol. 1: La priode ancienne, ed. Ph. Huyse, Paris 2002, pp. 135161. Waldschmidt, E. and Lentz, W., Die Stellung Jesu im Manichismus, Abh. PAW 1926 no. 4. Manichische Dogmatik aus chinesischen und iranischen Texten, Abh. PAW 1926 no. 4 Yoshida, Y. ( ), On the Sogdian Infinitives, Journal of Asian and African Studies 18, 1979, pp. 181-95. , ; 28, 1988, pp. 1-52. , Some New Readings of the Sogdian Veersion of the Karabalgasun Inscription, in A. Haneda, ed., Documents et archives provenant de lAsie Centrale. Actes du colloque franco-japonais, Kyoto (Kyoto International Conference hall et Univ. Ryukoku), 4-8 octobre 1988, Kyoto, 1990, pp. 117-23. , Appendix: Translation of the Contract for the Purchase of a Slave Girl found at Turfan and Dated 639, appendix to V. Hansen, review of de la Vaissire, Etienne, Histoire des marchands sogdiens, and Rong, Xinjiang, Zhonggu Zhongguo yu wailai wenming, in Toung Pao 89, 2003, pp. 159-61. ,; 15, 2000 / 10, pp. 135-65. and T. Moriyasu (),; (Studies on the Inner Asian languages) 4, 1988, pp. 1-50. Yoshida, Y. and Sundermann, W. Bzklik, Berlin, and Kyoto. Manichaean Parthian hymn transcribed in Sogdian script. Oriento, 35/2, 1993, pp. 119-134.
SYMBOLS italics < > [ ] / / { } * transcribed letter or word (roughly: as pronounced) transliteration value (value in Latin alphabet of letter(s) in Sogdian alphabet) 1. in grammar: phonetic transcription; 2. in text: missing text in manuscript phoneme (see lesson 1) allophone (see lesson 1) 1. before non-English word: restored word; 2. before English word: uncertain meaning
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INTRODUCTION TABLE OF SCRIPTS USED FOR SOGDIAN Phonemes a (, i) - b c (ts) d (nd) f g h i k l m n p r s t w x y z Sogdian 1
-a -, -A -a-, -aA h F B C l Y P y -A K M N w P R s T l w W Y Z, z Z, z
Manichean , ()-, - -h (-) c -
Christian , - = -h (-) b c d (t) y , g h y k, q m n w p r s t, w w x y z j
a a aa e B C D (t )
A A, h C C D () D g # A C L W p R % t U W z
h b b c c d (t) d y f g y c q m n w p r s t () (t) w w x y z
y p, ,
L y F G h y o kQ M N w P R S t L w w x y z
7
y c k, q m n w p r s t w w x y z z,
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LESSON 1 ORTHOGRAPHY THE MANICHEAN SOGDIAN SCRIPT. The Manichean alphabet is commonly regarded as a variant of the Syriac Estrangelo script, but seveeral letteers have shapes closer to the Syriac Nestorian script. Its invention is sometimes attributed to Mani himself, but the alphabet is probably older than that. The order of the letters in the table below is that of the Aramaic-Syriac alphabets. THE MANICHEAN ALPHABET
a Bb G g D d Ee w z
b g d -h (-) w z
h T y j J K x
h () y k x l m n
Ss o Pp Ff Cc Qq Rr t
s p f c [] q r t j
Ll Mm Nn
Notes on the table. The Syriac letter <l> is used for <> and <> for Sogdian <c>. The letter <> is used to write both and . The letter <j> is not found in the Syriac version of the alphabet, but is peculiar to Sogdian. In the Middle Persian and Parthian versions of the script a <z> with two dots above < > is used instead. On <> (ayn) see below. The letter forms are quite constant in the manuscripts, with the exception of <d, r>, <>, and <k, x>, which vary according to manuscript. Otherwise, when a letter has two forms in the table, the one to the left is used in final position. The letters <>, <>, <f>, and <x> are modified forms of <b>, <g>, <p>, and <k>. The letter e- <-h> (Syriac ) is used only in final position and has no phonetic value, while h <-h-> (Syriac t) is found very rarely in loanwords from Parthian (e.g., <krmwhn> karmhn absolution Lesson 10). The letter is frequently lengthened to fill the space at the end of a line. Several letters adjust their forms when there is too little space at the end of a line for their normal forms, e.g., - for M-, and-, $, and %- for e-; <w> has the special form W sometimes at the beginning of words; <c> has the squeezed form for c. Letters with a left extension (<, > etc.) can extend this as much as needed to fill space. Note also that the letters <n> and <y> are usually written inside <c>: y, N. In double <> the letters are close to one another: .
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TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSCRIPTION. When we simply substitute English letters for the Sogdian ones we say we transliterate the words, but when we write out the word in English letters the way it was pronounced we say we transcribe the words. To denote that we are simply transliterating we may enclose the transliteration in pointed brackets < >, while transcriptions are indicated by italics. Example: am translit. <m>, transcr. mt mother; eanax <xnh > xn house; ranyl <ynr> nr dinar; lym <my> m day. VOWELS. Vowels are not written consistently in the Sogdian scripts, and it is therefore not always certain what they were, although most of the time we can make educated guesses on the basis of orthography and linguistic comparison with other Iranian languages. As the Sogdian alphabets are of Aramaic-Syriac descent they do not regularly express short vowels in writing. In the Manichean script long vowels are always written, using <> for ; <y> for and , and <w> for and . Short vowels between consonants are usually written, using <y> for e and i and <w> for o and u. The correct vowels have to be learned for each word. The letter <> is used initially (at the beginning of a word) to express a, , or long , but double <-> is commonly written for -. At the beginning of a word long and are written <y-> or <y>, while short i and u are written <y-> and <w->. ACCENT AND THE RHYTHMIC LAWLIGHT AND HEAVY STEMS. Sogdian words consist of a stem and an ending. Usually, endings are case endings of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs or personal endings of verbs. The form of a noun, verb, etc., that is left when the ending is removed is the stem. A stem may contain one or more suffixes. For instance, kt- did is the past stem of the present stem kun- does. With the suffix -yk it becomes a noun kt-yk act, action, which is also a stem. The accent in Sogdian lay on the first long vowel of the word if it had one. (The nature of long vowels will be defined in the next section on vowels.) If the first long vowel was in the stem, the word was accented on the stem. If the stem contained no long vowel, the word would be accented on the ending, whether its vowel was short or long. In this way, all Sogdian words can be characterized as belonging to one of two types. Stems with the accent on the stem are called heavy stems, and words with the accent on the ending are called light stems. This system of light and heavy stems is commonly referred to as obeying the rhythmic law and affects all Sogdian declensions, conjugations, and word formations. In heavy stem words, final short vowels were lost, final long vowels often reduced, and final consonants occasionally lost.
Note: In order to retain important grammatical distinctions short-vowel endings were sometimes restored by analogy with light stems, however.
Example: Light: Heavy:
- <> god <> piece of land, garden
nom. sing. - <-y> nom. sing. <>
The rhythmic law also affected many suffixes, which took different forms according as the stem to which they were attached was heavy or light. Example: Light: Heavy: kt- <kt> done rk wise kt-yk act, action, rk-y wisdom
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10
LESSON 1 VOWEL PHONEMES. The rhythmic law shows that Sogdian possessed at least the short vowel phonemes /a, i, u/ and the long /, , , , /, a system known from other Iranian languages. These vowel phonemes were probably phonetically realized more or less as cardinal vowels when stressed, long and short: [a - a:], [e:], [i - i:], [o:], [u - u:]. 1. Short vowels. In this manual short a or will be used in transcription of heavy stems, but instead of a in the transcription of light stems, in order to enable the student to see at a glance the nature of the stem. There are basically no Sogdian words ending in a consonant with only short vowels. Any stem of this structure either requires an ending, e.g., /-/, /mn-/ or must be enclitic, e.g., /kt-/. The last example belongs to a small group of words showing stressed short //. The condition for the appearance of such a stressed short // seems to be that the word has only one syllable and and is followed by an enclitic. Whether <rty>, possibly a combination of rt + ()ti, was rt(t)i or rt is not clear. In this manual rti is used. With few exceptions, therefore, any word ending in a consonant must have a long vowel or accented r, etc. The presence short // cannot always be verified, as it is not clear which consonant clusters existed. In initial consonant clusters, for instance, (two or more consonants at the beginning of a word) we do not know if vowels were inserted or not. The fact, however, that the orthography in many instances vacillates between nothing and <> or <y> indicates that short vowels were sometimes not pronounced. In these cases, comparison with other languages leads one to posit one or two central vowels [] (socalled schewa), a vowel like the e in English perhaps, and [i], a vowel sounding like the first e in English between. Thus, wtp <ptw-> may have been pronounced (pat-) in slow and accurate speech, but in normal speech either pt- (pat-) orafter a vowel pt-, andafter consonant even pt-. This [] may also have been influenced by its phonetic context, e.g., before palatal consonant we seem to have [] ~ [e] in <j> ~ y <yj> e or i. In this manual will be used to indicate either of the unstressed vowels [] and [i]. The is always indicated in the transcriptions, although the principles underlying its inclusion are admittedly impressionistic. Short /u/ may have been realized as [u], [u], [w], or [wu] depending on the context. This analysis is based mainly upon the fact that words with original initial Cu- can take a prosthetic -, e.g., ytwka <kwty> kut = [kwt, kwut, kut]. Other examples are difficult to find. Similarly, short /i/ may have been realized as [i], [i], [y], or [yi] depending on the context. To simplify the transcription, in this manual u and i will be used, occasionally w and y. When ur, ir, un, and in occur in heavy stems they will be marked as stressed: r, etc. The exact distribution of final short -i and -e is unclear. Here, certain etymological principles have been followed. 2. Long vowels. The long vowels /, , , , / may have been long only in stressed position and short in unstressed position. The variant spellings of the verbal endings may reflect this. The short /e/ and /o/ were probably not separate phonemes opposed to // and //. Short [e] seems to be supported by alternances such as in the ending <-yny-> ~ <-ny>, i.e., *-en ~ -n. There are no similar pairs for [o]. In this manual e is used (e.g., nd- to bind), but u instead of o (e.g., ruxn light, not roxn). Whether there was an opposition between final stressed /-/ and /-/, is also very uncertain. In this manual the traditional transcription with final short - in some forms of light-stem nouns (adjectives, pronouns) and verbs as opposed to - and - < *-aka is maintained for pedagogical reasons. 3. Nasalized and rhotacized vowels. Sogdian apparently had short and long rhotacized (retroflex) and nasalized vowels, phonemically (probably) vowel + /r/ or /n/. Not all vowels + /r/ produce heavy stems, however. For instance, mur bird is a light stem, but mar 11 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
meadow is a heavy stem. The explanation for the difference is that, historically, the light stems contain an Old Iranian vocalic r, which functioned as vowel. Thus, mrga bird, but marga meadow. In Sogdian, the vocalic r developed a short vowel before it, which remained short and did not cause a stem to become heavy, while the old sequence vowel + r probably became a long rhotacized //. Differently, almost all stems with n before consonant are heavy. 4. Diphthongs. The existence of short-vowel diphthongs is uncertain, as we have little means of determining whether the old diphtongs ai and au remained before consonants or had become and . It is possible that they were still diphthongs at an early stage of Sogdian, as suggested by the Sogdian orthography, but were simply long vowels in the stage represented by the Manichean and Christian texts. In this manual only long vowels and will be used before consonants, thus *aw- + -am > wam, but *aw- + -t > t. The situation in final position is even less certain. 5. Long diphthongs. The sequences + i, u, r, n, m (i, u, r, etc.) are perhaps more conveniently analyzed as combinations of + y, w, r, n, m, thus /yC/ = [yC], /wC/ = [w], /n/ = [n], etc. With considerable reservations one may posit the following possible system of (attested) vocalic phonemes and allophones for Sogdian: stressed + /r/ // /a/ // // /i/ // // /u/ [] [a] [] [ ] [i] [] [] [u] [ar] + /n/ [an] unstressed + /r/ [a] [ar] [] [r] [e] [er] [i] [ir] [y] [ir] [o] [u] [w] [ur] + /n/ [an] [n] [en] [in] [in]
[ir] [ur]
[in] [un]
(no examples?)
[Note: Evidence from texts written in Brahmi script now suggests that the difference may not be in quantity but in quality, e.g., stressed , unstressed .].
Examples of nominative singular forms of light- and heavy-stem nouns: Light stems - <-y> god <y> gods put- <pwt-y> Buddha mr- <mr-y> bird k(r)t- <k(r)t-y> (was) made wirk- <wyrk-y> wolf purn- <pwrn-y> full Note: Heavy stems with ir and ur are very rare. Heavy stems <> piece of land, garden r <ryj> pleasure wn <wyn> lute r <rw> copper pt <pwt> rotted mr <mr> meadow mrtiy <mrty> man ptmrt <ptmyrt> is (being) counted ndam <bynd()m> I bind kr <kwr> where
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LESSON 1 CONSONANTS PHONEMES. Unvoiced Voiced Stops p, t, k {b, d, g} Affricates [t] {} [d] Fricatives f, , x , , Nasals m, n, [] Continuants w, y, r Sibilants s, z,
In loanwords we also find l and h. The affricates and are pronounced like English ch in child and j in judge. The fricatives are pronounced as follows: f as in English; as English th in thing; x as German ch in Loch or Spanish Spanish (not American Spanish) j in rojo; , , are pronounced like Spanish b, d, g after vowels, e.g., robar, nada, haga. The sibilants and are pronounced like English sh in shut and s in leasure, respectively. [], pronounced like English ng in thing, is the phonetic realization of n before k, g, and x. It is not a separate phoneme in Sogdian, only an allophone of /n/. {b, d, g} and {} are allophones of /p, t, k, / after the voiced cononants , , , m, n, z, . [PHONEMES. We call phonemes the smallest units of speech that distinguish meanings. Phonemes are usually determined be establishing minimal pairs, for instance, English bad ~ sad, a pair that establishes English /b/ and /s/ as separate phonemes. Phonemes are denoted by writing them between / /. The phoneme is not a sound, merely a linguistic abstraction. When we want to emphasize that we are talking about the actual soundor the phonetic realization of a phonemewe use square brackets [ ], e.g., [p], [b], [z], etc. Phonemes are described by listing their distinctive features. Examples: /b/: stop, labial, voiced ~ /p/: stop, labial, unvoiced, ~ /m/: nasal, labial. /x/: fricative, velar, unvoiced ~ //: fricative, velar, voiced. /s/: sibilant, alveo-dental, unvoiced ~ /z/: sibilant, alveo-dental, voiced ~ //: sibilant, alveo-palatal, unvoiced ~ //: sibilant, alveo-palatal, voiced. In the case of /m/ we note that voiced is not a distinctive feature of nasals in English or Sogdian, as no two words can be distinguished by the presence or absence of voicing in a nasal /m/. Note that English t is sometimes aspirated [t], sometimes not aspirated [t]. The feature aspiration is not, however, distinctive in English or Sogdian, so there is no phonemic opposition /t/ ~ /t/, /p/ ~ p/, etc. In this case we say that [p] and [p] are allophones of the phoneme /p/. Aspiration is a distinctive feature in Sanskrit, for instance, where we have minimal pairs such as kara [kara] hand ~ khara [kara] donkey. Phonemes may not be distinguished in all positions. Thus, in English we cannot find any minimal pairs distinguished by the phoneme sequences /st/ and /sd/. In such cases we say that the phonemic opposition between /t/ and /d/ has been neutralized. Such phonemic neutralization has important consequences for the orthography of Sogdian.] SPECIAL SCRIBAL HABITS. As the Sogdian alphabets were not created specifically for Sogdian, there is some lack of internal logic in the way letters correspond to sounds. Thus some phonemes are not distinguished in the alphabet (<> = // and //), while others can be written with two different letters. Such optional spellings occur in two situations: <k> and <q> both spell k, <t> and <> both spell t. As voiced and unvoiced stops are not distinguished after a voiced cononant, either consonant may be usedfor instance, p or b after m, z, and ; t and d after , , n, z, and ( is not found in such combinations); and k and g after n [], z, and . Examples:<mpn> and <mbn> = mbn lady, wife. In the case of nd the most frequent spelling is <nd>, less frequently we find <ndt>, least frequently <nt>. Thus, the present participle -and may be written <-ndyy>, <-ndyy>, or <-nyy>. Before p and b the opposition between n and m is also neutralized, and either <n> or <m> can be used. Some sound and spelling combinations that occur frequently are the following: 13 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
+ p, b m n z mb < mp, mb> mb < mp, mb> b <jp>
+ t, d d <t> d <t> nd <nt, nd, ndt> zd <zt, zd, zdt> d <jt, jd>
+ k, g
+ ,
ng [g] <ng, nng> zg <zg>
n <nc, nj>
Some letters can be and are frequently written double: <> (when = ); <yy> and <ww>, especially at the end of words; <> for both and ; <nn> for n, and <tt> or <> for t (d). Final <> alternates with <-h> (Aramaic h), and a <-h> can be added after final <>, <y>, and, occasionally, <w> without affecting the form of the word. There is no grammatical significance to these alternations. Thus, both i and mrtiy can be written with final <-y>, <-yy>, or <-yh>. The only grammatical correlation is found in the use of final <h>, which is frequently used with feminine nouns, pronouns, and edjectives, e.g., <wnh> = <wn>, <xh> = <x, x>. In the grammar and vocabularies in this manual a simplified transliteration system of Manichean Sogdian is used: pointed brackets < > are dispensed with; letters are written single, not double; <k> and <t> are used for <q> and <>; <-> or nothing is used for <-h> (<> not <h>, <mrty> not <mryyh>, etc.). EXERCISES 1 1. Read and transcribe the following words: w rarm yrm Cna yydnyzaa kyl Nmlranxwr tdnpsalrm ytyrf 2. Suggest spellings for the following transcribed words, and write them in Manichean script: ptri ptsr xpt p rk unda sa smn ruxnrmn GLOSSARY 1 Learn the following words by heart: ykwn ykn: eternally zynd zend: parable, story sp sp: horse rt rt: brother r- rt r- art: to give, given s sa: ten ynr nr (or nr): dinar fryty frt: angel wk uk: throne mrty martiy: man my m: day my, my m: thus mt mt fem.: mother nwkr nkr: now nwr nr: today ptr ptr: father ptsr ptsr: again, once more ptw- ptwt pt- - ptut: to hear, heard twx tux: glad, happy wn un (wn) fem.: tree xn xn fem.: house xwtw xutw: lord, king zrw zrw-: God Zurwn, the Father of Greatness zyrn zrn: gold dnaw Qar yyrlq
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LESSON 1 TABLE OF CORRESPONDENCES SOUND ~ SPELLING Transcription a (, i) - b in mb d in nd, ndt f g in ng h (rare) i in n k Spelling a a aa e a BP C t tD D l yy y F G h yy y O C kQ , nothing , -h - bp c d dt t y yy f gkq h () y yy c k q Transcription l m n p r s t w x y z Spelling M N N ww w P r R S t L ww w w x y z l m n n w ww p r s t, w ww w x y z j
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LESSON 2 GRAMMAR NOUN DECLENSION. Sogdian has 6 cases (like Old Persian and Khotanese): nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive-dative, instrumental-ablative, and locative. All the cases are distinguished only in light stems. In heavy stems just two cases (plus the vocative) are distinguished, which we refer to as the direct and oblique cases. There are three numbers: singular, plural, and numerative (historically descended from the old dual). The last is used after numerals (see lesson 8). There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Neuter forms of nouns are rare but common with adjectives. The neuter is distinguished from the masculine only in the nom. sing, which is identical with the acc. (see lesson 5). Adjectives agree with nouns, both when attributive and when predicative (see also Lesson 10). There are two declensions: stems ending in consonants the consonant declension (old a- and -stems), and stems ending in the vowels - or -, the vocalic declension (old masc. aka- and fem. k-stems). Because of the final long vowels the vocalic declension has only heavy stems. The plural suffix is -t (light), -t (heavy), which is declined like a feminine singular of the consonant declension. The t becomes d after n, written <d, dt, t>. Before -t a final - becomes -, e.g., str woman, plur. strt. Note: Originally, light stems ending in r/n became heavy stems when the suffix was added, e.g., rur <rwr> plant, plur. rrt <rwrt>. Similarly, light stems in -iy became heavy stems in -t, e.g., sing. acc. niyu <nyw>, plur. nt <nyt>, sing. voc. friya <fry>, plur. frt <fryt>. Mostly, however, such words are treated as light stems in the plural as well, e.g., sing. nom. una <wn> tree, plur. unda <wnt>. The plural ending -t is found in t <yt>, the plural of , and a few other words, many of them loanwords, e.g., putt Buddhas. There are a few instances of the old gen.-dat. plural in -n, e.g., n <n> of gods. Finally, there are a few irregular plural forms, such as udrt <wtrt>, plural of ud, with -ar- inserted before the plural -t. See lesson 5. Consonant declensions. Light stems Singular masculine - <-y> - <-w> - <-> - <-y> - <-> -y <-y> - <-> feminine - <-> = nom. - <-y> -y <-y> -y <-y> -y <-y> - <-y> Plural masculine-feminine -t <-t> = nom. -t <-ty> -ty <-ty> -ty <-ty> -ty <-ty>
nom. acc. voc. gen.-dat. ins.-abl. loc. num. dir.
Notes: The ending of the vocative may be lost when the word is enclitic (when it is attached to a preceding word), e.g., a o god, kt- if, sir. The distribution of final -i and -e suggested here is not entirely certain.
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Consonant declensions. Heavy stems Singular masculine dir. voc. -, -a <-, -> obl. - <-y> numerative feminine *-e - <-y> -, - <-y> Plural masculine-feminine -t <-t> *-te -t <-ty>
Note: The vocative ending -a is borrowed from the light stems. Vocalic declensions dir. voc. obl. Numerative Singular masculine - <-y> - <-> - <-y> - <-y> feminine - <-> ? - <-y> Plural masculine -t <-yt> ? -t <-yty> feminine -t <-yt> ? -t <-yty>
Notes: The endings of this declension are the result of vowel contractions after the loss of an intervocalic k, e.g., sing. nom. masc. - <* -ai < *-aki, fem. - < *-a < *- ka. Feminines like psk (psk) < *pusk-, syk shade and the abstract nouns in -yk are declined as heavy stems. Remember that a final -a can be written <-h> and that a final <-h> can be added to endings in <-y, -yy>. Thus, the spelling <-yh> can be for <-y> or <-y, -yy>. PARADIGMS. Consonant declensions: Light stems: rm- masc. people, ptr- masc. father, un- (wn-) fem. tree, ud- fem. daughter. Heavy stems: m- masc. day, martiy- masc. man, wn- fem. life, str- fem. woman. Vocalic declensions: murt masc. corpse, xn fem. house. Consonant declensions. Light stems Singular nom. acc. voc. gen.-dat. ins.-abl. loc. Numerative Plural nom. acc. voc. gen.-dat. ins.-abl. loc. masculine rmt <rmt> rmt <rmt> ptrt <ptrty> rmty <rmty> rmty <rmty> rmty <rmty> feminine und <wnt> und <wnt> ? undy <wnty> undy <wnty> undy <wnty> masculine rm <rmy> rm <rmw> ptr <ptr> rm <rmy> rm <rm> rmy <rmy> rm <rm> feminine un <wn> un <wn> ud <wty> uny <wny> uny <wny> uny <wny> un <wny>
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LESSON 2
Consonant declensions. Heavy stems Singular dir. voc. obl. Numerative Plural dir. voc. obl. masculine mt <myt> martte <mrtyty> mt <myty> feminine wnd <jwnt> udrte <wtrty> wnd <jwnty> masculine m <my> martiya <mrty> m <myy> m <my> feminine wn <jwn> stre <strycy> wn <jwny> wn <jwn>, wne <jwny>
The actual pronunciation of the forms of stems such as martiy/mart man is not know, but it is probable that the sing. obl. was contracted: martiy/mart > mart. Vocalic declensions Singular dir. voc. obl. Numerative Plural masculine dir. voc. obl. masculine murt <mwrty> murt <mwr> murt <mwrty> murt <mwrty> feminine murtt <mwrtyt> ? murtt <mwrtyty> feminine xn <xn> ? xn <xny>
xnt <xnyt> ? xnt <xnyty>
Note: The abstract fem. nouns in -y are usually invariable, but occasionally the ending - (-y) of the obl. sing. may be attached to the nom. of such nouns, e.g., kty act, deed, obl. ktyy <ktyy>; rky knowledge, obl. rky <rkyy>. PRONOUNS. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. The most common pronoun is x (xu) that, which also functions as definite article. The forms below are those of x when used as the article. For the pronoun that see lesson 4. We do not know what the quantity of the final vowels were: x or xu; x or xa, etc. In Sogdian script the article is xw or x, which perhaps points to a short vowel. Note that, since the plural of nouns is formally a feminine singular, the plural of the article is identical with the feminine singular. The forms in square brackets are found occasionally. masc. Sing. nom. acc. gen.-dat. instr.-abl. loc. x <xw> ()wu <ww, ww> [x <xw>] un, win <wny, wyny> -n <-n>, -wn <-wn> uya <wy, wyh>, w <wy, wyy> 19 fem. = plur. masc.-fem. x <x, x> [x <xw>] wa <w> [x <x>, wu <ww>] uya <wy>, w <wy, wyy> un, win <wny, wyny>, -n <-n>, -wn <-wn> = gen.-dat. 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
