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Wireless and Mobile Technologies

Understanding How The Wireless Service Works

Presentation by
CHIDRUPI .K .L, II B. Tech, E.C.E, Reg. No: 05761A0432 USHA RANI .K, II B. Tech, E.C.E, Reg.No:05761A0476

Email id: chidru_friends@yahoo.co.in

Email id: usha_frnds@yahoo.co.in

LAKIREDDY BALIREDDY COLLEGE OF ENGG., MYLAVARAM. (KRISHNA DT.)

ABSTRACT Todays work force is demanding mobility, flexibility and real-time access to critical data. Over recent years, the trend towards the smaller and faster device, coupled with the need for information access on the move, has paved the way for a new technology of the Mobile Communications. Mobility is the ability to access information and the telecom front,

service s anywhere anytime anyhow. On numerous wireless technologies have been introduced in the country. It started with Global System Mobile telecommunications (GSM) based mobile phones, and today we can see General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technologies

being implemented as well. This presentation involves the two hot telecom technologies

fighting out in the markets, namely GSM and GPRS. It also includes a detail explanation of the advantages they offer, how they work, and their limitations. Also explained are some of the possible applications that can be made possible with them. Before going in detail into these technologies, a look towards the Basic Cellular Architecture has been made. GSM technologies turned out to be a better network than the existed network systems. SMS proved to be the killer application on GSM networks, which allowed Short Text Messages to be sent through mobile phone. Low data transfer rates which was a minor set back of this system prompted for a much more developed versions like HSCSD (high speed 1. INTRODUCTION

circuit switched data) and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). General Packet Radio Service or GPRS, which was economical and technically sound offers packet based radio service, which increased the data, transfer rate and provide anytime-anywhere always-on network connections to mobile devices. This keeps GPRS far ahead from the existing technologies like CDMA, GSM, and TDMA etc. This paper will outline the Mobile Communication Principles with a clear depiction. Additionally, the concept of packet switching and circuit switching is mentioned. A greater emphasis is laid on highlighting the credibilities of both these network mechanisms.

The success of any technology largely depends upon its widespread usage, which in turn depends upon the number of applications that can be made from it. A cellular mobile communication system uses a large number of low-power wireless transmitters to create cells the basic geographic service area of a wireless communication system. Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according to the subscriber density and demand within a particular region. As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their conversations are handed off between cells in order to maintain seamless service. Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in another cell some distance away. Cells can be added to accommodate growth, creating new cells in unserved areas or overlaying cells in existing areas.

2. MOBILE COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to talk to the cell site. The cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one channel per mobile. Channels use a pair off frequencies for communication one frequency, the forward link, for transmitting from the cell site and one frequency, the reverse link, for the cell site to receive calls from the users. Radio energy dissipates over distance, so mobiles must stay near the base station to maintain communications. The basic structure of mobile networks includes telephone systems and radio services.

3. MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM USING THE CELLULAR CONCEPT Inference problems caused by mobile units using the same channel in adjacent areas proved that all channels could not be reused in every cell. Areas had to be skipped before the same channel could be reused. Even though this affected the efficiency to the original concept, frequency reuse was still a viable solution to the problems of mobile telephony systems. It has been discovered that the inference effects were not due to distance between areas, but due to the radio of the distance between the area and to the transmitter power (radius) of the areas. By reducing the radius of an area by fifty percent, service providers could increase the number of potential customers in an area fourfold. Systems based on areas with a one-

kilometer radius would have one hundred times more channels than systems with areas ten kilometers in radius. Speculation led to the conclusion that by reducing the radius of areas to a few hundred meters, millions of calls could be served. The cellular concept employs variable low-power levels, which allows cells to be sized according to the subscriber density and demand of a given area. As the population grows, cells can be reused in other cells. Conversations can be handed off from cell to cell to maintain constant phone service as the moves between cells

The base station communication with mobiles is through a channel .The channel is made of frequencies, one for transmitting to the base station and one to receive information from the base station. 4. CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Increases in demand and the poor quality of existing service led mobile service providers to research ways to improve the quality of service and to support more users in their systems. Because the amount of frequency spectrum available for mobile cellular use was limited, efficient use of the required frequencies was needed for mobile cellular coverage. 4.1 CELLS Cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape of the areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base station transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented are hexagons. Each cell sizes vary depending on the landscape. Because of constraints

imposed by natural terrain and man-made structure, the true shape of cells is not a perfect hexagon. 4.2 CLUSTERS A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster . The figure illustrates a seven cell cluster.

5. SWITCHING 5.1 CIRCUIT SWITCHING While using circuit switching the sender seeks a connection right unto the receiver before it begins transmitting. transmission Data

begins only after the sender has verified that a dedicated connection to the receiver exists. This means the circuit-switching networks suffer from hunting delays, the time spent to establish a connection with the receiver. But once the connection has been established, communication is, for all practical purposes, instantaneous. The connection is maintained- even if no data transmission is taken placeuntil either side explicitly terminates it. Thus, all information travels the same path from the sender to the receiver and arrives in the same order as it was sent. 5.2 PACKET SWITCHING Using packet switching, however, eliminates the need to establish a connection before transmission can begin. The information to be sent is broken down into packets (of fixed size) and sent on to the network one after the other. Each packet completes the journey to the receiver independently of the others- routing equipment along the way decide which path the packet must take, depending on the current network conditions and the other factors.

