1.

ABSTRACT
This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now a days driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined. In this Project In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using microcontroller AT89C52 as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed for three stations, named as Aligarh, Ghaziabad & New Delhi. The Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. Up path and Down path. Before stopping at station the train blows the buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when the emergency situation is over. This paper describes a prototype that has been developed to demonstrate the concept of integrated gaming and simulation for incident management. Architecture for the purpose was developed and presented at the last conference. A hypothetical emergency incident scenario has been developed for demonstrating the applicability of integrated simulation and gaming. A number of simulation and gaming modules have been utilized to model the major aspects of the hypothetical scenario. The modules demonstrate the value of utilizing simulation for incident management applications. They can be used to highlight the value of simulation and gaming for training applications in particular. Two of the simulation modules have been integrated using a modified implementation of the high level architecture to give an idea of the advantages. Technical issues in integration are identified.

2. INTRODUCTION
This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now a days driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined. This is very wonderful project to control the working of the train without driver. These train are equipped with the CPU which control the train. 1. 8051 Microcontroller 2. ULN 2003 3. Stepper motor 4. LCD In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using ATMEL microcontroller 8051 to control all the function as CPU. Microcontroller controls the rotation of motor. First the motor is controlled and name of each station is displayed over LCD and accordingly the different delay for each station is provided. So this project works for metro train without driver. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed for three stations, named as New Delhi, Noida, and Greater Noida. The Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. UP path and down path. Before stopping at station the train blows the buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when the emergency situation is over

3. REQUIRED COMPONENTS LIST

Sr. no
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

COMPONENTS
Microcontroller AT89C52
IR Sensor Relay Voltage Regulator 7805 2 line LCD display Stepper Motor Crystal Oscillator Switch LED Resistors Capacitors Buzzer ULN 2003

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig No.0:Circuit Diagram

Fig.1: Block Diagram

5. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 1) MICROCONTROLLER AT89C52

It has 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory. It has an endurance of 1000 write and erase cycles. It has a 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM. It is having 32 programmable I/O lines. There are three 16- bit Timers or Counters. There are eight interrupt sources. It consists of a full duplex UART serial channel. The 8KB internal flash type ROM is used for storing user program. It has low-power Idle and Power-down modes. The AT89C52 is a low-power, highperformance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels highdensity nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pinout. The onchip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highlyflexible and costeffective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash 256 bytes of RAM 32 I/O lines three 16-bit timer/counters a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture a full-duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator clock circuitry.

In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.

The Accumulator The Accumulator, as its name suggests, is used as a general register to accumulate the results of a large number of instructions. It can hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value and is the most versatile register the 8052 has due to the sheer number of instructions that make use of the accumulator.

The "R" registers The "R" registers are a set of eight registers that are named R0, R1,etc. up to and including R7. The "R" registers as very important auxiliary, or "helper", registers. The Accumulator alone would not be very useful if it were not for these "R" registers. The "R" registers are also used to temporarily store values. 5

The "B" Register The "B" register is very similar to the Accumulator in the sense that it may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The "B" register is only used by two 8052 instructions: MUL AB and DIV AB. Thus, if you want to quickly and easily multiply or divide A by another number, you may store the other number in "B" and make use of these two instructions. Aside from the MUL and DIV instructions, the "B" register is often used as yet another temporary storage register much like a ninth "R" register.

Dual Data Pointer Registers

To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS =0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective DataPointer Register.

The Program Counter (PC)

The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address which tells the 8052 where the next instruction to execute is found in memory. When the 8052 is initialized PC always starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is executed. It is also interesting to note that while you may change the value of PC (by executing a jump instruction, etc.) there is no way to read the value of PC.

The Stack Pointer (SP)

The Stack Pointer, like all registers except DPTR and PC, may hold an 8-bit value. The Stack Pointer is used to indicate where the next value to be removed from the stack should be taken from. This order of operation is important. When the 8052 is initialized SP will be initialized to 07h. If you immediately push a value onto the stack, the value will be stored in Internal RAM address 08h. SP is modified directly by the 8052 by six instructions: PUSH, POP, ACALL, LCALL, RET, and RETI.

SFRs
A map of the on-chip memory area is called the Special Function Register (SFR) space. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.

PSW Register (Program Status Word)

This is one of the most important SFRs. The Program Status Word (PSW) contains several status bits that reflect the current state of the CPU. This register contains: Carry bit, Auxiliary Carry, two register bank select bits, Overflow flag, parity bit, and user-definable status flag. The ALU automatically changes some of registers bits, which is usually used in regulation of the program performing.