Note the combinations pr + wu: pr <prw> on the and k + wu: k <kw> to the which are used for both masculine and feminine, singular and plural. The instr.-abl. forms are found only combined with the prepositions from and with: n, n <cn, cwn> and n, n <n, wn>. Notes. There is no indefinite article. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender and number. Word order: article + adjective + noun. NOUN CLAUSES. In a clause consisting of a noun plus predicate noun or an adjective, e.g., the people (is) happy, the verb is (sti <sty>, x <xcy>) and are (xand <xnd>) are sometimes, but not usually, omitted. The negation is nst <nyst> is not. TEXT 2 x rmi tux sti, x rmta tuxt xand x wt tuxt n xand x Rxi spi sti x ptri mzx martiy sti x m ruxni xi x mt ruxnda xand x una skk sti x unda skkt xand x xn mzx xi x martiy mzx nst dnx txwta amr ax . ytsa xwta ymr wx dnx yyn txwta twyl ax yytsa yypsa yxr wx yytsa yrm xyzm yyrp wx yx yynxwr lym wx Dnx adnxwr tlym ax eytsa Qycyksa enw ax Dnx tqycyksa ednw ax
yx ecxyzm eanax ax syyn xyzm yyrm wx ; dnykrwaz yta tdnpsalrm yta tyyrf tty eadnxwr ax <x rwxndh ytt fryyt ty mrspndt ty zwrkynd> Notes. 1. rmt is nom.-acc. plur. light stem noun, tuxt is nom.-acc. plur. heavy stem adjective, x is the the definite article nom. sing. agreeing with rmta. EXERCISES 2 1. Write out the noun paradigms in Manichean script. 2. Write out the paradigms of the following words in transliteration and transcription: xr Rx, Nryz zrn, both masculine, and klp pk and kra rk, both feminine. 3. Identify the forms below and write out the other case forms (nom., acc., gen.-dat., and loc.) with the definite article: <xw xypwnd> <xw mryy> <ww w> <x xn> dnwalpyx wx yyrm wx w wwa anax ax <xww prxyy> <ww stw ynr> <wny zrwyy> <wy rky> yyxrp wwx ranyl wts ww yyawrz ynw ykra ayw
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LESSON 2 4. Translate into Sogdian and write in Manichean script: The other Buddhas. The man is a great lord. Life (the life) is good. The angels are light. The elements are not happy. GLOSSARY 2 kty kty/kty: act, deed ny niy: other rk ark fem.: work skycyk skk: high, tall ty ti: and , plur. yt, n , t, n: lord, sir wt, plur. wtrt ud, udrt fem.: daughter yw w: demon rky rky: knowledge fry friy: dear jwn wn fem.: life kt kt: that, if mrspnd mrspnd: element, the sons of Primal Man (Xormzd) mwrty murt: corpse mzyx, fem. mzyxc mzx, mzx: big, great ny n: not pk pk fem.: judgement prxy prx: payment, wages psk psk fem.: wreath, crown pwt, plur. pwtyt put (bud), putt: Buddha rm rm: people rwxn ruxn: light (adjective) rwxnrmn ruxna-rmn fem.: the Light Paradise rx Rx: name of Rustams horse stryc, plur. stryt str, strt: female, woman syk syk fem.: shade, shadow yr ir: good yrk irk fem.: goodness wyn wn fem.: lute, vi xypwnd xpwnd: master, lord, owner zwrkyn zwrkn: powerful
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LESSON 3 GRAMMAR 3 ADJECTIVES. FEMININE. Many vowel-stem adjectives have feminine forms in -. A preceding t is often lost before the (e.g., in the perfect participles). Examples: Light fem. stems: kw <kwy> dry: fem. uk <wkc> nd <nty> wet: fem. nd <ntc> ptsd <ptsty> prepared: fem. ptsd <ptstc> kt <kty> done: fem. kt <ktc> ptrist <ptrysty> mixed: fem. ptris <ptrysc> Heavy fem. stems: n <nwy> immortal, fem. n <nwc> maren <mrcyny> deadly: maren <mrcync> ant <nty> entire: fem. ant <ntc> sud <wswty> purified, pure: fen. su <wswtc> DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. The simple demonstrative pronouns are y (-), obl. ()m- this and x, obl. ()w- that. These two are mostly restricted to the function of definite articles; x also functions as personal pronoun for the 3 pers. (see lesson 4). There is also a demonstrative pronoun (), f. that there, often with 2nd pers. reference. The pronoun y functions as nom.-acc., masc.-fem., sing.-plur. Sogdian has several composite demonstrative pronouns. The most common ones are /*m this and x/w that < -/y/m- and x/w- + -; n/yn this and xn that < -/y/m- and x/w- + -n. nom. acc. Plural nom.-acc. <y> ? meand <mynd> x <xy w <wy> weand <wynd>
The original (neut.) acc. of is m <my, my>, which is used only as an adverb thus. n this Sing. nom. acc. Plur. nom. acc. masc.-fem. n <yny, yny> = nom. masc. fem. yn <ywny> yn <yn> mn <mwnw> mn <mn> ynd <ynt> mnd <mnt> xnd <xnt> wnd <wnt> masc. xn <xwny> n <wnw> fem. xn <xn> wn <wn> yn this xn that, yonder
The forms n, yn, and xn are occasionally found used as oblique case sing. and nom.-acc. plur. Beside xn there is the form xnx <xwnx, hwnx>, which appears to be a combination of xn() + x or dissimilated from *xnak (S.-W.). Note also the adverbs yn <ywny> at once, right away and wn thus. The pronoun () has the composite form n (Yoshida, 2000, pp. 81-82).
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Most of these pronouns can be governed by prepositions: - from, with: - with: k- to: pr- in, on, by: - from, with: - with: k- to: pr- in, on, by: VERBS. The Sogdian verbal system is based upon two stems: the present stem and the past stem. Both stems (if known) are listed in the glossaries and must be learnt. From the present stem are made the present indicative, subjunctive, injunctive, optative, the imperative, and the imperfect. From the past stem are made the past tenses (simple past and pluperfect) and the perfect tenses (present perfect and pluperfect), indicative, subjunctive, and optative. PRESENT INDICATIVE. The present indicative has the following endings: Light stems Singular 1 2 3 Plural 1 2 3 -m <-m, -m> - <-y> -t <-ty> -m <-ym> - <->, -t <-t> -nd <-nd, -nd> Heavy stems -m <-m>, -am <-m> -e <-y> -t <-t> -m <-ym> -a <->, -ta <-t> -nd <-nd, -nd> m <cymy> m <ymy> km <kymy> prm <prymy> mnd <cymnt> mnd <ymnt> kmnd <kymnt> prmnd <prymnt> w() <cywy(y)> w <ywy> kw <kywy> prw <prywy> wnd <cywnt> wnd <ywnt> kwnd <kywnt> prwnd <prywnt> wn <cywyn> *wen <ywyn> prwen <prywyn>
Notes: The quantity of the vowel of the 1 sing. ending -am (-m) is uncertain. Phonetically it was probably [m]. (Note that Khotanese -m is < -ami.) The 2 sing. and 2 plur. endings of the heavy stems are from the light stems. In the 3 sing. of light-stem verbs ending in r or n, the addition of the ending -t originally produced a heavy stem, e.g., art. Such forms are sometimes preserved of r-stems, but more often the light-stem form is restored, and rti is the normal form. All n-stems remain light. In the 3 sing. of verbs ending in t, the t of the ending merges with the final t of the verb, e.g., zwart < zwart-t he returns. PARADIGMS. Light stems Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 rm <rm, rm> r <ry> rt <rty> rm <rym> r <r>, rt <rt> rnd <rnd, rnd> Heavy stems wnm <wynm> wne <wyny> wnd <wynt> wnm <wynym> wna <wyn> wnnd <wynnd>
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LESSON 3 Notes: t becomes d after n: kun + ti > kundi, etc. becomes before t: s + t > st (not st!) it is proper, necessary (to do), etc. Present stems in -w (-aw) <-w> or -y (-ay) <-y> have - and - before consonants, e.g., w- to go: wam but t < *wt; ptkwy-: to say: ptkwyam but ptkwt < *patkwayt. Whether there were also present stems in -uw opposed to -w, e.g., uw- or w- to live, (and -iy) with 3 sing. in -t (and -t) we do not know. TO BE, BECOME. The verbs to be and to become have some irregular forms. The present indicative paradigms are as follows: To be: Sing. 1 2 3 m <ym, -ym> <y, -y> sti <sty>, xi <xcy>, i <ycy> Plur. 1 2 3 m <ym, -ym> ansa <ns>, -sa <-s> xand, -and <xnd, -nt, -nt>
Notes: The forms with hyphen are used as endings in the simple past tense (see lesson 7). nstm I am not, nst (he, she, it) is not. \To become: Sing. 1 uam <wm> 2 u <wy> 3 t <wt> Plur. 1 2 3 m <ym> *a and <nd>
Note: The verb skw- skwt to dwell is also employed as an auxiliary with the same functions as to be. THE PROGRESSIVE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE TENSES. The progressive present tense is formed from the present indicative by adding the particle <skwn> -skun. It corresponds to the English progressive present (I am working). The suffix -skun is probably an old (middle) participle of skw- (< *skn or *skn < *skawan): ram-skun I am carrying wn-skun you are seeing Nwqsmar Nwqsnyw
The future tense is formed from the present indicative by adding the particle <-km, -qm> -km or <kn> -kn. The suffix -km is an old noun meaning wish: ra-km you will carry wm-kn we shall go The verb to be uses forms from to become: uam-skun I shall be t-km he will be USES OF THE NOMINATIVE. The functions of the nominative are as follows: 1. The nominative is used to name something or somebody, e.g.: x Rustmi xi it (lit. he) is Rustam 25 ycx yymtswr wx 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM Nwqsmaw Maktw Makalr Naqmyw
x mzx xn sti it is a big house x wt xand those are ws x yxt martt xand those are brave men xnx xi rtw nr he is a righteous Manichean panmk xn ruxna zy fifth (there is) yonder Light Earth
yysa enax Cxyzm ax dnx twyl ax dnx tytrm tyxay ax yyralnyl wara eycx xnwx yaz anxwr anax kymcnp
2. The subject of a verb is in the nominative, whether intransitive (e.g., I am, I go), transitive (e.g., I do), or passive (e.g., I am called). A personal pronoun as subject may be omitted. Examples: zu miram-skun I am dying Rustmi npst-skun Rustam writes x Rxi martsr st-skun Rax is coming here (hither) Nwksmarym wza Nwkstsypn ymtswr Nwqstsyo rasrm yyxr wx
3. The predicate noun or adjective of the verb to be and some other verbs (e.g., to be called) is in the nominative. The verb to be in the present is frequently omitted (always, but not exclusively, in the 3rd sing. present). Clauses with a subject and predicate noun or adjective but without a verb are called nominal clauses or noun clauses. Examples: x Rxi spi sti Rax is a horse Rustmi xwenm I am called Rustam x Rustmi yx Rustam is brave x xn ptsda sti the house is constructed x zy nda, uka nst the earth is wet, not dry x trskt sukt xand the Christians are Sogdians nstn r sti China is far away 4. An apposition to another nominative is in the nominative: x Rxi x spi Rax, the horse x Rustmi x yx Rustam the brave ypsa wx yxr wx yxay wx ymtswr wx ysa ypsa yxr wx Manywx ymtswr yxay ymtswr wx ysa ectsp anax ex tsyyn acqw ectn yaz ax tnx qylws tkasrt ex ysa rwl Ntsnyc
Number with arf much, many (a) and s t every, all. The measure word arf when meaning much or many a takes a following noun in the singular, e.g., arf p much water, arf ruxnyk much light. When it means many and plurality is emphasized(?), the plural is also found, e.g., arf t many persons (BBB 545), arf ztt many children (TaleK 33), arf mnda many monks (P8.196). The measure word st is most commonly used alone as direct object all of it, but it can also be used with nouns: in the singular meaning every and in the plural meaning all, e.g., st t all the gods. TEXT 3 x xtu wu mrz martiy wn psti kt q yytsp wnaw yyrm zarm wwa wtx wx u ark re yr ekra wc rti x martiy ptkwt kt tk tywktp yyrm wx ytra mrrt smbam-skun Nwksmabmws rarm arf wt snd-skun Nwks tnsyowyl Fr x Rustmi st ptxwyt-km Maqtyawxp as yymtswr wx x Rxi tux n t-km Maktw yyn xwa yyxr wx wu xtu pr xtyk psam-km Maqmasp Qaytx wrp wwx wwa Makmyw Nmlranxwr Cwn wk xamtw wk yta Mak Myrym mirm-km ti k utmx k n ruxnrmn wm-km 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 26
LESSON 3 EXERCISES 3 1. Conjugate in the present indicative r- to understand and ptxwy- to kill. 2. Translate into Sogdian, and write in Manichean script: This man is a judge; that man is a lord. The air is very fragrant; the poison is deadly. Death comes quickly. Many elephants and pigs are gathering. This water is pure; that water is foul. This is the creation of Xormazd. You understand everything; they know nothing. He will be happy; the entire Paradise will be very joyous. GLOSSARY 3 Notes: In the glossary verbs are listed by present stem and past stem. Masculine nouns are not marked as such. p p fem.: water kty, fem. ktc kt, kt: done nty, fem. ntc ant, ant: entire, complete nwz- nwt anwz- nut: to gather rtw rtw: righteous rty rti: and skw- skwt skw- skwt: to dwell, be wswty, fem. wswtc sud, sud: purified, pure y : this yc ... ny/n ... n/na: no, not, dont ... any (thing), nothing yny, yny n: this ys-, ys- t s- t: to come zw zu: I (subject) r- wrt/rt r- urt/art: to carry, bring ry riy fem.: air wndy, fem. wndc and, an: fragrant cw u: what cynstn nstn: China m m fem.: creation wr r: far, distant ynr, ynry nr, nr: holder of the religion, (good) Manichean frt, ft > psndk andk: bad, foul r- rt r- rt: to know, understand rf arf: much, many jr r fem.: poison jrt art: quickly ks ks: pig mwn mn: entire mrz mrz: workman mrc mar fem.: death mrcyny, fem. mrcync maren, maren: deadly mrrt mrrt: pearl mrtsr martsr: hither myr- mwrt mir- murt: to die nty, fem. ntc nd, nd: wet npys- npxt nps- npxt: to write 27 nwy, fem. nwc n, n: immortal ps- frt, ft ps- frt, ft: to ask, investigate ptrysty, fem. ptrysc ptrist, ptris: mixed ptsty, fem. ptst ptsd, ptst: prepared, constructed ptkwy- ptkwt ptkwy- ptkwt: to say ptxwy- ptxwst ptxwy- ptxust: to kill. py p: elephant rwstm Rustm: proper name rwxnyk ruxnyk: light sc- s-: it is proper, necessary (for sb. to do); impersonal verb st st: all, everything swyk Suk: Sogdian swmb- swt smb- sud: to bore kwy, fem. wkc kw, uk: dry mn mn: Buddhist monk w- xrt w- xart: to go yr r: well, very tw tu: you (thou) trsk trsk: Christian wnw wn: thus w- u-: to become wndy uand: joyous wtmx utmx: Paradise wyn- wyt wn wt: to see xtw xtu: judge xtyk xtyk fem.: judgement xwnx, hwnx xnx: that xwny xn: that xwrmztyk, fem. xwrmztyc xurmzdk, -: Ohrmazdian xwyn- xwen-: to be called xy x: that yxy yx: brave ywny yn: this ywny yn: at once, right away zty zt: son zy zy fem.: earth zwrt- zwst zwart- zust: to turn (back), return 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
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LESSON 4 GRAMMAR PERSONAL PRONOUNS. The personal pronouns are declined as follows: Singular: nom. acc. enclitic gen.-dat. enclitic Plural: dir. obl. enclitic we mx <mx> = dir. -mn <-mn> you mx <mx> = dir. -tn <-tn>, -fn <-fn> they weand, uand <wynt, wnt> weand, uand <wynty, wnty> -n <-n> I zu <zw> tm <tm> -m, -mi <-m, -my> mna <mn> -mi <my> you tu <tw> tf <tf> -f <-f> twa <tw> -ti <-ty>, -fi, -f <-fy, -f> he x wu, wu <ww, ww> -u <-w> une, wine <wny, wyny> -i <-y>, - <-> she x <x> = masc. = masc. uya <wy> = masc.
The enclitic forms are normally attached to the preceding word and have no stress of their own. On enclitic pronouns with relative pronouns, see Lesson 8. Only exceptionally do we find u at the beginning of a sentence, but it is then the rare demonstrative pronoun (Lesson 3). The accusative forms tm and tf are compounded with an old preposition ta/t to (used in letter openings) + the old enclitic accusative forms -m and -f + an old ending *-kam, or similar. Parallel formations with other prepositions are the following: - + - + pr + m <cm> m <m> prm <prm> f <cf> f <f> prf <prf>
Verbs. The imperfect. The stem of the imperfect is often different from that of the present. The imperfect stem is formed in various ways, depending on the history of the verb: 1. The imperfect stem is identical with that of the present stem if the stem has only one syllable, e.g., r-: imperf. r-; wn-: imperf. wn-. 2. If the verb has a preverb, the (historical) vowel of the preverb is sometimes lengthened. The most common types are: present stem imperfect stem meaning - ~ wwdismount p- ~ pprxsprxsbe left (over), remain pr- ~ prprtyprtyprepare pt- ~ ptptkwyptkwyanswer n- ~ nnmynmyshow s- ~ ssfrnsfrncreate t- ~ ttktklisten z- ~ zzwartzwartturn back, return wi- ~ wwitrwtrdepart u- ~ wuwurejoice 29 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
3. Such lengthening also sometimes occurs when the first consonant of the stem is not a preverb, e.g., kr-: imperf. kr-; r-: imperf. r-. In r- to give: imperf. r- the initial represents an old *f- < *fra-. 4. If the verb begins with a- or - (not consistently), the imperfect stem may be formed by prefixing m-, cf. anxz-, imperf. manxz- to rise, z-: imperf. mz- (or z-) to begin. 5. A special imperfect stem is formed with the suffix -z, e.g., wz (wz) he went. Such forms are rare in Manichean Sogdian. The progressive imperfect is formed by attaching the particle -skun to the imperfect form: Nwksaw wa-skun or Nwkszaw wz-skun he was going. The imperfect has the following endings: Light stems Singular 1 2 3 Plural 1 2 3 - <-w> - (-?) <-y> - <-> -m <-ym> -t <-t> -nd <-nd, -nd> Heavy stems - <->, -u <-w> - <->, -i <-y> -m <-ym> -ta <-t> -nd <-nd, -nd>
Notes: The 1 sing., the 2 sing. -i, and 2 plur. ending of the heavy stems are from the light stems. The ending of the 2 sing. should be - like the nom. sing. of cons. stems. Whether this - has been replaced by the - of the present indicative we do not know. Paradigms. Light stems Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 r <rw> r <ry> r <r> rm <rym> rt <rt> rnd <rnd, rnd> Heavy stems wnu <wynw> wni <wyny> wn <wyn> ru <rw> r(i) <r(y)> r <r>
wnm <wynym> rm <rym> *wnda *rta <rt> wnnd <wynnd> rnd <rnd>
The exact vocalization of the final syllable(s) of heavy-stem imperfects of present stems in -y/- is not known. In this manual -y will be used: Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 <ptykwy> <ptykwy> <ptykwy> <ptykwym> <ptykwyt> <ptykwynd> ptkwy ptkwyi ptkwy ptkwym *ptkwta ptkwynd or or or or or ptkw ptkw ptkw ptkwm ptkwnd
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LESSON 4 To be, become. Manichean Sogdian does not have a 3 sing. imperfect of the original verb to be; instead it uses the simple past tense umt <wmt> was. The only attested imperfect forms of w- to become are 3 sing. u <w>, 3 plur. uand <wndt>. Uses of the accusative. The accusative is used in the following functions in Sogdian: 1. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative of light stems and the direct or oblique case (especially animate nouns and pronouns?) of heavy stems: $$ wu xtu wne do you see the judge? ynyw wx wwa
2. Two accusative objects are found with verbs signifying to make sb. sth., to ask sb. for sth.: x mrz martiy xpwnd prx xd the hired man asks the master for (his) wages twx yxrp tnwalpyx ytrm zarm wx
3. The accusative is used to indicate measure: how much, how many, how long?: w m (for) one day r zy a-km you will go a long distance Lym wya Mak alw yaz rwl
4. The prepositions pr on, about, for and k (< k + wu) to(ward) govern the accusative. Common combinations of pr and k with postpositions are pr ... sr toward, pr ... pr over, k ... sr toward, k ... prm (all the way) to, k ... andr/ndr into. k xtu sr pr xtyk wand tnw kayx rp ras wx wq they went to the judge about judgement x nrt k utmx wand-km Makdnw xamtw wwq ralnyl ax the good Manicheans will go to Paradise Maq Mynyrxp Nryz ranyl wts rp lym wya yrm wwa wu martiy w m pr stu nr zrn ptxrnm-km we shall rent the man for one day for 100 dinars gold 5. The apposition to a noun in the accusative is in the accusative. Rxu wu spu wna do you see Rax, the horse? Rustmu wu yx ptxrne-km are you going to hire Rustam the brave? TEXT 4.1 (Tale A, M 135) <cn mrrt swmbyy zyndyy xwycqwy> ywaqcywx yydnyzaa yybmws trarm Nc <pjymc w ry ny frh w oo > . . w earf yn yra aw Cmayp [...] . . dnaw kayx rp ras wx wk lym kyl rasp yra <ry psr yk my kw xw sr pr xyk wnd oo > Notes: 1 mrrt-sumb: a vowel-stem compound made from a noun plus a verbal stem: mrrt + smb + . 2 The beginning of the second sentence is lost. rti-n: other words than pronouncs can be enclitic, too; here the negation n not is attached to the sentence-introducing particle rti and, then. frta t: potential passive 3 sing. (see lesson 14): cannot be asked (tried, punished?). 31 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 1 2 3 alnyw wpsa wwa wxr Maqynyrxp yxay wwa wmtswr
3 dk m: the second day, accusative of time. xtyk: abstract noun in -yk (fem.) from xtu.
TEXT 4.2 From M 133. This text is about the five sons of the First Man, the five elements, who are bound in the evil world. Their names are taken from Zoroastrian mythology. cfrmyk pyp rtw frwryy w rxw p ty r ynyy xcyh rwnyy rwn ryw nmyt y mbr kyy z yyw wnyq kwn cf ty frmrz ww [y]my ryyh sryy cyndr yynd pryky y npq nyys .. xwyy pr rjywr wyy
1 2 3 4 5
<cfrmyk pyp rtw frwryy w rxw p ty r ..> <ynyy xcyh rwnyy rwn ryw nmyt y mbr ..> <kyy z yyw wnyq kwn cf ty frmrz ..> <ww [y]my ryy sryy cyndr yynd pryky y npq nyys ..> <xwyy pr rjywr wyy ..>
Notes: 4 ww , dem. pronoun used in derogatory sense: that one. m ... endr inside this.
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LESSON 4 EXERCISES 4 1. Conjugate in the imperfect r- to understand and ptxwy- to kill. 2. Transliterate, transcribe, and translate into English: aw yyrka Mrp trlnk wq lym ymtswr wx dnarym raprp N twyl Fr dnadny trlnk ww eylnk eyw rwyz ymtswr aw Manry xyzm wrp Caw yw wrp wpsa aw xwa arwx trwx Npnm yywx 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3. Translate into Sogdian, and write in Manichean script. Use the sentence connective rti to attach enclitic pronouns. I am Sogdian, you are Khotanese, she is Chinese. You (plur.) are Christian, we are Jewish, they are Buddhist. I am going to the bazaar; where are you (sing.) going? Why did you go to the bazaar? Will you see the judge? You (plur.) did not tell me (= you did not say to me) whom you saw there. I told a story. We did not desire gold; we desired happiness. He was asking Rustam for one horse. They rented ten horses. Rax, the horse, is carrying Rustam the brave. The brave Rustam killed a hundred demons. I saw dry land and wet water, deadly demons and immortal angels.
GLOSSARY 4 z- t z- (mz-, z-) t: to begin tr tr: fire z z fem.: desire, greed, Hyle (the dark and evil feminine principle) nmy anm: limb npn- anpn- (manpn-): to rest nxz- nxt anxz- (manxz-) anxt: to rise ps-, prs- ft ps- (prs-) ft: to ask (+ acc. + gen.-dat. or c-) rtxwt artxut: light (as one of the five elements) wy : there wj- (wj-) wjst - (w-) st: to dismount wr r: there wsty- wstt sty- (wsty-) stt: to place wt-, wty- (wty-) wstt t(y)- (wty-) stt: to stand yw w: one kry kr: in pursuit ynd- st end- st: to bind, lock 33 cf- ct f- d: to steal cknc pyr kn pir: why, for what reason ctfrmyk tfrmk: fourth cxw x: Jewish cyn n: Chinese tyk dk: second rjywr ywr: heart ywt wt: demon-made frmrz- (frmrz-) frmt frmrz- (frmrz-) frmt: ruin frwrt frurt, frwrt in artw frwrt: the ether (as one of the five elements) fryj- frt fr- frt: to straighten ryw rw fem.: self, soul jyr- jyrt r (r-) rt (?): to call kn kan fem.: town knr kanr (< kan-r): city gate kwtsr kutsr: where(to) ky ty k ti: whom mrrt-swmby mrrt-smb: pearl-borer nmy- nmt nmy- (nmy-) nmt: to judge 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
npk npk: hostage nys- (nyys) nyt nys- (nys) nyt: to take prm prm: (all the way) to; postposition + acc. prsprpr prpr: trampling prty- prtt prty- (prty-) prtt: to prepare prxs- prt, prt prxs- (prxs-) prd: to be left (over), remain prky- (pryky) prkt prk- (prk) prkit: to imprison ptjymc ptym: *quarrel ptxryn- ptxryt ptxrn (ptxrn) ptxrt: to hire, rent ptyp ptyp: part, time (3 times) pwtny putn: Buddhist rwn rwn: soul sr sr: toward; postposition + gen.-dat.; but k ... sr to, toward + acc. sr sr: tower sfryn- sfrynt sfrn- (sfrn-) sfrnt: to create twxy tuxy: happiness
kr- krt kr- (kr-) kart: to lead, pursue yrnm rnm: fame try tr: dark; darkness tkw- tk- (tk-): to look (at) tnbr, tmbr tambr fem.: body w- wt w ud: to say wc- wt w- ud: to release, send wcrn wrn: bazaar wty- > wtwt wt: wind wy u: there w-, impf. wyw- u- (wu-): to rejoice wnyk unk: *captive wytr- witr- (wtr-): to depart wy w: pasture, grass xwnyk Xunk: Khotanese xwj- xwt x- xut: to desire, require, ask for (from somebody = c-) xwr- xwrt xur- xurt: to eat xwrt xwart: food xwt xut: self xwycqwy xwkw fem.: explanation
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LESSON 5 GRAMMAR 5 Nouns. Other declensions. There are some nouns in the consonant declension that are neuter and have the ending -u <-w> in the nominative and accusative singular and -e <-y> in the numerative (see Lesson 10). The only oblique forms of the numerative noticed so far are of light-stem neuter nouns, which take the ending -ya <-y>. Examples of neuter nouns are t <t>, nom. tu, wild animal and n <n>, nom. nu, temple. Neuter forms of adjectives are quite common and also function as adverbs: knu <knw> (a) little, iru <yrw> (what is) good, good things, well, wispu <wyspw> everything, all (together); ftmu <ftmw> firstly; spt <sptw> complete(ly) (probably neuter of spt, a vocalic stem). The following words from old u-stems have - <-w> in the nom.-acc. and gen.-dat. singular : mn <mnw> Ahrimen, Satan, rt <rtw> 10 seconds, xtu <xtw> judge. No plural forms are known of these words. The word for time, hour mn <jmn> has acc. mnu, loc. mnuya and mnya, nom.-acc. plur. mnda. The word u fem. wife was an -stem in Old Iranian. It has the following forms: nom.-acc. u/uw <ww>, gen.-dat., instr.-abl. uuy <wwy>, plur. *ut. Nouns denoting family relations were original r-stems and brother and daughter have retained traces of this declension in the plural: rt <rt>, plur. rtrt, obl. rtrt <rtrt->; ud- <wt> fem., plur. udart, obl. udart <wtrt->. Other nouns denoting family relations are regular: ptr- <ptr-> father and npn <npyn> grandson are regular consonant stems with plural stems ptrt and npnd; xwr <xwr> sister has plur. xwrt; zmt son-in-law, zt <zty> son are regular vocalic stems. The plur. of mt <mt> mother does not seem to be attested. On the nom.-acc. plur. forms in - or -ya in SSogdian and CSogdian see lesson 16. Pronouns. Pronominal declensions. The pronominal adjective wisp- every, all has forms resembling those of personal and demonstrative pronouns: nom. acc. gen.-dat. instr.-abl. Singular wisp <wyspy> wisp <wyspw> wispn <wyspny> wispn <wyspn> Plural wisp <wyspy> = nom. wispn <wyspyn>
