lmI3IJ

MILITARY MEN-AT-ARMS SERIES 235

T ARMY 0
GUS AVUS ADOLPHUS
1 INFA TRY
RIC:H_\RD BRZEZI:\ISKI RIC]1;\RD II()()K
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Dedication
For Ingetora
AUlhOl"s Ilote
'I 'his is the Iirst of t II () hooks dea ling \\ it 1'1 the
equipmenl, uniforms and organisalion o(lhc Slledish
This \ olul11e describes mainl, Ihe in(anlry; Ihe
se<:onu II ill <:III'cr <:;1 I artillery andta<:t i<:s, and \\ ill
include a bibliugr:lJ)hy and aeknOl1 1cdgenmlls. Th(,
t il11espan nt('IIlJs slighll beyollll Gusla\ us
Adolphus's lifetimc ( I594 I(IJ2) to covcr t hc II hole of
the sIH;llh:d 'SII edish phase' (1030 35) of the Thin)
YC;lrS' \V,IT, There has unfortun;lldy heen no room 10
examine the import;,nt pari played or toeSwe(lcs in
Ihe laler years of t he Thirty Ye;lrs' War of ,61S 4H.
This study is based un unlmnslated S"edish
II orl..s and on Contemporary memoirs and journab. [I
;,Is'l includes much prn lInpuhlishCllmalerial
from 511 edish ;1I1d German :Irehil cs. \ Iich;lCl
Roherts's CIlMIIl'IIS Adolphm (z lois.; Ellinhurgh,
II))J h;Is been a useful starting point, and is slill
the mO;,1 dctaikd 1ll11llcrn SllurCC;I' in English
fur the hisllJric:l1 hacl..gt\Ju1\u.
('lIl'rOI'y, dati' IlIId 1I/<,i/SIII'I'/II,'I// ("11'1','11111111$
;"Ione)' is tlUlJled in Riksd:ller 511 edish
<:ornlpl ion of Reichsthaler, Ihe I mpcri;11 Gcrm;ln
II hich \\,;IS Ihe dosest thing III a hundard
Euro--clirrelKY in ilS day. In Ihe 10WS/Jos thc
exchange rat<: lIas roughly .j..5 Rdr. = 1 sterling.
From ISS.!. 1110 <:alenJars sidc-by-side in
Christian ElIro!)c. In linl' '\ ith currenl eonventiun,
dates for e' ems in S" eden arc left in Ihe 'Old SI) Ie'
<::11cndar and" ith lhe ye;lr beginning 01\ I
Those in Continental Europe are in Ihe 'New Slyle'.
To CIlIll crt dates from Old Style In Nell :Id<l 10 d:lyS:
sn lhal fI May (Q.S.) hecomes 16 May (N.S.).
From ,605, lhe S\ledish 'Rydaholm' ('III1:Is lhe
standard unil oflength; it equalled 0.59J4 mel res or
1ft. ll}in.
MY OF GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS I
Icath I' C;lnnlln Ihc' '\\celish rearller', paper Indict
cartridgc ,abolition or thc musket resl); administra-
li\c reforms (cons ripl slandin
J
'IrInies, the inElnlr)
hrigadc milir'lry logi ti " huge iIH.:re'l!'es in the sii',c
of armie', standanJi ation or artillery 'alibrcs)' anti
tactical inllO\'atiolls (da 'hing el\'alry chargc., Onell,-
i\e infilntry ti1rmarion., \'olle) fire, dose
. UppOI'l from I' gimclllal piecc!'),
T ODUCTION
'C'lI/wdt'l' Iltt' gn'II1 (;1I"ltI1:II" ltfolpll/l"-' 11/ eigltll'l'lI
11//1111 he 11'1111 I/I/t' /1011 It', 111,,111 sall//(I, III/tli/"',\' killed iI/
l/ til/i'll. 111..'/11111/' II'IIS 11'1111111 bllrgl/ill pril'e." ( apoleon
to Gaspar (Jourg-aud. 1 r ')
he to f;,me of GUSIa\lI Atlolphu. W:l
indecd for a lime he hatl thc "ta\llS of
ligures like \ In.:lI tier the Great :1I1d apolcon: men
I' ho ha\c inspired their armies til perroI'm incredible
(\.'ato.;; men almost I' or.'hipped in their own lifetimes.
Ili.- on the popular imagin:lIion in hi.- was
b:lo.;etl :ll least on o.;omcthing morc my tcri-
than \\ iuc:-ranging :\ of
1;+9 ma Ie a ctlll1emporal') or Imara-
tI;1111 us, hild forctold .1 "erie!1 of I' orld\\ ide disastcrs
that I' ould end \\ hcn a Goll! 'n Lion callle from
Ihl: north III de/Coli Ihe '.
The disa<,tep, seelllell to begil in 161(' \\hcn the
'l'ap, \\:11' brokc OUI, ;llld the Catholic
Emperor of \\ ho<;c 'mhlcm \\as lhe black
eaglc. \\ 'nt on the rampage in Protest:tlll Gcrm3n).
In 1630 lUSla\ us lhe last cham, ion nf the
Prolest.lnt:-. 'ame to Ihe resCuc, '[is landings in
nllrth Germ.ln) \\ere accompanied report" of
hattles in th 'c..:IllUU", and hizarre "formed hirths. OJ
his m,11'l:h s/lluh he .-m;}, hed Ihe Catholics ar
Brcitenf,ld in 'enl 1':1 1 In 1632 hc enlerco
\ugshul"!;, rJ1 ' hirthplace or ulhl'ran Prole'tantism,
and I' cl.'i\ cd as I he 'Lion of the r-..orth ; fcw
doubted th:lI in t hl.' tillh)\\ ing) car hl.' \\ (lull! march on
the Eag-k', neSI in \ ienna. nl(lrlUnal 'Iy, inl\"O\'cl11-
her I h.lZ iu 'Ia\ his lime looking, perhaps 0
nll'cdi 'lcd \I;}S killed in ,In imprudel1l
ca\ charge:1I the barrk of"
The >\gc of Rl';lSlIJ1 has ITpb 'cd lh' 'I.ion or the
,orlh' th II ilh anmher Ih:lI surrounds him \\ ith
.111 :Iura :L It has turneu him into a
superhuman !!l'l1iu), r spon.'ibk f II' :III manm:r of
technic.tl (Ihe uniform,
Thc 'I.inll o{r!Jc,v(Jrth':
GW<IIII Wi "ld"II'IlIS
JJ. I d"II), h. ill,/! or
, '" e,/cl/. TIn.,.,' c:ln he ,/(J
"oubr rIm1 he \I as
c.\ccpriollal: ifill ;1nel
blunel. "dlll:a wu "nd
nIIIIllT-lm'in<r lI'ith tl!l'
'Otll iet iUII ot;1I '\'1111gelisl
and thc hlun/IlCS.>; of'a
.'CI-gciIIll-mU;l/I', II(' 111;/</(0;1
II/s/ill,/!' inlpl'essi(JfJ on:lll
11'1711 III1,:/ h;'II, ,I Irl,:l/(ll in
rhis dl}2 print" ilh lIie
i"'T"di'}h: \ ieron II I
IiI' 'in'"lc:ld l,chi;,,1 him, II
hinl ,,{supcriol'i!., :11ll1
imparicncc wilh
G,'rnllltl had
"ppc" I'l'{l 01/ hi., Ji,I,:I:.
(Prill I I" H:l/rh"cu.'
\ 11,:";:ln',lrFI'II nJ..lill'l)
CIIRO:\OI.OG,
15tH I) On:,: GUSl:l\ us :\dolphus born.
1611 lie inltcril" Ilmmc;cr(lI\l1cJ OCI. l(H7.
1611-13 'Kltllllllr 11'1/'" Dalles ill\adc S\\cden :lnd
1.ILe I..;:almar ( \ 16 I r) and 5,\ eden's chief
'\orth Sea port. ri1l2). Swede..
mllst ,I million Rdr. r,mSOI1l for AI\'sburg.
.611-17 !l'IlT II'/Ih RII.UIII, Dc Ll G:lrdic lakes
NIII gornd (lflt I). Gust:l\ us's brother K;,d Filip
is ckclcd Tzar (1613). Gust,lHIS besieges
I'sLtl\ (J 6, ;). Pl'an' of Slothl)\';) (1617).
IlJ2t1 GUq:\\ us \ i..i, ... 10 marry taria
of Brandenhurg.
,621-::6 C:onqucsl ofl.ivlJIlia (I.al"j;l):
,621-22 lsI campaign: GUS!'I\ us captures the
capital Rtgf/ (lj Sept.) in a few \Ieeks. a feal his
(;lllu:r hold been attempting fix II
1623-2-+ S\\cdcn prql:lrcs for Polish invasion.
1625-26111d l.atvi:ll"lptorcd as Elr as
D\ in,l Ri\ er. A1 If '(/I/I/II./(Wa Imojza) (I i Jan.
16;:6) Gust;1\ defeats Poles in his tirst open
fil,.. ld h,ulle.
1626-21) Conquest of Polish r'russia:
1626 6 U'i lands at Pillau, tales
Elhing, \ Iarit'nhcrg and seizes control oflhe
\'istub. 21 Sept. I Oct.: lJalflrs al 111'111/'
fGlI/t'II. Polish halted h) musket fire.
1627 16 April: ill/flit o./lhlllllllt'rsfWI (C:::'IIr1It');
1,500 German mercenaries surrender 10 the
Poles, IN Fresh ,ll'my lands and man:hcs on
Dan!.ig, but Gu"ta\us is \\oundcd ('113 June)
crossing 7/N Aug.: IJtlll/i'(Jj"DtrJdlll/l
(7(:;"'11I): Almoq:t majnr hut Gustavus
shot;n the neck. lS Nm.: NI/mllllllfll' (/1 Olim.
1628 Smal1lo..::t1e clinpaigning, h,.mpcred
dc\ aSI;II;on of and plague, J line: S,I,I!dI'S
rl'lll'1"l..' S'/fli/l'/II/t! \\ hieh is under siege by the
Imperialists under \Vallenstein.
1621) 12 Feb,: /llio/l' 1I'/(;llr::'III.1. Ilerman Wr.mgcJ
defeats Poles. 1.6 June: CUI'lIIry '/{/III/ til
SII/lim I-Inlll,I".!i'/dI' (Tr:::.mulfI). Poles \\"ilh
Imperi;llist help defeat Gust.nus. 26 Sept.: Poles
and Swedes agree to six-yc r Truce of Altmark.
'SWtdish Phase' of' t he Thirty Years'
War. Gust;1\ U!'i tomes 10 rC!'ieuc of the German
Protest,ll1tS.
1630 The bridgehead in Nnrlli Ge1"/I/llIIjI, lie lanus;1l
Peencmunde (16 captures Stcnin and
gradually e\icts I mpt'r;alists from Pomerania.
1631 AtI\'ance into C(/Ilml Camlllly. I J April:
Fr:lIlkfurt-'1Tl-der-Oder stormed. 20 j\ Slick oI
Mngdd",rx by the Catholics: 30,000 die. 22 June:
Brandenburg makes .llliancc \\ ilh Sweden. 27
Devastating night altad on Catholic cavalry
at Burgsudl. Sept.: Saxon), Bremen. antlilesse-
Kassel ally themselves with S\\cden. 17 Sept.:
Bill III' of IJreilell./eld (' Leipzig'). S\\ edes/SaxOlls
defl'at Tilly's Cat hlll;e I.eague veterallS.
Sept.-No\.: Swedes ocellpy Germany north of
line from J\lannheim to Prague. Winter:
Glistavus sets up his 'General-Governmellt' of
Germany;lt Frankfurt-am-Main.
