Amit H. Varma and Judy Liu CE697R Fall 2012 MWF 2:30 3:20 PM CIVL 2123
Course Introduction
Syllabus, Course Organization CE 697R Topics Introduction Basic Principles
Syllabus
Review syllabus; make sure that you understand all course policies (e.g. grading, ethics, etc.) and procedures in event of an emergency.
https://engineering.purdue.edu/Intranet/Groups/Administration/RPM/Safety/Classroom EmergencyPlanning/CIVL
Required Book
Bruneau, M., Uang, C., Sabelli, R. Ductile Design of Steel Structures, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2011.
Additional References
Will be made available in shared folder on Dropbox or otherwise
Respond to e-mail with:
The e-mail address associated with your existing Dropbox account. OR E-mail address youd like for us to use in our invitation to join Dropbox and shared folder.
Some References
2010 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 341-10 2010 Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications, with 2011 Supp. No. 1,ANSI/AISC 35810, with ANSI/AISC 358s1-11 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, ASCE/SEI 41-06 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures, FEMA 450, 2003 Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame Buildings, FEMA 350, 2000 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-10
7
Course Project
11
Files
12
CE697R Topics
Introduction and Basic Principles Structural Steel, Properties, Plastic Behavior Moment Resisting Frames Steel Plate Shear Walls Braced Frames
Concentrically, Eccentrically Braced; Buckling-Restrained
Acknowledgments
Michael D. Engelhardt , Ph.D.
Professor, University of Texas at Austin Eccentrically Braced Frames, with Egor Popov, U.C. Berkeley T.R. Higgins Award for Design of Reduced Beam Section Moment Connections.
AISC Educator Career Enhancement Award to develop Teaching Modules on Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel Buildings
14
Prepared by: Michael D. Engelhardt University of Texas at Austin with the support of the American Institute of Steel Construction.
Version 1 - March 2007
16
17
Recent Earthquakes
2010 Haiti Earthquake 2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake 2010 -2011 Christchurch, New Zealand 2011 Tohoku, Japan
Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC) buildings - Tsunami damage industrial steel buildings and residences
http://www.aisc.org/uploadedcontent/2012 NASCCSessions/N9-1/
19
Recent Earthquakes
2010 -2011 Christchurch, New Zealand
6 damaging earthquakes Steel structures generally performed well Most steel buildings constructed from 1990s (modern seismic codes) A few EBF link fractures, CBF brace fracture (design/as-built detailing issues?)
20
However .
modern welded steel buildings had shown an increasing number of problems in recent earthquakes.
23
24
25
28
30
32
33
In the event of a major earthquake, a building is used in a sacrificial manner to absorb the energy of the earthquake, in order to prevent collapse and protect the occupants.
35
The key to an economical design for a building which must withstand a very strong earthquake?
HIGH STRENGTH?
DUCTILITY?
Let me know if you can find ductile burrito video clip!
37
failure failure
yield
38
H
Helastic H
3/4 *Helastic
1/2 *Helastic
1/4 *Helastic
MAX
39
H
Helastic
Strength
Required Ductility
For a structure designed to yield in an earthquake, the maximum lateral force that the structure will see during the earthquake is defined by its own lateral strength A typical code-based design uses ductility
40
41
42
q
43
44
(a)
(b)
45
46
SDS I V= W R
S D1 I W TR
OMF
R = 3.5
H
Helastic
1/4 *Helastic
MAX
49
OMF
EBF
R = 3.5
R=8 R=6 R = 3.25 R=8
SCBF (Special Concentrically Braced Frames): OCBF (Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames): BRBF (Buckling Restrained Braced Frame):
R=7
50
R factors for Selected Steel Systems (ASCE 7): Undetailed Steel Systems in Seismic Design Categories A, or B or C with R = 3 AISC Seismic Provisions not needed; follow main AISC specification
This availability of this option reflects the view that a steel structure, even without special seismic detailing, will generally exhibit some reasonable degree of ductility.
51
R-factors
How were current R-factors determined? R-factors for new systems?
ATC-63 project
Some background:
http://peer.berkeley.edu/tbi/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Heintz_ATC-63.pdf
52
53
E. Moment-Frame Systems
F. Braced-Frame and Shear-Wall Systems G. Composite Moment-Frame Systems H. Composite Braced-Frame and Shear-Wall Systems
contd
55
56
59
Highlights of Glossary
and Chapters A-D
60
Applicable Building Code (ABC) ABC = Building code under which the structure is designed (the local building code that governs the design of the structure) Where there is no local building code - use ASCE 7 We will use ASCE 7 in this course. (Intl Bldg Code (IBC), referenced by Indiana Building Code, takes seismic design requirements from ASCE 7)
61
That part of the structural system that has been considered in the design to provide the required resistance to the seismic forces prescribed in ASCE/SEI 7.
Assembly of structural elements in the building that resists seismic loads, including struts, collectors, chords, diaphragms and trusses
www.atcouncil.org/pdfs/bp1d.pdf
62
Risk Category IV
III
II
I
63
Glossary
Seismic Design Category (SDC): ASCE 7 Classification assigned to a building by the applicable building code based upon its risk category and the design spectral response acceleration coefficients.
64
SDCs: A B C
D
E
Determine SS and S1
SS = spectral response acceleration for maximum considered earthquake at short periods S1 = spectral response acceleration for maximum considered earthquake at 1-sec period Ss and S1 are read from maps
67
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/design/
For sites with S1 0.75g: Seismic Design Category = E for I, II, or III Seismic Design Category = F for IV
Use of Seismic Provisions are mandatory for Seismic Design Categories B or C, when using R>3
For Seismic Design Categories B or C: can design using R=3 and provide no special detailing (just design per main AISC Specification) SDC A designed following ASCE 7 Section 1.4; AISC Seismic Provisions do not apply.