The forms wisp and wispu can also be used before nouns in all case forms. The instr.-abl. is found in n wispn <cnn wyspnc> from every(thing) and n wispn <nn wyspn> with every(body). A few pronouns have sing. gen.-dat. ending in -ya, -ya (< -y>, thus: kya <ky> whose, nya <ny> the others, diya <ty> the others, the seconds.
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Verbal nouns and adjectives. Sogdian has a number of adjectives and nouns made from verbal stems. Among these are the following: 1. The present participle active ends in -and <-()ndy>, which, when used as an adjective, has fem. -and <-()ndc>. The present participle middle ends in -en <-yny>, fem. -en <-ync>. Many or most present participles are used as adjectives and nouns: dnanaztp ayxyzm ywyr ydnw yynw yk tkawn dnyyknrw urnknd nkt k une wand rw mzxy ptznnd the faithful hearers who recognize the greatness of the Living Self (BBBf) and psk a perfumed garland kaspa Cdnalw wnand mrt ti kutt visible birds and dogs ywqa eya yrm yydnanyw wispu xuren all-eating, omnivorous yynyrwx wpsyw n-rent incomprehensible yynyyr an k ti-n famb pufsen t w yynyysfwlp Clyya eyylbmcfa Nya yyk for whom (lit. who for them) there is anything of the world to cling to 2. A verbal adjective in - is used in a sense close to that of an active present participle together with a variety of verbs, including verbs of motion. A direct object is in the gen.-dat., e.g.: pt umt-m I was concealing x Rustmi k kanr prm kr wa Rustam went in pursuit (of them) to the city gates wtrnd yx Rustme prw they departed in search of brave Rustam Mytamw yylwp aw yyrka Mrp rlnk wq ymtswr wx ylywrp ymtswr yxay dnrtyw
3. Another verbal adjective used in a sense close to that of an active present participle can be formed from the present stem plus the suffix -k, e.g., rk sb. who knows, wise (cf. Mid. Pers. dng, Pers. dn). 4. A verbal adjective with future meaning but neutral with respect to active-passive is formed from the present stem + the suffix -k (-k), e.g., sumbk about to bore/be bored, kunk about to make. 5. A noun of action can be formed from the present stem plus the suffix -mand, e.g., wnmand seeing, to see, also used in such expressions as beautiful to see: pan rtya anwmand the gathering of the five gates ydnmaywna aytrl Cnp ptyms M- wmand eydnmaw yyym Smyyp The coming of the Third Messenger is ended dnw ydnw ryry yydnmanyw yyyrf wrp ytra rti pr frt wnmand r-r uandt uand and they became extremely joyful at seeing the apostle eydnmanyw wanrq Qynsalyw ynmlranxwr wwnxwr ayw ayr Cwswa kymraftc yra rti tfrmk su rya uya ruxnu ruxnrmn wisnk karnw wnmand and the fourth (is) the Pure Ether in the light Light Paradise, marvelous (and) beautiful to behold Uses of the cases. Genitive-dative. The functions of the Sogdian gen.-dat. incorporate the functions of the old genitive and dative. Genitive functions: 1. The first main function of the genitive is adnominal. The main adnominal functions are: a. possessive genitive and variants thereof (the mans house, the mans son, the picture of the man); note especially the use of the gen.-dat. + to be which corresponds to English to have: mine is a son = I have a son: 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 36
LESSON 5 wine Rustme x spi Rxi xwendi yDnywx yxr ypsa wx ymtswr ynyw Rustams horse is called Rax une Rustme u spa xand Rustam has two horses dnx apsa wla ymtswr ynw n nw mrtxm ptsk nfarn sfrwn Nwyrfs yynrfynyl kasp eymxrm yywn yynya this is the construction of (= which is) the New Man, the creation of (= which is) the Glory of the Religion b. subjective genitive (my love < I [subject] love): mna frmn my command c. objective genitive (love of music < to love music [dir. obj.]): pr t frtt for love of the gods tatyrf yy wwrp Naamrf anm
2. The second main function of the genitive is partitive, which survives in Sogdian in expressions such as god of gods: n-xtm the most god = divine of gods (the highest of the gods) Dative functions: 3. The main function of the dative is to express the indirect object. Indirect objects are found with transitive verbsmost often accompanying a direct objector with intransitive verbs. The same function is sometimes expressed by the preposition k (k ... sr) + acc.: wine mart x prx ra give the man the wages! x mart k xtu sr wn ptkwy the man said thus to the judge arl yxrp wx yrm ynyw ywkytp wnaw ras wtx wq yrm wx Mtx Naa
4. The gen.-dat. is used with impersonal verbs, such as w- need, should: mna xn t I need a house rti-fn u t-km and what will you need? rti mx nyu r n t we do not need any other gift tw anax anm Mak tw wc Nfyra tw yyn ral wyna xam ytra
Often these verbs are used without reference to persons. Such sentences should be translated using one: one must, should, etc. See further lesson 6 on Infinitives. 5. Appositions to words in the gen.-dat. are in the gen.-dat. ral rwx yypsa ynw ymtswr yxr yynyw wine Rxe Rustme une spe xwart r he gave Rax, Rustams horse, food 6. Some local adverbs used as postpositions take the gen.-dat., e.g., sr toward, to, prnmsr <pyrnmsr> before: mna sr snd they came toward me Rustme prnmsr wand they went before Rustam tnsya ras anm dnw rasmnryp ymtswr
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TEXT 5.2 (from the Rustam story) dnnyp trlnk wana xyzm Nl Nyz Snx Nl katrp Nar xyzm aw yrasak Fr yra lyp Fr ra Ntrw Fr ylapnwrl Fr wwa <mzyx rn prtk n xns zyn n mzyx nw knrt pynnd ww rf rwnpy rf wrtnr rf py ry rf ks ry w> TEXT 5.1 (Tale A contd, see Text 4.2) pjymc w ry ny frh w oo ry psr yk my kw xw sr pr xyk wnd oo rxw xypwnd wnw w k mwnw mry 1 my pr 100 ynr zyrn pxryrm o wnw ymyy mrr swmbyy oo ry ym yc mrrt nyy swmb o rmy qryy prxyy xwjskwn oo ryxw mrz mryy kw xw sr
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LESSON 5
CN MRART [SWMBYY AAZYNDYY]
wnw pykwyy k
2 3 4 5 6
<pjymc w ryny frh w oo > <ry psr yk my kw xw sr pr xyk wnd oo > <rxw xypwnd wnw w k mwnw mry yw my pr stw ynr zyrn pxry-rm o wnw ymyy mrr swmbyy oo> <ry ym yc mrrt nyy swmb o rmy qryy prxyy xwj-skwn oo> <ryxw mrz mryy kw xw sr wnw pykwyy k >
Notes 4 is a shortened form of a vocative. nr: numerative. ptxrt-rm: simple past tense, see lesson 6. Translate as English imperfect I hired or perfect I have hired. wn ti: the conjunction ti and is frequently used with pronouns and adverbs to form subordinate conjunctions, e.g., wn ti so that, in order that, kuti = kt that (introducing indirect speech), u ti whatever. -mi: the enclitic pronouns must be attached to the first word (word group) of the sentence. -mi here is dative: for me. smb: optative 3 sing. after wn ti (see lesson 10). 5 -mi: accusative with x- (see lesson 4).
EXERCISES 5 1. Transliterate, transcribe, and translate into English: Casytp ynax Fr eyylnk lymyrp yyrm yynwx anwq ayka Qadn Fr yymxrm yynwy .. Mal Cyzmrwx Nwm aw dncnyrm lywyrp 2. Translate into Sogdian, and write in Sogdian script. Use the sentence connectives t and rti to attach enclitic pronouns. My fathers son is my brother. Are you (sing.) their sister? Are your (plur.) brothers hearers? All men are evil. My wifes sister is very beautiful to behold. Why are you pursuing this righteous Manichean? We shall go and look for a good horse. Every man needs a woman. All Sogdians need horses. Wise men do not know any evil, and they do not do any harm. They rejoiced greatly at the coming of the apostle, the success of the religion, and the deliverance of the Living Self. 39 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
GLOSSARY 5 1 w: one 100 stu: a hundred r- t r- t: to bring w u (w): two (before noun) fcmb famb fem.: the world ftmw ftmu adv.: firstly kwt kut, plur. kutt: dog nw anw: *haste nwyj- nwt anw- nut: to gather (trans.) n n neut.: temple yr- yrt r- rt/rt: to obtain, be successful yryy yr: the next morning rn rn: heavy r r: gift r r: door, gate y : harm rwnpy rn-p: archer t, plur. tyt t tt neut.: wild animal ynyfrn n-farn: the Glory of the Religion rk rk: wise w- w-: to be necessary; + infinitive frytt frtt fem.: love jmnw mnu: time, hour jw- w-: to live jwndy wand (masc. and fem.): living kn kn: less, too little kry kr, k: now krnw karnw: beauty mr mr, plur. mrt: bird mrtxmy mrtxm: man, person, human being, people (plur.) mrync- mrn-: to destroy ms ms: also my M: the Third Messenger (Mir) nwk nk: hearer npyn npn: grandson nwy nw: new pwfs- pufs- (impf. =): to stick, cling prtk prtk: preparation, equipment prwy- prw-: to seek, look for py- py-: to throw ptw- ptwst pt- ptust: hide, conceal ptsc- ptst pts- ptsd: to build, construct ptsk ptsk: construction ptyms- ptymt ptyms- (ptyms-) ptyamt: to end, stop (intrans.) pyn- pn-: to open pyrnmsr prnmsr: before, in front of rtu rtu: 10 seconds st st: every, all sfrywn sfrwn: creation mnw mnu: Ahrimen, Satan yryr r-r: extremely < r very tym tm: again wnw ty wn ti: so that, in order that ww uu, uw fem.: wife wrnkyn urnkn: believing, faithful wrtn wartn: chariot wysnyq wisnk: wondrous wysp wisp: every, each, all xns xans: firm, strong, secure xwr xwr fem.: sister zmty zmt: son-in-law zrxs- zrt zrxs- (*zrxs-) zrd : to be delivered zyn zn: weapon, armor
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LESSON 6 GRAMMAR 6 ADJECTIVES. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE. The suffix of the comparative is -tr <-tr>, that of the superlative -str <-str>, but the meanings are not always clear-cut. There are a few superlative forms in -tm and -tmk <-tmcyk>. Examples: etr (edr) <yjtr> more sinful; std(t)r <sttr> harsher; ngristr <jngrystr> most evil-doing; rstr <crstr> nethermost; n xtm <n xtm> most divine of deities (the Buddha). Note also the following forms: arf much, many, comp. frytr <frytr>, fytr <fytr> more, frtr more, most; *ks small, comp. ktr <ktr>; kn <kn> little, comp. kambiy <kmby> less, too little; mzx <mzyx> great, comp. msytr <msytr> greater. VERBS. THE IMPERATIVE. The imperative is found only in the second person singular and plural. The endings are: Light stems Singular 2 Plural 2 PARADIGMS. Light stems Singular 2 Plural 2 r <r> carry! r <r> wa <w> go! a <w> Heavy stems wn <wyn> see! wn(a) <wyn()> - <-> - <-> Heavy stems - <-> -(a) <-()>
The negation of the imperative is na <n>. Examples: rti ms ann sdmn kuna ptstt tatstp alnwk Namts Nwna Sm ytra and also make resistance to (= resist) all! (BBBf ) asp an Clya
n psa dont ask anything!
alral eaya rp Nwap ya . Naamrf anm ya . ayrrf yynawr Lpyx rp alsxwdna dnmar rmnd anduxsa pr xp rwn frtry; ti mna frmn, ti [ptwn pr] ya ra Always be diligent in the improvement of your own soul and keep my command and directive in memory! (Tale B) From the Manichean cosmogony (M 178): . . Nys rasNmlranxwr wk rastp Ntra Cwsp ya. yyra Cnawknm Nc anwk dnarq ya ti krnd kuna n mnkwn r ti ps art-n ptsr k ruxnrmn sr sn And make them pure from the satanic poison and purify (them), and lead them up again to Paradise! From the Speech on the aborted demons (M7800iiV). After the Third Messenger has revealed his male and female forms to the archonts, the female archont speaks to the other male and female demons: 41 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
mx sk sr na tka p mx s[n] xi. iwr kr m[x] a. ti nrk str prew pwza ti w dya prew [r]xs r kra zynd zna ti mart mart xp pkt mna sr ra ti zu w wn prtyam-kn k sktr pr sk sr tk nyz n t-km. You, do not look up, for he is your enemy. Rather, now, go and have commerce, male with female! And pursue with one another lust of desire! Bear children! And each of you [literally: man for man] bring your fetuses to me! And I shall make *something (on account of) which there shall be no further need (for you) to look up. Infinitives. Sogdian has two infinitives, one made from the present stem and one made from the past stem. There is no perceptible difference in meaning between the two. The endings are: present past Light stems - : yyn n to strike - (-): yyty it to strike Heavy stems -: yap py to throw -: twa d to sleep
The infinitive is used much as in English, after verbs meaning to begin, be ready, order, wish and impersonal verbs it is necessary, it is proper, it is useful etc.: k-sr py pt t he is about to throw it away une rk m pr r ptyp xi t the wise man should divide the day into three parts frz wn it he began to strike = play the lute rt-ptsr nkr frznd ptsdi and now, after that, they began to construct z d he began to sleep mna st xart n ra k ru I must go from mountain to mountain w yyp yap rasqy w yx Payp /1! wrp lyym ykar yynw
yyty anyw zaarf ytstp dnzaarf rkwn rastpra twa zaaa wr wq ar Nc trx tas anm
Uses of the instrumental-ablative. This case is used only with the prepositions from, about, concerning, by and (together) with. Common combinations of an and an with postpositions are: - ... sr from and - ... pir because of, - ... ()prew <()pryw> together with: n kan ny he went out of the town x mart n xtu prew wa w dya prew together with one another kn pir wn frmye why do you order thus? 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 42 yyyn eylnk N aw wyrp wtx Nl yyrm wx the man went together with the judge wyrpa ayl n yyamrf wnaw ralyp Canqc
LESSON 6 raasxamw wwk ya . cnyrz am Nc eyylya r yyk yyralnyl wara eycx xnwx yra .. w kalar rti xnx xi artw nr k arf t n tma zrnt ti k utmx-sr r-tk t and that one is that righteous Manichean who delivers many persons from Hell and becomes (their) guide to Paradise (TaleB) [Note: arf t is direct object in the oblique plural] Note the use of the instr.-abl. with comparatives: n sa *smn rstr rtsrlac yynams asl Nc lower than (= below) the ten heavens n kra nmrtr sweeter than sugar rtrman ark Nc traysm lywyc ytawxynyz tsyyn yylpmcfa tas wrp pr st famb nst zn-xwr w msytr in the entire world there is no protection greater than that n wt k stdtra umtnd dntamw artdts yk ytwyl N who were harsher than the dws? [Note: the form stdtra has a final predicative -a] and in the expression n mna sr fr sti it shames me, I am ashamed of it.
TEXT 6.1 (from the Rustam story) Rustmi ansp prtrn np z d x wt pr nr pr *anst wtnd w d m wnd twa zaaa lpyn Nrtyrp eapsna yymtswr dntaw sna wrp ryn wrp wyl wx dnaw lym ytl wya
TEXT 6.2 (the Pearl-borer contd) Notes: frmy: probably optative 2 sing. you may order after u ti. itu-ram I played, frmt-re you ordered, ptxrt-re you bought are simple past tense forms. xww: acc. sing. fem. w: subjunctive 3 sing. may be necessary. eywlk asp wnaw yymya . Nyw yyswk ynrcaw ama wnac Swayf yynwy k . . yyr Qra wc wpsyw as yra . yyamrf wt ymya wc kra wpsyw k yywkyp wnaw wza yra Mar kra wrp Mrp yyray yra . . yy yamarf anyw ymra . . rky ras anax wk wnac ymya 9 . Mral wy anyw Namrf eydnwalpyx ralyp Canqc wra . yyralyrxp zarm yrm ynw w k yamyn aklp wnaw wx wra . yyralamrf yyn anyw wwx yyrap. yws yamarf yyn rarm Qycbmws rarm Clya My alq ra . Makw yyrl eypsa yyxrp wwx yrm ynw ytra . Makbmws rarm lym wyna rasp yyfra earl Nryz ranyl 100 . wyna My yra . . aw 10 7
11
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LESSON 6 EXERCISES 6 1. Conjugate in the imperative the verbs kun- to do, r- to give, fs- to sleep, and ptxwy- to kill. 2. Write in Sogdian script and translate: mzx andk mzx fr ua n mx sr kat-n wt r w kan wn mandxsm 3. Translate into Sogdian: Build a house here! Throw the lute away and do not play it again! Go to the town and ask the lord: Give us (our) wages! The judge said to them: Come tomorrow morning! The Chinese master said to his hired men: Kill the Manicheans with poison! Then return here! I shall give you much gold. The Khotanese were fleeing from the Sogdians. It was a great shame for them. There is nothing greater than love and nothing more evil than hatred. Through (pr-) the religion they teach the going away from this world and the entering into (k ... andr) Paradise and the falling into (pr-) hell.
GLOSSARY 6 3 r: three rxsy rxs: lust y : any cyc : *something(?) ndwxs- anduxs-: to strive, toil ndxs- ntt andxs- (mandxs-) andd: to flee nsp ansp: carpet nst *anst: *mischief pryw prew = pryw sktr sktr: higher, further, any more skysr sksr: upward wfs- wd fs- d: to sleep wpt- wpst (wpt) pt- (wpt-) pst: to fall yc : any yy : person, somebody ywtc wt: single , w , u: memory, mind ry r: rider jngry ngr: evil-doing x- t x- d: to distribute yk k: outside yksr k-sr: outward, away cr r: down (below) cnw n: as, when, like cw ty u ti: whatever that r- jt r- d: to hold, keep, maintain frmn frmn fem.: order, command frmy- frmt frmy- (frmy-) frmt: to order, command; + infinitive (see next lesson) frtry frtry: increase, improvement, 45 furtherance frytr, fytr frytr, fytr: more frywy friyw: love frz- frz-: to begin (to do) fsc fs-: to teach fyws fyws: gentleman r r: mountain r arf: much jn- jyt n- it: to strike, play (an instrument) jytwc it: hatred k ka: when(ever) kwty kuti: that kmby kamb: less, too little krn krn: pure, clean kwn- krt kun- k(r)t: to do kws ks: side ktr ktr: smaller mrt mrt mart mart: each and every one msytr msytr: greater my m: here nmr nmr: sweet nyr nr: deliberation, planning np- npst np- (np-) npst: to lie down nyz nyz: need (+ infinitive, e.g., there is no need to do sth.) nyjy- nyjt, njyt niy-(ny-) nit, nit (nid): to go out p p: short form of pr-ti pr(w)ty pr(u)-ti: but (instead), for pcwz- pwz- (pwz-): to meet, get together 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
(also sexually) pty pt: (to be) about to (do) pjwk pk: abortion prtrn- prtrt prtrn- (prtrn-) prtrt: to spread pryw = pryw ()prew: together (with); postposition with instr.-abl. pswc- ps-: to purify ptstt ptstt: opposition, resistance ptwn ptwn: order, command rtk r-tk: guide rmnd(y) rmnd(): always sn sn: enemy smn smn: heaven stt std: hard, harsh, fierce
syn- st sn- st: to raise, lead up stmn sdmn: all fr fr: shame kr kr: sugar mnkwny mnkwn/mnkuwn: belonging to imnu (Ahrimen, Satan) tm tm: darkness tr- tr-: to flee xyp xp: own ywr iwr: but zn- zt zn- zt: to bear (children) zrync- zrt zrn- zrd: to deliver zyn zyn: *offspring, children zynyxwry zn-xwr: protection
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LESSON 7 GRAMMAR PAST STEMS. The relationship between present and past stems in Sogdian is of two kinds: 1. the present stem can be predicted from the past stem (regular past stems), 2. the present stem cannot be predicted from the past stem (irregular past stems). Both stems must therefore always be learned together. Notes: The past stem can not usually be predicted from the present stem. The past stem is from an old past participle with active meaning when from intransitive verbs, but passive when from transitive verbs. 1. Regular past stems. Many Sogdian verbs make the past stem by suffixing -t to the present stem, e.g., r- rt (r- rt); tk- tkt (tkw- tkwt) to listen. Note: Even here the forms are not always clear, as many irregular past stems also end in -t, e.g., ptxwy- ptxwt. 2. Irregular past stems (most verbs). There are no rules for determining the present stem from an irregular past stem and vice versa. Following are some of the more common types: r- urt, art <r- wrt, rt> to carry (away) mir- murt <myr- mwrt> to die kr- (kr-) kart <kr-, kr- krt> to follow wc- ud <wc wt> to release psc- psud <pswc- pswt> to purify, clean zren- zrd <zrync- zrt> to deliver smb- sud <swmb- swt> to bore, pierce pt- pst <wpt- wpst> to fall ptr- ptrist <ptry- ptryst> to mix n- it <jn- jyt> to strike frn- frt <fryn- fryt> to bless wn- wt <wyn- wyt> to see ptkwy- ptkwt <ptkwy- ptkwt> to speak frmy- frmt <frmy- frmt> to order ps- fr()t, ft <ps- frt, ft> to ask, punish anwz- nut <nwz- nwt> to gather (intrans.) s- t <ys- t> to come r- t <r- t> to bring w- xart <w- xrt> to go xur- xurt <xwr- xwrt> to eat r- art <r- rt> to give t- tud <twj- twt> to redeem, pay suxs- sud <wswxs wswt> to be purified zrxs- zrd <zrxs- zrt> to be delivered pyt- pist (pyst-) <pyt- pyst> to adorn r- rust <rw- rwst> to grow zn- zt <zn- zt> to bear (children) ptxrn- ptxrt <ptxryn- ptxryt> to hire
nmy- nmt <nmy- nmt> to judge x- xut <xwj- xwt> to ask for, request anw- nut <nwyj- nwt> to gather (trans.) ts- tt <tys- tt> to enter r- d <r- jt> to hold, keep w- ud <w wt> to say
Note: Originally the infinitive of verbs ending in -r was a heavy stem, while the past stem was light, cf. xwart food (= inf.) ~ xurt eaten. The heavy stem tended to spread, however, hence we find both urt and rt.
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THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE. There is a fundamental split in the formation of tenses from the past stem (and the perfect participle, see lesson 12) between intransitive/passive and transitive (active) forms. The intransitive simple past is formed with the past stem and the auxiliary verb to be, while the transitive simple past is formed with the past stem and the auxiliary verb to have: r-. The Sogdian simple past tense corresponds to the English imperfect and perfect, I did, have done, I went, have gone, etc. The imperfect of the simple past tense (the auxiliary is in the imperfect) corresponds to the English pluperfect, I had done, I had gone, etc. The simple past tense has all the moods. THE INTRANSITIVE SIMPLE PAST TENSE. In the intransitive simple past the verb to be is added on to the stem as endings, except in the 3 sing., where the verb is usually left out. In the 3 sing. and when the verb is written separate (e.g., in the subjunctive and optative), light-stem past stem takes the ending -i (-y): When a transitive verb is inflected intransitively its meaning is passive, but this is rare and relatively common only in the 3 sing. Normally the passive of the simple past tense (see lesson 13) is expressed with the auxiliary to do, which, when inflected intransitively, has the meaning to become: Paradigms. Intransitive simple past tense indicative: Light stems Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 ttm <ttym> tt <tty> tti <tty> ttm <ttym> ttsa <tts> ttand <ttnd> ktm <ktym> kt <kty> kti <kty> ktm <ktym> ktsa <kts> ktand <ktnd> Heavy stems itm <jytym> it <jyty> it <jyt> itm <jytym> itsa <jyts> itand <jytnd> tm <tym> t <ty> t <t> tm <tym> tsa <ts> tand <tnd>
Note especially: umtm I was, etc.; ktm I became, etc. Examples: yyRayw kyna wrp dnaka dnswx ya . dnwyw ry kawn Nams yaplyw wpt sdmn nkt r wuand, ti xusand ktand pr nk wyart at that time, all the hearers were very happy and became content with the divine explanation (TaleB) Myaa rabmt lnaksa wly yynra Pwrp ynycrm ywx Mys lymyrp prm sm xut marn ptrp rn *i stkanl tambr itm I was born in this terrifying *structure, deadly *fortress, poisonous *form, *skeleton body (BBBb) .. Sayyn yrsl yyawha ya .. ras yymxrm wk aa Lywyc .. amw yynxwr ya ydnwa rabm yyrap w t k martxmt sr. ti Ahwy str nys. pr-ti-i tambr twand ti ruxni umt. He came from that to mankind. And he took Eve as his representative, for her body was strong and shining. (M129)
USES OF THE LOCATIVE. 1. The main function of the loc. is to express place where or where (in)to: uya kan w martiy umt there was a man in the city x ktnkrt uya tmya ptnd-km sinners will fall into hell tamw yyrm wya ylnq ayw Mak dntpwa eymt ayw tyrakynatka ax
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LESSON 7 2. Appositions to words in the loc. are in the loc.: rwn uya mzx kan in ruwn (Dunhuang), the great city yylnq ycxyzm ayw yynawrl
TEXT 7.1 (from the Rustam story) dntyn yylnk Nc dntamw yylnk ayw ya yk twyl ax tatrp dnzaaa twyl wx Note: prd umtnd were/had been left behind is perfect intransitive/passive (lesson 12).
TEXT 7.2 (the Pearl-borer contd)
. w Nryz ranyl 100 ww yfkswp lyam dnwalpyx yrarm wwx yra . . Sxrap yynxy ras lym wyna wk wsan rarm wra .. .. arp yynamn wwk ya raf wwk yywx yra k dnarl ywaqcywx wnaw kar ax yra [...] ycx ywx . . Nwksar aycnawnrq ya yyn wpsyw yyk yyrm yynwx
12
13
Notes: 12 pw-skfty: the prefix p-: indicates lack of something; adjectives and nouns in p- can be translated by English adjectives in -less and nouns in -lessness or by circumlocutions such as without ..., having no ..., etc. wj: the imperfect stem of t- = present stem. 13 The text is incomplete at the end.
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TEXT 7.3 A fragment of the Manichean cosmogony (M 178). The first part of the text, the beginning of which is missing, contains a description of the Light Paradise and the Five Greatnesses: the Father (missing), the Twelve Aeons of the Father, the Aeons of Aeons = the Blessed Places, the Pure Air, the Light Earth, and the inhabitants of the Light Paradise. Next the creation of the world is described: the Father orders the Living Spirit and the Mother of Life to create the world, and the Living Spirit and the Mother of Life begin the creation, first the ten heavens, then the zodiac. Then the text breaks off. The headings are to be read: lower left upper right and upper left lower right.
<t prw mwn yyn o rtwspyh o wnwcyy wny o mbnryyt o
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LESSON 7
tyyrnbm ynw yycawnaw [...] eaypswatra Nyyl Nwm wrp ta . rasmnryp yyawrz yynwyxa xyzm ynw ttsyyn ramtp ya kas Nyta yyk tkawa tytyrfa dnax kya ya dnykrwaz yta tdnpsalrm yta tyyrf tty eadnxwr ax dnanym lyylw ya wk . . tsyyn Mayna wx yynaw Cwwn ayw Ntra . ayxwa yyta www xyzm rp Notes: 1 The first sentence is incomplete. 3 kw y wyy: literally where there. EXERCISES 7 1. Conjugate in the simple past tense indicative the verbs zrxs- and prs-. 2. Translate into Sogdian (use imperfect for transitive verbs, imperfect or simple past tense for intransitive verbs): Did you (all) see us in the town? We saw Rustam there. Why (u) didnt you (sing.) go with that man? We dwell in a city where all (everything) is happiness. I knew the man whose house is in the garden. In the house there were two men, who were adorning with wondrous adornment a green tree. When he came to the town, he entered and saw many beings who were blessing the Lord Mani. When did you come (= arrive) to China? I came yesterday. My mother is coming tomorrow morning. My work is now finished. All men have been delivered. They have no more sin(s). They have all gone to the Light Paradise, before the great god Zrwn.