1632 Into Catholic sOlllh G'al/u/IIY. April: Br/{Ih, tlf
Rum ('Cross/uK of/hI' Lrrh'), Catholics defc:llcd,
Tilly killed. Augsburg and captured.
3 Sept.: SlorJllofAlfe F"JI/',l'\urembcrg
Gusta \ uS: defellcd \\ hile assauh ing Wallenstein's
e;lmp. 16 Nov.: /Jallk (JILI/I:::'/'II. G lISla \ u<, lilled.
S\\ cdes :Ire 100 un ned to fnllow up
16.1.1-35 Sll't'/hll (/;-ii'lI.m.'I': Uxensrierna talc'i Cl\ cr
rule for Gusta \ '!'i ollng daughrer ina.
163323 April: l-leilbrfl1m L"aKul' formed 10 control
SwedishjProlest.ll1t forces in Germany. Arm)
mot inies. July: IJllllh ofOUel/durf
SWCllishjProtestant \ ictory. October: lJallh 0/
Sfei1/({/(. Wallenstein captures a Swedish army
and recunquers Si!csi.l.
163-l25 reb.: Walknstcin assassinated. 2Z Apr;l:
Brandenburg breals ull" "J1;:lIlce wit h S\\ eden. 6
Sepr.: lJal/ll' ofNiirtllillgm. Spanishjl mperialists
dcslroy main SwedishjPl'(Jtestant army, South
and cell1r,ll fall.
1635 30 J\lay: P'(ue (JIPI"IIKut.!, Saxony breaks with
S\\eden and joins Emperor. August:
mUlinies-Oxenlotierna held hostage, 12 Sept ,:
Pl'(lrt' IJ/Swlll/mlnrj: Prussian comltlests returned
1U Poland, hut Li\'on;a becomes
Swedish. April, OCl.: Frl'llch-SII'l'tlisli III/iII/ICes,
f]estmereenarics go with Bernhard of Weimar 10
French serv;ee. 'Frel/ch pllflu' uIThirf.l' l'ellrJ"
IVllr begins.
Rain 1632
\
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FINLAND
Svvedlsh to 1809
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SWEDEN
....
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NORTH SEA
'to battle
II 51 9
... landmg
German campaigns
1630
1631
1632
GUSTAVUS AT WAR
THE MILITARY
BACKGROUND
"rhe Slledish in general is badl) equipped,
h:l\ing no armour; the fOOl is clothed and
:trllled. in fael not having a single pike in usc or in
possession and being mcre farmers... ' 'I'his lIas
Johann 01" Nass:lU's opinion 01" lhe Sllcllish in
1601. lls Elilings were confil'mc(1 I\hen il
lIas lirtllalh annihilated at Kirkholm in Lmi;1 in
1605 bY:1 Polish Lithu:lllian forcl' only onl-third its
size.
10.: ;Irl IX h:tu :llre;ld) t riel! to rcform I he along
the ne\1 Dutl.:h lines. In 1(101 heappuinted .I11hann III"
'\Iassau his gencl'al-in-comm:md of the army in
L:HI ia. hut Johann' .. lIas 100 short for t hc DUH.:h
The g-re:lleSI of 1I)lh and carl)
hi"lorians ha I CC\ en so 1;11' :IS 1U call him
'Ill(' f:l1hcr of modern :Irrnie... . :Iml lhe ilHentor of
'Wlal 11,11". or course, no one single lllan eoul(1 cler
hale;lehieled ;llllhe.. e inn()\aliIHl ... The prohlem is.
Ilh;11 c\;lCII.I did
The Swedish hackgruund
S\ICllcn hq:::111 lhc 17lh as an insigllilic:11l1
bad.llalcr, II hen.' many soulhern Europcans belicvcd
Iliid salage... lilld. Ifil Was not for lhe tr:lding
pOller of lhe Ilan.. e;l1ic I.cague, 511 eden mighl ha"c
slepllhruug-h lhe Rcnaissance enlirely. Thanks to lhe
I !allS;I. Ihough. SI\l,.:dcn made Slrong links with the
German \>111"1 of I ,uheck; and in relurn fi)r her copper,
Sllcuen lOok on :llhin le!H.:er of German eullurc.
Sinl'c IJ()7. Ihe three ancien! Scandinavian
kingdoms SI\l'(kn, Denmark and Norwa) -had
bcen suhiel.:! HI D:l1li.. h rule. (Finl:llld until IRCi) was
part ofSlleden.) In IS!] lhc Swcllcs broke away :111<1
clect('d Gu"t;l\ \"asa as their king. Gust:!I' founded
the greal \':lS.1 lie hau lhrce sons: Erik XIV
II hI) ruku :Incr him (. 560 6S). Johan III (ruleu
1568 9z).:llIU Duke Karl.
In 159! Johan II ['s son Sigistllund succeeded him
on lhe throne. Sigi... mund had been brought up :lS:l
Cnholic b) hi .. Poli .. h muthl'r, ami in 15S7 hatl been
ekcteu king of Poland. I [is sl:lunch Catholic
soon led lU lllllllil"l. ami he I\;IS b) GUSI:l1
\';1";1'" third snn Dlike 10.: al'l in 15(}1). In 1607 Duke
Karl \\as nowned :IS lo.:al'l IX. IlolI'e\'er. Sigislllund
rClllrncd to hi .. Polish kingdom detl'rmined to
hi .. Slledi .. h Cl"ll\\n. So hegan lhe feuding .1I1d
subsequcnl del,lslating wars helwcen I)(llish and
Sllcdish \a!\a.. Ilhkh Ilerl' \0 laslunlil.660 and to
cn(1 in lhe Baltic hl:coming-;I S\ledish lake.
In 1()11 1o.::lrl 1.'\ died. le;ning- the eOlll1\ry 10 his
<,IlIl, '\tllilphus (the I,atinised
SIIl:lli..h name, GU:-l;11 Adolf).}\s I\ell as
inhl'riting lhe I'oli..h lIar. liusl:l\"us tilUnd himself
Ilith his Ill;lin arm) ahSent in Russia. and Ililh .1
[)ani... h arm) of reCUlHllIe:-t alhancing deep inlo
Sllltkn. S\\l'lkn in;1 lerrihle condilion
:lftcr decade... of wnflicl; thl' state cotli:rs lIef('
and lhe pllpu!ati(l1l on thl' lerge ofrcbcllion;
the 1:ISk hdilre him 1\;1" hugl', The appalling SI;lIe of
;11'1l1) lllll ... t hale looked like om' or his lesser

'I'I,(l1!ofll/-."'lli",:d .../,irl
G"."'II'II." II Ore II hell ...III>(
ill flu' 1!l'l.'J.. III " l'u/i811
1Il:I/J..Sl1I'"l ,;, lJirl!ich'HI ill
lie IIn"'r ","re ""'(al
"rn/l",r 'I!!"i" 1'(T;lII.H of
,,,(, son'''...... ill
Iris ,If/l{ Ire fi"",,1
i( dil/it'ult (tl "."t "i...
arm. '/'I't' Ihnc. .. /Ie
''''IS II ('ari"I: "I't'/l J.il1t'(f ar
1,iiI)"ell 11/,,,0 I ('. Iml
1/111 e IIel'll l'l ell IJIW'l'
'''';1' il. ,IIlI/i(II('(1 "1:111
...I;ilI III /,rm itlc. ,.dies
filr d i, ill)! dipli'"ric.....
(/,i, rll ,k,lllllll:lrell-
Irt'l"<'uJi"r,I,Nh)
Gustavus's visit to Germany, 1620-21
In 1620 Gustavus \isited Germany oSlcnsihly ro get
married, lie spent a good deal of lime ruaming
(1616); and (1617).
Joh;1I11l of N;tSSHI m,lde Wallhallscn dircclOr of the
nC\I military ,ll Sicgcn in Germany" hich
he opened in 1616. Llilldt'$(hji'//)'ilJlI II ,IS 1\ har
Guslal us W,IS for: II was based on 10call.1
r;lised troops, and was cheap.
Slern Ihal he alternpt cd to inl rodlice 10 take a lasting
huld. Liok of lhe Dutch s}stern had heen wriltcn
dO\ln \\hen began his sdlOoling. The bulk
uf his consisted of the conventional
the Spanish-German
or intlse in SI\eden.
In 1-.:,11'1 called in de 1:1 Ganlie, who h.ld
just retuf1lld from DUlCh sef\'iee, 10 gil'e (justa\lls
1110 1lI0111h, of luilion in Dutch lecbniques. The
Chancelll)r cOlllmenled Ih,lt during: lhis shun period
lhl' Gust;I\US hegan LO l;llk 'almust
ahlllltllther pellplcs' \larS, baltks, sieges,
lhe an uf lIar nn hUHl and \Ialer. shipping and sea-
Ir;I\c!',
1(11 0, Ihe oung: G uSt,IH1S 1\;IS ,dread d:1 bbling
in maIlers impunam:e and had asked I{Jr a
command. \\ 1ll'1l D\'nm,lrk ill\aded SI\cdell
in 161 I impalienee could no longer be cOlllaincd,
and 11(' joined the in the front Iinc. In 16q he
\\ a<; SCI ring llff liJr "ana on Ihe Rllssian bonier for his
(';tTll]J,lign IJlcrseas; and in 1615 he look control
uf rh..: siege (If PSkIJ\' in Rllssia.
With tIll' 1\;11' ended in 1617, ,lIld
the llUeqiolluf rights 10 lhe e1'lJ\lll selt1l::<1 b) his
nlroTl:llion in ()elober 1(117, GUSl;l\'US I\as able to
tllrn ttl the relilrm of his Irnl11ed;,llel) he lll:tde
IN of his link:- II ilh Ilnlland. 'l'he I )utch, since I(JI3,
h;1\1 h\'ell lIu ing- illllllenS\' ulIlsig-nllll'nls IJf ClIpper 10
help SllClkn olf the I million Rdr. 'Al\'shorg
r:llbOI11' 10 Dl'IlI11:1rk_ Fmlll 161 i GusIa \us sent some
or his 1l,:ler;IIlS Clf DUlCh scrvil.:c Nils Stiernskiild,
AnlOni :\ IonicI' ,I nd J Selon sh utt ling' hlt \\"een
SlIcden :1l1d Ilolland. ,lsked for mercenaries,
ann, :lml 'ITIltllur. :tnd technical assistance \\ilh his
.'Illeh <If lhis was paid for Ililh Swedish
COppLT.
,\le:ll\\lhik. illlp0rlall1 \\"ere t,tking place in
the Years' War was brcwing, and
rhe (jt:l'm,ln IOllns \Iere becoming increasingly lln-
. ,\ n101 emcnt callell Ltl//rhsrl,fcl/.\IIIII (Defcnt:c of
the Land) had dnc!opl'lIIO help rhe small Gerrnan
to protect rh\'lllselles with reeruiled
mil;li,I.,. [I Ihe hesl of lhe new DUleh ide;ls and
rdin..:d rhem liJr:t (jcl'lll'lIll11arkel. The chit'f minds'
:11 I\ere Johann of :lI1d Johann Jacoh
\on \\ <Illhausen, author uf influential
for CArl .I/ifflalrt' POIlT
f'//(filll/l'rl(' (t(1I5); PJerrl
'/<lIl:II)/I. Cmllll of' 11_
Sit'/!('Il It I/O
""-lIlg It iI/I hi.,' (:111I.,';/1
I'rifll."l 1\1:lIIfiI..... ."it:l/lholtkr
"ftlJI." lilli/cd Ollle/,
I'rm ;I/(:Clo" ;HII! hi... hrf/f/'('r
II jfkm t"dt'wijl. of
_V:lS!;'IlI, It,I." ullhe he:!ft of
tll('J)Ull"l1 n:fi"m....
