malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh7 At. Struct. and Periodicity lachman (123AP) This print-out should have 30 questions.

ns. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page nd all choices before answering. Read any hints given with the question. Be sure to complete half the work by the 50 percent due date and all of it by the 100 percent due date, both by 9 p.m. 001 10.0 points Hint. Watch your units. What is the energy of a 461 nm photon emitted from a light source? Correct answer: 4.31 1019 J. Explanation: = 461 nm hc (6.626 1034 J s)(3 108 m/s) = 461 109 m 19 = 4.31 10 J 1. 2.22 Joules 2. 4.09 1019 Joules correct 3. 1.11 Joules 4. 3.33 Joules Explanation:

004 10.0 points An electron in a hydrogen atom could undergo any of the transitions listed below, by emitting light. Which transition would give light of the shortest wavelength? Hint: Think Planck, remember Bohr. You may also want to think about the Rydberg equation, but it is not necessary to do the calculations. 1. n = 4 to n = 2 2. n = 4 to n = 3 3. n = 2 to n = 1 4. n = 4 to n = 1 correct 5. n = 3 to n = 1 Explanation: Photons with shorter wavelengths have more energy than those with longer wavelengths. n = 1 is the lowest energy level, the energy increases as n increases. A transition from n = 4 to n = 1 will release more energy than any other option given. 005 10.0 points A certain automobile of mass 1450 kg travels on a German autobahn at 180 km/h. What is the wavelength of the automobile? Correct answer: 9.13931 1039 m. Explanation: m = 1450 kg v = (180 km/h) = 50 m/s

E=

002 10.0 points Hint. Google the conversion for Angstroms if needed. Calculate the frequency of radiation with a wavelength of 1.28 104 A (angstroms). Correct answer: 2.34375 1014 s1 . Explanation: = 1.25 104 A c = 3 108 m/s

c = c = A 3 108 m 1 1010 = 4 1s 1m 1.28 10 A 14 1 = 2.34375 10 s 003 10.0 points What is the energy of a photon emitted when an electron in a hydrogen atom falls from the n = 4 to the n = 2 energy level?

1h 1000 m km 3600 s

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh7 At. Struct. and Periodicity lachman (123AP) Using de Broglies relationship, h h = = p mv 6.626 1034 kg m2 /s = (1450 kg)(50 m/s) = 9.13931 1039 m 006 10.0 points Determine the energy of a photon whose frequency is 7.49 1017 Hz. Correct answer: 4.96287 1016 J. Explanation: = 7.49 1017 Hz Ephoton = h = (6.626 1034 J s) (7.49 1017 Hz) = 4.96287 1016 J 007 For the reaction 10.0 points Ephoton = ? ? g H2 O = 17.24 g H2 1 mol H2 2.01588 g H2 2 mol H2 O 2 mol H2 18.0153 g H2 O 1 mol H2 O = 154.068 g H2 O .

Assume that O2 is the limiting reactant. The amount of H2 O that can be produced is ? g H2 O = 6.87 g O2 1 mol O2 31.9988 g O2 2 mol H2 O 1 mol O2 18.0153 g H2 O 1 mol H2 O = 7.7356 g H2 O . Since a smaller amount of H2 O can be produced with the given amount of O2 , O2 is the limiting reagent, and a maximum of 7.7356 g of H2 O can be produced. 008 10.0 points Hint. The benzene is not pure. So, rst gure out the amount of pure benzene and then use that to determine the moles of benzene. Then, nish the problem. Consider the reaction 2 C6 H6 + 15 O2 12 CO2 + 6 H2 O If a sample of benzene (C6 H6 ) is 91% pure and the combustion of benzene by the reaction has a 73% yield, how much water is produced from 0.36 mol of a sample of impure benzene? Correct answer: 0.717444 mol. Explanation: We are given the following information in the problem: Benzene sample = 0.36 mol, 91% pure. Yield of reaction = 73%. Not all of the sample is C6 H6 ; part of it is impurities. Before we can nd the moles

? H2 + ? O2 ? H2 O , what is the maximum amount of H2 O (18.0153 g/mol) which could be formed from 17.24 g of H2 (2.01588 g/mol) and 6.87 g of O2 (31.9988 g/mol)? Correct answer: 7.7356 g. Explanation: MWH2 O = 18.0153 g/mol mH2 = 17.24 g mO2 = 6.87 g MWH2 = 2.01588 g/mol MWO2 = 31.9988 g/mol This is a limiting reactant problem because the amounts of more than one reactant are given. The balanced chemical equation is 2 H2 + O2 2 H2 O , and either H2 or O2 will limit the amount of H2 O that can form. Assume that H2 is the limiting reactant. The amount of H2 O that can be produced is