1 2 3
GLOSSARY 7 jy- jit y- it: to be born fryn- fryt frn- frt: bless fryn- fryt frn- frt: to bless hwyy ahwy: Eve krtny-kry krtn-kr: sinner nym anym: end nyms- nymt anyms- anymt: to be finished, done for rtwspy rtwspy: righteousness, the community of the righteous stknjl stkanl: of bone tyk tk: third wswxs wswt suxs- (wsuxs-) sud: to be purified wtk tk: place zy my z(y) m: yesterday : garden nyk nk: divine rwn rwn: Throana, Dunhuang stry str: guide, representative yn n fem.: religion mbn ambn: trouble, exertion, toil, hardship mbnry ambn-r who suffers hardship n n: skill, craft 51 wn wn: sin wnwcy wn-w: forgiveness for sins jrny ren: poisonous, full of poison jwn wn fem.: life knyxn knxn: *meager remnant krnwncy qrnwny: craft ktr ... ktr ktr ... ktr: either ... or ktr ktr: or, whether kyty kti < k ti mr mny = mry mny: the Lord Mn my = my m: thus myn- mn-: to dwell n-swt n-sud: un-bored nmny nmn: regret prty pr-ti: for prtr partr: higher, foremost prys- (prys-) prt prs- (prs-) prt: arrive ptmync- (ptymync-) ptmwt ptmen- (ptmen-) ptmud: to don, put on clothes ptrwp ptrp: *fortress ptry- ptryst ptr- ptrist: to mix, mingle ptmr ptmr: count pw-skty p-skd: *helpless pyt- pyst pyt- pyast: to adorn 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
pyty pyt: adornment rw- rwst r- rust: to grow sk sk: number sym sm: fearful twndy twand: mighty, strong twj- twt t- tud: to pay, redeem tys- tt ts- tt: to enter w u: joy
wyrt wyart: speech, exposition wypty wpt: at that time, thereupon xwsnd xusand: happy, content xwty xut: *structure yw *i: *shape yxny ixn: *remainder (?) zn- zn-: to know zrwny zrn, fem. zrn: green
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LESSON 8 GRAMMAR 8 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS. The principal relative-interrogative pronouns are: k, obl. kya who, which; who, whose? ktm, km which? u which, what? The instr.-abl. of the relative and interrogative pronouns is kn, kn from whom, whence. The principal relative-interrogative adverbs are: ku where? ka when? n how? Note also: kn pir why? CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS. Some of the relative-interrogative-indefinite pronouns and adverbs in - have corresponding demonstrative pronouns and adverbs in w-: The correlative adverbs of quantity and quality are: - how -prm as/how long -n of what kind n as/how f as/how much f just as/how much fr just as/how many andn as/how much w- so, that w-prm so long w-n of that kind wn thus wf so much wf just so much wfr so many wandn so much
The correlative adverbs of place are: ku where m here u there ku, kua where m here u there kur where *mar here r there *kutsr whither martsr hither rtsr thither
Note also, beside wn ... n like, similar to, expressions such as m mnuk ... cn similar to. RELATIVE
CLAUSES.
The relative-interrogative pronouns can be used as conjunctions. They usually then combine with the particle ti, -ti, e.g., k ti, k-ti who, which u ti, u-ti which, ku ti where, n ti how. To express the genitive of the relative pronoun: whose, of whom, who has, in Sogdian, one usually says whose is/is not or who ... his ... is/is not: yta yyry Cyyq wx ayk yyrm yyzrwaq wnac aykymratrw eycx kwnam lyam .. dnyyaa dnwaa rmylyl Cankc wpmap yta Qyl Cymynwyxa wnac .. Na[...] m mnuk xi urtrmky n kwrz martiy kya x ket ir ti [...]n . n xwnm k ti bmbut kn mart nd yand 53 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
patience is like a farmer who has good and [...] (earth) for tilling, like a royal letter and a consort from whom diadem-bearing children are born (M133Vii) k ti-i sk nst which has no number. Similarly, to express where ... one can say where there ...: ku ti u mnnd x ruxnda t where the light gods dwell Other examples: .. Nwksyk . Lrs yya .. xam . Lyym . wnm wwr Lyfaw . aw Fac .. yyyn as Nwaxa eyrxna /!0 yyk aw ylrs Fr yya f wa wf rtu mnu m mx ti sar kt-skun, ti arf sart ua k 12 [wts] anxrt xwn st niti as much as has passed, so many minutes, hours, days, months, and years it decreases; and there were many years that the rule of the twelve stars all went out (M767iiR) eyw ramtp Lyrfac w eyrx ws Lyrfaw wfr s xart t fr ptmr u however many may have been counted (optative), so many minutes will have passed (M767iV) Note: xart t is intransitive perfect (lesson 12). Interrogative clauses. The pronoun u can be used with the negation n to express an exhortation to oneself: why dont I, why dont we: u n nym why dont we go out, let us go out! Myyn yyn wc tty eadnxwr ax dnanym lyylw ya wk syyn kas yyta yyk
THE TRANSITIVE SIMPLE PAST TENSE. The transitive simple past is formed with the past stem + r- have. It is therefore like English I have done. Light-stem past stems have the ending -u (-w) (originally an accusative), e.g., kturm <krtwrm> I (have) made. Heavy-stem past stems have no ending, e.g.: t-r <t-r> you have brought; fturt <ftwrt> he (has) asked; wtrm <wytrym> we saw, have seen. The verb r- to have may be written together with the past stem or separate from it. When the auxiliary is written together with the past stem the -u may be lost. The verb to do is often reduced to a mere k- before r-, and the - is then assimilated to the k and becomes . The simple past tense of to do is therefore ktur- > ()kr- <()kr->. The transitive simple past tense has all the modes and its own past: the pluperfect, formed with the auxiliary in the imperfect, e.g.: tru <ytrw> I had received; kr <kr> < ktur he had made. Paradigms: Simple past tense indicative: Light stems Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 ktu-rm <ktw-rm> ktu-r(e) <ktw-r(y)> ktu-rt <ktw-rt> ktu-rm <ktw-rym> ktu-ra <ktw-r> ktu-rnd <ktw-rnd> Heavy stems t-rm <t-rm> t-r <t-r> t-rt <t-rt> t-rm <t-rym> t-ra <t-r> t-rnd <t-rnd> ktu-ru <ktw-rw> ktu-r <ktw-r> ktu-r <ktw-r> ktu-rm <ktw-rym> *ktu-r <ktw-r> ktu-rnd <ktw-rnd> Pluperfect:
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LESSON 8 Examples: zu npk npxtu-rm I wrote a letter wu Rustmu nr wt-ra did you see Rustam today? n xwtr w npk ptdu-ru I had received a letter from the elder (from BBB) ktr une xutwt wu kn xut-rnd whether they sought revenge for the lords Mral wtxpn kyypn wza alral tyw rwn wmtswr wwa wralwtcp kypn wya yyrtywx Nc dnralwx eNyk wwa ytwawx ynw ratq
drygyyn wyw kxaw wyw dnarlka ynwbmk Pyy yr Fr rp pr arf rt ip kambn krnd uyu wxk uyu tngird in many respects they inflicted harm and distress, both spiritual and bodily rabmt lnaksa wly yynra Pwrp ynycrm ywx Mys lymyrp wc rayf raksa ralwka Nya [...] Mralcp arakp ya . Nrk eynamxrm yynax ynakwn . Myaa sktr fytr u prm sm xut marn ptrp rn *i stkanl tambr itm; nkn xn mrtxmn karn ti ptkr p(t)d-rm [...] n ktu-rt Above and beyond (this, it is) because I was born in this terrifying *structure, deadly *fortress, poisonous *form, *skeleton body, (because) I received in the house of the hearers a human form and shape, (that) he made [me] worthy [of ...] (BBBb)
USES OF THE DIRECT AND OBLIQUE CASES. The direct case is commonly used as nominative, vocative, and accusative. Either direct or oblique is used as instrumental-ablative of masculine nouns. The oblique case is commonly used as genitive-dative and locative. Exceptions occur. Examples: u ark (fem. acc.) re what work (trade) do you understand? yr ekra wc x mrrt (gen.-dat.) xpwnd the master of the pearls dnwalpyx yytrarm wx pr xpwnd (gen.-dat.) frmn (acc.) Namrf yydnwalpyx wrp at the command of the master une mzx xwn (gen.-dat.) Zrw- prnmsr rasmnryp yyawrz yynwyxa xyzm ynw before the great god Zrw farn n xp farn majesty from (his) own majesty yynrf lpyx N Nnrf tm wrn (gen.-dat.) ks (loc.) wn Nyw yyswk yynrcaw amat he saw me at the edge of the bazaar w wn rrn u-km Mak yw Narry yynaw wya you shall be happy (in) one (entire) life (loc.?)
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TEXT 8 (Manichean cosmology, contd)
Qynsalyw yonmlranxwr wwnxwr ayw ayr Cwswa kymraftc yra . . tsyyn kamp yykary yynw Nyta yyk eydnmanyw wanrq kaspa Cdnalw yta Mylyl Qwla Nlwn yta kwmtp rwayrk yyty yra . . ayqdnwxcrw rp anyrfs yytwx yyayp yta rwyz Nagnzpsyw yta yyw yyyta yyk rwayrq Cwn yynmywx yaz anxwr anax kymcnp yta yyn ytra . w apaa yyn yywakwyan wwx yyyra . tsyyn Paya eywaks Nrprp Qyna eyra . . rpna yaz ywyrp eyyraqywa yynyta Nas . yytwna yyn Nwqyaa yta yyk Cnyorya . ar atknxa yysyp wy yra . yyaa eyywyc Clya wry wpsyw wx ytra tyynwrz yynyryyr adnw ya . ayzrap r wrp eyswr . yymrpsapsyw . . w yynmryk yyn ya tswp yyn tzyrwa yyn Calk yyr wx Nyta yyk Notes 4 rwxnww: ruxnu, acc. form for locative. rwxnrmny: Note the uncommon spelling of final and postconsonantal - as <-y>. sfryn: participle (self-)created? 5 p w: 3 sing. potentialis (see lesson 12) cannot be reached. nwty ant: 3 sing. middle (see lesson 15) is shaken, trembles
EXERCISES 8 1. Conjugate in the simple past tense and zrn- and frn-. 2. Transliterate and translate into English the following passage from the Rustam story. Then turn the imperfects of intransitive verbs into simple past tense forms: . yryw wmtswr wwa yxr Narnlw wx Syo Smyra . ylywrp ymtswr yxay dnrtyw 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 56
LESSON 8 . dnyyn Ntsnwrl . Nlwn Mrc knlrwp wwa Cnymytp tr . anwx Nc ymtswr wx tpsnm lapsa wyl wwa rwl Nc ymtswr wx wnac. ras twyl wq ralap wxr wrp la ... a yta Syo aw lym yxr ynyw Nyw Qycyra wwa tr lynwy dnanyw twyl wx wnac ymtswr wx trwyz lynwy dnysytp yxr dnaw lyam yytl wya lapsa yylp wx wyw dnaparf 3. Translate into Sogdian: I did everything which you (sing.) told (= ordered) me to do. Did you (plur.) see the two statues which we fashioned and placed in the temple? How many pearls did you (sing. and plur.) bore last night? I took the three flowers and threw them into the garden. The chief saw the enemies coming (= saw the enemies who = that they were coming) and thought thus: They have either killed Rustam or Rustam has fled into the city.
GLOSSARY 8 1 = w: one 12 = wts: twelve py- pt py- pt: to consider, imagine, fathom s- yt s- t: to take jyrynyy irn: made of diamonds; from vajra, cf. Khotanese vairanw- nw- (n-): to tremble, shake yp yp: *reach nspt- anspt-: to rise, rouse oneself npr- anpr-: to tread (upon) psk psk fem.: wreath pyr pyr: last night sp sp: army sprm sprm: flower wryz rz-: fall down wyjtkry wid-kr: killer, murderer xwn xwn: a rule xnk xnk: graceful xywny xwn: ruler xywnymyc xwnm fem.: royal yjn, yjn n: worthy rycyk rk: riding animal j- jst - () st: to mount (a horse) nyk nk: divine ry r: fruit ryryny rrn: fruit-bearing wnrn nrn: *perceptive wrtrmyky urtrmky: patience cf f: as much as, how much cfry fr: just as much as, just how much cfy f: just as much as, just how much cwny -n: of what kind cprm -prm: as long as, how long cndn andn: as much as, how much crm arm: skin, hide rwnstn rnstn: quiver 57 yym m: diadem yymr mr: diadem-carrying yk k: letter frn farn: majesty, glory frp- frp- (frp-): to urge on r ar = arf yyp ip: harm kmbwny kambn: inferiority, lessness krjywr krywr: marvel, wonder krn karn: form kwrzy kwrz: farmer kyrmny kirmen: worm-eaten ky- k-: to decrease kytyc ket: (ground) for tilling, farmland mnwk mnuk: similar mrtxmny mrtxmn: of men nywkwyy nykw: depth; from nyk deep nwn nn: dress, garment nynd- nst nend- (nend-) nst: to attach nwkny nkn: of the hearers npyk npk: sth. written ny ... ny n ... n: neither ... nor pmpwt pmbut: consort, spouse, wife (from Pers. bmbin, bmbun) przy przy: excellence pct > ptcxpy p: foot soldier prpr- (pr): to hurry, rush pncmyk panmk: fifth prprn parprn: pavement ptcx- ptct (pct) ptx- (ptx-) ptd: to receive, accept ptkr ptkr: shape, statue ptmk ptmk: measure ptmwk ptmk: garment, dress ptsynd- ptsend- (ptsend-): to agree pwrnk purank: leopard pws- pwt ps- pt: to rot 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
ryt rt: face, respect (in many respects) skwy skw: height sw s: minute tnygyrd tngird: bodily (Parthian word) wf wf:so much wfry wfr: just so much wfy wf: just so much wwny w-n: of that kind wprm w-prm: so long wxk wxk: spiritual wyw ... wyw uyu ... uyu: both ... and wyw uyu: both, as well as
wndn wandn: so much wrcxwndqywarxundky: magic wyspzngn wisp-zangn: all kinds of wry-, wyry- (wyry- ) wrt, wyrt ur-, wir- (wr-) urt, wirt: to wake wyspsprmyy wisp-sprm: with all kinds of flowers xwn xun: sleep xwymny xwmn ?: *self-existent xwytr xwtr: elder zywr zwr: adornment
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LESSON 9 GRAMMAR 9 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. The relative-interrogative pronouns also function as relative-indefinite pronouns, e.g., k whoever, etc. The other indefinite pronouns are and some, somebody, negated n ... not ... any(body). In the plural, and sometimes in the singular, the meaning of the pronouns is person Sing. nom.-acc., gen.-dat. instr.-abl. Plur. dir. obl. Examples: n rdi nobody knows ytr yn yylaa n sfrt ti frt n xi eycx yyn yytyrfaa eya yytyrfs ealaa Nc has not been created and blessed by anybody (M264aR) pr nyu ip xusandy rt tral aydnswx Pyy eylaa wyna rp he rejoices at the misfortune of someone else ktm [...] nyu whoever ... anyone else ... [...] yylya wyna [...] yylya Matq x sr zwart n kya *rf nidi yyn yywr ayq Nc rwza ras yylaa lyx he returns to that person from whose mouth ... he came out (M117) yytzrmw yytylaa Fr . wax (eyylya) eytylaa Fr yyk yymxrm yynwx xn mrtxm k arf t (t) xwt, arf t umrzdi that human being who strikes many persons (and) wipes out many persons To add indefiniteness to other pronouns, adverbs, or conjunctions the compounds u, or , whatever, (not ...) at all are used. The meaning of these words sometimes approaches thing: u xa whatever you ask for alwx Caa w nyu xta (xda) ask for anything else! atwx Caa wyna rti x wispu iru w t yyaa eylywyc Clya wry wpsyw wx ytra and every good thing is born from this k ti-n famb pufsen t w yynyysfwlp Clyya eyylbmcfa Nya yyk anything of the world that is sticking to them (M5030V) twa xwr xwnk nst syyn kancawx Caa rawx aw your sister is not sickly at all A similar function is fulfilled in Buddhist Sogdian by the combination prm or *tu prm. The particle - is found also in k any time, k ... n never: x r k n rzt (rzd) the fruit never drops See additional examples below under uses of the subjunctive. tzyrwa yyn Calk yyr wx t t t t
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Verbs. The present subjunctive. Light stems Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 Paradigms. Light stems Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 rn <rn, rn> r <r> rt <rt> *rm <rym> r <r> rnd <rnd, rnd> Heavy stems wnan <wynn, wynn> *wna <wyn> wnt <wynt> wnm <wynym> wn(a) <wyn()> wnand <wynnd> -n <-n, -n> - <-> -t <-t> ? -m <-ym> - <-> -nd <-nd, -nd> Heavy stems -an, -n <-n, -n> -a <-> -t, -at <-t, -t> ? -m <-ym> -(a) <-()> -and <-nd, -nd>
Verbs. To be. The attested present subjunctive forms of to be are: Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. *xn t <t>, xt <xt> *uan ? ut <wt>, t <t-> uand, and <wnd, nd>
Notes: The form xt is used in the perfect subjunctive. The suffixe -km can be attached to the subjunctive: Maka t-km he shall be(come) The subjunctive of the simple past tense is ktt <ktt> will have become. Uses of the subjunctive. The basic function of the subjunctive is that of prospective or eventual future. It is therefore used in: 1. in main clauses, see relative clauses below. 2. temporal clauses: ka m kn skwt when the day becomes less (BBBd) 3. final clauses: wn kt-fi [...] nmyk ti pty n kunt anwq yyn aylyp ya kaymn [...] yfk wnaw in order that he should not belittle and offend you (M117) yta lyam ydnwalpyx yynw lywtp wnrwpsa w kamtp rp Nryz wwxqnm lxctp wyta wyta wnaw aysnx xyzm rp lral wtra ayxyn rp wyta lyap kaytx xyzm wk lsyrp yyn ynwxy yytn yta yywk wrp rywrp an trpzdnm 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 60 awksa Nk lym alk
LESSON 9 ti-u ptx mang-x zrn; pr ptmk u spurnu ptwt une xpwnd m ti n prs k mzx xtyk; py ti-u pr nxy rt-u r pr mzx xansy wn ti-u mand-zpart na prwr pr kw ti nd ixn and receive it like gold; recognize it fully at (its) measure (as that) of (its) master, so that you do not come to the great judgement; protect it in depth (= conscientiously), and keep it with great firmness, so that you do not let it become impure through dry or wet blood (BBBf) Note: prwr < prwrt-. 4. relative clauses: . tayawxp awax (eyylya) eytylaa Fr tanwk ayka kadn Fr ya yyk yymxrm yynwx yra tazrmw yytylaa Fr ya rti xn mrtxm k ti arf andk kty kunt, arf t (t) xwt ptxwyt, ti arf t umrzt and that human being who may perform much bad action, may strike and kill many persons, and may destroy many persons (BBBe) Nralrama arama yypwxdnm Cnymayrwr . Cnymysxraa Cymzaa rawn ytgnlrs 3 wrp wc u pr r srangt nwrt: zm, rxsmn, rurtymn mand-xp mr mrt-rn whatever greedy, lustful, shameless, (or other) un-good thought I may have thought against the *injunctions of the three leaders (BBBb) 5. hypothetical clauses: rt-ka w rtr st and if later than this (in the future) any harm comes TEXT 9.1 (Manichean cosmogony contd) asya yl Clya rtry lywyc alkra
rm Nmlranxwr Cna aaw rybma ya yyk kafawn yyrsxax yyra eya yyk warp ya qwla ya dnkya ttcnpsa Qaswwp ar . . dnwksa yywn Nwkyaa Nwkyaa ayxyyzm Cnp Lymyrp Nmlranxwr aax yycx acstp wnaw yra . dnwksa eayymrw Mrwa yra
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. syyn yyrat wx Nyta wk dnwksa kaynxwr wrp dnaztp yyn rywqcp ya Nyya wk yyw wrp . Farwp aykw rp . syyn Crm Nya wk Naw Cwn wrp . syyn rawy Nya wk zawnayyrf wrp . Cway wwp eyywayrf wrp . syyn Cxwdna . yydnyw yyn ya yyk Nrk wrp wwk lyyspwwp rwx yynywn wrp . tsyyn Nagyw yta wk rabm kyyna wrp . dnar yyn ayyw ya Nbm wrp yyya
10
Notes: 8 ptznd: Scribal error for ptznnd. 9 This paragraph contains a series of sentences beginning with pr ... (skwand) ku ti ... (they live) in ..., in which ... The forced parallelism makes for some strange literal translations. wyy: Gen.-dat. ending for acc. ending. wyndyy: winde is destroyed 3 sing. middle (see lesson 13). kw tyyy prw: ku ti-i pr is best taken, I think, as in which through it (they ...). TEXT 9.2 (BBBf) rabm aw yta as wnaw wyra asya yl clya rtry lywyc alkra .. tyawxa yn paxc aw yta . aynf Nawr wrp EXERCISES 9 1. Conjugate in the subjunctive the verbs pstw- and r-. 2. Translate into Sogdian: He who does not do any sin shall see paradise. Do (sing.) well, so that you shall obtain eternal life. When shall I see my great leader again? You should (it will be proper for you to) deliver all living beings from (re)births. He toiled hard, so that his father, mother, wife, and children might be happy. 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 62
LESSON 9 GLOSSARY 9 rxsymync rxsmn: of lust jwn n: birth (~ gati, Buddh.), child zmyc zm: of desire, greed mbyr- ambr-: to fill (trans.) ndwxc andx: sorrow spnc span: mansion, guest-house mr- mrt = mr- mrt ()mr- (mr-) ()mrt: to think mr mr: thought wrm rm: *calm xwy- xwt xwy- xwt: to break, infringe zwrt = zwrt cxpt xpt: commandment fny- fny-: *renounce (sth. for: pr- +) frynwz friyanwz: company of friends yr r: late jwky ky: (good) health jytwc itw = jytwc -k -k = ka mndxwpyy mand-xp: lacking goodness mndzprt mand-zpart: unclean, impure mr mar fem.: meadow mzyxy mzxy: greatness nmyk nmyk: belittling nwrt *nwrt: contradiction, provocation (?) nwftk nftk: flowing with ambrosia nyxy nxy: depth, care pckwyr pkwr: fear prtw prtw: *bench prwyrt- prwrt-: to let become psy ps: diminishing ptyy pty: offense ptzn- ptzn-: to know, recognize pw-sk p-sk: countless rf rf: illness r r: plain rw *rf: mouth rwrtymync rurtymn: of insolence srng srang: chief, leader ykn ykn: palace mr- mrt = mr- mrt wmrz- umrz-: to destroy wrm urm: quietness wty uty: hardship; + r- to toil + pr- (cf. ambn r-) wygn wign: destruction wykn-, wyn- wikn-, win-: to destroy xw- xw-: strike xxsry xxsr: spring xnsy xansy: firmness xwcnk xwnk: sickly ywr iwr: separation yxwn ixn: blood
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LESSON 10 GRAMMAR 10 GROUP INFLECTION. In series of two or more nouns or adjectives and nouns oblique case endings and plural endings are sometimes only added to the last word in the series. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as group inflection. 1. {Noun + noun (sing./plur.)}obl.: rwn tambr in (?) soul (and) body (for rwn) xr mx txz the setting of sun (and) moon (for xr) n anxrt pxrt k aside from fixed stars (and) planets (for anxrt) n wnd tmkt wt from those demons of Hell (for wnd tmkt) 2. {Adj. + noun}plur.: wxk ti tngirt spiritual and bodily [...] (for wxkt) lrygyn ya Qyxaw w yx Payp /1! wrp lyym yylaa Nawryyrf ya kar yynw une rk ti frrwn m pr r ptyp xi t (for rk ti frrwn) anybody wise and devoted to his soul should divide the day into three parts (Tale B) 3. {Adj. plur. + noun plur.}dir.: edrt ti stdrta umtnd they were most evil and cruel (for edrta) 4. {{Adj. + adj.}plur. + noun plur.}obl.: twand mzxt rtya on powerful, great mountains (for twandt mzxt) Numerals. The cardinals: ?! /! /1! /11! O /o /11o /11o /111o ) P )p Pp )pp Ppp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 w <yw> ()wa <()w>, gen.-dat. inu ((y)nw) r, <ry> tfr<ctfr> pan <pnc> *xuu *da <t-> *ta <t> *nwa <nw> sa <s> is <ys> *tfrs *pns *xut 65 /0 11 /!0 12 *wts wts <wts> eayr txyzm yydnwa dntamw atrtts yta trty eyrabm Nawr zyyx yyxam rwx Qy yyrxp trxna Nc yywyl tkymt dnaw Nc
O0 15
pants <pncts->
/11o0 18
*ats
200 300
*wst *st
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)ppp 70 Pppp 80 )pppp 90 100
dt <tt> *tt *nwt st <st>
1000
zr <zr>
Notes: When the simple numerals 2, 7-10 are used before a noun they lose the final -a: ()u, *d, etc. st is a consonant-stem noun and takes the normal case endings. Numerals can be doubled, e.g., zr zr (by) thousands. The ordinals: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th ftm <ftm> idiy, diy <yty, ty> ftmk <ftmyk> dk <tyk> ()tk <()tyk>, tiyu <tyw> thirdly tfrmk <ctfrmyk> panmk <pncmyk> *uxu(u)mk <*wxwmyk> dmk <tmyk> *tmk <*tmyk> nmk <nwmyk> smk <smyk>
Grammatical agreement with nouns with numerals. Note the following combinations: Numeral + numerative: tfr ra four gates n pan parn from the five Gifts Numeral + numerative + sing. verb.: u ne sti there are two temples Numeral obl. + numerative obl.: w inu nya ndr in these two temples Numeral + numerative + pred. plur. + verb plur.: u kpa xwtrt umtnd the two fishes were elders (teachers) Numeral + plural: wts rta twelve gates pan rtya of the five gates n pan putt from the five Buddhas Plural + numeral + numerative nt 4 ra the other four doors Numeral + plural + plur. verb.: r kpt umtnd there were three fishes wts anmt mn xand the twelve limbs are these: ...
arl /11! eynrp Cnp Nc ytsa yyn /! rdnyc ayn wnyl lywyl dntamw trtywx apk wla atrl /!0 eayrl cnp ytytwp Cnp N arl /11! tyna dntamw typk /1! dnx wnwm tymlna /!0
Verbs. The present optative. The optative forms are the same for light and heavy stems. The endings are the following: 1 2 3 Sing. - <-y> - <-y> - <-y> Plur. *-mn <-ymn> - <-y> -nd <-ynd> 66
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LESSON 10 Paradigms. Light stems Sing. 1-3 Plur. 1 2 3 r <ry> rmn <rymn> r <ry> rnd <rynd> Heavy stems wn <wyny> *wnmn <wynymn> *wn wnnd <wynynd>
The suffixes -skun and -km can be attached to the optative, as well: s-skun she would take u-km it may be Nwksyysaa Makyyw
Verbs. To be. The attested optative forms of to be and to become are: to be Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 to become *u <wy> u <wy> u <wy> um <wym> ? und <wynd>
yt <yt>
Note: The optative of the simple past tense: kti yt <kty yt> he/it may have become. Use of the optative. 1. The principal function of the optative is to express a wish: yylaa wnaw Sm yra Mak yyrl ral Nzap twswa Nc rwn wza yta wnac wx yylaa lyam yra Nrka Naryn wwq tas Nytra yycnyrz ay Nc raltaw Nwaa Cnp Bmka yrla wwa yta ta rti m x cn ti zu nr n sud-pzn r r-km rti ms wn t ti wu r kamb pan n wtr n ea zrn rti-n st k nirn kran And he wished a wish thus: As I today from a pure heart shall wish to give a gift, thus shall my wish be, that I may deliver the living beings of the three worlds (and) the five (places of) birth from evil and (so) I shall lead them all to nirvana! (VJ) 2. Exhortations: dk ptyp pr ktrk ark anduxs yysxwdna kra kyryk rp Payp Qyl the second part (of the day) he should strive in household work (Tale B) 3. The so-called parabolic optative is used in parables and other tales as a narrative past tense: .. eyywksa yywqaa alr Nc yywka yyrwm yyya ayyk eyypyw Qamcp yywlq w yyp yap rasqy yydnmar yyyra kuti pmk wip kya ti-i murt kuti n ra kud skw; rti-i rmnd k-sr py pt t like a prince on whose neck a dead dog is hanging, and he is always about to throw it away (M5030R4-9)
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4. In consecutive clauses: yyzwxry yyrf dnp Sm ya . . dnyw yyn Qwa dnwaa wlw eya . . yyw a anax ya wnaw yyw axpsa eylaa wn ti xn da u; ti uu nd wk n und; ti ms pand fr rxz spxta u so that (his) house may be maintained, and (his) wife (and) children do not become miserable; and also (that) anybody (who is) close, dear, well-wishing could be served [potentialis, lesson 14] (Tale B) 5. In hypothetical clauses: aytka kadn eyntw Nc yta yynatka Nagnz asl Nc yta . yyrwz awanyps Nc ya wnac aplyw ry ytaplyw Manxa yta Nhwmrq aw ytra yywspa wpt n ti n spnw zwart, ti n sa-zngn ktn ti n utnya andk kty pstw rti wa karmhn ti xnm wpt rt then, if he turns away from *depravity and from the ten kinds of sin and renounces (his) old bad evildoing, then at that time he obtains the absolution and the grace (BBBf) 6. In relative-concessive clauses: yyy eynw yra . . ay yyka eayka ky Nagnz Faw wnwm ya yyk yymxrm yynwx yra ackan ayka kadn acka ax rasmnryp rti xn mrtxm k ti mn wf zngn k kty kti yt; rti-i une t prnmsr x kta andk kty *nkta and that human being for whom so many kinds of evil deeds may have become (arisen), before the gods that bad deed done (will be) undone (BBBe) TEXT 10.1 (Tale B)