Hl'f<,,,rtlill;! Ille 10M ."I.ill.... "I'
(_1"...si(:11 'lI"",ies (flllll
I f:t 11",1:1' iva,, 01"Hon",,,
Illi/it"n 11I:/llIwl.,. fi,e.
n'of!!:!I;;S('t! b""k -
if"m:uilJlI."'o 1Il:ll.e tllO'III
flllIn' nl" ii,,,, ,1/)(1 In
illtTe".'olirq"'ll I-I'. ;"fW/lfl
It':t.'' t/"/'I'"i""'/'''',il>ll ,Il"
rnm;t li"now; 01',,11 1ft-ill
nWlIlI:lls. tic Gllt'l
W:ll'cllhaJ1dcling-!Jt:. _.
.'I'ei.....' or4fIllC,"') fir
I fH'i: :lIlti tit, Ii IIIlI</l'l' of
0111- or,hl' milil:!n
"I-",Ic/"i",,,,,:tt Sil'!ll'1l ill
G,nn:t".'. Iii,,' inl/"'rt"n('I'
ill I Ill' ,'pfl"/f! ol'!)lII dl
ide",,,,,, l'fUII....tunf
GCf"'''''1 :mll Su ,fl." i...
0111.\ .,/0;11.\ l'UlII;II/,f 'OIR'
"PI,nf:i.'l"-f/. (""St'lml fftS
Si(;!lT/"mft.,, ....
TIlt' , it It' ,,:IIt" o(
TrlJllpif7. j,' Kricl::S Kuns,
n:Jch Kiinilflichcr
Sch"cdischcr i\lanicr .. ,
( lrl ,,('I:lr in the HOI:/i
S\I,'di."/1
ill ,6.18(I'mll!!', c.,mp"'n''/
/J.' 16,1.1), il 11":1.",11(" lir."1
m:llu",' flt-sal/Jil/It
S" ..dish d,iII ill 111/1 d"f"il.
It 1,(,rmlln/l"':11;6 /f'om
II \1 mwIIsell :.. ;/lllllt'm;:I J
IIIlHllml,.. -tI"fl til ",
(1:IIf" is Ii",.. mor,' r/"IIl"
n'l\ orl. illg,,{11':llIIra US,'" :"
,f,,;- illfill1tn IIl:Ill/ml,
IJW'IIIf'1 Ih.. ;Ilush'lfxr :1/1(1
"il."",,,,, hi I'C [x:,,"
r".Jm III/ i" ,6)"... do' hi,,!:.
(Upl'!);"/" Ullin'rsity
/.ilmll:1 -1Iel"<::lI"r('r. UUU)
six deep. In July 1()21 he published his Articles of
War, determined to stamp out 'the insignificant
military discipline and order thai have hithertfl been
IOler:lled.
Alsu in 1621, Wallhauscn published DejclIslfJ
Putrial' oder LalI(/rl'/1tIll.!!. an instruction book on how
10 put IOgelher;J German militia army in the DUlch
manner. I-lis recommendations bear more than pass-
ing similarit)' to GuslaHIS'S chief reforms:
'Comp;lnies of I 50 men ... arc strong enough ... the
more officers they have the better t hey arc.' l\s lor rol J
(files), 'the best convenience will you h;1\'e if you
m,lke them 6 strong, ... then yOli can march them SIX
strong in the open ficld, and in h,llfrols, three strong
on narrow roads' (an important consideration on
Swcden's conslricted tracks). Wallhauscn ,1150 de-
tailed a huge variety of other minuti,le, ranging: from
the best t) pes of clothing, down to the colour of tilts
for the army's wagons.
It is often said thaI Gustavus was person:l!ly
responsible for I urning Dutch military t henries into:\
workable mili,ary system, This is nOf entlrcly correct:
what he adopted bel ween 1(l t 7 and 1622, was, with a
fe\\ ch,l1lg"es, basically a refine{l PmleSI;\l1t German
version ol"the Dutch system.
THE CONSCRIPT
ARMY
:lfound German princedoms disguised as 'Captain
Gars' (an :u.:ronyrn formed from his title Gustavus
Adolphus Sueciae). On 28 l\'1ay (0.5.) he visitcd
Johann of Nass:ltl in Ileidc1bcrg. Thc C\"Cnts of the
day werc rccorded in the di:lry uf a fellow traveller:
... we follO\\ed Coum Johann of Nassau into his
chambers. There he showed us with linle papers how
he would deploy :In army in bailIe, in \\ hat way he
thinh a rcguhr filrtrcss should be huilL And then
wok us inlO the arsenal, there we saw two types 01"
w;lgnns lilted with pikes and small Iron-guns
(sh/Jislyrkl-r)., , "
Gustavus retul'Iled In Sweden and within two
)ears had introduced his most important reforms. He
reduced his companies from 272 menlO 150,
and his inElIl1ry formations from eig-ht or ten ranks 10
II" one 01" (iustavus's achievements has be('n singled
out by hislOrialls as his grcatest, i\ is prob:\bly the
cre;lllon of a permanent conscript army-one of the
first in EUl'Ope to be oqpniscd inlO regiments with
regional affiliations. E\"en here, thc credit shoulJ nul
:111 go to Gust;l\'US, Ilis unde, Erik XI V. had already
aehie\'cd something Similar in the 1560s wilh his
(admittedly short-livcd) national 'great-regiments',
:lnd even thcsc wcre merely an extension of a
medieval militia system, of a type fhat had largely
died Ollt elsewhere in Europe.
Conscriprion
Utshh'uiltK or conscription, as a means of raising:
inf..nlr)' in Sweden, also dates back to the mid-16th
century the cavulrv were mostly volunteers.
land). Each Lllltdsl''gillll'lll II:lS wlllmanued a'land
colonel'; and 1\:15 mauc up, in theory, of 3,()QO Tllcn,
organised in six auministr:ni\e 'S{IU,ull'Ol1s' (not to bc
(;(Infused \1 ith t:lctical squadrons). 1100\e\"cl', the
Ll/mfsl"i'gillll'I/(S I\ere pC:H;etime administl'ali\c unit'i
Prior 10 a campaign mcn \\crc dr:lrted Ollt and
l'enrg,\Ilised into separate regiments for usc in the
field.
lhc eml of lfl2S it \las seell that these 'ficld-
regiments' should h:l\"e :l permanent existence, As a
result the Ltlltdsl"I'gilltl'll/ began to cnnsist of three
field-regiments (Plifll"l'gilltt'ltl). l::ither one or lwo
Ilere sent ahroad, the remainder staying::iI homc III
defend lhe prm ince from in\"asion,
With w:lr becoming the normal stale of aflilirs in
lhl' hllc 1620S, it \\;IS realised lhat a separatc
pcacctime org.lTlis:lIion 1\:lS unllcccs!>:Iry: the flcld-
Th:lt1h to poor adlllinistr:l1ioll :lIld Ilidespread cor-
ruption, con"niplion lIas not \\orking well until
GuSl:1\ us laid do\\ n firm guideline!'; ,\11<1 begall to
enforce thclll striclly.
Iii:. regulations of dllO made all males over IS
car:. old li:l hie !llr cOlN:riplion, Whcn an IIISkril'lIilllt
was ordercd. the mcn of a diMricl were di\'idcd up
into tiles (rofllr) oflellll1en, and each file 1\:lS lined up
before cOlllmissioners in the loea.l meeting hall.
One man I\a'i selected from lhe ten, usually a robust
pcasalll uf IS lCJ 40 e:lr!> of .. ge, hut prefera hI} }oung.
Ilis clothing and sllord I\ere paid for, in lheory at
least, from thl' 'file-l1lOl1e)' (RIIII-'-Pl'fIIlill,l!,ar) cOnlri-
but cd b) the nine remaining of his file. lie was
then taken to the loc;llly based regimcllI and trained
ri!tofOusl beflll'e 'iel ting: llff on campaign,
The P1"O\"inci;ll
The sueeess of the foreigners mancllcd at
hllll mere f;mllcr'i' lads eould be turned inlo disci-
plined soldil'rs rclied on the establishmenl of per-
rnal1l:nl prOl ineial These \\ent through
lhn'e di'itinu ph:hcs of dcvelopment: the peacctime
Lllluhrl'gllll<"/il (I (II 7); I he PC:lcct ime Llllld.lrl'.'f,IIIII'Ii/
enmpo"cd for II al' of thn:e (t.:. I (llS);
,11ld fin:lll , t hl' Prm illl:i:ll Regimenl (e. I630).
TIll" lir't Mag-c \I;IS sct up in 1617 by Ch:lnt:ellor
.'hcl O\cll!o.tierna r'll1ll"r th,lI1 Gust:L\US, lie di\ided
lhc kingdom into cig:ht dislrins, c:ldl of
whkh .1 LlIIlilsr"f!.IIIICIlf: lllll in Finland.
tltl' t!thl'l" !>i\ in Slll'<lell (Nllrrland. uppland, Si'ider-
11l:lnl:tnd. Ostl'fg:lllland, \'aslerg<lthlllll, and Sm:t-
,I cmnp'H1.1 ",.:/\\ 1Il/IJ Jor
Irlli"ill!! ill tlu' 511"1.'IIisil
m'llIlIcr, {r"m
mammJ. Th('l.l:nt,."I/>/"d,
i.<; ""lI/c IIf' o{p;kt'/Il"11 !mel
tl", tll"O II ings :In' of
mu.o;kt'lt't'/"!,: c'II.'II Mock 1m....
; "" fJ ",.lInIIIIt'r, '1'11('
("(""/1:111,1':<; 111,..,.'
COIII/IlissiOlll'd ullil....rs-
ClIfll,l;n, ('II.<;ipl (lI'it/llh1!),
;IIII! licIlfCII:wt-Ic:uJ l1Ie
'Jlods. T1Ie 111'0 .<;erj!c:wts
(n'sIJIJIIsiIJIc lu" drill ,HI/I
b'/I lit, onlcr) lI',uc/l tIle:
sitlt.,,: 1111/1 tltrn' 'litl/It'r-
"flit't'r,o;'-Fu";a,I:i;hr(",.-
1Jf"-(.'IJJOIlr!> (em;i!!11
;111/1
Rlist"''';.'1(,,. (<';/I't:l
'Irt".o;)-IJ";ng III' Ille n':lr.
Jimrf/l 'uflIlcrI/tli,t'r:
t 11(' mllSll'r cit'r!, eli//llot
"ornwlf., fillill ill tf/(, fidd.
Th,' ;,<;,
IlIIlIcI'cr, il/C/lrl'('cl;1I
s{"I"('r:11 era";,,1 ,lct:/ik '1'11('
pi!c Mock ...1"mM 1m,'('
lIim' lill'.o; IImkr Ihnx'
1'0"'101":1/...: I/ll' mw,kclct,,..o;
"e Ill/II f \l'""','
lilts IImit'r 111,.",', (.'0"''''''1/.0;
i/l ,Iff. Tnml';t% IJ,.,,!lI,M,1
iJJII,<;Ir,Uc.<;;/ ',It,' Genlla"
1',I";'lIlf, II'hicf,
Cf/IlII'CIIS:If,S Jill' 1/11.'
im.",c:I,o;;,,!! slUII"1II}!.. of"
IJ;kcmCII in I/le J6Jfls. '111<'
",.,ilftor,1 pi(T" ... "n' purd,\
I/t'CflrllI; I'C,
\\cre Ih ' most practical units both in \\',lr
and peacetime, Th' Ll/l//lsf/'gill/l'lIl \\':1 abamloneJ
:lnd it: distributed among (h ncld-
regiment:. Each or the. e dC\'cloped into a provinciaJ-
rccri mcnt (La lIt/skaf!SfC!{II/1l'/II),
'u"ta\ u \ reforms \\cre finally, Ct in con Tete by
the 1634 gO\ crnment 'OIl titution-cffectivcly a
charrcr for thc The docum nl included a list of
the prO\ illl:ial-regiments in ordcr (f prcccdcn 'c.