Program Memory
Code memory is the memory that holds the actual 8052 program that is to be run. In 89S52 the internal code memory is a Flash memory. Internal code memory is limited to 8K. Code may also be stored completely off-chip in an external ROM or, more commonly, an external EPROM. Flash RAM is also another popular method of storing a program.The microcontroller handle external memory depends on the pin EA logic state: EA=0. In this case, internal program memory is completely ignored, only aprogram stored in external memory is to be executed. EA=1 In this case, a program from built in FLASH is to be executed first (to the last location). Afterwards, the execution is continued by reading additional memory. In both cases, P0 and P2 are not available to the user because they are used for data and address transmission. Besides, the pins ALE and PSEN are used too.

Data Memory (RAM)

The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.

Counters and Timers

The 8052 microcontrollers have 3 timers/counters called T0, T1 and T2. As their names tell, their main purpose is to measure time and count external events. Besides, they can be used for generating clock pulses used in serial communication, i.e. Baud Rate.

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter)

The UART in the AT89S52 operates the same way as the UART in the AT89C51 and AT89C52. Also known as a serial port. It is a duplex port, which means that it can transmit and receive data simultaneously.

P0, P1, P2, P3 - Input/output ports

4 ports within a total of 32 input-output lines are available to the user for connection to peripheral environment.

T2CON Timer/Counter 2 Control Register TF2- Timer 2 overflow flag set by a Timer 2 overflow and must be cleared by software. TF2
will not be set when either RCLK = 1 or TCLK = 1. EXF2- Timer 2 external flag set when either a capture or reload is caused by a negative transition on T2EX and EXEN2 = 1. When Timer 2 interrupt is enabled, EXF2 = 1 will cause the CPU to vector to the Timer 2 interrupt routine. EXF2 must be cleared by software. EXF2 does not cause an interrupt in up/down counter mode (DCEN = 1). RCLK- Receive clock enable. When set, causes the serial port to use Timer 2 overflow pulses for its receive clock in serial port modes 1 and 3. RCLK = 0 causes Timer 1 overflow to be used for the receive clock. TCLK- Transmit clock enable. When set, causes the serial port to use Timer 2 overflow pulses for its transmit clock in serial port modes 1 and 3. TCLK = 0 causes Timer 1 overflows to be used for the transmit clock.

EXEN2- Timer 2 external enable. When set, allows a capture or reload to occur as a result of a
negative transition on T2EX if Timer 2 is not being used to clock the serial port. EXEN2 = 0 causes Timer 2 to ignore events at T2EX.

TR2- Start/Stop control for Timer 2. TR2 = 1 starts the timer.

C/T2- Timer or counter select for Timer 2. C/T2 = 0 for timer function. C/T2 = 1 for external event counter (falling edge triggered).

CP/RL2- Capture/Reload select. CP/RL2 = 1 causes captures to occur on negative transitions

at T2EX if EXEN2 = 1. CP/RL2 = 0, causes automatic reloads to occur when Timer 2 overflows or negative transitions occur at T2EX when EXEN2 = 1.

IE (Interrupt Enable Register) EA - Disables all interrupts. If EA = 0, no interrupt is acknowledged. If EA = 1, each interrupt
source is individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing its enable bit. ET2 - Timer 2 interrupt enable bit. ES - Serial Port interrupt enable bit. 8

ET1 - Timer 1 interrupt enable bit. EX1 - External interrupt 1 enable bit. ET0 -Timer 0 interrupt enable bit. EX0 - External interrupt 0 enable bit. PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE

Figure No. 2: Processor Architecture 9

ULN 2003

Figure No. 3: ULN2003

FEATURES
Output current 500mA per driver (600mA peak) - Output voltage 50V - Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads - Outputs can be paralleled for higher current - TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL Compatible inputs - Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify Layout

DESCRIPTION
The ULN2001, ULN2002, ULN2003 and ULN2004 are high voltage, high current Darlington Arrays each contain seven open collector Darlington pairs with common emitters. Each Channel rated at 500mA and can withstand peak currents of 600mA. Suppression diodes are Included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board

3) VOLAGE REGULATOR
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current (over load protection) and overheating (thermal protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.

10

Figure no. 4: 7805 Voltage Regulator

DESCRIPTION
These voltage regulators are monolithic circuit integrated circuit designed as fixed voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card regulation. These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-area compensation. With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in excess of 1.0 A. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and current.

FEATURES
Output current in Excess of 1.0 A No external component required Internal thermal overload protection Internal short circuit current limiting Output transistor safe-area compensation Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor packages Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a junction temperature range of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.