ralamrf Lyam ynaamyRam y yyyRf My yRa . . w yx Payp 3 wrp lyym yylaa Nawryyrf ya kar yynw k .. Nrf dnywksa yydnwxa ya wnaw Sapsa eyralnwaxa wawx wrp 1 . . dnynwq yyn ysarfna dnz ya . yryzaa yyn
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LESSON 10 TEXT 10.2 (Manichean cosmogony, contd)
ydnwa ryy ayqdnwa wrp yta . rwaz wrp dnykrwaz ya . dnx ysyp eyydnmanyw rp ya .dnx ysyp ya wanrq tytatrp ypra . dnanazp yyn Man Cwtyl ya . dnx yyayp Nagnz rwyr ata kwmp yydnw wx Nra . rabm Nywyrp syyn aky Ntra [...] eydnqyw yyn kawa ax Nra. . w yyn yynmyr Calq ya yyk yynynr yycx (second folio)
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Nmlranxwr wj rastp Ntra Cwsp ya . yyra Cnawknm Nc anwk dnarq ya . . Nys ras wnac aryn dnzaaa . am Nawadra Nl wawx ypykta wx taplyw rastp yra . . bmcfa anam aw Mycastp ya . apsf Cnp dnanwk yymtfa wyra ytstp dnzaarf rkwn rastpra . dnalyyn ylw w pyx wwa yra 69
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. yyyr /!0 dnTsaw aym Crknwcrw yynams asl dncasytp rsrlac lywyc Smra yynams asl Nwm rp ya wnaw dnalyyn yyap ylw yyp wya yra eynams asl wwa ya yk Nyrfys yyyrf Pp Mysmra .. dnanwk yyn Nlrp wyl ax . dnralwrp rasyksa Notes: 10 pysty: pist (pyst) adorned, perfect participle (see lesson 10) used as adjective. yyr: This word occurs as both light stem ir good and heavy stem r well, very. 13 Note that Sogdian has no indirect speech.
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TEXT 10.3 (P2.178-183) dnatamw rywx apk wla rwtra dnatamw typk ytwk ) ynykwt wya wnm wya wrp . dnatamw tkayna typk tas tyna ywa apk wla ynwy ytra
EXERCISES 10 1. Conjugate in the optative the verbs spe- and ptrz-. 2. Translate into Sogdian (the students should not use group inflection): The house has three doors and five rooms. In every room there are ten angels who are sitting on ten golden thrones. Thus he made a wish: May I be delivered from all evil in the world and may I go to Paradise so that I may be there together with all the angels, powers, and gods.
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LESSON 10 GLOSSARY 10 y : a wish kwc- kwt k- kud: to hang, suspend zyr- zr-: to harm zyr- zir-: to be harmed tkyp dkip: the (world) of the Seven Climes, the whole world tmyk dmk: seventh, 7th ftmy ftmi: first(ly), first of all ktny ktn: sin nfrsy anfrs: *quarrel, *litigation nyk nyk: grandfather pstw- pstw- + : to renounce rdwn mt ardwn mt: the Mother of the Righteous (Pers.-Parth. word) spy- spxt spe- spxt: to serve sps sps: service kmb kamb: world (~ loka, Buddh.) wst-pzn sud-pzn: pure heart xnm xnm: grace xwnd xuand: *pleased py p: son of gods jwk wk: misery ryywr rwr: 10,000 crstr c- ristr -: further down from smyk smk: tenth, 10th ytwc it: poverty frn farn: royal glory, majesty r r: neck fryrwn fr-rwn: soul-loving, the Hearer fsp fsp: rug jyk ek fem.: damage kp kp, plur. kpt: fish kpy *kp: *shop, *stall, *room krmwhn karmhn: absolution ktyryk ktrk: pertaining to the house kwty kt: a koi (zillion) mn mn: mind myj me fem.: lens nktc nkt < n + kt: undone, not done nm nm: name nyr- nyrt nr-t: to deliberate ny- n- (n-): to set down nwmyk nmk: ninth, 9th nyrn nirn: nirvana (Buddh.) py p: guardian pcmk pmk: resembling pnd pand: close, relative prn prn: deceit, harm ptrz- ptrt ptrz- ptrt: to erect rtnyny rtnn: made of jewels (Skt. ratna) rymny rmn: soiled, dirty spynw spnw: *depravity tyk tk = tk yrxwzy rxz: well-wisher, friend twndky twndky: might, wealth twkyn *tkn: pond, lake wf wf: so many wtr wtr: living being -wr -wr: there wrcwnkry urnkr: magical wtn utn: old, former wypt(y) wpt() < w + pt(): that time, then wypy wip (< wisp): prince xypt ()xpt: Lord of the Realm zwr zwr: power znd zand: *quarrel zngn -zngn: of ... kinds zyrnyny zernn: golden
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LESSON 11 GRAMMAR 11 NOUN FORMATION. In the preceding lessons we have seen many ways of making nouns from verbs or adjectives. Nouns are of different kinds. In addition to those formations inherited from Old Iranian, numerous indigenous Sogdian ones exist. These are summarized and supplemented here. The list is not complete, of course. A. Nouns from verbs. 1. Noun = present stem, e.g., anym end, xns fight, harm, prr deliberation, u joy, etc. Sometimes the noun differs from the present stem only by the quality or quantity of the vowel, e.g., r gift ~ r- to give. 2. Noun = present stem (or root) + , e.g., pyt adornment, and with different vowelsps servant ~ spe- to serve, root sps-. 3. Noun = present stem + -, e.g., mr thought. 4. Noun = present stem + -mand, see lesson 5. 5. Noun = past stem + y (light) or - (heavy), e.g, kty deed, act, wyrt speech. B. Nouns from adjectives (or nouns). 6. Noun = adjective + y (light) or - (heavy), e.g, uty hardship, irkt (irkty) beneficence. 7. Noun = adjective or noun + -yk (light) or -y (heavy), e.g, xtyk judgement, rky wisdom. 8. Noun = adjective + -w, e.g, friyw love, nw worthiness. The feminine -w (-) also makes nouns from adjectives, but is rare, e.g., tw, it poverty. 9. Noun = adjective + -kw, e.g, anzkw <nzkwy> thickness. 10. Noun = adjective + -n, e.g, mstn drunkenness, kambn inferiority, less-ness. 11. Noun = noun + -n, designating container, e.g., zkn womb < zk child. 12. Noun = noun + -stn, designating place, e.g., stn garden < d fragrance, nstn China. 13. Noun = noun + -kr, designating action or profession, e.g., zarmkr hurting, zrnkr goldsmith.
VERBS. INTRANSITIVE ~ TRANSITIVE. Many Sogdian verbs can be grouped in pairs of intransitive ~ transitive with passive ~ active or active ~ causative meaning. There are several types, but two of the most common are: 1. Intransitive with short vowel ~ transitive (causative) with long vowel, usually --. The past stems of such pairs are usually the same for both, e.g.:
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Intransitive sn- <sn-> to rise, go up xur- <xwr-> to eat anwz- <nwz-> to gather
Past stem st <st> xurt- <xwrt> nut <nwt>
Transitive sn- <syn-> to raise, lead up xwr- <xwyr-> to feed anw- <nwyj-> to gather
2. Intransitive in -s-, also called inchoatives, e.g.: psuxs- <pswxs-> to be purified yfs- <yfs-> to be perverted ptyams- <ptyms-> to end, stop psud <pswt> yd <yt> ptyamt <ptymt> psc- <pswc-> to purify ymb- <ymb-> to pervert ptym- <ptym-> to end
As we see, the presents in -s- serve as passive forms of the corresponding transitive verb. Note the following irregular formations: t- (ty-) <wt-> to stand place n- <ny-> to sit (down) stt <wstt> nst <nst> sty- (st-) <wsty-> to n- <ny-> to seat, place
Note: It is not certain what the past stem of n- is. TEXT 11 (Manichean cosmogony, contd) Students should review the formation of the imperfect in lesson 4.
arl /11! /11! tyna Myt Smra . . dnacasytp atrl wx /!0 /!0 yynams wpsyw rp yra . dnwksa yyrf ax ya wk lrwa . dnacasnm ras Naaryq raftc rp . yycx xwsf rwyyr asl yywaqznal wx yyynams ) ynyw yra xwsf rwyr ayr ax Sm Nytra dnylp /o /o wrl wya wya rp . dnwksa ytynams ayw ya yk arl /!0 /!0 rptra Dnrcaw )p)p dnanwq dnylp wya wya rp yra . dncasnm
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LESSON 11
dnanwq Lypq Pppp asrp wya wya rp zya /!0 /!0 yynrcaw wya wya ayw ya Pppp asrp kytl rp yta tkryn wwa ytra dnayqyrp yta dnadny twyl yta yky eyylyypq aypsyw ayw yta . ryy lyxnams wwa rkrpyw wx rastp yra dnayqyrp Nyytp yyyrts Nc Lyxa Nams asl Nwm rp yta dnalyyn kwla rp eyynams kyma ayw wyra . dnanwq watwx yta
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dncasytp Nzwrxna yta yyrxc eynan rtsrlac yynams asl Nc rastptra . dntamw atrtts yta trty yta trtsyragn yta yk yywyl tkymt dnaw Nctra Nwm rp eyyrJp /!O yta rxna /1!0 yta . . dnadny rdnc yyNzwrxna ayw Ntra . . dnytsaw raytp aytl yynw wya Nytra . dnanwk tralnwaxa lbmcfa acsyrtp 75
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lywyc dnfaw dntp yta kar xyw dnx tyts yynzwrxna ayw yta yk yywyl wpsyw Nc yta dnacwqam Nzwrxna wwa ytra . dnbmws Nw eynams Qycrlac ayw ytra dnfawytp yta [...] yydnmar wrxc Qycyksa ya wnaw dnytsaw dnyyap yyp /! eyya (end of Manichean cosmogony)
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EXERCISES 11 1. Transliterate, transcribe, and translate into English. Then change simple past tense into imperfect and imperfect into simple past tense. Then write the whole in subjunctive and then in optative. yyrayw kyna wrp dnaka dnswx ya . dnwyw ry kawn Nams yaplyw dnralr Camn Ma yra dnralwp ynamyrm y yyrf Nc wc Namrf ra wp ya 2. Translate into Sogdian: The n led three souls up to paradise. The demons gathered before the city and deliberated. Thus they said: Let us gather a large army so that we can kill brave Rustam! The evil Chinese began to pervert the pure Sogdians. But the Sogdians departed from China and came to Samarkan.
GLOSSARY 11 yfs- yt yfs- yd: to become perverted ymb- yt yamb- yd: to pervert zrmkry zarmkr: hurting kwc- kwt k- kud: to suspend, hang up nsc- nst ans- ansd: to arrange nxr anxr: star, constellation nxrwzn anxr-wzn: zodiac spsy sps: servant xwnr xwnr: ruler xy x: ruler yjnwy nw: worthiness 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 76 yw wnyy ty w wine itya: one another yzt zd: street wn un: bottom wstn stn: garden yj e fem.: evil crcyk rk: : inferior, below, which is below crsr rsr: down(ward) crstr ristr: most down(ward) cndr andr: within cxr xr: wheel
LESSON 11 nzkwy anzkw: thickness fswx fsux: frasang jm m: exquisite kyrn kirn: direction; n ... kirn: from the side/direction of mstwny mstn: drunkenness nny nn: rolling, turning ny- nyst n- nst: to sit (down) nyrk nrk: male prs prs fem.: side, flanc pswxs- pswt psuxs- psud: to be purified ptnd ptand: link, tie, bond ptwf- ptwf-: to weave ptym- ptymt ptym- ptyamt: to end, stop (trans.) ptyr ptyr: opposition, counterpart ptyn ptn: separate(ly) pw-r p-ar: priceless, valuable pxry pxr: planet pynd *pnd: threshold pyn pn: guardian rk rk: vein smnxy smnx: Ruler of Heaven, Rex Honoris sn- st sn- st: to rise, go up yrkty irkt: beneficence tmyk tmk: of darkness, pertaining to Hell wf- wf-: to weave wsty- < wstywyr wyr: explanation, word wyprkr wprkr: Spiritus vivens (Vaiiu Uparkairiia) wyx wx fem.: root xwsnd xusand: satisfied xwyr- xwr-: to feed (somebody, an animal) yk yak: yaka zkny zkn: womb zyrnkry zrnkr: goldsmith
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LESSON 12 GRAMMAR 12 FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES. Like nouns, adjectives are of different kinds. In addition to formations inherited from Old Iranian, numerous indigenous Sogdian ones exist. Following is a list of the most common. 1. By far the most common ajective ending is -, which is added to old adjectives, e.g., n <nwy> immortal (OIr. *anaua-), kw dry (OIr. *huka-), spt <spyty> white (OIr. *spaita-). 2. The ending -k is a kind of reinforced variant of the ending -, making new adjectives from Sogdian ones, e.g., ir and irk <yrk> good, kn and knk little, few, spt and sptk <sptk> complete. 3. The ending -k is one of the most common denominal endings, making adjectives from nouns with the meaning consisting of, pertaining to, etc., e.g. pk <pyk> of water, living in water, tmk <tmyk> pertaining to Hell, suk <swyk> Sogdian. These adjectives sometimes seem to have fem. in -, but there are hardly any that are found in both masc. and fem., e.g., xurmzd <xwrmztyc> made by Xormazd. Composite suffixes containing -k are numerous. 4. The suffixes -n, fem. -n, and -nk make possessive adjectives, e.g., putn of the buddha, mun, fem. mun of the Magi, nk of the gods, divine. The fem. -n is also used as an individual suffix to denote female persons of a specific class, e.g., nk hearer, auditor, fem. nkn female hearer, auditrix; nr elect, fem. nrn electa; mn Buddhist monk, fem. mnn Buddist nun. In the plural the becomes and the n is lost before it, e.g., nrt electae. The noun pnn co-wife seems to be made in analogy with the last group from a non-attested or outdated pn fem. co-wife. 5. The suffix -k, which alternates with -, has two functions, one to make adjectives from nouns, adverbs, and verbs, e.g., ptymk final, skk superior, above, r and rk inferior, below, w and wk sufficient (see also Lesson 5). 6. The suffix -n (or -en), fem. -n, makes adjectives from nouns and denotes consisting of, relating to e.g., marn, fem. marn of death, kirmen worm-eaten, rn full of poison, ren, fem. rn of copper. 7. The suffix -kn makes adjectives of nouns meaning full of, e.g., zwrkn powerful, rfkn diseased. 8. The suffix -()mn makes adjectives from nouns, e.g., tambrmn of the body, nmn of the religion. 9. The suffix -mk, fem. -m makes adjectives from nouns, e.g., zmk of greed, wnm of life. 10. The suffix -n, fem. -n, literally means kind, color, e.g., zrn of green color, wispn of all kinds. 11. The suffixes -kr and -kr (-ngr) designate the doer or maker of something, e.g., zrnkr goldsmith, wnkr sinner, xskr fight-maker > soldier, zrmkr someone who hurts; wd-kr killing, killer, mst-kr intoxicating; ngr evil-doer, irngr pious.
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13. The suffixes -r and -rn designate the holder, bearer, sufferer of something, e.g., ipk-r angry, e-r suffering, needy, rn incense-holder, nrn fragrant. 14. The suffix -w makes adverbs denoting language: suiyw in Sogdian. Verbs. The perfect participle. The perfect participle is a vocalic-stem adjective formed from the past stem (past participle), e.g., kt-, fem. kt-a done; t-, fem. t- come, arrived. The perfect participle is very commonly used as an adjective. The present perfect. The perfect participle is also used to form the so-called present perfect, a perfective tense, in which the emphasis is on the state reached by performing an act or by undergoing a process. It is formed from the simple past tense by substituting the perfect participle for the past stem. The perfect participle is then declined like an adjective. It has all the modes. Examples: Present perfect indicative intransitive (I have/had entered and am now inside): Indicative Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 tt m <tty ym> tt <tty y> tt sti <tty sty> fem. ta sti <ttc sty> ttt m <ttyt ym> *ttt sa* <ttyt s> ttt xand <ttyt xnd> Preterite
tt umt <tty wmt>
ttt umtnd <tty wmtnd>
Note: Instead of m I am, etc., we also find skw-, e.g., tt skwe you have entered and u-, e.g., xart t may have passed. Feminine and modal forms are rare. f m xart sti [...] w wa [...] yysa yyrx lym Fac as many days have passed [...] increase (M767iR) st umt he had mounted (the horse) (M 127V11)) tamw yyts itt umtnd they had been born (Kaw G 17-18) dnamw yyyaa wfr s xart t fr ptmr u eyw ramtp Llyrfac w eyrx ws Llyrfaw however many minutes have passed, let the count be that much (M767iV) prtt skwand they have arrived (and are now here) dnwksa tytarp Present perfect indicative transitive-passive (I have been bound, I am bound): Indicative Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM st m <sty ym> st <sty y> st sti <sty sty> fem. sa sti/xi <sc sty/xcy> stt m <styt ym> *stt sa* <styt s> stt xand <styt xnd> 80 Simple past
st umt <sty wmt> stt umtnd <styt wmtnd>
LESSON 12 eysa yysp yynzwrxna Nc dnp wx yykar yynyaw yta ti wten rkt x ptand n anxrwzn ptst sti and the tie of the windy veins is tied to the zodiac (KawK) z xuti endr ptmud sti yysa yywmp rdnyc yywx zaa z (it)self is clad inside (wears the body as a garment) rti wn ptsa xi x ruxnrmn Nmlranxwr aax yycx acstp wnaw yra and thus is the Light Paradise (now) constructed dnfaw dntp yta kar xyw dnx tyts yynzwrxna ayw yta yk yywyl wpsyw Nc yta ti n wispu wt k ti wya anxrwzn stt xand wx rk ti ptand wfnd and from all the demons that are (now) bound to the zodiac they wove roots, veins, and ties Present perfect subjunctive transitive-passive: k(r)t sti xt shall have been made urt skwt shall have been established Present perfect indicative transitive-active. Here, the perf. participle is invariable. Only progressive forms attested: Indicative Sing. 1 Plur. 1 st ram <sty rm> lit. I hold bound st rm <sty rym> Nwksmral yywmtp yk wyr yynyl rapm Nar rn tambr en rw k ptmud rm-skun the heavy, harmful self that I (have put on and) am (now) wearing (BBB) Nwksmyral yyxcp wasy[w yta] ayqywacyw yyy t wiwky [ti] wistw ptxt rm-skun we have accepted the testimony [and] oath of the gods (and are now bound by them) (M116R) ax yysa yyrka awksa yyrlw
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TEXT 12.2 (Tale B)
raasxamw wwk ya . cnyrz am Nc eyylya r yyk yyralnyl wara eycx xnwx yra rwaz ya wa w Nfya wnaw Myamrf ras kawn xam yyrlk yra . . w kalar . ayrrf yynawr lpyx rp alsxwdna dnmar Maka yyr yya ar yyrzyw [wwx] ya . . alral eaya rp Nwap ya . Naamrf anm ya lpraq yx rp yyra . . Nyyl rpza ycx eywx ya wc Mralana xam yyk lpraq .. alsyyrp Naw Qycnwkyaa wwk wyrp anm ya wnaaw alsxwdna yyrayw kyna wrp dnaka dnswx ya . dnwyw ry kawn Nams yaplyw 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 82
LESSON 12
. dnralr Camn Ma yra dnralwp ynamyrm y yyrf Nc wc Namrf ra wp ya dnxcyp wnza eya yx Payp 1! rp Lyym yylaa Nawryyrf ya kar yynw k .. ralamrf yam ynaamyram y yyyrf My yra wnaw Sapsa eyralnwaxa wawx wrp . . w yx Payp /1! wrp lyym . . dnynwq yyn ysarfna dnz ya . yryzaa yyn Nrf dnywks yydnwxa ya Cyrx Nakrp a yydnqarp yyka wrp yysxwdna kra kyryk rp Payp Qyl . . dnyw yyn Qwa dnwaa wlw eya . . yyw a anax ya wnaw Nlarp ya . . yyw axpsa eylaa yyzwxry yyrf dnp Sm ya Notes: 5 spxt: predicative instr.(-abl.). 83 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
TEXT 12.1 (KawG)
[... dn]yw yyra yyyaa eyydnyw N yk eywyl Nc[.......... dn]amw eyymyn Nyy[a ... dn]anyz
zyxrwx Nc yymyn ya . Naryk Nsrwx Nmalp ayr xyzm 11! rp Naryk /!0p wwk wwlp yyrryms wk yyk . . dnralrka ras lnk Eyzaaa N e[ydn]wylaw eyarp ralyp eydnyw Man Nywnayra yya . amw . . dnary
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LESSON 12 EXERCISES 12 1. Conjugate in the present perfect prs-, yfs-, and ptmen-. 2. Translate into Sogdian using the perfect tense: My work has now been finished. All men have been delivered. They have no more sin(s). They have all gone to the Light Paradise, before the great god Zrwn. I have done everything which you told me to do. Did you (plur.) see the two statues which have now been fashioned and placed in the temple? The chief saw the enemies coming (= saw the enemies that they were coming) and thought thus: Either Rustam has been killed or he has fled to into the city. 3. Translate into Sogdian: Those spirits, upon seeing the angel, became extremely happy, and all gathered before him. And then those powerful spirits said thus to the beneficent angel. GLOSSARY 12 pyk pk: of water, living in water xskry xskr: soldier ykwncyk yknk: eternal zrmkry zrmkr: someone who hurts jngry ngr: evil-doer zn *zn: *recognition, *hospitality k- > kryn wyjn aryn wn: (Zor.) the Aryan Expanse, the mythical homeland of the Iranians zprt zpart: pure wcy(k) w, wk: sufficient nyk nk: divine nyk nk: of the gods, divine yjry e-r: suffering, needy crcy r = crcyk rk yny en: harmful ynry, fem. ynrnc nr, nern, plur. nert: male/female elect ynmync nmn: of the religion ty d: *strenuous, exhausting wnkry wnkr: sinner krp krp: way (?) k- ()kt- k- ()kt-: till, sow kyr- kt kr- kt: to till mrymny mar mn: Mar Mani mstkry mst-kr: intoxicating mwny, fem. mwnc mun, mun: of the Magi nwknc nkn fem.: female hearer nmc r- nm r-: to do homage, obeisance nymy nm: one half p- p: foot (of mountain) pmn pmn: skirt (of mountain) pnnc pnn fem.: co-wife prn prn: sale prkn- prknd prknd-: to scatter, sow ptrkn ptrkn: estate, inheritance ptymcyk ptymk: final, rfkyn rfkn: diseased r r fem.: road rt rt: straight rwny, fem. rwync ren, rn: of copper smyrr smrr: Mt. Sumeru, the mountain in the middle of the world mnnc mnn fem.: Buddist nun yrngry irngr: pious, beneficent tw tw: might tmbrmync tambrmn: of the body w jywndy w wand: (Parth.) the Living Spirit wtny wten: of wind, windy wyr- wrt ur- urt: to hold out, arrange wycwky wiwky: testimony wyspwny wispn: of all kinds wyzr wizr: straight xryc xr: purchase xwrsn xrsn: sunrise, east xwrtxyz xrtxz: sunset, west xwsnd xusand: happy, content ypkry ipk-r: angry zyn- zyt zin- zit: to take (from); passive: to be deprived (of: c-)
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LESSON 13 GRAMMAR 13 Formation of nouns and adjectives. Prefixes. The most common prefixes are the following (they all produce heavy stems): w- co-: w-mrz coworker, collaborator; mand- un-, non-: mand-zprt <mndzprt> unclean, mand-zprtyuncleanness, mand-xp lacking goodness, mand-mn <mndmny> careless, mand-mnky carelessness; n- un-: n-sud un-bored, n-pkk unlawful, n-rn ignorant, n-rd incomprehensible; n- un-, non-: n-r displeasure, dislike, n-r ignorance; p- -less: p-ar priceless, invaluable, p-skd without support, p-sk: countless. Compounds. A compound is a word formed by combining two or more words into one. The most usual compounds are of the type noun + noun, adj. (past partic.) + noun, numeral + noun, noun + verbal noun/adjective. Compounds can be nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Compounds can be endingless or take a typical nominal or adjectival ending. Following are examples of some common types (combinations of prepositions and pronouns are not considered here): 1. Noun + noun: a. Nouns. Most compounds in this category have the meaning X of Y: kanr gate of the city, city gate < kan + r; kt house of the women, womens quarters, harem < n + kt house; p son of gods < + *p son + -; xsw battlefield < xs fighting + w place. The traditional Indian name for these compounds is tatpurua, literally, his son. b. Nouns. A few compounds in this category have the meaning X and Y: zmur birth and death, transmigration (of souls), samsra < z birth + mur death (from Parthian zdmurd?). The traditional Indian name for these compounds is dvandva, literally, couple. b. Adjectives. Most compounds in this category have the meaning whose X is (in, for, etc.) Y, having the X of (in, for, etc.) Y: zrnm having the color of gold, gold-colored < zrn + m color; xsr whose pleasure is in fighting > warlike, soldier < xs fighting + r pleasure; xr having the ears of a donkey > hare < xr donkey + ear + -; rtnmk (like) having the color of jewels< rtn jewel + m + k. The traditional Indian name for these compounds is bahuvrhi, literally, whose rice is plenty, having much rice. 2. Noun + participle: a. Adjectives. In one category we find nouns and adjectives meaning Yed by (to, in, etc.) X: wnyt possessed by demons < w + nyt taken, seized; pwyud joined to quarreling, quarrelsome < pw quarrel + yud joined, attached (to). b. Adjectives. In another category we find a few adjectives meaning whose X is Yed, having (ones) X Yed or having Yed X: frnst whose breath is obstructed < frn breath + st bound, obstructed; irkt having done good, pious < ir + kt. 3. Noun/adjective + present participle or active verbal noun. Compounds in this category have the meaning Ying X: wisp-rk knowing all < wisp + rk; and(k)kr evil-doer < andk + -kr; kwrz tilling < *k furrow + wrz- to work (the land); anxrks astrologer < anxr star + ks- to see; zyxz creeping on the earth < zy + xzto creep; rren fruit-bearing < r + ren; ern miserable: < e + r-. 4. Adj./past participle + noun: a. Nouns. Compounds in this category have the meaning of their components: irnm good name, fame < ir + nm; n(m)m south < nm half + m; sudpzn a pure heart < sud + pzn 87 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
heart, mind. b. Adjectives. Some compounds in this category are bahuvrhis: whose Y is X: sud- whose ears are pierced, having pierced ears < sud + ; ktsps whose service is performed > obliging; wtsrt having twelve faces < wts + rt. c. Adjectives. Some compounds in this category have the meaning who is X (and) Y: wispsprm all (covered with) flowers < wisp + sprm. Verbs. Passive. We have seen that passive in Sogdian can be expressed in a variety of ways: Intransitive verbs in -s- are the passive of the corresponding transitive verb, e.g., psuxs- ~ psc- be purified ~ purify. There are a few present stems that have corresponding passive present stems of different kinds, among them: xwen- <xwyn-> to be called ~ xwn- <xwyn-> to call; zir- <zyr-> to be harmed, be hurt ~ zr- <zyr-> to harm, hurt; ir- <jyr-> to be called ~ r- <jyr-> to call kir- <kyr-> to be done ~ kun to do. Some verbs can express the passive by middle endings: wnde is seen. In the simple past tense and the present perfect tenses a transitive verb inflected intransitively has passive meaning, e.g., stm I was bound; ptdt m we have been burned (and are now roasted). If no special present stem is available, then a present passive is formed with the perfect participle and the auxiliary to become. The perfect participle is then declined like an adjective. Indicative Sing. 1 bound 2 3 Plur. 1 2 3 Examples: Present passive indicative: pd t he is pulled out Present passive progressive: Nwksdnarwx yyk dnx twyl Malq . Nwksw yytrwx yyk ycx wc u xi k xurt t-skun, km wt xand k xurand-skun What is it that is eaten? Which demons are they who are eating? (BBB) Present passive subjunctive: urt ut shall be arranged taw yytrlw w yyalp st um <sty wm> st ue <sty wy> st t <sty wt> fem. sa t <sc wt> stt um <styt ym> *stt a <styt w> stt uand <styt wnd> Simple past st ktm <sty ktym> I was (became) st kt <sty kty> st kti <sty kty>
stt ktand <styt ktnd>
Qyl Nwaxa N rasp . dnaw yyrfs Qaypsa wrp kyl yywnp yynwyxa xyzm Nc wnac . . yyxamtw yywn raq Mak w wyrp . yynwyxa xyzm yxamw yynsaa . Makw yaz Mak wrp 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 88
