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Oceanography
GEO 009

OFFICE HOURS:
Kirk Domke Geology 1224A domke@ucr.edu Thursdays 9:45-11:00am and 12:15-1:00pm (or by appointment via email w/ 48 hours notice)

Kirk Domke
Winter 2013

TEXTBOOK:
Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science 7th Edition Author: Tom Garrison

www.ilearn.ucr.edu
Syllabus and all class announcements posted here LECTURES: Tuesdays and Thursdays 8:10 - 9:30 am Humanities Bldg 1503 DISCUSSION: Thursday 11:10 a.m. Pierce 3374 Thursday 1:10 p.m. Chung 141
Lecture Room Kirks Office Discussion Th 11:10 Discussion Th 1:10

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Grading
60% Midterms
NO make-ups (noneat allfor any reason!)

25% Final exam

Cumulative, but with emphasis on material not covered on midterms

15% Discussion
Weekly quizzes (lowest score dropped)

Midterms
Bring a green SCANTRON form for each exam! (available at the bookstore)
No. 2 pencil Follow instructions at top of first page of the exam 882-E

Expectations
2 hours of prep time for each class (UC standard): total of 6 hours/week+ 4 class hours

Think! Participate!
Organize!
Mark only one bubble per row to indicate answers to questions numbered 1 40.

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This is an estimate, but it gives you an idea for how things have finished in previous semesters: A+ 91-100% The curve is built in to how I write the exams and quizzes.

Do:
Check your UCR email often!

A
AB+ B BC+

85-90%
83-84% 80-82% 77-79% 75-76% 71-74%

Clear up uncertainties in your understanding as they arise Ask me to slow down or speak louder as needed

You will be tested at different levels of understanding.

Dont: X
Use the mailing lists or ilearn site for personal business (class purposes only!) Ask for information already in your syllabus

Course Objectives
Vast oceans of liquid water on Earth has allowed: 1) life to thrive (first as single-celled microbes then complex food webs with animals), 2) solar energy to be distributed from warm to cold regions (equator to poles) and stabilized climate, 3) vast, but limited resources for human (and other organism) uses

Q: The oceans cover approximately what % area of Earths total surface? a) b) c) d) e) 10% 30% 50% 70% 90%

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Q: What is the average depth of seawater in the oceans? a) b) c) d) 3m

Q: What other planets in our solar system currently have large oceans of liquid water? a) none

38 m

b)
380 m c) 3800 m

Mars
Mars and Jupiter

d)

Saturn

The ocean supplies resources:

Ocean Resources
Chapter 17- Garrison

1.

Physical Energy Biological Non-extractive

2.

3.

4.

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1. Physical Resources
Petroleum and Natural Gas
~1/3 of production from below seabed mostly around continental shelves (shallowest water zone)

1. Physical Resources

oil and gas often occur together

WHY??

1. Physical Resources
But A growing deficit between consumption and discovery of new oil reserves

1. Physical Resources

Population explosion (world population ca. 6.7 billion) Estimates of 9 billion by 2050!
Predicted World Energy Consumption

Inevitably energy demand will increase in the future

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1. Physical Resources
Methane Hydrate
(methane ice crystals form at temperatures near 0 C and 200-500m below sea floor) Methane is CH4 Largest known reservoir of hydrocarbons (~50%)

1. Physical Resources
Methane Hydrates are found all over the world

(in gigatons)

1. Physical Resources
Methane Hydrate
The promise: Might be the solution to oil/gas depletion? The peril: Warming the ocean by only 4 C could melt the hydrate and release methane, making global warming worse.

1. Physical Resources
Methane Hydrate
Other problems: extraction, liquefying, transporting (expensive & dangerous)

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1. Physical Resources

1. Physical Resources
Sediments and minerals Sand and Gravel structures and buildings
1% globally, higher locally

Burning methane hydrate

1. Physical Resources
Sediments and minerals Magnesium light, strong metal airplane frames construction food, medicine (salts)
~50% globally from oceans

1. Physical Resources
Sediments and minerals
San Jose

Salt

~1/3 of global production from evaporation ponds

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1. Physical Resources
Sediments and minerals Salt
Until discovery of salt deposits by geologists in 18th Century, evaporation was ONLY source of salt. Salt in historical times was valuable for food preservation, so civilizations grew up around salt sources (e.g., Romans, Venice).

1. Physical Resources
Sediments and minerals Salt
Salary from Latin salarium meaning salt allowance, worth their salt

1. Physical Resources

1. Physical Resources
Sediments and minerals Salt
Table salt - 100% NaCl (sodium chloride) Sea salt - 78%: NaCl 22%: Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4), potassium, magnesium salts(KCl, MgCl2)

Red pigments from single celled microbes tolerant of high salinity

(EDIBLE sea salt must be 97.5% NaCl - FDA rules)

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1. Physical Resources
Sediments and minerals Manganese nodules
+ iron, manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt

1. Physical Resources
Water > 97% in ocean (salty)
< 1% is fresh and found at surface or in groundwater (<800 m depth)
(and we are polluting/depleting that at a record rate!)