5.3

ADVANTAGES

OF

PACKET

SWITCHING

OVER

CIRCUIT

SWITCHING NETWORK 1. Packet Switching Networks has dynamic allocation of bandwidth packets are sent to the physical medium as and when there is data to be sent 2. It allows the bandwidth to be used for other purposes during pauses between conversations. Contrast this with the circuit switching technique where in the path between the sender and receiver is reserved for their exclusive use, which means that the bandwidth is wasted during moments of silence. 6. GSM TECHNOLOGY On the telecom front, numerous wireless technologies have been introduced in the country. It started with GSM based mobile phones The developers of GSM choose an unproven digital system and provided 8000 pages of recommendations that had enough flexibility to allow competitive innovation but at the same time ensured proper internetworking between the components of the system.. 6.1 ARCHITECTURE A GSM based PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) can broadly be broken up into 3 parts The Mobile Station. The Base Station Subsystem, and The Network Subsystem. The Mobile Station (MS) is the subscriber end of the network and consists of the GSM device (cell phone) and the SIM (Subscriber Entity Module). Each mobile device has a globally unique IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) and each SIM has an IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity), which is used to identify and authorize the subscriber for various services. The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized number using a PIN (Personal Identity Number). 6.3 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)

6.2 THE MOBILE STATION

Mobile networks consist of many BTS (Base Transceiver Stations), each of which forms a cell covering a certain geographical area. The BTSs are the ones responsible for directly communicating with mobile devices. Several BTSs are controlled together by a BSC (Base Station Controller). The BSC provides connectivity to the network subsystem.

6.4 NETWORK SUBSYSTEM The MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center) is the central component of the network subsystem. It communicates with all the BSCs and is responsible for providing all the functionalities to mobile devices like, registration, authentication, call routing etc. a network also, usually, has GMSC (gateway MSCs) to communicate with external (land line) networks like ISDN, PSTN etc. Many registers are also maintained which contain information necessary for smooth functioning of the network. The HLR (home location register) stores information about the current location of all subscribers of the network. This information is necessary for routing all calls/ messages to their intended destinations. A VLR (visitor location register) covers one or more cells and store information about the subscribers currently under its area of influence. The EIR (equipment identity register) is used to authenticate and store equipment, rather than subscriber data, while the AUC or AC

(authentication center) stores and validates the users PIN. The MSC communicates with these registers whenever it needs some information. CDMA Technology: Uses dedicated Fiber network for the connectivity between endusers. Its a costly affair and can be used for Broadband applications (High speed applications such as Data, Audio and Video applications ).Bandwidth hungry and each mobile equipment sends keep-alives to the Base-stations periodically. Ex: Reliance and TATA service providers including Mobile and data services 7. GPRS TECHNOLOGY General Packet Radio Service or GPRS is relatively a new technology that offers packet based radio service to mobile networks. Designed to supplement the existing mobile technologies, like GSM, CDMA, TDMA etc, GPRS aims to provide anytime-anywhere always-on network connections to mobile devices. GPRS also enables mobile networks to provide speeds much higher than those offered by GSM alone. 7.1 WHY GPRS? Though GSM uses circuit switching like a telephone line, data transfer over GSM is not quite the same as that over the PSTN line. For each of our data requests (Over GSM), first, a connection is established without network, our request sent, the data received and then, and this is important, that call is disconnected. Thus, we have a dedicated connection as long as a transaction lasts, but not in between transactions. This is designed to overcome its bandwidth wastage limitation and ensure that our connectivity costs dont spiral up as there can be, and generally are, long periods of inactivity between consecutive transactions. GPRS , though, has the potential to change that. Using GPRS and its packet switching technique, both the mobile device and the network send packets as and when they have to, without having to wait for the connection to be established.

GPRS enables an existing GSM network to communicate with any applications and/ or network that uses packet switching. Thus it allows mobile networks to connect to the INTERNET (and other IP and X.25 networks) and provides the subscribers the facility to access any of the related applications web browsing, mail, FTP, telnet etc.

7.2 IMPLEMENTING GPRS Integrating GPRS into a GSM network does not involve any major changes to the GSM architecture. A new class of nodes, GSN (GPRS support nodes) has been introduced two types of GSNs defined. A SGSN (serving GPRS support node) interacts with the mobile devices and is responsible for delivery packets from and to these devices. A GGSN (Gateway GSN) is an interface between GPRS enabled network and the external packet switching network. The GGSN is responsible

for all the conversions necessary for transport of data from the external network to the internal one and vice versa. This involves all the data packets as well the source/ destination addresses from one standard to another. The SGSNs communicate with the GGSN to provide access to the external network to their subscribers. A network would have as many as GGSNs as the number of external packet switching data networks linked to it. 8. CONCLUSION GPRS, which uses packet switching network, offers a better data transfer rate and proved to be a better communication system than circuit switched GSM. GPRS enables an existing GSM network to communicate with any applications and/or network that uses packet switching. Thus it allows mobile networks to connect to the INTERNET (and other IP and X.25 networks). 2.5G GPRS is considered to be the next step towards the 3G networks. As it offers pretty good speeds GPRS has the potential to move beyond cell phones and move into the PC world. Laptops connected to GPRS phones would offer speeds fast, and may be even faster, than our PC connected to our landline. CDMA Technology uses dedicated Fiber network for the connectivity between end-users can be used for Broadband applications Data, Audio (Bandwidth hungry High speed applications such as and Video applications ). 9. REFERENCES: REFERENCES: [1]. Comm. ACM, special issue on Intelligent Agents, vol. 37, no. 7, 1994. [2]. IEEE Internet Computing, special issue on Internet-Based Agents, vol. 1, 1997. [3]. PC quest 2003 (edition February 2003). [4]. Computer Networks by Andrew .S. Tenenbaum. [5]. G.H. Forman and J. Zahorjan, The Challenges of Mobile Computing, Computer, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 3847, Apr. 1994. [6]. www.ieeeexplore.ieee.org

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