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh7 At. Struct. and Periodicity lachman (123AP) of water produced by the combustion of the C6 H6 we must calculate the amount of C6 H6 in the sample. We know that 91 % of the sample is C6 H6 , so we take 91% of 0.36 mol to determine the moles of C6 H6 in the sample: ? mol C6 H6 = 0.91% 0.36 mol C6 H6 = 0.3276 mol C6 H6 Now that we know the moles of C6 H6 , we can use the mole-to-mole ratio from our equation to calculate the moles of water that could be produced from the combustion of this benzene: ? mol H2 O = 0.3276 mol C6 H6 6 mol H2 O 2 mol C6 H6 = 0.9828 mol H2 O This is the theoretical yield of water. We know that the reaction has a 73% yield. We use this to determine the actual amount of water that will be produced: Percent yield = actual yield 100% theoretical yield (% yield)(theoretical yield) actual yield = 100% (73%)(0.9828 mol) = 100% = 0.717444 mol

Explanation: For Ca, the subsidiary quantum number must be zero because the highest energy electron is in an s-orbital. For N, the highest energy electron is in a p-orbital. Therefore = 1 and m = 1, 0, 1. For Fe, the highest energy electron is in a 3d-orbital so n = 3, = 2, m = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2. For Rb, n and are correct, but m can only be ... + . Therefore m = 0. Co is the only correct answer. 010 10.0 points How many d electrons are present in Cu2+ ? 1. 9 correct 2. 2 3. 8 4. 10 5. 7 Explanation: 011 10.0 points Hint. Figure out which answer choices set of quantum numbers cannot be right. One of the following does NOT represent the ground state electron conguration for an atom. Which one? 1. [Ar] 4s1 3d7 correct 2. [Ar] 4s1 3d5 3. [Ar] 4s1 4. [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p3 5. [Ar] 4s2 3d6 Explanation:

009 10.0 points Which of the following shows the correct quantum numbers (n; ; m ) and electron conguration for the highest energy electron(s) in the given atoms? 1. Rb: [Kr]5s1 ; n = 5; = 0; m = 0, 1 2. Co: [Ar]4s23d7 ; n = 3; = 2; m = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 correct 3. Ca: [Ar]4s2; n = 4; = 1; m = 1, 0+1 4. Fe: [Ar]4s23d6 ; n = 4; = 0; m = 0 5. N: [He]2s 2p ; n = 2; = 2; m = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2
2 3

012

10.0 points

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh7 At. Struct. and Periodicity lachman (123AP) Hint. compare distance and charge between the two elements. Why is it harder to remove an electron from uorine than from carbon, or, to put it another way, why are the valence electrons of uorine more strongly bound than those of carbon? 1. Carbon has a lower atomic mass than does uorine. 2. Fluorine has more valence elctrons than does carbon. 3. The valence electrons of both uorine and carbon are found at about the same distance from their respective nuclei but the greater positive charge of the uorine nucleus attracts its valence electrons more strongly. correct 4. Fluorine has a nearly lled octet, which is always more stable than a partially lled octet. 5. The statement is false; it takes very nearly the same energy to remove an electron from (ionize) both elements. Explanation: For each element, the valence electrons are in the 2s and the 2p orbitals: 6 protons in the nucleus; C : 1s2 2s2 2p2 ; 6 electrons (total); 4 valence electrons . 2 2 5 9 protons in the nucleus; F : 1s 2s 2p ; 9 electrons (total); 7 valence electrons . The eective nuclear charge felt by the valence electrons of uorine is greater than the eective nuclear charge felt by the valence electrons of carbon. Therefore, the valence electrons of uorine experience a greater Coulombic attractive force and are harder to remove. 013 10.0 points Elements with great electron anities (large negative values) often have 1. large sizes and high ionization energies. 2. small sizes and low ionization energies.