\\'hen rqrimcnl:J! numbering \\;lS introduccd it fol-
I(mcd this ranking and rcmained co>cnliaily
unchanged until I().!:;.
The pro\ inci:tl-rc,rimcnt uf ,63+ (mo t of which
\\erc in c\istelll:c 1(po) \\cre a follo\\"
, 'wcdclI
Lpplaml
:brahorg
,'<iJerl11a nlil nl!
" ronoherg;
Jilnk(ipin!!
Dahll"llil
(I al-regt.)
() tcrgotland
I bl"ingc
\h
\ ilslergilllallll-
I)alsland
\ iislma nla nu
\ aSlerbotlen
I-.. aI111ar
;,\iirkc-\'iirmla nd
FI II/a1/1
bo-Iiin
Bjiirnehorg
1':1\ .lst chu,
\'iborg
a\'olax
N) bllll
OSlcrbollcn
The human co t
Octwecn 16_6 anJ 1630 an a\crage or 10 000 men
\\crc con.t:ript cl aeh \\ith a p ak in 162] of
IJ.500. This :Imounred to _Oil of" th cmire mal
I opuhuion eaL:h s the drainage of manpo\\er
incrca"cd in the J6305 boy of 1,5 I] began to be
conscrillcd.
In somc northern nreas of Swede he werc
disastrou " now notm,iou stuJ) j. Lindcgren
has rc\'caled the clfects on the parish or Bygd <1,
\\hichil11620COn isted ofabout2-0 farm teads\\ith
1,90 people in all. By 1f)3!) the population had lilllen
ro ab ut 1,]00. The male population het ween, sand
60 h, d droppcd e\cn more dramaticall), from +6' in
16_t to onl) 2 in i6
j
l), Of 230 mcn conscripted
15 c\ cr returned alivc,
Th rudy al. (I r \'cals that the mon-ali y rate
among Bygdca con cl'ipr' in PI'U, :ia and Pomerania
avcmgcd sou
n
p r ycar, almo tall frol11 illn 5S rather
than oem) action, The \\ or. t years by far were [62]
to 1629 \\hen Guta\'u. was bogged down in Polish
Pru' i:l, ,on, criptjon III th' \\cdi h in
effect, amounted to a death senten e,
I
INFANTRY REOIMENl
t--
110;",,"'" I Smll
1"00 menl
ColOmU
I I I
LI <:<>lOno,'
".p"
Ouanerma.s16r
IColoner.
LI Col',
M."". C"lI'"n', I
C"""".... (2 41

a",."",., ce".,. ... company COf1lJiln),
Surgeons 141
P'OVOSIS 141
IIOQ"""nIJ"de'"
I II II II I
CaJI1 moIrshaI de'"
COIJn .......,.. sorgo.'"
CO"1)ilny c:ompany compan'r'
510C1l kn'Ohls IllOBdlcs1 (21
H'ngn>an
I' __"YCO""""",,,,")
INFANTRY COMPANY
('50 mIn)
: Each Rot (IIIIJ 6 mr.:n'
, 'C<lrpo<ol (CI or Roo"""",, (AI
I Com nsoldiers
: UndVr tOlm.)Stt'(' (htodQscr)
t. _ _ I
C""'llln'
llOL.J10nlJnl.
""illo
Selge.",. 121
F1lhf(l:f 01 oolOuls
Furim
Fll:r.ilmct510r lcapl 01 Drm5J
MugetcJer'k
0"'''''''''''(3)
MU5181Do)'!o tA}
r or Col U Col Ma/Oll
(I Capl;m I""'tooar'll In
COIOnOI ..",
,
,
--------'--------
Ti,e 1J;l,..ie lJuihlinK IJ/od, or
Gus/;J\'US'!! illf;II/rry
Ihe rcgiment (nm rhe
I}rit:adc, n. 'On11:1 inles
,mggcsf 'd). ixc" :15
fi.\"L'U h,' in tfl_ f
III L'ig/;I companics CIt,:h
nomin,,111 orIii) mell, -I
fell' l'lrger reg;"menr' Off:!
and f6 c }nlp'/nic,.. "Iso
beg,,,, Itl lIppc"r {'rom I 6zfl.
lI'i/h othcr
numher. nrcomprlJlics hael
u.malll /i"'!L'd 1<1 rCll .f,
strenith.
The 'Iafl'
, In 1101 I C I'aricd
'on1ewfwI ,Jf Ihe colonel',..
r!i reI ;on, btlt the
eornpanJ SI:ln'II:IS fi.\"cd:ll
16 nlL'f/-l1 ,'cr,' high
numlJC:r lilr "rmics "(Ih '
/imc, which e-fll'C III
Swede IId,',;nwgC! in
;lIil;,ui"c ;lI/d flc.\"ibilill
:llId allowed Ih(: comp';",1
ell runc'/io":1 .
bodl' in small OJ" remote
Iln.... ',Huster-fw."s'
lI'ereoRiccr: 'l"\'IInl.s: /11'('
I Crt'"1IIIII'cd to I he
cnplnin nne/one cac:11 r/lr
I,c'l/temme nnd ens;!Jn,
'Pl/ssl:wll"nls' lI'el'e nOI1-
exi. CCIII'/I/CII whose,'n III 1"1
campen.<;'l/cd rhc e;lpw;II'
luI' replacing de,';c:rler,s :/Ild
men lI'ho died o(illne '.;
lhe ...mrc 11'11.<; 1111"
re 'pollsible- ror ';':ll.illf! III'
/0 e duc 10 enClI1" :lerioll,
In pr:Je/;cx" lhc f11/(JII":ln('('
. CCfll," W Iw I'C heen
reduced (rom '-1 menlO
10"/1 of onl/ll/ll.' cflC:Cli,'cs,
Thou(fhlhe
c, wlJli,<;/JnH:nl .';tI'CIl;I111 IIr
all cighr- 'ompllll.'
rcgimcne 11'11. III1iCi'llf,\'
',200 JllC'n, i/1 (lr:JC'1 icc: ;1
num/ler 'd ollil ,zli u/licer'
(exc!udin{rn.gimcllw}
!Hall) and I,on, 'marebilllf
m 'n' (.JJ2 pil.cmcn ;,/1d,:;76
musl.et 'er ). The 1,:;0 mllll
conlpan.". in 1;1<;1,
numbered 0111, If} oflicus
I/Ild 1:l6 mcn (5-1 (liJ.cm II
,md 7Z mU51. 'Icers).
Then.. was a limit lo the I urdcn Gu 'l;lXU' auld place
on hi.' 0\1 n citizens. \lrcady in the carly 1620 he had
\I idcspread rioling on hi., hand.. Iii. onl) option \Ias
ro increase th' numher of foreign mercenarie'.
Th word 'mer 't'nari 's' has unfortunate l,:onnor-
alion tmlay, :lI1d modern \\c les pI' -fer to all th m
'cnlisred' (l'iir-'adt') rroop , the tefm actually u ed by
Gu"ta\us's a Iministralion 10 distingui-b rhem from
on.criprd trool ., The) \\cre mostly volunr er
fal. ed by a n:crui(jng party :IttraClin
CT
men to til
regim 'nl h) the beat of a Urum. nhc! ,s til )
weI' normall) fon::i u. uall) 'flnan. for
\\ hom thc main atrracriol1 of the wedi. h army wa.
cld IIll more compli ';tled than ath'cnturc .Ind of
cour. c mont).
Thc m I' 'enary S) stem relied entirely on a few
enlcrpri:ing onit:cr!> \\ ho had:l ":s to large 'um' of
monc). The chief of a rcgimenL \I as normall) a
colonel II ho rcct,i\ 'd a personal parenL from u '-
r:lIm LO r;li!>c ;1 \\hich thereafter \1.11',
lirtuall) his ll\ln pri\alC propert). ,\s \1 ell a earning
a i,11 such a '(llonel-proprietor treated
hi' r 'gim 'nr a rrolit-making busin s , The wor. r
colrlll '\s Oeec'd their ... oldiers merciles.ly for c\'ery
Rd..'sill//a 1hey \I er' \\ orrh, .lnd, in thc WI rds of one
'ell. oftict'r, often 'could onl) he inuuccd to p:l)
\\ hcn they had xhausted e\'(:ry means of e\'a:ion'.
)nc of rhe r 'a on... that foreigner., flocked to
Gu. til \ r.lI1h the pro peet of rapid pro-
mOl ion, and the smell of money that this entailcJ. ,\
good xampk i :hrislof \'on 1I00l\\ald (or J luhalu).
om in 1(,0_ rhe son of,I ';\'I,on dothmaker, he joined
up a. :l common musket'er in 1616 1" and served
thc Emperor, Sa\on), J\lansf It! and Brun. II i'k
b fnre going to '" eden in 102+ \Ie ro e teadil) in
the Blue Regim 'nt: liltttcn<1nt I(:zS, 'aprain 1627,
major 1(21), lieutenant-Colonel IIlJo, amI \las ma I a
\1 cdish nobleman in 1630. In \Iinrer t '.1' "'2,
,t: re\\ ard for ':IJ1lurin 'an enen ) forrre. on his 0\1 n
initiarill" he 'ommi, sioned as colonel I' a n \\
tuOl ami a nc\\ hoI''' When hi. regiment.
I\er' di:bamlcd after the ballk of'\;c)rdling n in r6 4-
he It'ft for. 'a;..on sen icc as a major-general. From
16.15 [0 1654- he \las inl oland, becoming 'ol'akoll/-
I 10 hc confuscd wilh 'cul"urcu hril:':Il.lcs" II hich
lcmpnr.u') "I' rCj!imCnls fur campaign and h:lttldicltl
u c.
The 'olollr d R giments I
R gim 'ms with colour l1am. II' re fa 'hionahlc
chiefl) in PI' t "rant star . In r620/2J .Qunt lans-
f Id had raised Red, Blu', Yellow and recn merccn-
ary regiment for the erman Prore tant ; and in
T 25/2(' the Danc. had Ie\ ida imilar. election.
'weden' fir, t coloured rCJ'iments acquired their
colour name bCl\lecn t6r and 1627. ignifieantl),
1he: ied}c:r;: II liS hlol1'/1
u.0;/1IIrc. Th ,i,. li/ll'cl
jacket... ,Itld hrccdic's ,ll1{1
caSlcr/l- '1)",," (U,. caps
...Iwultl u-i. C;/II ide:1I orllw
cnld-II cal her dress "I'
Il;Jlin. 'IITc/ish illl:l1lln.
(Faru .!IlIr 'h, Gll//unJ)
II/endanl' of Danzi<J': garri.on, and battling against
Khmclnir. ky's Cos. ad I' hel. ,Il B Tcstcczkl) in I.
He linall) died in retirement m;l larg e. nne in I ()/)..
hough I 10U\\",1Id s promotion from the ranks was
not ryrical, it \Va con"idcrably more common in the
wed ish arm) rhan in nrh r.. I Ii. wide in crnarional
c, pericncc wa' not at all unu. ua!. Before tCl. I,
hO\lc\ 1', Gu. ta\us rarely ga\'c regim nr to adven-
turers unl they arne \1 irh impe cable referent: .
from other Protestant armi . He pI' ferred, as In
Hou\\ald's ca.e, to train his officer in hi l\\ n
mer' nar) 'coloured regimenr. '.
711is picture, P:lillfL'c/ ill
,61 " 1c:II'lh '
e.vrraordin,lrI .,ro,T"fa
J!roup u(sclli-hu/I[' 'r... (;'0/11
rhc i.o;l;/ ncl of 1J,I,I1lcl 11110
lI'ere nlarn()lled nil an
in'hc'r!! ill ,6u3. The.