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4) STEPPER MOTOR

Figure no. 5: 12-Volt 75 Ohm Unipolar Stepper Motor

GENERAL INFORMATION
A stepper motor system is an electro-mechanical rotary actuator that converts electrical pulses into unique shaft rotations. This rotation is directly related to the number of pulses. Motion Control, in electronic terms, means to accurately control the movement of an object based on speed, distance, load, inertia or a combination of all these factors. There are numerous types of motion control systems, including; Stepper Motor, Linear Step Motor, DC Brush, Brushless, Servo, Brushless Servo and more. Stepper motors are ideally suited for precision control. This motor can be operated in forward/reverse with controllable speed from a BASIC Stamp or any other microcontroller through a transistor driver circuit. Some of the applications for this motor include educational experimentation, robotics and precision mechanical control the #27964 is a Unipolar (4 phase) 12 VDC, 150 mA motor that takes 3.6 degrees per step.

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Figure no. 6:stepper moter

5) LCD DISPLAY
This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port. We will start with something simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. It however doesn't show the use of the Status Port as an input. These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all the logic required to run them is on board. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting

13

known delays into our program. The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power supply set to 5v or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly. The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of manufacturers and should all be compatible with the HD44780. The diagram to the right shows the pin numbers for these devices. When viewed from the front, the left pin is pin 16 and the right pin is pin 1.

6) LED
LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED) is a diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N junction there is, with in the structure and primarily close to the junction, a recombination of hole and electrons. This recombination requires that the energy possessed by the unbound free electron be transferred to another state. The process of giving off light by applying an electrical source is called electroluminescence.

Figure No. 7: LED & LED Symbol

LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are displayed by led .The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown through it in forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and also in the flat shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.

7) BUZZER
Buzzer is a device used for beep signal. This will help us to make understand information or message. A buzzer is usually electronic device used in automobiles, household applications etc.It mostly consists of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electrical bell without the metal gong. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to derive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. These buzzers do not make a sound

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or turn on a light, they stop a nearby digital clock, briefly fire two smoke cannons on each side of the stage exit and open the exit. However, at the end of the Heartbreaker in Viking, the buzzer is replaced with a sword that, when removed, causes two contacts to touch, closing the circuit and causing the latter two actions above to occur.

8) LM358
The LM2904,LM358/LM358A, LM258/LM258A consist of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltage. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks and all the conventional OP-AMP circuits which now can be easily implemented in single power supply systems.

9) IR SENSOR
All objects above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of infrared radiation (infrared light). Usually infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but it can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate or radiate any energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting the energy given off by other objects.

Construction
Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the 'sensor face'. At the core of a PIR sensor is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made from pyroelectric materials -materials which generate energy when exposed to heat. Typically, the sensors are approximately 1/4 inch square (40 mm2), and take the form of a thin film. Materials commonly used in PIR sensors include gallium nitride (GaN), caesium nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyrazine, and cobalt phthalocyanine. The sensor is often manufactured as part of anintegrated circuit.

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PIR-based motion detector

Fig. no. 8 : A PIR motion detector used to control an outdoor, automatic light. A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or other objects. They are commonly used in burglar alarms and automatically-activated lighting systems. They are commonly called simply "PIR," or sometimes "PID," for 'passive infrared detector'.

Operation
Strictly speaking, individual PIR sensors do not detect motion; rather, they detect abrupt changes in temperature at a given point. As an object, such as a human, passes in front of the background, such as a wall, the temperature at that point will rise from room temperature to body temperature, and then back again. This quick change triggers the detection. Moving objects of identical temperature will not trigger a detection. PIDs can be equipped with more than one internal sensing element so that, with the appropriate electronics, it can detect the apparent direction of movement. As an object passes in front of adjacent sensors in turn, this implies the direction of movement. This may be used by on-board electronics to reduce false alarms, i.e., by requiring adjacent sensors to trip in succession. It may also be used to signal the direction of movement to a monitoring apparatus. PIDs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The most common models have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror segments, an effective range of about ten metres (thirty feet), and a field of view less than 180 degrees. Models with wider fields of view, including 360 degrees, are available -- typically designed to mount on a ceiling. Some larger PIDs are made with single segment mirrors and can sense changes in infrared energy over one hundred feet away from the PID. There are also PIDs designed with reversible orientation mirrors which allow either broad coverage (110 wide) or very narrow "curtain" coverage, or with individually selectable segments to "shape" the coverage.