LESSON 13
n n mzx xwn ptnw dk pr sptyk sfrtt uand, ptsr n xwn dk pr ktm zy t-km: stn utmx mzx xwn prew t-km ktr nw utmx when they shall be created anew by the great king, a second time, in completeness, then in what earth shall their ruler be: shall he be in the first Paradise together with the great king or in the New Paradise? (M591R) a yytyz a yyn Nya rpwyta yk yynyrwx wpsyw yta warp Nwksalrwx yta wc yycx wc ytra yyxamtw yynxwr Nc Nywxy ya yynbm yyt Nc rti u xi u ti xuraskun *prw-ti wispu xuren k ti-u-pr n n t zit t n d ambn ti ixwn n ruxn utmx And what is it that you are eating? For he who eats everything that is not worthy (= good) for him will be deprived of (will have wasted his) strenuous effort and (will be) excluded from the Light Paradise. (BBBf) Present passive optative: st u should be bound Passive simple past indicative: yyray karf kyap Nwyrfa yya ralyp rayp yynwx eayknamdnksq eayknamy NC wwc yyka yyrp yynalym ycywx yyfar eaynp yylar Lym apxa u n itmnky ktskndmnky xun ptyr pir ti frwn pk frk yr xpa m r ptnya rf xw min prd kti whatever prayer and hymn has been left out on account of ill will, with destructive purpose, during sleep, for the sake of harm in the morning (or) in the evening, at night (or) at day, on the road, in *privacy, in the the middle of sickness (or) pain (BBB) . Myka ya ydnrwx raa . ywlrp yyyr ky . Myka yysxna eydnn yzaa rp ... wc dnaryw ynazyn arama Qy kadn lyx rp Cwy Nrzp kapy kwlx Nyq rp u pr z nand anxst ktm, k r prt, tr xurand t ktm; pr kn xk ipk ptzarn it, pr x andk k mr niznt wirtnd if I have been goaded by the rein(s) of greed, polluted by evil pleasure, been bitten by devouring fire, by revenge, *resentment, anger, rage, hatred, (if my) passions have been awakened by that foul, evil thought (BBBb) Passive simple past subjunctive: Maywktp Nhwmrq as aka yyrp aklp Mwn kycnmxam Naryq anm Nc wc u n mna kirn mxmnk nm pka prd ktt st karmhn ptkwyam if the Monday rule (and) law has been omitted by me I say absolution for (it) all! (BBB) Notes: A non-human agent in passive sentences can be expressed by pr, as in the example above (simple past ind.). A human agent is rarely expressed in passive sentences. If an agent is present it may be expressed by the preposition - or an expression such as n ... kirn from the side of, as in the example above (past subj.): n sfrt ti frt n xi has not been created by anybody (M264aR) eycx yyn yytyrfaa eya yytyrfs ealaa Nc yyw yyts
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TEXT 13.1 (BBB)
Llymyrp rp yysa yywmp rdnyc yywx Casyp rabm wnwm yyk zaa alwyl eya Nams wyrpa yyyyc kycky Nwl kyrdnyc eydnwq Cnwxna dnamar ayrl Cnp . . Nwksw yyn yyzap 1 yylymp eynalym awla yydnwq
TEXT 13.2 (Tale D) $$ . . Mysxrz xam ya ayacna yynrwz lyx wasyw wasyw ya ar alan azlyw [...] yyn C[...] ya anwk wasyw [...] lywn ya zlyw [...] Mrplymaa wwk [...] yra . . awasyw amn ayryr ya alyw xyzm anax ya rtwk dnk rp yymk . . ramy rqawx yra ras yyyc ya kyxaw wk rqawx eya . . awa[syw amn y]ra . ysa kyc[...] . Nsya alyw wwp arwms lymyc ya aw wnac k . . adnwk wasyw wnaw . . Manwk yw yyc kyrwms lymyl ya Makmsaa wya . . . [...] rasp [Note: kwnd is middle (Lesson 15)] ya yynrwz lynwy lyx rasp . . anwk watsyw wnwm yylym kym /11o wnac eyra alyw wwp wyrpa yymar yynz yydnwa eya yyaz Nl rqawx yra .. yacnm awacp k awa kancxwdna ylap rx Nykaram zaam yra . . yyyn ras Bmz wwk Nwa dnp ras anax wnac al . . Mralk yk wasyw wrp Makaw wnac . . asya [...] Mnryp apcp awl yymyra 1
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LESSON 13 EXERCISES 13 1. Decline in all forms of the passive the verbs ptxwy- and wir-. 2. Translate into Sogdian: And the collaborators of the demons who were in the heavens were all bound there. And guardians were placed over them, so that they would not escape and so that they would not be released but be tortured for all eternity. And whatever evil sin may have been committed in heaven and on earth, on account of that, all evil humans have been imprisoned together with Satan and Greed in the depth of the earth.
GLOSSARY 13 fryn- fryt frn- frt: praise, create(?) stny stn: initial, first wmrz w-mrz: coworker, collaborator xs xs: battle, fight xsryjy xsr: whose pleasure is in fighting xswy xsw: battlefield zyr- *zir-: to be harmed, be hurt ktsps ktsps: obliging ncy- nct any- ant: to calm down, end ndwxcnk andxnk: anxious ntrxs- ntrt antrxs- antrt: be tortured nxrksy anxrks: astrologer nxr anxr: star nxwnc anxwan: dispute, fight tmy dam: a week nxsty anxst: goaded sptyk sptyk: completeness ync n f.: woman ykty kt: house of the women, womens quarters, harem w- w-: to approach jyk k: evil (adj.) jyrn ern: miserable ykcyk bkk: outer cendrcyk endrk: inner cytyy t: ghost t t: perhaps wtsryty wts-rt: having twelve faces ywnyty w-nyt: possessed by demons frk frk: tomorrow frnsty frnst: whose breath is obstructed ndkry and(k)kr: evil-doer rmyy rm: wealth w : ear zn zn: treasure j- jt - t: to bite jyr- ir-: to be called jwy : *sacrifice? jytmnky It-mnky: ill will *knd kand: family kwrzy kwrz: tilling (the fields), 91 agriculture ktskndmnky ktsknd-mnky: destructive purpose(?) kty kt: house kwtr ktr: family (Sanskrit gotra) kyn kn: hate, revenge kyrn kirn, see grammar mxjmncyk mxmnk: of Monday mndmny mand-mn: careless mndmnky mand-mnky: carelessness n-pkcyk n-pkk: unlawful n-ryny n-rn: ignorant n-rty n-rd: incomprehensible nnd nand: reins nm- nm-: to let, permit (+ infinitive) n n: prayer, request; ~ r-: to request nw-ry n-r: ignorance nwm nm: rule nw-ryjy n-r: displeasure, dislike nwy nw: invitation nymy n(m)m: south nyzny *nizn: passion py p: still pyk pk: hymn pzy pz(?): part pcw pw: turmoil, quarrel pcwywty pwyud: quarrelsome pcpt ppt: this time pynj- pt penj pd: to pull (out) prw ty prw-ti: for (because) prw- prwt prw- prt: to sully, pollute ptty ptdy: burned, scorched ptmyy ptm: daily ptn ptn: *solitude, *privacy ptnwy ptnw: anew, again ptzrn ptzarn: anger pw-sk p-sk:: countless pww wy p-wi: without injury pyrnm prnm: before r rf: sickness rtnmyk rtnmk: (like) having the color of 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
jewels ryj r: pleasure rytry *rtry: *decline smwtr smutr: ocean (Sanskrit samudra) smwtryk smutrk: of the ocean swtw sud-: whose ears are pierced, having pierced ears mr- mr-: to think mrkyn mrkn:thoughtful yrkty irkt: having done good, pious w w: place, seat wxyk wxk: spirit wy wi : harm, damage, injury wyzt: ? wyrs- wyrt wirs- (wrs-) wirt: to awake (intr.) wysprk wisp-rk: knowing all, omniscient wyspsprmy wispsprm: all (covered with)
flowers wystw wistw: oath; wistw- kun-: to swear an oath wystw- wistw-: to swear xwk xk: resentment xr xr: donkey xrwy xr: hare xwkr xwkr: merchant xwyc xw: pain ypk ipk: anger yxwyn ixwn: separate (from), excluded (from) zyxyzy zyxz: creeping on the earth zmb zamb: shore zrxs- zrt zrxs- zrd: to be saved, delivered zwrnyy zurn: time, moment zyrnm zernm: having the color of gold, goldcolored
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LESSON 14 GRAMMAR 14 WORD FORMATION. DOUBLING. In Sogdian words are frequently doubled, either by repeating the same words twice (gemination) or by combining two words of the same meaning (synonyms). Some of these combinations are compounds, others retain the independent status of the two words. Geminated compounds are usually intensive, that is, emphasizing the meaning of an adjective, or distributive, that is, noting several occurrences of what is indicated by the noun or adjective. 1. Nouns: rt-rt (rt-rt?) in many respects, in various respects; ks-ks in various/many places, from place to place. 2. Adjectives: rr very much, ykn-ykn for ever and ever; zr-zr with great compassion. 3. Adverbs. Some compounds in this category are distributives: kna-knu little by little. Repetition of synonyms is a very common feature of translated text. Sometimes one of the pair is a foreign word, while the other is indigenous Sogdian. Examples: nm pka law (with nm < Greek nomo), yk fsk teaching, xs xun struggle, st wispu all, zrit ptrit lacerated, wart nwarti turning to and fro, uzdi fruzdi flies here and here. VERBS. THE POTENTIALIS. The so-called potentialis is a verbal construction with two different functions. 1. It expresses ability and is then translated by means of the auxiliary can, be able, 2. it expresses completion of action in the past and is then translated as a pluperfect, optionally with an additional finished, completely, or similar. Active forms take the auxiliary kun- to do, intransitive and passive forms the auxiliary w- to become. The main verb is in a form made from the past stem. Light stems take the ending -u (in Sogdian script) or -a; heavy stems take no ending. 1. active: n da kunam I cannot uphold (observe) Manwk ea yyn Manwk warfp Saxaa kycmnryp Sm yta yyn
n ti ms prnmk xs ptfrwt kunam I am unable any more to remember the first struggle (BBB) kta kunm-km we shall be able to do 1. passive:
Mak Mynwk aka
m f uda ut pyt-km frmy yamrf Maqyacp aw aw Fac yylymyc it will be useful to tell as much of this as can be said (BBBd) rti-i x nyukw n pt t w apaa yyn yywakwyan wwx yyyra and its depth cannot be reached (Cosm.) 2. active: n xwart spt xurt kunand when they had finished eating the food 2. intransitive: n x putt nista and when the Buddhas have sat down 93 dn atsyn tytwp ax wnac 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM dnanwk rwx yypsa trwx wnac
TEXT 14.1 (Tale E)
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LESSON 14 [...] eyysapsa Nc . . . dnzaa yymxtrm [ynawm] . ralay lpyx yydnmar yp yra . w yyrwn rwaa eyynalym ayw Nyyw lyam dnpsalrm eyya yy ynw rry yra . ttsfyaa yyn ayrrf Cymnawr wx yra . w ymanry yta ytw lyam rasmnryp yytytwp yta [Note: wty is middle (Lesson 15)] . . yt[...]tyw aly[w wp] yta yyt[w yynaly]m yyfan lpyx ynw watwx [...] yynwx wnac [...] any ya [...] aykymrarw [...] ya ayyrf [...] aynr [...] wnaw [...] ynawm . . [...] yta Pwx Qwnam [...]k My Smyra Naryyy wyza ya yyay dnmar [...] wnm rwayn rp ywlq [...]aa ya wnac ryy Ncsaxw ya yyazrt w earl Nc yyay wk Sm Lym? [...] Nwkszaw . Nwksz aw Nykyram ya kancxwdna rzrp ayrm aw wnaw yyta ryy wytp rxw rasrlac eayr Nc yyapcp yra yyw an wx yyfra am yy kycnyw awt yynw yp . Nwksyysyyraz w yymya Maqmdny an wnaw yyftra yywn xaw anm yyrlk alktra Maqyaycp yyn . Makyw Narry yynaw? ya ya] yk aya ww asp wnaw ras rxnw lywyk wk yyksa eytrm wxra [wnaw] rasrlac yyksa Nc yyytra . Nwksyysyyraz wnaw eamat y[a yk eynmalp yyr [...] wr xyyzm? [...] rasnaryq yksa [...] . . . anwk yynctap yta yk dnwksa [y Fr] rdnyc an lywyl [...] yytsa Nasyy [...] [dnx] trtlrwk ynk yysaps[a Nc yp dnx] tynrayw yynynryz ? ytsa yyn /! wyna Myt [...] yyksa yyrzwaa yyr [rp Smtra] dnwksa y wc rdnyc ayn wnyl lywyl yra. yycx yynykankyl [ya] dnya yyn wyrp yyymxrm yp dnx tynynrpsyw as [...] yydnwxa dnwksa ayn ayw ya yk ty tynlwr wwa yylaa Maq yra TEXT 14.2 (IB 4981a, LeCoq, Man. Min.) rp yyk yyrp Lpyx q yyn rawy ; ; yynwk aw arap yyfa yyk yysa [...] ta yycytp ry ea yyn kaypwkrp Qawxcp /11! Namrf /11! kasp kycnmxam rp ya aykwncraz lpyx yylaa wyn Nrf aa an eyman an yx yyamrf yy wx wnac Manwk .dnw awksa ... yynax ... ranyl wwx ... yta ... wnaw eyrnwq ynaa yyn [...] 1 2
EXERCISES 14 1. Conjugate in the potentialis the verbs anyms- and yamb-. 2. Translate into Sogdian: Through faith one can obtain (= can be obtained) wealth and every happiness. At day the stars cannot be seen, at night the sun cannot be seen. We cannot understand gods greatness. What do you think: Can you kill the demons and not be killed yourself? I shall give them a sword so that they can cut off the bonds in which they are bound for eternity. When the Buddha had finished speaking the entire assembly rejoiced and began to practice piety and good deeds. When you have heard what the prophet shall explain to you, at once go to the monastery and tell the brethren. 95 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
GLOSSARY 14 1-jwny w-wn: one life through wrt- wart-: to turn hither wzr wzr: *slope yfs- yt yfs- yd: to be perverted, compromised xs wxwnc xs xun: struggle xwndy *xund: *satisfied ztyw zdw: exiled yystn istn: place of gods yjyrn ern: dejected cyndr endr: inside frkrnd- frkrand-: to cut frwz- frwt fruz- frut: to fly (forth) w- -: to praise yrtr rtr: later jy- y-: to speak, talk jw u: very jw, jw- u u-: hard, cruel jmn mn: time (point of, stretch of time) jyn en : body kwjpyk kubyk(?): *zeal mnwk mnk: similar (to), like mwny mun: Magian myny mn: among, amidst nw- nwt n- nut: to listen to nwrt- nwart-: to turn thither nywr nywr: another time n-wyyt n-wt: unseen nf nf: people nktynyy nktn: of silver nnmy n-nm: untimely pcrt prt: reward ptcnyy ptn: answer pcxwq pxwk: obstacle pcyy- pyy-: to help przr parzr: very ptnd ptand: bond ptry- ptryt ptr- ptrit: to tear up ptycy *pt: facing ptsk ptsk: regulation pxwy- pxwst pxwy- pxust: to cut off pyt pit: but rwnmyc rwnm: of the soul kwr kr: difficult wnyy n: that (dem. pron., lesson 3) yrrn rrn: happy trtzyy trdzy: depressed trny tarny: submissiveness wx wx: word wxscn uxsn: troubled wxr, wnxr wa(n)xr: voice wyrny wyrn: endowed with speech wyncyk wnk: visible wysprtnyny wisprtnn: studded with jewels (Sanskrit ratna) wz- wt uz- ut: to fly xnr xanr: sword xwp xp: good, skillful y- y-: to wander, rove ywkfswk yk fsk: teaching zrcnwky zrnky: pity, mercy zryy-sy- zr-say-: to be pitiful zry- zryt zr- zrit: to tear asunder zyrnynyy zernen: of gold
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LESSON 15 LESSON 15 GRAMMAR 15 VERB. MIDDLE FORMS. Middle forms are rare in Sogdian. The paradigms have been analogically remade after the 3 singular. The following forms have been registered by Sims-Williams: Present ind. Sing. 1 2 3 Plur. 3 Imperfect Light stems -tu <-tw> -ti <-ty> -ta <-t> -tand <-tnd, -tnd> Optative (Precative) Heavy stems -tu <-ytw> -ta <-yt> -t, -te <-yt, -yty> -tnd <-ytynd>
-te <-ty>
-t <-t> -tand <-tnd, -tnd>
The 3 singular present middle is used as passive, both of passive and active present stems, but occasionally we find old middle intransitive forms without passive meaning: syn Qycwanyw Qra yyry y xnyrn yyk Nanwrtsywd eya rawy iwr ti Distrnn k Nranx i irte ark wnwk nst but the work of the Friend of the Lights, who is called god Nranx, is not visible (M118iV) alry [...] kycnanyw an [...] yyaa [...] zyyx yyxam rwx [...] Nwqsynyw[...] kyclbmcfa *fambk [...] wnde-skun [...] xr mx txz [...] tt [...] n-wnnk [...] ra ... of the world is being seen ... the rise of sun (and) moon ... the ones born ... invisible ... you call (M4551V) yytwna yyn Nwqyaa yta yyk Cnyarya Nrprp Qyna eyra arti nk parprn irn k ti ykn n nte and a divine pavement made of diamonds (vajra), which for ever does not tremble (Cosm.) The imperfect middle has the same functions, but it is most often just middle rather than passive: wwtsaa yynrwx ayrl yyp yytrwrp /! tk tralwtw wnaw wn udu rt kt u prwrt p rya xurni stu he said: Twice I have taken = found (?) blood behind the door (Man. Let. 1) ti k t sr frwnk kunda and he sent his praise to the gods (BBBe) adnwk Qycnwyrfa ras y wk ya
wtyn yrwpk Nc wyraw asxy Maxc wwtydnwaa awt rp pr twa undtu xm ixsa wrtu n kpr ntu I would like to cover you in salve, to rain perfume upon you. I have been covered by the snow of camphor (?) (M137iiV) u mna wte rtu n a a Nc wyry eyytyw yylaa anm wc whatever wished-for thing I may need may I obtain it from god! (M337R) tyw yydnya yyty Nc aykdnwxnrf [...] tw yyn yytwx yta kcwm ratfa yynrf xam mx farn ftr mk ti xut n t [... mx] farnxundky n t nd ut your Excellency does not need too many teachers and masters [... may your ... and] splendor be worthy from (the point of view of) the gods! (M483) 97 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES. No exhaustive description of the Sogdian subordinate clauses exists. Only some common types are therefore described here. A. Temporal clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as ka when, n when, as, Gdazyadnc da rawpsyw yka Lyamrf dnzaa wya . awksa Nk Lym alk ka m kan skwt, w znd frmy kti Wispuhr ad andt-zdag when the day gets less, tell (them) to perform a parable: The prince and the *Candla son (BBBd) dnayyn ytra dnn yyzawna Nwm wx yra Syrp ras Bmzpaa wk wnac n k pzmb sr prs arti x mn anwz nand arti nyand when he came to the shore, then the entire crowd came out to meet (him) (TaleJ) xyzm watwx wx yra adnw wtw xaw yynwy yyrm wx wnac yra ryy atlm rti n x martiy yn wx udu unda rti x xutw mzx kar ws ti une mn mda r and when the man had spoken this speech the lord marveled at the great wonder and he called all his priests (SghS) B. Hypothetical clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as ka, k, kt if: Makyw Narry yynaw? ya Maqmdny an wnaw yyftra yywn xaw anm yyrlk Lktra rt-k kr mna wx ne rt-fi wn n ndm-km ti w wn rrn u-km And if you listen to my word(s) now, then I shall bind such knowledge to you that you shall be happy one (entire) life (Tale E) C. Consecutive clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as wn ... ti or wn ti so that: ynw ratk yta yyralnyl Maq wya ya wnaw Nyl rp taw lrwka wnaw dny ynhwmrk ytra Camn yy rp tkawn yn yta tralnyl yn rtry Lywy ytra yyw yyts Nhwmrq ykawn . dnalyrtp yn wyrpa ynw ral rp yta . yydnsw rp yta rti karmhn nd wn kr wt pr n wn ti w ktm nr ti ktr un nk karmhn sti u arti w rtr n nrt ti n nkt pr e nm ti pr snd, ti pr r un prew n ptrnd and the withholding of the absolution is so seriousit says in the religionthat, were the absolution to be withheld from any one elect or hearer, then after that neither elects nor hearers shall mix with him at the worship of God and the fast and the alms-giving (BBBf 27-35) ynwxy yytn yta yywq wrp Llrywrp an trpzdnm wyta wnaw aysnx xyzm rp Lral wtra . yynamry yta xwta ttrywrp ytwx Nfyta wnac Lyam rt-u r pr mzx xansy wn ti-u mand-zprt na prwr pr kw ti nd ixuni m n ti-fn xuti prwrt tux ti rmn keep it with great diligence so that you do not cause it to become unclean through dry or wet blood, in the same way it itself causes you to be happy and good-spirited! (BBBf 56-61) D. Final clauses. wn kt-fi [...] nmyk ti pty n kunt anwq yyn aylyp ya kaymn [...] yfk wnaw in order that he should not belittle and offend you (M117) . arl yx ; yyyw yamrf q wnaw aw Nawkp rp yyyr yynwq yynw un kln rt pr ptkwn wa wn kt frmy tuti-i, xid rt he went face to face with aqln to speak (with him) so: Order (her) that she should give him milk! (BBBe 15-18) Nwm yynw yta Salyw rk
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LESSON 15 TEXT 15.1 (M 549; Murder of the Magi)
iiR1 iiR2 iiR3 iiR4 iiR5 iiR6 iiR7
/ [..............................................]ww / [.................................]rywyy prw / [................]s(m)[]m wnw yh / prywy mryncnd w mwn xwrmzyc / m oo yn yryy y zwr / wyy y xwsndyy wyyh mwn / ywyyc(y) myy oo ryy nwkr [](y)w
iiR8 iiR9
/ mzyx n(z)r y prn pyscnd / ww rwnspsyy oo ry cnw x
iiR10 / rw()[ns]psyy psxsyy oo ryy yw iiR11 / [................] qwwnyy wyy wn iiR12 / [] ryn wr w xw iiR13 / [........] (xw) qwwnyy w x iiR14 / [........................](x) spnd . . .
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iiV1 iiV2 iiV3 iiV4 iiV5 iiV6 iiV7
/ prp[........................................] / zprqryy [................................] / ry ywnyy kw[w ]ryw[..............] / wj ry w xw ywxn pyyk[.] / spyy pxwng ryy ()ngrnd yh / wyy s oo rx nnmbn n / [y](n)cyy wyy yqwy yysnd w(y)
iiV8 iiV9
/ pqfnd sk wxwnnd ryynd / ryynd (f)rnd y ryw prw zyy
iiV10 / frpnd oo ry pncm-x [qn] iiV11 / kyy jym xwyndyy wr r[......] iiV12 / sp ry w nfryyn[.................] iiV13 / jmykyy mndryy [.............] iiV14 / qn [..........................................]
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100
LESSON 15 TEXT 15.2 M7800 ii
101
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/ o wy cn o o pq ywtyy o R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 1 / wnrmyy ry xwrrnd oo 2 / ryy cnw pk wptnd 3 / ryy mznd cn xxyy 4 / p yy cn wndy ryy 5 / xwr yy my[ry ]yy qn 6 / wy kwrnd mznd 7 / qw oo wypyy mrcync 8 / mr z prywy w 9 / pq yw qlwn yy 10 / pysws p[ymw]xs yy pr 11 / klwnyy zk [kw ]pryk 12 / pk sr f[rm]y k 13 / mx skyy sr n 14 / kw p mx s[n](?) 15 / xcy oo ywr kryy m[]x 16 / w o yy nyrk sryc 17 / pryw pcwz y 1 y 18 / pryw [r]xsyy ryj kr 19 / zynd zn y mr mr V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V 1 / xyp pjwq mn sr 2 / r yy zw 1 wnw cyc 3 / prymkn kyy skr 4 / pr skyy sr kw nyz ny 5 / wtkm [oo ]ryy wynd 6 / pk m[wn]w prmn pycxnd 7 / y my kwrnd 20-20-20-20 8 / zr pjwqt wnyy klwn yy 9 / pyswsyy pyrnmsr rnd 10 / ryy wy[nd] pycxnd 11 / y i p[r 1 w]ykyy(?) nd 12 / ryy [iiii ]rywr pjwwq ww 13 / klwn xwrr yy iiii 14 / [r]ywr x pysws ry i 15 / []y pryw pcywznd ry 16 / wnw wnd q mncyq 17 / mr kw my[yy]w sr 18 / ryym wnw k [xwn]y ky cn 19 / mx jy kww y
EXERCISES 15 1. Conjugate in the imperfect middle and the precative the verbs mir- and s-. 2. Translate into Sogdian: The animals said: Who shall now be suitable (as) king over us? There is none better than you. Now, all animals have approved Your Excellency as absolute king and are now about to make you king. For a half of Your Excellencys body is like a mans and a half like an animals. Let us now go quickly, and you shall sit (down) on the throne and be king over the animals. GLOSSARY 15 frywncyk frwnk: blessing wnd- wst und- ust: to cover pzmb pzmb: shore s s: taking znd = zynd ftr ftr: much, many ngrnd angrnd: cutting nzr anzr: damage pryk prk: other, remaining pyk pk: spilling spnd spand: *sacred kwr kur: heavy, serious wpt- (wpt-) wpst pt- (wpt-) pst: to fall (down) xwsndy xusandy: satisfaction jndy nd: worthy cyc, mistake for yc wsndy snd: fasting yry r: obtaining, success 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 102 cxsm xm: salve wn wn: forward dwystrwnn Distrnn (MPers.): Friend of the Lights ywtyk wtk: ? frnkwndy farnxundky: glory frp- frp-: to throw ftr- ftr-: pull out wy : vessel jmyky mky: ? jn n: knowledge jymt *mt: city name kpwr kpr: camphor krj kar: miracle kn kan = karn: form kwwny kuun: proper name, offspring of Ahriman mncyk mnk: intentional(?) m m: Magian
LESSON 15 mndry mand-ry: ? mrt mrt mart mart: individually myry- miri, mii: the Third Messenger (< god Mira) nfryn nfrn: curse nnmbn nn-mbn: Lady Nana nmyk nmyk + kun-: to belittle, put down nrynx nranx: Man. deity p p = prty pr-ti: for prmn, mistake for frmn prwrty prwrt: turn, time pk pk: abortion py p: after (+ loc.) ptmwxs- (ptymwxs-) ptmwt ptmuxs(ptmuxs) ptmud: to don, put on (a garment) ptsxs- ptst ptsxs- ptsd: to be constructed ptkf- ptkf-: to smash ptxwng ptxwang: murder ptyy pty: offense pysws pss: female archont, maker of Adam and Eve ryry-: to weep rwnspsy rwnsps: soul-service ry- r-: to tear ryt rt: face klwn kln: male archont (prince of darkness), maker of Adam and Eve ny- n-: to cover yrmny rmn: good-spirited, happy twty tuti = ti txyz txz: (sun-)rise wr- wr-: to rain ws- (imperf. wys-) us- (ws-): to marvel, wonder wnrm unrm: forest retreat(?) w w = : memory, mind wxwn- uxun-: to call wyk wyk: a place wy wi: discourse wynwcyk wnwk: visible wyspwhr d cndyzdg Wispuhr ad andtzdag: the Prince and the Murderers Son (MPers. tale) xx xx: well (of water) xyt xid: milk xwrn xurn: blood xwty xut: teacher yxs ixsa: perfume ytkw itku: bridge ywxn yuxn fem.: blood zk zbk: zprtkry zpartkr: purifying (or zpartkr: purification)
COMPLETE GLOSSARY
1 = w: one 5 1-jwny w-wn: one life through 14 3 r: three 6 12 = wts: twelve 8 100 stu: a hundred cyc, mistake for yc 15 r- t r- t: to bring 5 rxsy rxs: lust 6 rxsymync rxsmn: of lust 9 y : any 6 fryn- fryt frn- frt: praise, create(?) 13 frywncyk frwnk: blessing 15 z- t z- (mz-, z-) t: to begin 4 y : a wish 10 wnd- wst und- ust: to cover 15 jwn n: birth (~ gati, Buddh.), child 9 jy- jit y- it: to be born 7 kwc- kwt k- kud: to hang, suspend 10 p p fem.: water 3 py- pt py- pt: to consider, imagine, fathom 8 pyk pk: of water, living in water 12 pzmb pzmb: shore 15 s- yt s- t: to take 8 s s: taking 15 stny stn: initial, first 13 103 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
tr tr: fire 4 wmrz w-mrz: coworker, collaborator 13 wrt- wart-: to turn hither 14 wzr wzr: *slope 14 xs xs: battle, fight 13 xs wxwnc xs xun: struggle 14 xskry xskr: soldier 12 xsryjy xsr: whose pleasure is in fighting 13 xswy xsw: battlefield 13 xwndy *xund: *satisfied 14 yfs- yt yfs- yd: to be perverted, compromised 14 yfs- yt yfs- yd: to become perverted 11 ykwn ykn: eternally 1 ykwncyk yknk: eternal 12 ymb- yt yamb- yd: to pervert 11 z z fem.: desire, greed, Hyle (the dark and evil feminine principle) 4 zmyc zm: of desire, greed 9 znd = zynd 15 zrmkry zarmkr: hurting 11 zrmkry zrmkr: someone who hurts 12 zynd zend: parable, story 1 zyr- *zir-: to be harmed, be hurt 13 zyr- zr-: to harm, torment 10 zyr- zr-: to harm 12 jngry ngr: evil-doer 12 jyrynyy irn: made of diamonds; from vajra, cf. Khotanese vaira- 8 nw- nw- (n-): to tremble, shake 8 tmy dam: a week 13 tkyp dkip: the (world) of the Seven Climes, the whole world 10 yp yp: *reach 8 zn *zn: *recognition 12 cyc : *something(?) 6 w u (w): two (before noun) 5 fcmb famb: the world 5 fryn- fryt frn- frt: bless 7 fryn- fryt frn- frt: to bless 7 ftr ftr: much, many 15 ftmw ftmu: firstly 5 ftmy ftmi: first, first of all 10 ftmyk ftmk: first, 1st 10 hwyy ahwy: Eve 7 jndy nd: worthy 15 krtny-kry krtn-kr: sinner 7 k- > k- 12 kt- > w- ktktny ktn: sin 10 ktsps ktsps: obliging 13 kty, fem. ktc kt, kt: done 3 kty kty: act, deed 2 kwc- kwt k- kud: to suspend, hang up 11 kwt kut, plur. kutt: dog 5 mbyr- ambr-: to fill (trans.) 9 ncy- nct any- ant: to calm down, end 13 ndwxc andx: sorrow 9 ndwxcnk andxnk: anxious 13 ndwxs- anduxs-: to strive, toil 6 ndxs- ntt andxs- (mandxs-) andd: to flee 6 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 104