.'iun i,'cel liw 1.1 cia,'!> lIn/il
NARIES ERe
....." ........ P'..
had lhc s;lIne names :IS i\1:msfdd's
rcginn:rHs; in fan, of Ihe had earlier
>;erl cd ,Ind Ihl'n Ihe Danes, b<:fore cllll1ing
0\ cr In SI\ellcn, The colour naml'S referrcd III
lIa!!" colour>; ('Ice Pble D).
Tlte \ dim/' Till' Sl'llior I'q,;-i-
mellI, II hid} al lime..; \1 a..; e:ll1l'd Ihe COUl'l Reg-iment
(lIol'I"<',!!,IIIII'III) Ill' GU:lrd" Regiment. It hall
cd prl'lkeessor<;: I (n 3, Ihe Lilcrcgt.;
\61.; 16, \ 2., the Drabant
Regl.; 1621 the (old) 11m rq!l. The (m'I\) Ilu\-
Th,' S" nit,. I>niq:iuJ[
\I 017;1.-1 ill \"r'"
G.'rmllu-, ./u/.I/III.':11'(
," /'1. III f !It' cI",u/.' ill."
"':'1>" fllt'litle
'11 "",' "f,lI..
IIlt'/"tI/'''/''):;",11
,,111""""'<'/'" Ilml
:Ie, '''"l/ll/llI'nl GII_/II I II.' \
"rri, "f in G,'r",.''',: f/l<"
(...... o"li,I,/ l.i"" Ii!";,,;,,/[ 1/'"
(I 1,lp IIII";:1 EUJ: k. I, f ,,;.-
'7''''.' "':I}:,-, ill ,1,.. "",.
,,,,,n. ;"I:m/r, rt'l!ifllt'lII"
/",d \I r;IIt"1I
nmfinll /11:1/
I ;fZllllllH:, furml):'-)
Rq:;flU'nf lind fI'l' 1.1-
""'''1''''',' .,'fnmg /JIll"
RCj!in,e/ll u ('rt'l'rl's,'m,
rI'I' Sd",,,rl/ (Mad.)
R<'}dllu'/If ;.. ",..,Im"'-,
h.1I.'f'h:'II. t''' ..... /r(J1Il "
16.111," Wim. (L L IJ)
rq("1. \\:lS formed in 16:q, mostly from German..;; il
\\:10,; fir";l called rhe 'YeIlO\\ Regiment' in 1626, and
kepI Ihis name unlil it passed into French in
16
35.
7'111' /JIM Ut',f!.IIIII'II/: The longcsl-li\eu
regimeJ1l. II het':lnw of1ici:lll) knll\\ n, from r6 ;Jt
Ihe as Ihe 'Old Blue'.
"1'111' Rol Rt'.I:,illti'lll: 'fhe least wcll-knO\II1 of Ihl'
filllr il rem;lincd in Prussia unti11631, Sll did IlIII
lakl' p,lrt in Ihe first Cal' 's C:1I11 paign ing in uerruan
TIlt" Cft'I'1I Nt'gil/II'III: The junior of the four, the
Green Regiment has al:(luired;1 :.11 Ill' its
o\\n, hecause olle of ils l:olom:ls, John
Ilephul'l1, \\;IS ,I Scul. The Green \I;IS onn'
Ihoughl III he the arH:CSIOr of thc scnior Brilish
reginwlll of Ihe line, Thc Royal Scots, which in fiH:1
descended from ,I Scuts regiment raised Ilcphurn
fol' F'f;lTlCe in 163.1. Some hale e\'C1l specul:llcd thaI
the 'green' part ()f t he name call1e fi'om rhe
green of Ihe Scot:- t;lrtan \\ orn in Ihe ranks. In fal'!,
SI'Wm;lI!! /iwf-m,
,krO,hr, 'Jwil di.ll. TI,i...
'Ill" "r11,l' I"", prim., 10
r(',"rd ('of"ur 1m'",'.. /;".
Ill"'" illl"imlr,' n'j{imt"'"
(prulmM,' Il'''-''''!>t' ,/'<';r
",'rt'ht'l'omi",e
Imn'('II!!/li",1 Mt'). '1'1",
n1!im</II. "n' d,'pl,,-, "/1 ill
_qum/nm_t,1 runl"'li",,,
(i,t". 1", II" Ii"".) roll ''''r ,,,,,,,
bril!:,dt,,: II..' f.,rc.r(I.l
"U;IlIJ:IIl-, ) "<'!! ill ;,,"'., (/JIll,,,
I "'"11l ;111/1 II hi,l') fidel
lu"",/wll/nm,. \""'111.,,,
lilt :, ,,",,1, ,'"f,,"Ill.
''It''tl.;rI!! ..
in,.upp"n. (.imu/I'fJOmr)
,t'I'I<;"" "fa ,6.1' "rim
flril1i,,,,II,' I,., J""l"r /l"I1"....
l/l ijl..mu.'lIIII,.
Im.-ler,J"",)
-
,. ,

" "
r. " ,'" "
..... .. , .. ' ....,..,' ..",..',....'.:.'
- -..Ji:.'''' J
...,...., ., z _
fmm ,I h,lntlful of otlit.:er". lhere II.H'
:J Scor in lhc 1'q;::iml'IlI'11 all, Thl'l11u.lcr rolls.
\Ihkh "uniH' in Ihl' SllIdhnlm "Iul"
(ilrm,lll' II h", in CICI, II ere 1ll:litll Pru:.!>i'ln"
fl'l:ruitt'd .1" p,1l'! oflhc oftht' Dul.c
III Pol.lIlt!. The reg:iml'tll II,IS march-
ing: III join tIll' Pull:.. 111 \Ihen il II,IS
intern'pled h.1 IIll' S\lede... b.r'ld 110ppe ret.:ortls lhe
incidl'11l in hi" t.:hmnide oflhe clmpaign:
'(:1111111 IIJ1l 'I"hllrtl .. hllllll,d Illll: "I"ril'lld!> or
Encmie.;'. '1'0 \1 hkh Ihe r !'rus.i,lll r in falll replied:
"Fril'ntl.!", lit, C011linued: "Then "houlder
tlIll"I.l'I'!'" \nd 1\ hen Ihis \1:1" dfonc. he rode up :lnd
",lid: "I\rc lo..ingorS\lcden':. men?". "Ja. ja!"
rhe\ :llhllcred.'
(ill"':1\ u. inl.:IJrp0l';llld the reginll'111 illlO
bUl ..enl IIll' ollil.:er" h.ld 10 Ihl: I)ul.c of Brandenhurg
III lell him '10 I:ll.c more 1::11'1: lJfhis m(:n in fUlure'.
The \iCII Clllum'cd Regimcnls
Ikllleen ,tntl J(',lO.liu. I:l\us c.\pallded
hi. /(lI'l'l' ill prcp:ll";uion for his tanding in
'1'11l' !llur e\i.ling clliour n:girncllls 11(:1'1:
incrl:,l'l:d in .il.l: from cighl cOlllpanic" 10 12 (Ihc
'cllO\\ ,lIld Blue laler l'\ell reached (0).
.\ m'\1 rt'!rimelll. II erl' abu kl iell; Ihe t.:olfl1lcls of
some of Ihe<;e regiment" (hoping:, no doubl. to
int() a "cIccI circll') adllpred Iheir ,1\\ n Cf,lnur name":
'1'1/1' Ilil/d NI',1!,IIIII'III::; 1\ ere rdated: Ihree Ilere
rai .. ed in lfJ21) from Germ'lll I Llnsa tOllns
Emden) flot.'I/IIII'S//(/1 Fal1.enberg, and an:urding: 10
the histori.m Chemnit7. (I. all
Ilere blad regiml:nls. 1\ !HI"sihlc fourth n:gi-
menl 11;1" rai"cd in 1(130
in Emden, .lIld in 'fhi. i:.
thc 'bbd l'eg:irnclll' indic'lted un a prim fir lhe
of \\ 01g;I!>I. I ph:lu"cn had heen
Fall.enhergs LieUlell:llll-Gcneral in d121),
'I'll,' OrIlIlK" RI'.f!,IIII/'Ii/ fllld IlrfJlI'li Rl'l:!.lIlll'llf II ert hoI h
r:li"ell in Prus<;i,1 in 16Jo from mcrcl'narie"
dischargc<l fmm Polish, Rmmknburg: :llld Dan%i!!,
,!,cn ICC. II,/ppe recurds Johann Vit%lltum \ l)ll
Ed,>t.ldt" 'orange-cnloll red GCI'Jl1an
1\1 il.:e. and I);lqrit%'s bnl\\ n regiment oncc,
TIll' /1"1111,' RI'I:!.III1I'1I1 1\;1" c:.l:Jbli"hed from thl' g.lr-
rison of SICII in 1\ hidl surrt.:ndercd \1 il hOUI fi!!,hl ,I
fe\1 .. ftcr Gusla\ LIS bndcd in
The t.:oluur name<; of lhe nl'II culoured l'cgiment ...
unlil.e Ihe old unt.::., \Iere nOlllorm.lll) llSl'd in otlidd
cnrrellpondellt.:e. Inili:lll). \\('re all inllndcd to
h;lll' bUI all blll Ihe While
Regimenl II reJlI(.:t'o If) eighl, '\Ille Ihal Ihere \\ ere
:":e\\ colllun:d rq::inU::llIs
Table i\: .. y Regiments wi III Colour

nHll'l' units \Iithlilit CUI(llll' 1l:1mes,
,IIHlthe...c \\l're klHI\\1l after the nallleortheir
lollllH'!.
liS; Tur",,., I' I,,,
"I",.i, C'" ill (Jel"III111I.1 i'l
J6.p,s"" ;'IJ..;c:eI'fl,rml ..
.1 (."1" "ft.'r IlIc' Kill,lt '..; tlnllll;
IWI "th'" Ilml lim." 1,';;1" il
"(";/1' 0<11 "he" l'
"I"m.,lin;I, IImllhell piAl'S
CIUll' (fJ ""IIl'jd'T/t'tI ... '
I/r;I:;///",,; C'ml/ iflu...11/1 I,,,
u..;,:" :II>' hi;.:II.'r k, 1'1
ill
Ihe nwcft'nl .';.'/1.';", 11111 \I <'I'<'
("\C'(,.I ,,,,,.;:.;1".,
ill" (i.'\1 pi,dl"I/ hl/lks) /','
" r"'lJrll 10 ,I'l' "1/mll/rlm
(i.,. l1'I/I:lU""):l1> Ih.,
I :II" ;l";!' Ii,,.,n'";f'''
IluguenUIS) ""cned olkn :b dr:lgoon:.;
Bohcmian exiles <:upplied at leasl flllC complele
regimellt. The Brilish, hO\\c\'cr, outnulll-
bered a \cr} brge :Ill theSe and olhcr
nationalities e\ecpt the Gerrnans, 'I'heir specialit)
\\as infantr}, because the c:-.pOrl of horses from
nrit.lin II:IS forbidden.
The con neel ion of Scolland wil h Swe(lcn h;IS ofien
been calkd :t 'special relationship'. The Scots :lnd
S\lcdes had lllllCh in common: harsh e1imate'>,
po\en,1 al hornc. and strict Protcsl.lntism, In:l period
when Walcl' linked ralller than di\'ided peoples
\Iere nO! so r:.u ap.lrl gcographieall), When
Gusla\'uS had his Ill:lin channels or rc-
eruillllent from CUI action in
162j and 1628, it was n:ltllfal for him to tllrn to
Britain for troops.
Soon, Ihe Swedes beg-an 10 appreciale Ihe
Thc'/lr(I::U1c: ,,(,llrL'l'
sf/wll/nm..;, li''''1l 'I flrilll of
,1,., Imllie onIe.".;;"cll-
01lll"llC/",-f(I (',/J) ill
ThcalrlJrll I':urupacum. III
(F,.,mA/i,,I, ,(;.i')),I-:;/I'1l
-"/(IIll/r"" "';1,';, in ,/'l'or.'.