73
74
Chapter C. Analysis
Follow requirements of Applicable Building Code, AISC Seismic Provisions, AISC Specification; nonlinear analysis per Chapter 16 of ASCE 7
75
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W) 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 0.9D + 1.0W 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S 0.9D + 1.0E
Load Combinations Including E
76
E = QE + 0.2 SDS D
0.9D + 1.0E
E = QE - 0.2 SDS D
77
E = QE 0.2 SDS D
effect of horizontal forces E QE effect of vertical forces
= the effect of horizontal and vertical earthquake-induced forces = effect of horizontal earthquakeinduced forces
SDS = design spectral acceleration at short periods D = dead load effect = reliability factor (depends on extent of redundancy in the seismic lateral resisting system; varies from 1.0 to 1.3)
78
Substitute E into basic load combinations: For Load Combination: 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
Where amplified seismic loads are required by the AISC Seismic Provisions: The horizontal portion of the earthquake load E shall be multiplied by the overstrength factor o prescribed by the applicable building code.
80
0.9D + 1.0E
81
o
3 2
2
2 2.5
83
o Qe
Qe
Amplified Seismic Load, oQe, is intended to provide an estimate of a frame's plastic lateral strength
84
Use of resistance factors Actual yield stress Members sized to satisfy drift limits Members sized to simplify design and construction Increase in strength in going from 1st plastic hinge to plastic mechanism
85
Majority of experiments conducted on seismic frame elements has been for steels with specified yield stress of 50 ksi and less.
Higher strength steels tend to be more brittle.
88
= Ry Fy = Rt Fu
Ry Rt
Added to Seismic Provisions after 1994 Northridge Earthquake Added to Seismic Provisions more recently for checks of fracture limit states in same member for which expected yield stress is used (motivated by Braced Frame design)
91
92
Ry Fy =
Rt Fu =
1.2 58 ksi =
70 ksi
Ry Fy =
Rt Fu =
1.1 65 ksi =
72 ksi
93
Where specified in the Seismic Provisions, the required strength of a member or connection shall be based on the Expected Yield Strength, Ry Fy of an adjoining member.
The Expected Tensile Strength, Rt Fu and the Expected Yield Strength, Ry Fy may be used to compute the nominal strength for rupture and yielding limit states within the same member.
94
To size brace member: Required Strength defined by code specified forces (using ASCE-7 load combinations) Design Strength of member computed using minimum specified Fy
95
Required Axial Tension Strength of brace connection is the expected yield strength of bracing member = Ry Fy Ag
Note: no 1.1 multiplier for strain hardening (used for moment connections); braces exhibit little strain hardening
96
Gusset Plate: Compute design strength using minimum specified Fy and Fu of gusset plate material
97
98
Compute design strength using expected yield strength, RyFy and expected tensile strength, Rt Fu of the brace material.
99
Section D1.3 Member Requirements: Protected Zones Section D2.1 Connections: General
Start here and then discuss D1.3
Connections, joints and fasteners that are part of the seismic force resisting system (SFRS) shall comply with the AISC Specification Chapter J, and with the additional requirements in this section.
102
Bolted joints may be designed as bearing type connections, but must be constructed as slip critical - bolts must be pretensioned - faying surfaces must satisfy Class A surface reqs.
Holes: standard size or short-slots perpendicular to load (exception: oversize holes are permitted for diagonal brace connections, but the connection must be designed as slipcritical and the oversize hole is permitted in one ply only) Nominal bearing strength at bolt holes shall not be taken as greater than 2.4 d t Fu
103
D2.2 Bolted Joints Bolts and welds shall not be designed to share force in a joint, or the same force component in a connection.
Not Permitted
104
Fig. C-D2.1. Desirable details that avoid shared forces between welds and bolts.
105
Fig. C-D2.1. Desirable details that avoid shared forces between welds and bolts.
106
107
108
109
Attachments in the highly strained protected zones may serve as fracture initiation sites
110
111
Protected Zones
112
Protected Zones
113
Protected Zones
114
Section D1.1 Member Requirements: Classification of Sections for Ductility Section D1.1a Section Requirements for Ductile Members Section D1.1b Width-to-Thickness Limitations of Steel and Composite Sections Section D1.4 Columns
Go back to:
118
119
120
121
M
Mp
Increasing b / t
q
122
Mp Mr
hd md
Ductility
r
Width-Thickness Ratio
123
124
125
(1) The load effect resulting from the analysis requirements for the applicable system (2) The compressive axial strength and tensile strength as determined using the load combinations stipulated in the applicable building code including the amplified seismic load. It is permitted to neglect applied moments in this determination unless the moment results from a load applied to the column between points of lateral support. (1.2 + 0.2 SDS) D + o QE + L +0.2S (1.2 - 0.2 SDS) D + o QE
126
127
Additional requirements for columns splices are specified for: - Moment Frames (Chapter E) - Braced Frames and Shear Walls (Chapter F) - Composite Braced-Frame and Shear-Wall Systems (Chapter H)
Pu - splice
The required strength need not exceed the maximum loads that can be transferred to the splice by the system.
Mu - splice Vu - splice
2.
( PJP Groove welds not permitted in column splices for Special and Intermediate Moment Frames)
Splices made with fillet welds or PJP welds shall be located at least 4-ft. from beam-to-column connections
4 ft. min