LESSON 15 nmy anm: limb 4 nfrsy anfrs: *quarrel, *litigation 10 ngrnd angrnd: cutting 15 nw anw: *haste 5 nty, fem. ntc ant, ant: entire, complete 3 nsc- nst ans- ansd: to arrange 11 nsp ansp: carpet 6 nspt- anspt-: to rise, rouse oneself 8 nst *anst: *mischief 6 npn- anpn- (manpn-): to rest 4 npr(n)- anpr(n)-: to tread (upon) 8 nwyj- nwt anw- nut: to gather (trans.) 5 nwz- nwt anwz- nut: to gather 3 nxr anxr: star 13 nxr anxr: star, constellation 11 nxrksy anxrks: astrologer 13 nxrwzn anxr-wzn: zodiac 11 nxsty anxst: goaded 13 nxwnc anxwan: dispute, fight 13 nxz- nxt anxz- (manxz-) anxt: to rise 4 ny niy: other 2 nyk nyk: grandfather 10 nym anym: end 7 nyms- nymt anyms- anymt: to be finished, done for 7 nzr anzr: damage 15 pryk prk: other, remaining 15 pryw prew = pryw 6 ps-, prs- ft ps- (prs-) ft: to ask (+ acc. + gen.-dat. or c-) 4 psk psk fem.: wreath 8 pstw- pstw- + : to renounce 10 pyk pk: spilling 15 pyr pyr: last night 8 rdwn mt ardwn mt: the Mother of the Righteous (Pers.-Parth. word) 10 rk ark fem.: work 2 rtw rtw: righteous 3 rtwspy rtwspy: righteousness, the community of the righteous 7 rtxwt artxut: light (as one of the five elements) 4 rty rti: and 3 ryn wyjn aryn wn: (Zor.) the Aryan Expanse, the mythical homeland of the Iranians 12 sktr sktr: higher, further, any more 6 skw- skwt skw- skwt: to dwell, be 3 skycyk skk: hight, tall 2 skysr sksr: upward 6 sp sp: horse 1 sps sps: service 10 spsy sps: servant 11 sp sp: army 8 spnc span: mansion, guest-house 9 spnd spand: *sacred 15 sprm sprm: flower 8 spty spt: full, complete 2 sptyk sptyk: completeness 13 spy- spxt spe- spxt: to serve 10 stknjl stkanl: of bone 7 , w , u: memory, mind 6 kmb kamb: world (~ loka, Buddh.) 10 105 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
kwr kur: heavy, serious 15 mr- mrt = mr- mrt ()mr- (mr-) ()mrt: to think 9 mr mr: thought 9 kr- krt > kr- krt tyk tk: third 7 ty ti: and 2 wfs- wd fs- d: to sleep 6 wj- (wj-) wjst - (w-) st: to dismount 4 wpt- (wpt-) wpst pt- (wpt-) pst: to fall (down) 15 wpt- wpst (wpt) pt- (wpt-) pst: to fall 6 wr r: there 11 wrm rm: *calm 9 wryz rz-: fall down 8 wst(y)- wstt sty- (wsty-) stt: to place 4 wswxs wswt suxs- (wsuxs-) sud: to be purified 7 wswtpzn sudpzn: a pure heart 10 wswty, fem. wswtc sud, sud: purified, pure 3 wt(y)- (wty-) wstt t(y)- (wty-) stt: to stand 4 wtk tk: place 7 wyjtkry wid-kr: killer, murderer 8 xwn xwn: a rule 8 xwnr xwnr: ruler 11 xnm xnm: grace 10 xnk xnk: graceful 8 xywny xwn: ruler 8 xywnymyc xwnm fem.: royal 8 xy x: ruler 11 xwy- xwt xwy- xwt: to break, infringe 9 xwsndy xusandy: satisfaction 15 xwnd xuand: *pleased 10 y : this 3 yc : any 6 yc ... ny/n ... n/na: no, not, dont ... any (thing), nothing 3 yy : person, somebody 6 yjn, yjn n: worthy 8 yjnwy nw: worthiness 11 ync n f.: woman 13 yny, yny n: this 3 ys-, ys- t s- t: to come 3 ykty kt: house of the women, womens quarters, harem 13 yw w: onekry kr: in pursuit 4 yw wnyy ty w wine itya: one another 11 ywtc wt: single 6 yzt zd: street 11 zprt zpart: pure 12 ztyw zdw: exiled 14 zw zu: I (subject) 3 zwrt = zwrt 9 zy my z(y) m: yesterday 7 ry r: rider 6 rycyk rk: riding animal 8 w- w-: to approach 13 wcy(k) w, wk: sufficient 12 : garden 7 , plur. yt, n , t, n: lord, sir 2 nyk nk: of the gods, divine 7 n n neut.: temple 5 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 106
LESSON 15 py p: son of gods 10 yystn istn: place of gods 14 jwk wk: misery 10 j- jst - () st: to mount (a horse) 8 jngry ngr: evil-doing 6 jyrn ern: miserable 13 jyk k: evil (adj.) 13 r- wrt/rt r- urt/art: to carry, bring 3 rt rt: brother 1 ry r: fruit 8 ry riy fem.: air 3 ryywr rwr: 10,000 10 ryyryny rrn: fruit-bearing 8 wndy, fem. wndc and, an: fragrant 3 wnrn nrn: *perceptive 8 wstn stn: garden 11 wn un: bottom 11 wrtrmyky urtrmky: patience 8 wsndy snd: fasting 15 x- t x- d: to distribute 6 yryy yr: the next morning 5 yj e fem.: evil 11 yjry e-r: suffering, needy 12 yjyrn ern: dejected 14 yk k: outside 6 yksr k-sr: outward, away 6 ynd- st end- st: to bind, lock 4 yr- yrt r- rt/rt: to obtain, be successful 5 yry r: obtaining, success 15 cr r: down (below) 6 crcy(k) r, rk: inferior, below 11 crsr rsr: down(ward) 11 crstr c- ristr -: further down from 10 cwny -n: of what kind 8 cf f: as much as, how much 8 cfry fr: just as much as, just how much 8 cfy f: just as much as, just how much 8 cnw n: as, when, like 6 cprm -prm: as long as, how long 8 cf- ct f- d: to steal 4 cknc pyr kn pir: why, for what reason 4 cndn andn: as much as, how much 8 cndr andr: within 11 crm arm: skin, hide 8 ctfrmyk tfrmk: fourth 4 cw ty u ti: whatever that 6 cw u: what 3 cxr xr: wheel 11 cxsm xm: salve 15 cxpt xpt: commandment 9 cxw x: Jewish 4 cyn n: Chinese 4 cyndr endr: inside 14 cynstn nstn: China 3 cytyy t: ghost 13 m m fem.: creation 3 107 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
r- jt r- d: to hold, keep, maintain 6 nzkwy anzkw: thickness 11 r r: gift(-giving) 5 t t: perhaps 13 r r: door, gate 5 r- rt (r-) r- (r-) art: to give, given 1 tyk dk: second, 2nd 4 y : harm 5 yny en: harmful 12 rjywr ywr: heart 4 rwn rwn: Throana, Dunhuang 7 rwnpy rn-p: shooting with bow (and arrows) 5 rwnstn rnstn: quiver 8 s sa: ten 1 smyk smk: tenth, 10th 10 stry str: guide, representative 7 t, plur. tyt t tt neut.: wild animal 5 wn wn: forward 15 wtsryty wts-rt: having twelve faces 13 wt, plur. wtrt ud, udrt fem.: daughter 2 wr r: far, distant 3 yym m: diadem 8 yymr mr: diadem-carrying 8 yk k: letter 8 yn n fem.: religion 7 ynry, fem. ynrnc nr, nern, plur. nert: male/female elect 12 ynr nr (or nr): dinar 1 ynr, ynry nr, nr: holder of the religion, (good) Manichean 3 ynmync nmn: of the religion 12 ynyfrn n-farn: the Glory of the Religion 5 ytwc it: poverty 10 yw w: demon 2 ywtyk wtk: ? 15 ywt wt: demon-made 4 ywnyty w-nyt: possessed by demons 13 dwystrwnn Distrnn (MPers.): Friend of the Lights 15 fny- fny-: *renounce (sth. for: pr- +) 9 frk frk: tomorrow 13 frnsty frnst: whose breath is obstructed 13 frz- frz-: to begin (to do) 6 frkrnd- frkrand-: to cut 14 frmn frmn fem.: order, command 6 frmy- frmt frmy- (frmy-) frmt: to order, command; + infinitive (see next lesson) 6 frmrz- (frmrz-) frmt frmrz- (frmrz-) frmt: ruin 4 frn farn: majesty, glory 8 frnkwndy farnxundky: glory 15 frp- frp- (frp-): to urge on 8 frp- frp-: to throw 15 frtry frtry: increase, improvement, furtherance 6 frwrt frurt, frwrt in artw frwrt: the ether (as one of the five elements) 4 frwz- frwt fruz- frut: to fly (forth) 14 fry friy: dear 2 frynwz friyanwz: company of friends 9 frytr, fytr frytr, fytr: more 6 frywy friyw: love 6 fryty frt: angel 1 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 108
LESSON 15 frytt frtt fem.: love, charity 5 fryyrwn fr-rwn: soul-loving, the Hearer 10 fsc fs-: to teach 6 fsp fsp: rug 10 fswx fsux: frasang 11 fyws fyws: gentleman 6 ftr- ftr-: pull out 15 wk uk: throne 1 ty d: *strenuous, exhausting 12 mbn ambn: trouble, exertion, toil, hardship 7 mbnry ambn-r who suffers hardship 7 n n: skill, craft 7 ndk andk: bad, foul 3 ndkry and(k)kr: evil-doer 13 r r: mountain 6 rmyy rm: wealth 13 rn rn: heavy 5 r > rf r ar = arf 8 r- rt r- rt: to know, understand 3 rk rk: wise 5 rky rky: knowledge 2 r r: neck 10 rf arf: much, many 3 ryw rw fem.: self, soul 4 w- w-: to be necessary; + infinitive 5 wn wn: sin 7 wnkry wnkr: sinner 12 wnwcy wn-w: forgiveness for sins 7 w- -: to praise 14 wy : vessel 15 w : ear 13 yr r: late 9 yrtr rtr: later 14 yyp ip: harm 8 zn zn: treasure 13 jm m: exquisite 11 jr r fem.: poison 3 jrny ren: poisonous, full of poison 7 jy- y-: to speak, talk 14 j- jt - t: to bite 13 jrt art: quickly 3 jw u: very 14 jw, jw- u u-: hard, cruel 14 jyr- jyrt r (r-) rt (?): to call 4 jyr- ir-: to be called 13 jmn mn: time (point of, stretch of time) 14 jmnw mnu: time, hour 5 jmyky mky: ? 15 jn- jyt n- it: to strike, play (an instrument) 6 jn n: knowledge 15 jw- w-: to live 5 jwn wn fem.: life 2 jwky ky: (good) health 9 jwndy wand (masc. and fem.): living 5 jwy : *sacrifice? 13 109 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
jyk ek fem.: damage 10 jymt *mt: city name 15 jyn en : body 14 jytwc itw = jytwc 9 jytmnky It-mnky: ill will 13 jytwc it: hatred 6 krp krp: way 12 ks ks: pig 3 kn kn: less, too little 5 knyxn knxn: *meager remnant 7 -k -k = ka 9 k ka: when(ever) 6 kry kr, k: now 5 kwty kuti: that 6 kmbwny kambn: inferiority, lessness 8 kmby kamb: less, too little 6 *knd kand: family 13 kn kan fem.: town 4 knr kanr (< kan-r): city gate 4 kp kp, plur. kpt: fish 10 kpwr kpr: camphor 15 kpy *kp: *shop, *stall, *room 11 krn krn: pure, clean 6 krj kar: miracle 15 krjywr krywr: marvel, wonder 8 krmwhn karmhn: absolution 10 krnwncy qrnwny: craft 7 krn karn: form 8 krnw karnw: beauty 5 k- ()kt- k- ()kt-: till, sow 12 kwrzy kwrz: farmer 8 kwrzy kwrz: tilling (the fields), agriculture 13 kn kan = karn: form 15 ktr ktr: smaller 6 kt kt: that, if 2 ktr ktr: or, whether 7 ktr ... ktr ktr ... ktr: either ... or 7 ktskndmnky ktsknd-mnky: destructive purpose(?) 13 kty kt: house 13 ktyryk ktrk: pertaining to the house 10 kwwny kuun: proper name, offspring of Ahriman 15 kwjpyk kubyk(?): *zeal 14 kwn- krt kun- k(r)t: to do 6 kws ks: side 6 kwtr ktr: family (Sanskrit gotra) 13 kwtsr kutsr: where(to) 4 kwty kt: a koti (zillion) 10 ky ty k ti: whom 4 kyn kn: hate, revenge 13 kyr- kt kr- kt: to till 12 kyrn kirn, see grammar 13 kyrn kirn: direction; n ... kirn: from the side/direction of (see grammar lesson 13) 11 kyrmny kirmen: worm-eaten 8 ky- k-: to decrease 8 kytyc ket: (ground) for tilling, farmland 8 kyty kti < k ti 7 mn mn: mind 10 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 110
LESSON 15 mncyk mnk: intentional(?) 15 mnwk mnk: similar 14 mnwk mnuk: similar 8 mt mt fem.: mother 1 mxjmncyk mxmnk: of Monday 13 my = my m: thus 7 my m: here 6 m m: Magian 15 mwn mn: entire 3 mndry mand-ry: ? 15 mndmnky mand-mnky: carelessness 13 mndmny mand-mn: careless 13 mndxwpyy mand-xp: lacking goodness 9 mndzprt mand-zpart: unclean, impure 9 mrz mrz: workman 3 mrc mar fem.: death 3 mrcyny, fem. mrcync maren, maren: deadly 3 mrspnd mrspnd: element, the sons of Primal Man (Xormzd) 2 mr mar fem.: meadow 9 mr mr, plur. mrt: bird 5 mrrt mrrt: pearl 3 mrrt-swmby mrrt-smb: pearl-borer 4 mrt mrt mart mart: each and every one 6 mrt mrt mart mart: individually 15 mrtsr martsr: hither 3 mrtxmny mrtxmn: of men 8 mrtxmy mrtxm: man, person, human being, people (plur.) 5 mrty martiy: man 1 mrymny mar mn: Mar Mani 12 mrync- mrn-: to destroy 5 ms ms: also 5 mstkry mst-kr: intoxicating 12 mstwny mstn: drunkenness 11 msytr msytr: greater 6 my M: the Third Messenger (Mir) 5 mwny mun: Magian 14 mwny, fem. mwnc mun, mun: of the Magi 12 mwrty murt: corpse 2 my m: day 1 my, my m: thus 1 myny mn: among, amidst 14 myry- miri, mii: the Third Messenger (< god Mira) 15 myj me fem.: lens 10 myn- mn-: to dwell 7 myr- mwrt mir- murt: to die 3 mzyx, fem. mzyxc mzx, mzx: big, great 2 mzyxy mzxy: greatness 9 nf nf: people 14 n-rty n-rd: incomprehensible 13 n-ryny n-rn: ignorant 13 nktc nkt < n + kt: undone, not done 10 nktynyy nktn: of silver 14 nm nm: name 10 nmr nmr: sweet 6 nnmy n-nm: untimely 14 n-pkcyk n-pkk: unlawful 13 111 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
nny nn: rolling, turning 11 n-swt n-sud: un-bored 7 n-wyyt n-wt: unseen 14 nywkwyy nykw: depth; from nyk deep 8 nnd nand: reins 13 nty, fem. ntc nd, nd: wet 3 nynd- nst nend- (nend-) nst: to attach 8 nyr nr: deliberation, planning 6 nyr- nyrt nr-t: to deliberate 10 nfryn nfrn: curse 15 n n: prayer, request; ~ r-: to request 13 nw- nwt n- nut: to listen to 14 nwk nk: hearer 5 nwknc nkn fem.: female hearer 12 nwkny nkn: of the hearers 8 nwn nn: dress, garment 8 nm- nm-: to let, permit (+ infinitive) 13 nmc r- nm r-: to do homage, obeisance 12 nmny nmn: regret 7 nmy- nmt nmy- (nmy-) nmt: to judge 4 nmyk nmyk: belittling 9 nmyk nmyk + kun-: to belittle, put down 15 nnmbn nn-mbn: Lady Nana 15 npk npk: hostage 4 npyk npk: sth. written 8 npys- npxt nps- npxt: to write 3 npyn npn: grandson 5 np- npst np- (np-) npst: to lie down 6 nrynx nranx: Man. deity 15 ny- n- (n-): to set down 10 nwrt *nwrt: contradiction, provocation (?) 9 nw-ry n-r: ignorance 13 nwkr nkr: now 1 nwm nm: rule 13 nwmyk nmk: ninth, 9th 10 nwr nr: today 1 nwrt- nwart-: to turn thither 14 nw-ryjy n-r: displeasure, dislike 13 nwftk nftk: flowing with ambrosia 9 nwy, fem. nwc n, n: immortal 3 nwy nw: new 5 nwy nw: invitation 13 ny n: not 2 ny ... ny n ... n: neither ... nor 8 nys- (nyys) nyt nys- (nys) nyt: to take 4 nywr nywr: another time 14 nyz nyz: need (+ infinitive, e.g., there is no need to do sth.) 6 ny- nyst n- nst: to sit (down) 11 nyjy- nyjt, njyt niy-(ny-) nit, nit (nid): to go out 6 nymy nm: one half 12 nymy n(m)m: south 13 nyrn nirn: nirvana (Buddh.) 10 nyrk nrk: male 11 nyxy nxy: depth, care 9 nyzny *nizn: passion 13 p p = prty pr-ti: for 15 p p: short form of pr-ti 6 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 112
LESSON 15 pcrt prt: reward 14 py p: still 13 pmpwt pmbut: consort, spouse, wife (from Pers. bmbin, bmbun) 8 pr(w)ty pr(u)-ti: but (instead) 6 prty pr-ti: for 7 przy przy: excellence 8 py p: guardian 10 pyk pk: hymn 13 pyn pn: guardian 11 ptcnyy ptn: answer 14 pzy pz(?): part 13 pcw pw: turmoil, quarrel 13 pcwywty pwyud: quarrelsome 13 pckwyr pkwr: fear 9 pcmk pmk: resembling 10 pcpt ppt: this time 13 pcwz- pwz- (pwz-): to meet, get together (also sexually) 6 pcxwq pxwk: obstacle 14 pct > ptcx- 8 pcyy- pyy-: to help 14 p- p: foot (of mountain) 12 pmn pmn: skirt (of mountain) 12 pr- (pr) pr- (pr): to hurry, rush 8 pk pk fem.: judgement 2 pwfs- pufs- (impf. =): to stick, cling 5 py p: foot soldier 8 pynd *pnd: threshold 11 pynj- pt penj pd: to pull (out) 13 pty pt: (to be) about to (do) 6 pjwk pk: abortion 6 pnnc pnn fem.: co-wife 12 pncmyk panmk: fifth 8 pnd pand: close, relative 10 pr pr: on, etc. (preposition) 2 prkn- prknd prknd-: to scatter, sow 12 prw ty prw-ti: for (because) 13 prn prn: sale 12 prn parn: gift 2 prn prn: deceit, harm 10 prw- prwt prw- prt: to sully, pollute 13 prky- (pryky) prkt prk- (prk) prkit: to imprison 4 prm prm: (all the way) to; postposition + acc. 4 prmn, mistake for frmn 15 prs prs fem.: side, flanc 11 prpr prpr: trampling 4 prprn parprn: pavement 8 prtk prtk: preparation, equipment 5 prty- prtt prty- (prty-) prtt: to prepare 4 prtrn- prtrt prtrn- (prtrn-) prtrt: to spread 6 prtw prtw: *bench 9 prtr partr: higher, foremost 7 prwrty prwrt: turn, time 15 prwy- prw-: to seek 5 prwyrt- prwrt-: to let become 9 prxs- (prt) prt prxs- (prxs-) prd: to be left (over), remain 4 prxy prx: payment, wages 2 113 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
prys- prt prs- prt: arrive 7 pryw = pryw ()prew: together (with); postposition with instr.-abl. 6 przr parzr: very 14 ps- frt, ft ps- frt, ft: to ask, investigate 3 psk psk fem.: wreath, crown 2 pswc- ps-: to purify 6 pswxs- pswt psuxs- psud: to be purified 11 psy ps: diminishing 9 pk pk: abortion 15 py- py-: to throw 5 ptwn ptwn: order, command 6 py p: after (+ loc.) 15 ptnd ptand: bond 14 ptnd ptand: link, tie, bond 11 ptty ptdy: burned, scorched 13 ptcx- ptct (pct) ptx- (ptx-) ptd: to receive, accept 8 ptw- ptwst pt- ptust: hide, conceal 5 ptw- ptwt pt- - ptut: to hear, heard 1 ptjymc ptym: *quarrel 4 ptkr ptkr: shape 8 ptmk ptmk: measure 8 ptmwk ptmk: garment, dress 8 ptmwxs- (ptymwxs-) ptmwt ptmuxs- (ptmuxs) ptmud: to don, put on (a garment) 15 ptmync- ptmwt ptmen-(ptmen-) ptmud: to don, put on clothes 7 ptn ptn: *solitude, *privacy 13 ptnwy ptnw: anew, again 13 ptr ptr: father 1 ptrz- ptrt ptrz- ptrt: to erect 10 ptrkn ptrkn: estate, inheritance 12 ptrwp ptrp: *fortress 7 ptry- ptryst ptr- ptrist: to mix, mingle 7 ptry- ptryt ptr- ptrit: to tear up 14 ptrysty, fem. ptrysc ptrist, ptris: mixed 3 ptsc- ptst pts- ptsd: to build, construct 5 ptsk ptsk: construction 5 ptsk ptsk: regulation 14 ptsr ptsr: again, once more 1 ptsty, fem. ptst ptsd, ptst: prepared, constructed 3 ptstt ptstt: opposition, resistance 6 ptsxs- ptst ptsxs- ptsd: to be constructed 15 ptsynd- ptsend- (ptsend-): to agree 8 ptkf- ptkf-: to smash 15 ptkwy- ptkwt ptkwy- ptkwt: to say 3 ptmr ptmr: count 7 ptwf- ptwf-: to weave 11 ptxryn- ptxryt ptxrn (ptxrn) ptxrt: to hire, rent 4 ptxwy- ptxwst ptxwy- ptxust: to kill. 3 ptxwng ptxwang: murder 15 ptym- ptymt ptym- ptyamt: to end, stop (trans.) 11 ptymcyk ptymk: final, 12 ptyp ptyp: part, time (3 times) 4 ptyr ptyr: opposition, harm, counterpart 11 ptycy *pt: facing 14 ptyms- ptymt ptyms- (ptyms-) ptyamt: to end, stop (intrans.) 5 ptyy pty: offense 15 ptyy pty: offense 9 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 114
LESSON 15 ptyn ptn: separate(ly) 11 ptzn- ptzn-: to know, recognize 9 ptzrn ptzarn: anger 13 pw-r p-ar: priceless, valuable 11 pwrnk purank: leopard 8 pws- pwt ps- pt: to rot 8 pw-sk p-sk: countless 9 pw-sk p-sk:: countless 13 pw-skty p-skd: *helpless 7 pwt, plur. pwtyt put (bud), putt: Buddha 2 pwtny putn: Buddhist 4 pww wy p-wi: without injury 13 pxry pxr: planet 11 pxwy- pxwst pxwy- pxust: to cut off 14 pyt- pyst pyt- pyast: to adorn 7 pyty pyt: adornment 7 py p: elephant 3 pyr pir in cn ... pyr n ... pir: because of 12 pyn- pn-: to open 5 pyrnm prnm: before 13 pyrnmsr prnmsr: before, in front of 5 pyt pit: but 14 pysws pss: female archont, maker of Adam and Eve 15 r rf: sickness 13 r r fem.: road 12 rtk r-tk: guide 6 rf rf: illness 9 rfkyn rfkn: diseased 12 r r: plain 9 rk rk: vein 11 rmnd(y) rmnd(): always 6 ryry-: to weep 15 rm rm: people 2 rt rt: straight 12 rtnmyk rtnmk: (like) having the color of jewels 13 rtnyny rtnn: made of jewels (Skt. ratna) 10 rtu rtu: 10 seconds 5 rwn rwn: soul 4 rwnmyc rwnm: of the soul 14 rwnspsy rwnsps: soul-service 15 rw *rf: mouth 9 rw- rwst r- rust: to grow 7 rwny, fem. rwync ren, rn: of copper 12 rwrtymync rurtymn: of insolence 9 rwstm Rustm: proper name 3 rwxn ruxn: light (adjective) 2 rwxnrmn ruxnrmn fem.: the Light Paradise 2 rwxnyk ruxnyk: light 3 rx Rx: name of Rustams horse 2 ryj r: pleasure 13 rymny rmn: soiled, dirty 10 ry- r-: to tear 15 ryt rt: face 15 ryt rt: face, respect (in many respects) 8 rytry *rtry: *decline 13 sc- s-: it is proper, necessary (for sb. to do); impersonal verb 3 115 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
sk sk: number 7 sn sn: enemy 6 sr sr: toward; postposition + gen.-dat.; but k ... sr to, toward + acc. 4 sr sr: tower 4 st st: all, everything 3 st st: every, all 5 sfryn- sfrynt sfrn- (sfrn-) sfrnt: to create 4 sfrywn sfrwn: creation 5 stmn sdmn: all 6 skwy skw: height 8 smn smn: heaven 6 smnxy smnx: Ruler of Heaven, Rex Honoris 11 smwtr smutr: ocean (Sanskrit samudra) 13 smwtryk smutrk: of the ocean 13 smyrr smrr: Mt. Sumeru, the mountain in the middle of the world 12 sn- st sn- st: to rise, go up 11 sps > sps spynw spnw: *depravity 10 srng srang: chief, leader 9 st- st-: a hundred 2 stt std: hard, harsh, fierce 6 stryc, plur. stryt str, strt: female, woman 2 swtw sud-: whose ears are pierced, having pierced ears 13 swyk Suk: Sogdian 3 swmb- swt smb- sud: to bore 3 syk syk fem.: shade, shadow 2 sym sm: fearful 7 syn- st sn- st: to raise, lead up 6 twx tux: glad, happy 1 twxy tuxy: happiness 4 ykn ykn: palace 9 fr fr: shame 6 klwn kln: male archont (prince of darkness), maker of Adam and Eve 15 kr kr: sugar 6 kr- krt kr- (kr-) kart: to lead, pursue 4 kwr kr: difficult 14 kwy, fem. wkc kw, uk: dry 3 mr- mr-: to think 13 mr- mrt = mr- mrt 9 mrkyn mrkn:thoughtful 13 mn mn: Buddhist monk 3 mnnc mnn fem.: Buddist nun 12 mnkwny mnkwn/mnkuwn: belonging to imnu (Ahrimen, Satan) 6 mnw mnu: Ahrimen, Satan 5 ny- n-: to cover 15 tyk tk = tk 10 w- xrt w- xart: to go 3 wnyy n: that (dem. pron., lesson 3) 14 yr ir: good 2 yr r: well, very 3 yrk irk fem.: goodness 2 yrkty irkt: beneficence 11 yrrn rrn: happy 14 yrkty irkt: having done good, pious 13 yrmny rmn: good-spirited, happy 15 yrnm rnm: fame 4 yrngry irngr: pious, beneficent 12 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 116
LESSON 15 yryr r-r: extremely < r very 5 yrxwzy rxz: well-wisher, friend 10 try tr (triy): darkness 4 tw tw: might 12 twndky twndky: might 10 twndy twand: mighty, strong 7 tw tu: you (thou) 3 tkw- tk- (tk-): to look (at) 4 tm tm: darkness 6 tmbr > tnbr tmbrmync tambrmn: of the body 12 tmyk tmk: of darkness, pertaining to Hell 11 tnbr, tmbr tambr fem.: body 4 tnygyrd tngird: bodily (Parthian word) 8 trtzyy trdzy: depressed 14 trny tarny: submissiveness 14 trsk trsk: Christian 3 tr- tr-: to flee 6 twj- twt t- tud: to pay, redeem 7 twkyn *tkn: pond, lake 10 twty tuti = ti 15 txyz txz: (sun-)rise 15 tym tm: again 5 tys- tt ts- tt: to enter 7 w- wt w ud: to say 4 wc- wt w- ud: to release, send 4 wcrn wrn: bazaar 4 w jywndy w wand: (Parth.) the Living Spirit 12 w w: place, seat 13 wf wf: so many 10 wf- wf-: to weave 11 wf wf:so much 8 wfry wfr: just so much 8 wfy wf: just so much 8 wwny w-n: of that kind 8 wnw wn: thus 3 wnw ty wn ti: so that, in order that 5 wprm w-prm: so long 8 wr- wr-: to rain 15 wsty- < wsty- 11 wty- > wt- 4 wt wt: wind 4 wtr wtr: living being 10 wtny wten: of wind, windy 12 wx wx: word 14 wxk wxk: spiritual 8 wxyk wxk: spirit 13 w- kt- u- kt-: to become 3 wyw uyu: both, as well as 8 wyw ... wyw uyu ... uyu: both ... and 8 ws- (imperf. wys-) us- (ws-): to marvel, wonder 15 ww uu, uw fem.: wife 5 wy u: there 4 wyr- wrt ur- urt: to hold out, arrange 12 wry-, wyry- (wyry- ) wrt, wyrt ur-, wir- (wr-) urt, wirt: to wake 8 w u: joy 7 117 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
w-, impf. wyw- u- (wu-): to rejoice 4 wndy uand: joyous 3 wmrz- umrz-: to destroy 9 wn un (wn) fem.: tree 1 wnrm unrm: forest retreat(?) 15 wndn wandn: so much 8 wnyk unk: *captive 4 -wr -wr: there 10 wrcwnkry urnkr: magical 10 wrcxwndqywarxundky: magic 8 wrm urm: quietness 9 wrnkyn urnkn: believing, faithful 5 wrtn wartn: chariot 5 w w = : memory, mind 15 wtmx utmx: Paradise 3 wtn utn: old, former 10 wty uty: hardship; + r- to toil + pr- (cf. ambn r-) 9 wxscn uxsn: troubled 14 wxr, wnxr wa(n)xr: voice 14 wxwn- uxun-: to call 15 wyk wyk: a place 15 wyr wyr: explanation, word 11 wyrny wyrn: endowed with speech 14 wyrt wyart: speech, exposition 7 wycwky wiwky: testimony 12 wy wi : harm, damage, injury 13 wysnyq wisnk: wondrous 5 wypt(y) wpt() < w + pt(): that time, then 10 wypty wpt: at that time, thereupon 7 wy wi: discourse 15 wyzt: discourse (?) 13 wygn wign: destruction 9 wyrs- wyrt wirs- (wrs-) wirt: to awake (intr.) 13 wyry- > wrywyw- wu- > w- uwykn-, wyn- wikn-, win-: to destroy 9 wyn- wyt wn wt: to see 3 wyn wn fem.: lute, vin 2 wynwcyk wnwk: visible 15 wyncyk wnk: visible 14 wysp wisp: every, each, all 5 wysprk wisp-rk: knowing all, omniscient 13 wyspwny wispn: of all kinds 12 wysprtnyny wisprtnn: studded with jewels (Sanskrit ratna) 14 wyspsprmy wispsprm: all (covered with) flowers 13 wyspwhr d cndyzdg Wispuhr ad andt-zdag: the Prince and the Murderers Son (MPers. tale) 15 wyspzngn wisp-zangn: all kinds of 8 wystw wistw: oath; wistw- kun-: to swear an oath 13 wystw- wistw-: to swear 13 wy w: pasture, grass 4 wyprkr wprkr: Spiritus vivens (Vaiiu Uparkairiia) 11 wypy wip (< wisp): prince 10 wytr- witr- (wtr-): to depart 4 wyx wx fem.: root 11 wyzr wizr: straight 12 wz- wt uz- ut: to fly 14 xn xn fem.: house 1 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM 118
LESSON 15 xw- xw-: strike 9 xx xx: well (of water) 15 xxsry xxsr: spring 9 xwk xk: resentment 13 xnr xanr: sword 14 xns xans: firm, strong, secure 5 xnsy xansy: firmness 9 xr xr: donkey 13 xrwy xr: hare 13 xryc xr: purchase 12 xyt xid: milk 15 xypt ()xpt: Lord of the Realm 10 xtw xtu: judge 3 xtyk xtyk fem.: judgement 3 xwcnk xwnk: sickly 9 xwkr xwkr: merchant 13 xwr xwr fem.: sister 5 xwn xun: sleep 8 xwnyk Xunk: Khotanese 4 xwj- xwt x- xut: to desire, require, ask for (from somebody = c-) 4 xwnx, hwnx xnx: that 3 xwny xn: that 3 xwp xp: good, skillful 14 xwr- xwrt xur- xurt: to eat 4 xwrmztyk, fem. xwrmztyc xurmzdk, -: Ohrmazdian 3 xwrn xurn: blood 15 xwrsn xrsn: sunrise, east 12 xwrt xwart: food 4 xwrtxyz xrtxz: sunset, west 12 xwsnd xusand: happy, content 12 xwsnd xusand: happy, content 7 xwsnd xwsand: satisfied 11 xwty xut: teacher 15 xwt xut: self 4 xwtw xutw: lord, king 1 xwty xut: *structure 7 xwyc xw: pain 13 xwycqwy xwkw fem.: explanation 4 xwymny xwmn ?: *self-existent 8 xwyn- xwen-: to be called 3 xwyr- xwr-: to feed 11 xwytr xwtr: elder 8 xy x: that 3 xyp xp: own 6 xypwnd xpwnd: master, lord, owner 2 y- y-: to wander, rove 14 yxy yx: brave 3 yw *i: *shape 7 yk yak: yaksa 11 ypk ipk: anger 13 ypkry ipk-r: angry 12 ytkw itku: bridge 15 ywr iwr: but 6 ywr iwr: separation 9 ywkfswk yk fsk: teaching 14 ywny yn: this 3 119 2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
ywny yn: at once, right away 3 ywxn yuxn fem.: blood 15 yxny ixn: *remainder (?) 7 yxs ixsa: perfume 15 yxwn ixn: blood 9 yxwyn ixwn: separate (from), excluded (from) 13 zkny zkn: womb 11 zmty zmt: son-in-law 5 zn- zn-: to know 7 zrcnwky zrnky: pity, mercy 14 zryy-sy- zr-say-: to be pitiful 14 zty zt: son 3 zwr zwr: power 10 zwrkyn zwrkn: powerful 2 zy zy fem.: earth 3 zyxyzy zyxz: creeping on the earth 13 zk zbk: 15 znd zand: *quarrel 10 zmb zamb: shore 13 zn- zt zn- zt: to bear (children) 6 zngn -zngn: of ... kinds 10 zprtkry zpartkr: purifying (or zpartkr: purification) 15 zrwny zrn, fem. zrn: green 7 zrw zrw-: God Zurwn, the Father of Greatness 1 zrxs- zrt zrxs- (*zrxs-) zrd : to be delivered 5 zrxs- zrt zrxs- zrd: to be saved, delivered 13 zrync- zrt zrn- zrd: to deliver 6 zry- zryt zr- zri.st: to tear asunder 14 zwrnyy zurn: time, moment 13 zwrt- zwst zwart- zust: to turn (back), return 3 zyn zyn: *offspring, children 6 zyn zn: weapon, armor 5 zyn- zyt zin- zit: to take (from: c-); passive: to be deprived (of: c-) 12 zynyxwry zn-xwr: protection 6 zyrn zrn: gold 1 zyrnkry zrnkr: goldsmith 11 zyrnynyy zrnen: of gold 14 zyrnm zrnm: having the color of gold, gold-colored 13 zywr zwr: adornment 8
2/5/08 - 3:30 PM
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Prods Oktor Skjrv