,,,;/lk Ufl of/i",r
t'o/"/mII ie..; (I"e/ln'.';..II' ed
I,,'n' h.' lim,. ,"UlI';IIl.'
i" frlllll sf/llllll,.,,,,:.;
,JiAt'I. 1.01l e"""m;,tm
slrc";.:,h" IIlnUII 1/1"1, ill
IJr.ll',;n', "KI;n.I
"q",/(Irml..; :. III ".1.';
111111 fJwrc ,Imll limr
.'onll'''
Till'SII l,tI;"j, hril!:/(!t-
0,,1.. 1"11'1'1.1 /Ill' Ii, c:"
I filII 11. I. Falkenlwrl! Wtl?
I(Ill' \dllll" O. Ellcrell 11,111 J 1
G. \\ ulf\. \\ .pd?
I(Ill} (]:tu... Dietril'h 'Sperreurcr' JO?
II.Jk.\.Thlll"n .l4d
lid
1(1.10 j. \ ill.thulll \, Edst:uh 3;d
I() .10 .\ lc1ch ior I, lJar1!itz - :; Id?
16Jol),HIlill 31 J. \. Rchn p \\'.
111I1'l .12 1)11(111 ....en .17 S.lr:l-
/1111 .lXd
/MIlk?
()fl/II,l!.I'
IJm/1'I1
IIltlh'
Blild
Iliad
1111/(1'
l'ey: Fir:.t datl' i... llr fol1o\\ing dalcs
(c,g. 32' = Ih.l2) shOll changes of colonel;
J = unit di..;h'lllllctl: \. = Ion; Christian names-
= iI\;l\irnili:ln, S = Sigmund, W = Wilhelm.
:'\, = It = ,,= 1{;lspar. J = Juhann,
G = Georg:, I) = Diclrich,.Ik = Jakoh.
The rour old coltlllred regiments
}'dllJll' 16:q (no LO,) 2; f'rans Bernhard \.
Thurn 27;"1. Teufl'Cl 3t:'\. I3rahc
JJ Kagg 34 Schonbeck 1635 to
Fr:lllce
IJIII!' (from c,I634 C:llled 1'111' 'Old /JIm") 16:q
II.G.\. '\rnim 251\I.TeullCl-2711.\.
del' 'nIh ::H) ILK, \" K titzing -:;0
II. G.lUsdern \\'inckcJ 36: 'Old lJIuc'
16;od
Red dl.q 2; K. S. \. PI:lln 26 Ernhard Ehren-
rcitl'r JO Gicsebredll \'. Ilogendorf
.lSd
(;1'1'1'/1 1627 II. ", \. "litzing: -21.) John Ilcpburn
32 '\d'lm \. Pfuc1 35d
British l\lercenaries
.\lOSt (If foreign men.:enaries Ilcre Ger-
bUI he recruiled III her nalionalities. The
Duteh and Flemi:.h \Ierc :.ouglll :tlicr as
englllca'> or the French
II/un.1 r<:r:;"t.nt ""11
"('re' p('n":II"'/l1
..,rU(llIrl,. ....lIn/i,"
,mel hri}:.I(lt-
. ftmptJr.Ir.'
poU/I;II,l!' liw II.'" "" lIte
fu"Jdid" 11 ."-Il."i,/.
o,qu;ulru" :11"><'01"'''1.1 fir'f
bt"I4{'('11 161;,.ml,,,,:I.II
14 ".' """I.lInl lIn I h. J)I/feh
b'lf'.11"", ,,1' 1.,I/(.rn:""("lIf
,.1,...1110 lI,nl',. f/,,: /Jllf"'h
umkrI>rim.. ":lllrit-.It
''''4.
1'h'-, 11i.I}!n/lll '._ ";I'nl UII
,,,,.h.. II ..,,,iIlTh...
Sl4c(li,h f)i""",plim. TI,,
I

I
"'-,

-
..-
--
....... _1
CJ CJ
Tloe 5_.."

"(/"mlrlllt (kpl"., (,/I ill 1\\ ..
m";lll1mli.,:" l,iJ"t M"...I.:
..,(,61'01' (filt, ,,(,i, me,,).
loff"" "(1 i/lful ,.1
(1'_'11.111., 0(.(/ I"u:l'.,j I,., ;/
/JIlI_,I.tI,'(r fi,rut" t io" ,,(J':
rm,. Tilt "/ll.ldrvll:'
IJl "_,.l.eft'("" (vmlll :u" .ml'e
w";lh(r,ick ,,(,he pil.t
blr.cl. if;, M.'" Ih",-;".II<'d.
1 fi,rll"'r ," n't- of
',ur,J/lI" . ",,,,,I. (.,......,.., (/16
",en) pn" ;d'''I.I" rt"'('n e' or
f."fJUld fH.' d.t"d",J fi,r
mh.'r(/lI/i('S. E.\duJimt
..me'''''''' 'I ....,II.lllron .
IJumocr.'I1 .0., m:.nhin/:
11I,'/1 (I",f(:I lilll-SlrC"}!111
rt'J!illl('/If).
G"M"'".,elil/fn ,,,
IIl:.J"t II,,' "lmuJrlJ'" 1/
1"'1''''''''''/11 Imif: '1:If(-
rt'l!im."" u(li",r
lY;m"""i(" I, ..rt' (r'''I.III."r/..
rt/i.rrtxl /Q ,I' '"I".lllrlJ'''
fi,r "dllli,,;."rt,,;, I.'
par""'C -i,,,/t""I.I. ""..
IlIId.,..,i e rt1f;nl('1/1 ,,(
,hr.... r" ,i, ("'np:"t;.... .. ",
/I,,-uI,II.. It'nll.'d"
M/":u/r",,. IJIII;f i" .. nm}!
fa lin}. tI......
';Id,,,;o;,, nlfi. (.' ''1".ldn>II''
tO(l dos"", ";Ih Illc
'Itlclic,,/'
UI,:1f Ih.' 'f,lrl 0(:1
."t.,IIPIHj:-" (rml/,IIe
1lt:1I'/Xt" ('1' "
5,,1111'1 i,ll.... ,11,'1'" 10 ,'r..
t',wlJ}:1i 'lit''' ill 1I.,i,,/:1<'
r.yintC'H to lidel:l
c","pl"11: IJri}:lllk (II'" II :I.'
:" lir..., Ih,' . II il/ll/l('
"clJow ImcllJflle
Il qdmcllfs): U"II:II/."
Ihml}!h, "s m:IIl" :IS fi"'r ur
Ii. e r"1fit"ClifS Iwd 10
t.'/.)IIIIIi/l(. '1'1,( rt1filln'nf'
_..,ill ('\"1'-'11.."1.1 ,... "/Jllnll.
,'miii.'!> " il hi" I I,,' I1r;1!.uh'.
1\ ht'n" hri!t',d.. r('('.i. ("(I
he" .. C'.lstmJI;t.... "r I/flih
",r. dC:I.,d..xl fi'r j::lrri'lm
m'" rt1!illl"nf' IU'n-
hruuehl ill to 111:1;",,';/1 I h.,
I.ri$';d.",,, li:.hJc:
h," I Jeli.111 fiJrm:1I i", .
The ('11-"0111 u(lIil in}:
col"ur 11,""1" h,I_'
;I 1St> ..." 11.'''-..1 mll"'h
conIiL,i"n-II"hf r:",,,,,,,,11
in ,h.."t,!>,o(lh. (;1' /1
'IIltl Ih. Grt '11
IJri.f!'tu/. (or 'S('ot-'
IJriJ!,u/c:. ,";1 "'I.' .,;,JJt'l.l
"r;'",,), "-'t:or.li"}!,,, The
SlIcdi"h Intdlilt<.:llccr (':.".
.. Ilr;gml.,, 'Imtll1ll"ir
'!:Im.os (roflt f/tt (bief.'!;1
CQ/(mrs {flllJ!S{ l,clult!!;Il!!
/fIllle ...,. ....llilJrl
Coltmd/"t'I/,t. hd}!:f(Ic.' lit
IJnl"lic"',:t ("JI/flr llI'It,t
"':1'" ""'1"1.1 ImJ.. if,h.
hri/f:ult indllt/ctJ:,
CQlnun'" r'1fi/ll('III; :llId
Ih"n (",1.. it;,., fl.}:" ....re:
!of ill ,.....'<J1!"i!i".IIJI ",,,1,,01
.'O/Illlh'.1.1 in ,:lIlc"..II..
16J.! thi., n:I.lo ,,-Itlom 11,,'
..,;,s,. ,,,,dIliUM IJri}!Ou/C!>
.. crcCl,lftd,ill"JI" :lficr
Ihe n:l1"e o(,h";r ...'11;(11'
.-uJufld.
The '5" t'(li"h 'I,ri/:,u/t' i!>
oneofll"'/i.11 i"ml\;l/jQl'!>
Ih:1I .."tW Ix cn"l.I;/t"f1 '"
GUM:!, II' ("1' '" 10'''_'' '0 ilL,
SI:I n) II il" !>Olll. ((rl:I;/If...
Sur";.-jll/f nml,l/t/",r:lr..
sJ..ld,,... ufllrlkn. "flmflk
showlJml :IIier Ir;"I" II ;111
Ii, e :lflIJ t. ('11 lot. ('11
s'lwlI/nm 1\ (dg......, :!'hn...
,''111:1d'''III Iwi}!'IIIo' .... "II ('II
;n 1',lIi_,I, l'rwi";;1 " r
16.:;-..:H. (iU.":I' 11" :lI/del/"
(ourth e) 'qwltlroll
in ..rmmd ,6::I#-.:y.
pn"'.I"''' /Q ('OllOfl'r ,he'
hUJ;c l"'II<'rilll;M ....reins h.
"\-/X"I.-Itv./ III f:,f."(' ill
G('rJJ';I".,
Th"o;,11 ".'.Iilnl
di"J!r:mt ';(Ih., '514 "IIi_,h'
bri!!t"/(, puh/j"hnl ill it,
d:ll 14:'-' l.l>rd Il(-:/I ..
in Thc S"
Disc:il}line ill ,6.1':. 1'his h:l!>
h'l1,,, Ih., ,ni_":II.." I ieM
Ih:1/ ,ht bri}!"uk ,,(filllr
squ,"/rllll__ \I " .. Ih.-
:.f:tml"rtlli'rlll:1I i",,: il
''''-'', ill r.',I, ",dtl",,, lJ__nl
in ""flle, ,md 11:111,,, ,,,.
"b,Jll(/o""11 in mid-16",
"t....:III...t ,,(/I ...horfllI[C o(
1'1,,' ',ril[:ll/t."r
Ihn lo".l. its
1,1: c. 1."reJ HC:I.' (Co/.
\1,uI.".'1 1('/; $11
....n i.... lor ';;"o"'lIId I:lft, in
,6Ju. Imel flCI t'r nllIrll,d.
"0 ",,_, (1IIil. um.w:lr( of
Ih('('h;llll['''' Ihm r,wlJ" pJ:lc('
in 16J1; iii!> di,,}:rtllll IHI_"
"w o(eI,lIe I...fi,n il II ,1"
primed.
II i., illlltOrl:'''' fO
uIlJ""",ulld Ih., din...n"..