Phosphorite deposits
phosphorus fertilizer (as phosphate)

Metallic sulfides and muds

zinc, iron, copper, lead, silver, cadmium
(NOT economic to mine now, but maybe in the future.increasing interest being shown)

1. Physical Resources
Water
In many places, potable water costs MORE than gasoline (if you can even find it)!

2. Energy Resources
Wind
Winds are typically stronger and more steady out at sea Worlds fastest growing power source

Desalination of sea water is expensive and energy intensive.

Wind farm off the coast of Denmark

Desalination plant on Catalina Island

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2. Energy Resources
Waves and currents
Tubes flexed by passing waves pressurize hydraulic fluid to generate power

2. Energy Resources
Waves and currents
Turbines rotate slowly as tidal current passes them

Tide turbines, Norway

Fig. 17-10b, p. 483

2. Energy Resources
Thermal Gradient 15 C
Uses natural temperature differences in seawater to push turbine (generate power) 2% efficient

2. Energy Resources
Promising future sources, but minimal contribution now - still too costly and inefficient Provides approximately 7% of US domestic energy needs

1C

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3. Biological Resources
Fish, crustaceans, mollusks
18% of animal protein consumed now

3. Biological Resources
Whales
Meat, oil, bones
- substitutes exist for all

5X increase from 1950-1977

(for 2X population increase)

Maximum sustainable yield

2001 catch

Fur-Bearing Mammals
Fur (duh)
Hunted almost to extinction but quotas and protection have allowed species to recover

1995 - US fishing industry spent $124B to catch $54B worth of fish

IS THIS SUSTAINABLE?

NO!

3. Biological Resources
Algin
Gel coating from seaweed used in salad dressing, paint, printers ink, ice cream, beer, wine, diet pills, etc.

3. Biological Resources
Mariculture
Cultivation of marine organisms in the open ocean
- oysters, salmon, plaice

Growing as commercial (wild) fishing declines Creates pollution and infection and it is energy-intensive process with lots of waste

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3. Biological Resources
Pharmaceuticals
Up to 10% of marine species may yield useful drugs Anticancer, antiviral, antitumor chemicals identified in sponges, corals, sea cucumbers Acyclovir (from Caribbean sponge)
- antiviral: herpes of skin and nervous system

Vidabarin (also from a sponge)

- attacks AIDS virus directly

4. Non-extractive Resources
Transportation
Oil

4. Non-extractive Resources
Recreation
Tourism (revenue) based on surfing, sport fishing, sunbathing, cruise lines, etc.

65% of Global trade value

Iron, coal, grain 24% Nikes, Toyotas, etc. 10%

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Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Resources

Depends on rate of use compared to rate
of regeneration
- Time scale counts!

Oil

Youngest sediments containing oil are ~2-5 million years old most is in older rocks

Nonrenewable
use rate > regen. rate

Renewable
use rate < regen. rate
(Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, 2004)

Sustainable
use rate regeneration rate

Use Rate >> Regeneration Rate Non-renewable!

Fish
Remember: maximum sustainable yield 2001 catch (130 million metric tons)
Use Rate Regeneration Rate Overfishing of N. Atlantic has depleted fish stocks 1900-1999 Cod populations so thick that you could walk on them drew the Vikings to the New World.

Sustainable

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Whales

Almost extinct at one time, but quotas/bans on hunting have made many of them a renewable resource.

Fur-Bearing Mammals
Renewable resource because numbers killed annually are less than numbers born.

List of seafood recommended to be used or avoided. www.montereybayaquarium.org

but they ARE cute!

Does extinction make a biological resource non-renewable?

Potable Water (drinkable water) Is it renewable?

Dodo bird R.I.P. 1681

Population increase and changes in global and local climate patterns mean that many parts of the world do not have abundant water resources

WHY?
What resource was lost when this bird became extinct?

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Who owns the ocean resources?

Only countries with shorelines? All nations?

UN Draft Convention, 1982 The International Law of the Sea Territorial waters:
12 nautical miles from shore Nations have sole jurisdiction here.

How did countries/empires claim them?

War - Take them! (the usual approach)

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):

200 nautical miles from shore (In 2009, 80 countries can apply to extend to 350 miles) Nations control resources here.

High Seas:
Treaty - Divide them up (more civilized) Beyond 200 miles from any shore Common property of all people

1988 - legally binding (140 countries signed)

US did not sign treaty but instead declared in 1983:

US Exclusive Economic Zone :
200 miles from shore US controls resources and has jurisdiction here.

Difference with International Law?

US does not recognize that high sea resources are shared by all people.

The USEEZ is greatly expanded by distant US territories

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Garrison page 474 (Chapter 17 Marine Resources)

By most calculations, we have used more natural resources since 1955 than in all of recorded human history up to that time

Acid waters, dying corals, melting ice caps, rising slime, a plague of plastic and a dearth of fish..

16 page special report on the sea Jan 3rd, 2009

About 1/3rd may be unwanted bykill
Drift net fishing (50 mile long nets)
Fig. 17-21, p. 490

From: The Economist, 3rd January, 2009

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