3. small sizes and high ionization energies. correct 4. large sizes and low ionization energies. Explanation: Electron anities are largest on the righthand side of the periodic table. These elements also have large ionization energies and small radii (relative to other members of the same row on the periodic table). 014 10.0 points What amount of energy is required to completely ionize 2.7 grams of carbon atoms in the gas phase (C(g)) if the ionization energy of C(g) is 1086 kJ/mole? Correct answer: 2.4435 105 J. Explanation: mC = 2 . 7 g Ei = 1086 kJ/mol 1 mol C atoms 2.7 g C atoms 12.0 g C atoms 1000 J 1086 kJ 1 mol C atoms 1 kJ = 2.4435 105 J

015 10.0 points The phosphorous anion (P ) has how many total electrons and how many valence electrons? 1. 15; 6 2. 15; 4 3. 14; 6 4. 14; 5 5. 16; 5 6. 15; 5 7. 16; 4

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh7 At. Struct. and Periodicity lachman (123AP) 8. 14; 4 9. 16; 6 correct Explanation: The total number of electrons equals its atomic number plus one extra electron as is indicated by the charge: 15 + 1 = 16 electrons total. The valence electrons are the outer most s and p electrons. P has 6 electrons in its outer shell. 016 10.0 points Hint. Draw the orbital diagrams for each and look for any congurations that would show a special stability. Then, consider how this might aect shield (more or less shielding) and then how that might aect the eective nuclear charge that can reach the electron clouds. List in order of increasing atomic size (smallest to largest) the atoms whose atomic numbers are 6, 32, 7. 1. 32, 7, 6 2. 7, 6, 32 correct 3. 32, 6, 7 4. 6, 7, 32 Explanation: Element Electronic conguration 6 24 [He] 2s 2p Group 4, Period 2 Valence electrons in period 2 7 25 [He] 2s 2p Group 5, Period 2 Valence electrons in period 2 2 8 18 4 [Ar] 4s 3d 4p Group 4, Period 4 Valence electrons in period 4

Period 4 is farther from the nucleus than period 2. The half-lled 2p orbital of element #7 is energetically more stable and has greater eective nuclear charge than that of element #6. 017 10.0 points The n and quantum numbers of the last electron of an element are n = 4 and = 2. The element is 1. a noble gas. 2. a d-transition metal. correct 3. a nonmetal. 4. a representative element. 5. an f -transition metal. Explanation: Where = 2, d electrons are lling. These are the transition metals. 018 10.0 points As an atoms radius decreases, 1. its ionization energy increases or decreases depending on whether you are going up a column or across a row. 2. its ionization energy increases. correct 3. its ionization energy decreases. 4. its ionization energy does not change. Explanation: The ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron. Atoms with smaller radii have higher eective nuclear charge. This means that the electrons will be held more tightly and more energy is required to remove an electron. Thus, the ionization energy increases with decreasing atomic radius. 019 10.0 points Rank the following in terms of decreasing

32

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh7 At. Struct. and Periodicity lachman (123AP) ionic radii. 1. Mg2+ , Na+ , F , O2 , N3 2. Na+ , Mg2+ , N3 , O2 , F 3. F , O2 , N3 , Na+ , Mg2+ 4. Na+ , Mg2+ , O2 , N3 , F 5. N3 , O2 , F , Na+ , Mg2+ correct Explanation: We only consider ions that yield a Noble gas conguration (Na+ , Mg2+ , O2 , N3 , and F ). We are comparing ions with the same number of electrons: 10 total and 8 valence in this case. The number of protons in the ion is the biggest determinate of the size when electron number is constant. # e N3 O
2

021 10.0 points Hint. Calculate the energy for both photons then compare their ratio. How many times more energy is associated with a 325 nm ultraviolet photon than a 1663 nm microwave photon? Correct answer: 5.11692. Explanation: 022 10.0 points Calculate the energy produced when 0.0001 kg of matter is converted completely into energy. Correct answer: 9 1012 Joules. Explanation: 023 10.0 points How long would it take a radio wave with a frequency of 5.8 105 Hz to travel from Mars to Earth if the distance between the two planets is approximately 8.00 107 km? 1. None of these 2. 3 108 s 3. 1.74 105 106 s 4. 1 s 5. 5.8 105 105 s 6. 3.3 109 s 7. 2.67 101 s 8. 2.67 102 s correct Explanation: distance = 8.00 107 km time for a radio wave to travel a given distance = ? speed = c = distance time distance time = c

val. inner prot. 8 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 7 8 9 11 12

e. charge +5 +6 +7 +9 +10

10 10 10 10 10

F Na Mg
+ 2+

The greater the eective nuclear charge, the stronger the attraction between the protons and the electrons, and thus the smaller the radii. 020 10.0 points Hint. You need to use both E=hv and also speed of light = wavelength x frequency. Also remember that because the problem is kJ/mol that you will need to include Avagoadros Number so that you can cancel out moles as you do your calculations. The bond strength for a diatomic molecule is found to be 571 kJ/mol. What is the longest wavelength of light that could break this bond? Correct answer: 209.697 nanometers. Explanation:

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh7 At. Struct. and Periodicity lachman (123AP) (8.00 107 km)(103 m/km) 3.0 108 m/s = 2.67 102 s =

to a dierent value of the quantum number than that of the electron removed from B, C, or N. Explanation: The ionization potential is a measure of the ease with which electrons are lost by an atom. The ionization potential increases from left to right across the table. The outer electronic conguration of N atom is 2s2 2p3 (half-lled orbital), which gives it extra stability. This increases the amount of energy needed to remove the rst electron from N as compared to O. 026 10.0 points Which of these group IA elements would you expect to be most likely to form an anion? 1. H correct 2. Fr 3. Na 4. Rb

024 10.0 points A gas sample that has a mass of 0.841 g occupies 2.55 L. Given that the temperature is 302 K and the pressure is 1.13 atm, what is the molar mass of the gas? Correct answer: 7.23648 g/mol. Explanation: P = 1.13 atm V = 2.55 L L atm R = 0.0821 mol K M= T = 302 K m = 0.841 g M =?

mRT PV (0.841 g) 0.0821 Latm (302 K) molK = (1.13 atm) (2.55 L) = 7.23648 g/mol

025 10.0 points The rst ionization potential of the elements B, C, and N (atomic numbers 5, 6, and 7) steadily increases, but that of O is less than that of N. The best interpretation of the lower value for O is that 1. the ionization potential of N is a maximum and the values decrease steadily for the elements O, F, and Ne. 2. the electron removed from O is farther from the nucleus and therefore less tightly bound than that in N. 3. the half-lled set of p orbitals in N makes it more dicult to remove an electron from N than from O. correct 4. there is more shielding of the nuclear charge in O than in B, C, or N. 5. the electron removed from O corresponds

Explanation: H needs to gain only 1 electron to attain a noble gas conguration, unlike Na, Rb and Fr, which would need many more. 027 10.0 points What is the ground state electron conguration for chromium? 1. 1s2 2s2 2p8 3s2 3p8 3d2 2. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 3. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4 4. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 correct Explanation: Chromium is an exception to the rule in lling the subshells. There is extra stability aorded to the conguration by having half lled sub-shell. So instead of the 4s subshell lling up completely, the electrons are evenly distributed between the 4s and 3d levels.

malik (sam5758) fsemAPCh7 At. Struct. and Periodicity lachman (123AP) 028 10.0 points The electron conguration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 could represent 1. any of the atoms or ions mentioned. 2. a Br ion. correct 3. none of the atoms or ions mentioned. 4. a Kr+ ion. 5. a neutral atom of Rb. Explanation: This electron conguration is equivalent to the neutral Kr atom, or any ion that contains 36 electrons. Br is the only choice with 36 electrons. 029 10.0 points A new radio station, KHEM-AM, broadcasts at a frequency of 895 kHz. What is the wavelength of its signal? Correct answer: 335.196 meters. Explanation: 030 10.0 points What ions are present in solution after aqueous solutions of Cu(NO3 )2 and K2 S are mixed? 1. K+ , NO 3 correct 2. No ions are present; only precipitates are obtained.
+ 2 3. Cu2+ , NO 3,K ,S

precipitate. Assuming that we mixed stoichiometric equivalent amounts of CuNO3 and K2 S, all Cu2+ and S2 ions will be used to form the precipitate and none of these ions will remain in solution: Cu(NO3 )2 (aq) + K2 S(aq) 2 KNO3 (aq) + CuS(s)

4. Cu2+ , S2 Explanation: Both copper(II) nitrate and potassium sulde are soluble. This is a metathesis reaction with the products copper(II) sulde (CuS) and potassium nitrate (KNO3 ). KNO3 is soluble and will exist as K+ and NO 3 ions in solution. CuS is insoluble and will form a