OCI" ("<'0 S" oo;"h bri!!ttd(-..;
:llId rt'/;:imtot-. IJripu/C!>
14 Crt' nOI IX'nnl/nc,,,
hodit.... '/1"., ",.,.... 11I1111<'
........ _132 )
... 010<I<131 )
... 01 lauf aquad,ans
lU'Jl
"""- 01 th,.. ..-,aM
I po.. , I
I ...... I
',::;::../
II P... J
I .... , I
[I JII[I
Brni.h fnr 11It'>I!I\C rca<;ons: arc good fellO\\s,
10 dlH.l1 Ilith 111.111 Hiner. lelld III he,' \\fOll'
O\en<;liern.l III 16Jo. \\ nl:reas German Illerccn.lric<;
n,.d poliliell intl'rc.r- lOll 10 nome, Ihe Brilish
could he Iru,tell tu nuld <;Ir:ucltic I ,al\ ian, Pru..!>i:lIl
and '\onn (Jernl.lll Sellt<;, in p,lfIiclilar.
III ,1 ritle OUI tlf :111 proportion to Iheir
numbcr. The (Jerman mcrcen:\r) :l1ld SII cdish
eOlll>crip\ unit. \ICfe gi\en 10 !.:omm:lllll
outnumhered the \1 hoth British unit ... )\t least a
dnlen BrilOn.. ro:.c to Ihe r;lnL or major-general and
Fidd-\lar.. hal \Ic\;lnllcr I.c'ilie being Ihe
nur.t ramm" of :111
\<; pern,lp<; the ultimatc 5.\lnOOI of trust
\\:1<; cnmnu,.. innt:d in 16Jo J' to a Urilish
'DrJb:lnt' ho<hltu,lrd for Gu.ta\u...
m:l.tl'ri:lh-ed hefore Inc bailie or Lutzen,
\\ n(:11 onil'l'r, from di.. h:lnded Brili'ih reltiml'lll<; \\ ere
held at various times the curious status or Urirish
ambassador III Sllcdcn :lnd Slledish ambassador tu
I3ritain. As carly as 1606 Spens was raising troops filr
SWCllen. Between 16:q and 1629 alone he personall)
arr:lI1ged 1I1l: le\ ing of si:\ regulll:]l(S in Britain. In
I62.fJ he lIas appointed 'General (lIcr allthe Hriti"h'
in S\ll'dish sen,il:l', lie died in 16]2, allegedly from
the shod ofGusl:1\ us's dearh.
high-ranking Britons decided to stay on in
SII eden, and some, like SpellS, II:I111i1l0n, Forbes and
Fleelll"oc)d, established important Swedish noble
hloodlines. But with trouhle brewing in Britain most
r<:turncd hetwcen r638 and [6-1-0.
hrought bad (cspcciall) to the Scots a rnuch-
needed prolcssiollalism; but ;tlso a brut;lI Jl1:mller
pided lip in Germany that malTed thl: othel"llisl:
fair!) gClHlcrn:lIlly condw.:l ofthc F,l1glish Civil Wars
of the 16-1-0s,
The'ie also lefl somc of the most detailed
al:l:ounts of Gust,l\'US'S I"II'!> avaibblc in lan-
gU:Ig:C, Rohert l\lnnro's Ii'xp",f;I/11I/ 11';1" ,hI' /fIOl""Y
.'icots Nl'gillll'/1' (cl/llnl IIl/f-Kql's I?t'.l!,;lIIt'IIl) ... is
:lS (probahl) the lirst c\'er regi-
mcnt:ll Jallles Turner, 11110 arrilc{1 \I ith
l.llnlst!;line's nc\\ reg:irnent in 16.p ,lnd in
until IlJ.N/-I-O, left numerous praelie:11
insigills in his .11,'1/111/1'.. and PtllIlI.>" AI'II/IIlrl. Willi:lI11
W:lIts, bter l:haplaillto Charles I and Prince
Rupert, l:ompi1cd in TIlt' Sll'l'llish fllll'lIigl'lIcl'I" and
Thl' SII'I'I/I .ft ;U.:L(IUllts from
British colonels including- llephurn, ,\IlIS-
champ, Astley and J\bekay.
16.q
16;17
I(Ul)
t6liJ
Ifill) 30
1621)
Sflt'IIs' Ll'1'lI's
J. Spl:n" (SOlfS)
J (SCI/IS)
G. E:lrlllrCr,111 ford (HI/g!.)
G. (StOH)
J n ..\ 1el{l rUI11 (S,.,lI
.In. Il:lmiltnn (S(I/IJ)
/JII/l1l1r! 111//III.I"s /'(,1'/e'.(
16:!lJ.14 D, Lord (Snits)
16.2.1J 31 (\Ionro's S(ldl'll) (Smts)
1(131 33 John \lonw(Smts)
IIl31 (H/lgl.)
111'1,"/1/1'1' Fllrlil'/
Ih31 33; \, Forhe... (SfIlU huh)
IflJl .13: F.ll:llnilttlnO'(//I. /fmh)
T:'lblc It: British RqdmcllIs in Swedish
Sen'icc, ICl'ied 16:q-,p.
formc<l into :1 bod)guard while
aII ailing fUrl hcr appnintlllellls.
\ ClIme dllll n in Il1cldern historics as the
most famous recruiting ma"ter, bUI his dlorts Ilcre
...sed tho"l' of Sir J:lmes Spells, who
H(/I'tf/ll.\" oj 11'"lIIftlll/'S .11'1IIy'
d131 ,p :\. I !.Imiltun (SI"UI . )
163132. J.lbmiltun(I:'I/J!,!.)
1631 32. J. (1:'/I,l!,1.)
Ih.\1 ,p J. ,\ ... (HI/gl.)
V,lIa I.I"'/,'s
1(I,p 3-F \nhur \ ... 1011 (Hugf.)
1632. .H." J. (SI'/I/)")
16.p 39 G. Fk-et\\ood (l:'/lgl.)
INFANTRY ARMS
ANDARMOUR
L(l'Il'1l./I'/l1II Sf//Is 11/ l'flllJlI/lhllwh
IfI.H) .U? R. ('Young:') I,eslil' (Seo/)")
1()2.q? ,is Jf) P:ltril'\" I{utlnen
Chri:.tian J = J:lme:./J:lcob, In = Juhn,
.\ = .\lc\,l1ldcr, G = R = Rohert,
I" = Fredcril:\.., I) = l)on:lld. regiments com-
IIr Ilriti"h troops Ic\'ied bCI\\ecn
[().q ,;2 al'l' li<;ted: SCler,l1 olhers \\Crl' lcv;('d im-
mc{li:IIl'l1 bl'll)fl' ami :Iner these dales.
Thl' musket was a Iatel:omer to Sweden: it W:lS
:tlre,HI)' \lell estahlished in northern Europe h) thc
1570s, but the first shipmen! of 200 muskets from
Iiolland is recorded in J 592. The Slledes were
reluctant to gil'c up thcir older but mudl handier
light firl:arms 'small shol' or calivcrs, known in
S\\eden mostly as riif or bosser-ant! Ihere lIaS littlc
pressing urgency, since Sweden's chief enemies in
the O;lltic were also slow to take up Ihe musket.
wine feathers
The main reason for the early fililures of the wcoes
against the I 01 s was th 'ir shorra!?:c of the pik men
Turner, howe" r, writing about his 'wedish er-
vice in the I 30" nored: ... 1saw these IBan lolier. I
laid a ide in some German armies: for it is impo. sible
[or soldier. wanting Cloaks (and more want Cloaks
rhan have any) to keep safe thes' fla. ks ... from no\\
and rain, which oon spoils them, and makes thc
powder altogether useless.'
'.
'linger,.,.' (:; CIll, _ in.) 1(1)
short.
Top: nuc<:h parade: IlWSkCI
e.1600(.1 \1-/IIJ2):middl':
II eclish nil/nit ion nILlsl.el
ll'iLh 'crown/xl ring' marl.
o(fijnI. oping, . d12 -/0
(-/.1 kg, and 1'.:;.5 L'/l1 lun!!
harrel 01'20 nUll ea/illre,
1,\1 -/(62): hOllnm:
, lI'edi...h.' musket c.16oQ-.10
(6.-/ kf!, \I ith 11-/ em IJ:lrI'c{
ofIf}. I Inll1 caliblT, I \I
-/06-/). (Ro.I'al Arill."
\ (USl;:UIn, (U/,:l.lwlm-
hen'a fter. ,'\.\l)
JI:l/chioe/, \I it/l
the 'fi...ht:lil'
Spanish-Duleh IHlII, Ihe
stllnd:lrd typc in
Gu 'WI'US"S "rnll. ['rcd,,,,:
d:/Iing is srill diificult: the:
(Jc... t dues m'L' \I <:if:!H :lml
calibre. Thc b:II'r,:1 honf.{lh
:11.m f!i\'cs a hint or .
11:11 ion:I1ill : in '\I'c<lcn I his
\1':1.... SCI :I".z '" cdi....h ells/.,
II'L'dish fc. (118.7 em, .Iii.
10; in.), hUI mbst 'UlTi\'ing
\l'CilP0II.. are .'ilighr 1.1
shnrrcr-:l<:c:onJing 10 :l
c10Cl/JIIClIllJr dl.lfJ, harrel
nl:lkers \I'ould on/l'l,c
fi/1{.'c1 ire/leir \I crc.1
The 'true' or 'full' musket '1'<1 bored to fit lead
ball' weighing 'H to the pound' (ahout2J.7 mm), and
fired smaller halls of '10 to the pound' to facilitate
loading in baltl'. "'ith a \\eight ofah( ut 7.5 kg and a
ferOl:iou recoil, this was con idered by many (in-
c1uJing Wallhausen) to he too burdensome for the
;ll'eragc soldier.
In 1599 the l)ul 'h had already introduced a new
standnrd: bor d for hId ball. 01"10 to the pound'
(about Il/.7mlll) il fired bnlls'12 tu the pound roIling
in' (aboul II .6mm) for field u e. Thi wa" known in
weden:L th or half mu.ker. It weight
11'3' at first around 6-6. - 1..g. The 'wcdc 'cem ncyer
to hal'e abandoncd the larger calibre: in r626,
for instan e, 1loppe notcd thaI in Polish Prus. ia they
were ing large muskets'.
Lightcningofth mu.ket
It \ras often claimed thai Gustaru' W3 th fir,t to
lighten the musket .0 that it could be used without a
rc. t. As laIC as 1631, hOIl e\'er, he placed'w order with
the l'lcmi. h director or the SII edish arms industry,
LOlli. de Geer, to outfit 3- complete infantry
regimc! ts: all II ere to be equipped with mu. ket fork..
The inn:ntories of the, rockholm Arsenal make it
clear that forks lI'en: still being issu d many year'
after USLa\,us"dealh: 1(2)-5.; 16,,:-12,162;
1645-IL(I; 1655-nonc.
Lighter muskets, how \'er, ha I already begun to
appe.lr in Europe. "lOcks were reclc 'igned to be
'maller, and barrels, which made up rna t of the
Il1U ket's wcight, werc lightened con 'iderabl) by
imprO\ed casting techniques. Some, probably with
shortened larrels, found th ir way into . wcelish
hands:,! parcntly from captured crman ar enal . In
11132, 'eba.lian Dehner, hronicler of the German
to\\ n of ROlhenburg 00 del' Tauber, wrote: '6 May ...
a 'oll1pany ofS\\'cdish infantl") arrived, among thcm
\\ re IllU. kel 'cr. armed II if h the ne\\ I'ery light
rnu ket \\ irhout forks.'
Aholition of the Bandoli r
.\lodcl'l1 ha\'e claimed that Gu tavu abol-
i. hed the bando! icr and introduced carl ridge pouches
for his musketeers..\gain, there i. no e\'jdenc for
rhis, and more to '()l1lradi"t ir. Th' rockholm
:\rs 'nal, in IiI '1, continued to issue bandoliers until at
least 1670,
the Polish c;l\'alry. By Gustavus's day they appcar 10
ha\'e been forgotten, ho\\c\'er.