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Differential detection
Pairs of sensor elements may be wired as opposite inputs to a differential amplifier. In such a configuration, the PIR measurements cancel each other so that the average temperature of the field of view is removed from the electrical signal; an increase of IR energy across the entire sensor is self-cancelling and will not trigger the device. This allows the device to resist false indications of change in the event of being exposed to brief flashes of light or field-wide illumination. (Continuous high energy exposure may still be able to saturate the sensor materials and render the sensor unable to register further information.) At the same time, this differential arrangement minimizes common-mode interference, allowing the device to resist triggering due to nearby electric fields. However, a differential pair of sensors cannot measure temperature in this configuration, and therefore is only useful for motion detection.

Product design
The PIR sensor is typically mounted on a printed circuit board containing the necessary electronics required to interpret the signals from the sensor itself. The complete assembly is usually contained within a housing, mounted in a location where the sensor can cover area to be monitored. The housing will usually have a plastic "window" through which the infrared energy can enter. Despite often being only translucent to visible light, infrared energy is able to reach the sensor through the window because the plastic used is transparent to infrared radiation. The plastic window reduces the chance of foreign objects (dust, insects, etc.) from obscuring the sensor's field of view, damaging the mechanism, and/or causing false alarms. The window may be used as a filter, to limit the wavelengths to 8-14 micrometres, which is closest to the infrared radiation emitted by humans. It may also serve as a focusing mechanism; see below. Focusing Different mechanisms can be used to focus the distant infrared energy onto the sensor surface. Lenses The plastic window covering may have multiple facets molded into it, to focus the infrared energy onto the sensor. Each individual facet is a Fresnel lens.

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10) RELAY

Basic Design and Operation

Fig no. 9: Simple electromechanical relay

Fig no. 10: Small relay as used in electronics A simple electromagnetic relay, such as the one taken from a car in the first picture, is an adaptation of an electromagnet. It consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron yoke, which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a moveable iron armature, and a set, or sets, of contacts; two in the relay pictured. The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to a moving contact or contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energised there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB. When an electric current is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact or contacts either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was deenergised, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the 18

contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing. If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to circuit components. Some automotive relays already include that diode inside the relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.[1] By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation an optocoupler can be used which is a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor. Relays are used:

to control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or audio amplifiers, to control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an automobile, to detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays),

Fig no. 11;A DPDT AC coil relay with "ice cube" packaging

to isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at different potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage switch. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are easily installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs change. They may also be controlled by room occupancy detectors in an effort to conserve energy, to perform logic functions. For example, the Boolean AND function is realized by connecting normally open relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting 19

normally open contacts in parallel. The change-over or Form C contacts perform the XOR (exclusive or) function. Similar functions for NAND and NOR are accomplished using normally closed contacts. The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay logic networks. o Early computing. Before vacuum tubes and transistors, relays were used as logical elements in digital computers. See ARRA (computer), Harvard Mark II, Zuse Z2, and Zuse Z3. o Safety-critical logic. Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors to nuclear radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the control panels of radioactive waste-handling machinery. to perform time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or delay closing a set of contacts. A very short (a fraction of a second) delay would use a copper disk between the armature and moving blade assembly. Current flowing in the disk maintains magnetic field for a short time, lengthening release time. For a slightly longer (up to a minute) delay, a dashpot is used. A dashpot is a piston filled with fluid that is allowed to escape slowly. The time period can be varied by increasing or decreasing the flow rate. For longer time periods, a mechanical clockwork timer is installed.

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6. WORKING OF PROJECT
METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE is a microcontroller based device. It is used in driverless metro train, which is used in most of developed countries. These trains are equipped with CPU, which control the chain. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined. Basically it has four parts 1. POWER SUPPLY 2. Microcontroller AT89C52 3. DISPLAY UNIT 4. STEPPER MOTOR 5. 7805 REGULATOR 6. CAPACITOR OF 100 MICRO FARADS & 470 MICRO FARAD The 230 volts is attenuated by 9 volts by transformer. Then it is rectified by the bridge rectifier made up of diodes. Then the 9 v is regulated by 7805. 1000 micro farad capacitor is used to filter the DC voltage. The LED attaches to check the correctness of power supply. In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using microcontroller 8051 as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed for three stations, named as Jalor, Barmer and Jodhpur. The stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 Sec. There is a LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. UP path and Down path. Before stopping at station the train blows the buzzer.

FUTURE SCOPE
This Project is useful in dveloping conturies & this project has a bright future as it is being used in countries like Germany, France & Japan. This project helps us to control train without a driver and the stations are shown on the LCD so the passenger doesnt has any difficulty. This proj ect will lead to increase in technological trends & this will help the people in many ways.

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