An Introduction To Manichean Sogdian

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

Manichean , ()-, - -h (-) c -

Christian , - = -h (-) b c d (t) y , g h y k, q m n w p r s t, w w x y z j

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

Example: Light: Heavy:

- <> god <> piece of land, garden

nom. sing. - <-y> nom. sing. <>

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

+ p, b m n z mb < mp, mb> mb < mp, mb> b <jp>

ng [g] <ng, nng> zg <zg>

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

nom. acc. voc. gen.-dat. ins.-abl. loc. num. dir.

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

xnt <xnyt> ? xnt <xnyty>

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

CN MRART [SWMBYY AAZYNDYY]

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

n psa dont ask anything!

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

TEXT 7.2 (the Pearl-borer contd)

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

<t prw mwn yyn o rtwspyh o wnwcyy wny o mbnryyt o

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

TEXT 8 (Manichean cosmology, contd)

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

)ppp 70 Pppp 80 )pppp 90 100

dt <tt> *tt *nwt st <st>

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

LESSON 10 TEXT 10.2 (Manichean cosmogony, contd)

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

Past stem st <st> xurt- <xwrt> nut <nwt>

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

AN INTRODUCTION TO MANICHEAN SOGDIAN

tt umt <tty wmt>

ttt umtnd <tty wmtnd>

st umt <sty wmt> stt umtnd <styt wmtnd>

dt <tt> tt nwt st <st>