Chapter 3 Steady Radial Flow to a fully penetrating Well

Contents
3.1 Summary 3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers 3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer 3.4 Steady Radial Flow in Multiple Well Systems

3.1 Summary Types of Water Wells

Radial Flow : flow towards a well A Fully Penetrating Well : a well that is screened over the entire thickness of the aquifer A Partially Penetrating Well : a well whose length of water entry is less than the aquifer it penetrates

3.1 Summary Types of Water Wells

3.1 Summary Drawdown

The drawdown at a given point is the distance the water level is lowered .

s ( x , y , t ) = H 0 ( x , y ,0 ) H 1 ( x , y , t )
Drawdown curve shows the variation of drawdown with distance from the well . Cone of depression : a conic shape the drawdown curve describes

3.1 Summary Well Losses

Well Losses : A well loss is caused by flow through the well screen and flow inside of the well to the pump intake .

3.1 Summary Basic Assumptions

Basic assumptions that apply to all situations described in this chapter : The aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic All geologic formations are horizontal and have infinite horizontal extent

3.1 Summary Basic Assumptions

The

potentiometric

surface

of

the

aquifer is horizontal and not changing with time prior to the start of the pumping Darcys law is valid Water is released instantaneously from the aquifer as the hydraulic head is lowered

3.1 Summary Basic Assumptions

The pumping well and the observation wells are fully penetrated The pumping well has an infinitesimal diameter Ground-water flow is horizontal The aquifer is bounded on the bottom by a confining layer

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Confined Aquifer

Besides the basic assumptions, some additional assumptions are : The well is pumped at a constant rate Equilibrium has been reached, that is to say, there is no further change in drawdown with time

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Confined Aquifer

Radial symmetry, radial flow problem can be expressed in polar coordinates:

d dr

dH r =0 dr
when when r=R r = rw

(1)

H = H0 H = hw

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Confined Aquifer

dH r dr

= C

(2)

As the flow of water through any circular section of the aquifer toward the well is the area of the circular section times the hydraulic conductivity, k, times the hydraulic gradient. That is : Q dH C = Q r = 2rM K =Q 2 KM dr

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Confined Aquifer

dH Q = r dr 2 KM

H0

hw

Q dH = 2 KM

rw

dr r
(3)

Q R H 0 hw = s w = ln 2 KM rw

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Confined Aquifer

Or:
H 0 hw Q = 2 . 73 KM R lg rw

(4)

Equations (3) and (4) are called Dupuit Equation. Here: R is the radius of influence of the pumping well.

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Confined Aquifer

For pumping well with observation well(s):

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Confined Aquifer

For pumping well with observation well(s): With one observation well at a distance of r :

Q r h hw = ln 2KM rw
With two observation wells:

(5)

Q r2 h2 h1 = ln 2KM r1

(6) Thiem Equation

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Confined Aquifer

From equations (3) and (5), we have:

h = hw + ( H 0 hw )

ln

r rw

ln rR w

(7)

Equation (7) indicates that under steady flow conditions, the distribution of Gw head around a pumping well without relation to K and Q.

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers unconfined Aquifer

Some additional assumptions are : The aquifer is unconfined and underlain by a horizontal aquiclude The well is pumped at a constant rate Equilibrium has been reached ; that is , there is no further change in drawdown with time Gw flows horizontally (r>1.5H)

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Unconfined Aquifer

Radial symmetry, radial flow problem can be expressed in polar coordinates:

d dr

dh r = 0 (8) dr
2

h = h0 h = hw

when when

r=R r = rw

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Unconfined Aquifer

Q R h h = ( 2 h0 s w ) s w = ln K rw
2 0 2 w

(9)

Or:
(2h0 sw ) Q = 1.366 K R lg rw

(10)

Equations (9) and (10) are called Dupuit equation for unconfined aquifers

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Unconfined Aquifer

With one observation well

Q r h h = ln K rw
2 2 w

(11)

With two observation wells

Q r2 ln h h = K r1
2 2 2 1

(12)

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Unconfined Aquifer

From equations (9) and (11), we have:

h = hw + (h h )
2 2 2 0 2 w

ln rrw ln rR w

(13)

Equation (13) indicates that under steady flow conditions, the distribution of Gw head around a pumping well without relation with K and Q. When r>h0, it is correct, but when r<h , hc<hreal
0

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Certain cases

Application of Dupuit Equation under certain geo-conditions: 1. Unconfined aquifer with huge thickness: Dupuit equation can be re-organized as:
Q R h h = ( 2 h0 s w ) s w = ln K rw
2 0 2 w

Q R h0 h w = ln K ( h0 + h w ) rw

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers

Certain cases

When h0-hw<< h0:

h0 + h w 2 h0

Q R h0 h w = s w ln 2 Kh 0 rw

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers

Certain cases

2. Confined-Unconfined aquifer: When r <a:

Q a M h = ln K rw
2 2 w

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers

Certain cases

When r>a:

Q R H0 M = ln 2KM a
2 K 2h0 M M 2 hw Q = 1.366 lg R rw

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers

Certain cases

3. Recharging well: Confined well:

hw H 0 Q = 2 . 73 KM R lg rw

Unconfined well:

2 ( hw h02 ) Q = 1.366 K lg rR w

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Applications of Dupuit Equation

Determination of hydraulic conductivity: For confined aquifer:

Q R K = 0 . 366 ln Ms w rw Q r2 K = 0 . 366 ln M ( s1 s 2 ) r1

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Applications of Dupuit Equation

For unconfined aquifer:

Q R K = 0 . 732 ln ( 2 h0 s w ) s w rw Q r2 K = 0 . 732 ln ( 2 h0 s1 s 2 )( s1 s 2 ) r1

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Applications of Dupuit Equation

Determination of radius of influence: For confined aquifer:

s1 lg r2 s 2 lg r1 ln R = s1 s 2

For unconfined aquifer:

s1 ( 2 h0 s1 ) lg r2 s 2 ( 2 h0 s 2 ) lg r1 lg R = ( 2 h0 s1 s 2 )( s1 s 2 )

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Applications of Dupuit Equation

Forecasts or estimates drawdown or flux.

drawdown

flux

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Discussions of Dupuit Equation

1.The relationship between the diameter of a well and the flux Dupuit : rw 2rw

q=(1+10%)q0 The real situation just like right figure

sw

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Discussion of Dupuit Equation

1.For a increase of rw, the higher k, the more increasing of q is reached. 2.For a constant K, more increasing of q can be obtained for a certain increase of rw for big sw, 3.For a same K and a constant sw, rw increases from different value reaches different results.

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Discussion of Dupuit Equation

Seepage Face ()

hs > hw
As a result of the seepage face , the actual water table lies above the computed one .

3.2 Steady Radial Flow in Aquifers Discussion of Dupuit Equation

Functions of Seepage Face: 1.Make sure that water nearby the well getting into it 2.Keep enough cross sectional area for Q (entering well) As a result of the seepage face , the actual water table lies above the computed one .

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer

Besides the basic assumptions , the additional assumptions are : The aquifer is bounded on the top by an aquitard . The aquitard is overlain by an unconfined aquifer , in which the water table is initially horizontal and doesnt fall during pumping of the aquifer .

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer

No water is released from the storage in the aquitard when the aquifer is pumped . Flowing of Ground-water in the aquitard is vertical.

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer

H 1 H H0 H + + =0 2 2 r r r B
2

s =0

when r when r = rw

ds Q , r = 2KM dr

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer

Q r s K0 2KM B

Hantush-Jacob equation

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer

Curve-Matching Method

Q r s= K0 2KM B

r r = B B

Under a logarithmic scale, we have:

Q r lg s = lg[ K 0 ] + lg 2T B r lg r = lg + lg B B

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquifer Curve-Matching Method

On logarithmic paper, the relation r between s and r is same to that of K 0 B r and B .

Superimpose one plot on the other , then select a match point , find the corresponding values of the coordinate . From them parameters . , we can obtain the

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquiferd

Curve-Matching Method

[s],[ r],

r [ K0 ( B )

] and [r/B] :

r Q [ K 0 ( )] T = B 2 [ s ]

[r ] B= r [ ] B

Leakage factor

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquiferd Straight-Line Metod

In the area nearby the pumping well. As r/B<<1. So: for K0(x)

K 0 ( x) ln(1.123 / x)
So:

1 .123 B s ln 2T r
When r/B<0.35, difference error <5% and When r/B<0.1, difference error <1%

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquiferd Straight-Line Metod

So:

r 1 .123 B 2 .30 Q s= ln = lg( 0 .89 ) 2T r B 2T

That is to say, under semilogarithmic coordinates , the relation between s and r is linear .

3.3 Steady Radial Flow in a Leaky, Confined Aquiferd Straight-Line Metod

2.30Q T = 2i
Where i is the slope of the straight line

B = 0 .89 r0
Where r0 is the diameter, the straight line intersects the zero-drawdown axis.

3.4 Steady Radial Flow in Multiple Well Systems

Principle of superposition : If H1,H2,H3,.Hn are solutions of a equation which is a linear equation for hydraulic head H. Then:

H = i =1 Ci H i
n

Is also a solution of the equation. Here Ci are constants.

Individual and composite drawdown curves for three wells in a line

3.4 Steady Radial Flow in Multiple Well Systems

Group Well System :

For a group of wells forming a well field , the cones of depression of pumping wells overlap , each well is said to interfere with the others because of the increased drawdown and pumping lift created .

3.4 Steady Radial Flow in Multiple Well Systems

Principle of superposition : Because the Laplace equation is linear , at any given point in a confined aquifer , the total drawdown is the sum of the individual drawdowns for each well, known as linear superposition .

si =

s
j =1

ij

2 T
j =1

Qj

ln

Rj rij

3.4 Steady Radial Flow in Multiple Well Systems

For multiple well systems in an unconfined aquifer resting on a horizontal impervious surface :

2 0

h =
2 i

K
j =1

Qj

ln

Rj rij

3.4 Steady Radial Flow in Multiple Well Systems

Example For two wells with a distance of L In a confined aquifer :

2 KMs w Q1 = Q 2 = ln R 2 rw L

In an unconfined aquifer :
Q1 = Q 2 =
2 ) K (H 02 h w

ln R 2 rw L