S\\ inesfeat hers (or 'Swedish fe:.lt hers" as they wcre
oflen called by foreign aUlhors in later dec:ules) were
not, as usually suggested. invenled by Guslavus, and
in faci \\ere nm e\l,;n Swcdish: in 1618 Gusta\'us had
heen wriling 10 one of Princc Fvlaurils's teacher",
Simon Stevin. in Iiolland to find OUI information
about them. The) \\erc derivcd from 'Spanish
Reiters' ('Spanish horse') or rlt"1.'lIl1x-tle-j'ri.\"/'
('Frisi:1tl horses') used earlier inlhe NClherlands. In
1621 Gustavus onlercd 16,000 swincsfeathers from
his Arboga foundry-enough for 28 regime11ls. The
first deliveries from the Stockholm Arsenal were
Illade only in 162+ Anything hel\\Cen one and cil!ht
essential to prOtect (hem from the fierce Polish
ea\'alr). 'The :lrc vcry furnished with
long pikes and harness.' wrote Johann of Nassau;
'also the) e:lIl :IllU will not be persuaded otherwise.'
Juhann adopted an interesting stop-gap. I-Ie 'pre-
p:lred ;I fe\\ hundred tarts :111(1 h:ld five pikes laid on
and malic fa"t to each one; these were pushed out in
front of each formation.. 1n usc against ea\ aIr) they
were found to be very and thq werc taken
along into the field. sinc..:e one could shoot over them
and the exposed shooters could be covered with
them.' These GirlS were still mentioned in Sweden in
t604, but soon fell out of usc. (Johann, of c..:oursc.
demonstrated them :lgainlO Gust:.lVUS in t620.)
Then.' are :llread) (possibl) spurious) references to
in G)llenhielm's 1601 :Iccount of his
campaign:. in l.i\lJllia. where he ordered his infantry
III L'3rr) .J-4 fl. long \\ ilh spikes at each end as
'S\\ inesfeat hers or Spanish Rcitcrs' to be llsed agai nst
l\1ush" II il1l:1 SIIcc/i..,h
...mlplod. (car!..' mll/Joe:k).
TlItT I,Tn' iSSllt'd in bulk ill
the: lind Iwt ;11.", fO
:lrlillcry :mel bo(/YJ;lI:lnJs
:.s in olher:lrmi"s; thi... W:lS
purt!.., bt'c:'lIIst' of
dimt'ultiC1o' in S.n.:dcn of
ob,:,ining "I(' hllgt
qtl,""ilil-s ofm:uch
nccd..:tl for mme:h1oe:k
1I"("II'0IlS. tis ('"rI,\ :." ,6:u
1I':.lIIl11l1st'" thollght tllem
A b:lIIdoJit'r 1I1:.d,' fr01l1
el:lrl.' grey !ic:lJsk;n. from
fht, lI'r"lIl!d Armoury.
bwcntoritw ...t tll1H it
tJmes to "c/tJre 16.;6. /:;:.e:1I
'disc"nl:l /JIc :111/ iqlliIit... ',
"nd rce:olfl111cmlcrl ,non'
rcJi:l/JIc m:uchJoek... ill
Iheir pJ:'e:c; GIISI:l\"..;
'l1:u/t' gn..:" tnONS'o
npl"e:t ,.!It'm !tJr tilt, ,630....
Culibre 19.6mm. b:lrrcJ
(englll 118..;cm.
ProofllwrJ.s Sf/ggt...,
nwrlllf:lcllIrt' :., Jiin), iipinl!
ill the (Il"nllll!d
Armour)", SkoJ.-IQSler)
\HX/dcII IJOIItkr COlu:lillt"r
is 116111111 t:lJJ 'flld con'n'el
...i,h bJ:lck le:uha fO
protcct i, frum mill :lIItl fO
n't/"C(' IIO;,';C. 'I'll" bullt'l
/)ollch ,mtl/Jriminlf I1w,'k
(s;.\"lh (rom flit left .
...ith:, SIWut) h:l n' Imth
J;,JJe:n "n',IIId h:/I'e 1)("('11
fied Oil il/(:orrcCfJ.., Sud,
I'rimillg lI:1sJ.-s ofthe .o;:,m"
":ltlerll " ... ordin:lrl
po\t"(kr e""t:liner; "n'
sonlt'ti,"cs 1.1,/kd
'c:orpor:,Js' in S.-cdis"
sources. :lppt'ur i,l
tile /6/ os, ami SI.'C'II to I,,, 1e
rcp1:Jcetl ,ht old ,ri:"'J;ul:lr
fJrimilJg 11:I...k... I,-" thc

rotllpanies of an eight-company regiment were
C(luippnl Ilith Ihem, but nOI all regiments receiled
them.
Turner them as: 'a stake tile or six toot
long, and ahout Itlur finger Ihick, \1 il h a piece of sharp
Iron nail'd to e,lch end of it'. The most complete
;Kcounl i.. b) Schildknccht, an engineer in Polish
..en icc, in hi.. manual 1-ll/r/llIllI/(1 Forfl/lil ii.l:
'In the ,"e.lr [16126 the S\\edish musketeers ....
u"nl ag:.limt our Pules, instead of forks, a stick that
II:IS long: anti thick." furnished at the front
Ilith:l spih' (110 lung, and:H the b:\(:k with an
irun barb. and called a "Sehllcinsfcder". During a
ch:lrge the tllu,keteers plantcd thesc S\\inesfe:lthers
firml) in the ohliqllcly towards our Polish
C:I\:Ilr), ,,0 th'll thc spike pointed direl:ll} :It Ihe
chc,>!. hack somewhat and also
,(6/1,
,R:lIc)0('5i1"r,lislI fe/lf/lt'rs'
ImdSI"l.t!>' fur (.VI/IS/rIl{'I;II/f
chL"\ a UX-llL"- frisc. 111mit- liS
Pllrt uf" cmllfllt'w
min;luur(' :,rnlUUrI III Ill,'
Surcmbcrg
jOIWll1I G,rl (:U";I t'
,6J,.-fJ.), Tll('l'r"l'"rlio,,-,
:lrt' ,lislortc,I,,,, Ilml ,lit,
1001. I!licka I":m Ill"
{lilt I, iI>'
said 111111 .IUIWIlII
C1r1 mmit' ,lit'''' fur
GII!>lll' <luring h;s SIII.I
in Surcm/laJ[ ill ,6,1J, fJUI
Ihis is lIllfiJ..dl,
GUSII'I U" h:,<1
I,frt'lull 1,'",,,,1011,,,<1/;'"
.millt';rt."ulhaitl,6JH.
Ilw/l)!h Ilwrt'1/I:I.' Iml"
Ix",,, I' rl'.'i \ II f ill ,",' I:""r
,6JIJs ,"it'r 1/,(, pil..< Ilnll
"'IIS rUII ,jo" ", si"Ct,
Turm'r '1,,;/11,'<110 '''111.'
!>'I','/I 1h"/I' /llild.. <Ifill
G{'rlllJ/fll '. Turl/{'r I,I.W)
II roll' (SI":I:IIII,ril'd)) (If'lllI
imoHr/ml,,," /"1" lIIigfH
s,'rI t' (i,r /lolll rt'SI I/Ild
r.."IIfI,,'r. IlIItf"lIl"I, ,,"UII/II
pcrlwps In "er) IIseli"I/lId
("()fIn'"i"IlI, . Oll,,'r
/11111.( il dt'"r
Ihlll 11ll' 1II1I_,l.cl-rt"'I-CU/Il-
s" im.... fi:lufl('r un/ilt'll to
GII,"W' liS f'llIl. ;11 fill'l, 'w,
1('I/1(T/I ;/lltlIltd, T/rCM'
II ,'r,' pro/mill)
111m/(' i",l1e ,6."s or ,fI(HJ.>;.
rG,'r'11"lIisdlt''\'"
VIII ;on,'
\'U"I"Il1f,t'r/-l)
g:l\'e tire ovelthem... This fashion was used on the
S\\edish side for barely t\\O years: \1 hy the) stopped
it J do not kmm. Perhaps it was because of the
difficult) ofcarrying t hem, or that t did nUl :11 11:1) S
ha\C to fight against ca,alr) ... II astonished me. clcn
;It the lime. lhat such an advant:lge ;lgainst thc cavalry
should be allowcd to go ... '
Dcspile Schiltlknccht's note to the contrary. il is
clear from arsenal in\"cnlnries and numcrous other
SOlln.:es that they were issued in addition to musket
rests and nol instead of them.
The origin orthe term swinesfeather is unclcar. II
could be a slang term, meaning roughly 'pig-sticker',
or it could be ret.llcd to the boarspear. A conneclion
has recent!) heen suggested wilh the 'sl"illil/l.fmd'
(slline-head), which ma) be [heurd Swedish Ilord for
.Inother ;lnti-ea\',llr) de\ caltrop.
Irsc"''' ill\ t'flluries, IJnkrs
rn ;/rn1." InluHtfilcl urers,
lind other sourCt'.s prOI e
Ihar. II edish
a." \I el/ n. "i/'CI11Cn II'cre
is.sued Ihr1JUf!huU/
WW1\ us: reign II ilh
helmets. \I "lIh Iw;c'n IWU'tl
in 161.; Ilr:II Ihe ht'.<;t
inltwln hdOlels II'cre to
be liJlII;d in I hc
YCII,crlnndli, II firsl Ihc\
\I ere imporletilO
fl'llm /lollI/lUI; hut hI II",
hili; 'II cdish .
liwndrieli bertlln WI1WS."
produce '/Jurch puts' nr
lOrm-!r'"Ii' SIIC!r Ihis
(Inc uncleI' f)mch IIml
J'1"mish supt'l'\'i '''"11. OIC
I he plllmc-III/Ielt-r a I re'lI'.
\ IC/lli ched piccc... arc
mis.,'ing {rum Ihi.s
c\amplc. (Pholo: 'If)
Thc partisan lI"a. thc
.""\'I:dish inlilnln officer"
snnbol ofnwk ;nd hi...
main bmrle!iclcf IICI/P0n.
i.\ partisan!>' were is ued
ptT comp;w) , according co
im;tructiunsd:/fca t6z.1
;wd c. ,610; it is not certain
hOIl Ihesc werc
distrilJUwd, but sint'e there
i. no cdclenee (ar issues of
halberds (110 oflhem mal
h;1\'c gone to .
(who el.<;ewhere in /11'01'
u...ed Imlllerds), whi/e t11<:
capmin nla.\' h'1\'c ol/rained
his line" model elsewhere.
(A). wcdi. h partisan
e.I.:;lIrrt6oo. pro/m/l!.\ a
B
rClI'orked hnlherd (LHK
Zj/-/(7);(B) dlO-/-II, wilh
Karl/.\" inir;,"s eR "
pmbab/y mack in
EskilsWII:1 (L/? K z.1(1); (C)
m'lss-produeed partis;ln
made in tlrlJOga liJr jUl1ior
olliecrs, 16Z0-3.;
(Hallwy1ska JJuset'I); (D)
qualit.\ ,6.ws OUlch
parri.,,;Jn IJdol1f!il1g /() Xi/...
JJmhc (SJ.. oJ.. IusI er); (E)
parlisan for Ow
IJad.\'gurlrd (Ombanr ')
11111de in Anl.'i/t'rdaI11 in
1626 (LRJ{ .1767")' II IreI'
. 'citz, n:lrdisrll1el1,
(. roc1.'ha/m, IIJ-IJ).
The 1 ike and Pikcmcn's. rmour
There \\l:re 1\10 main types of pikehead popular at
tllis period:;1 broad, llat 107 nge, and a, pike ofsquare
cross-section. \\ allhau:cn II rotc Ihal the br ad
",as gencrally thought I cltcr, but hc found the
qual' -head t) I e was 'nO! had againsl e'l\'alry'. It is
interc:ling, considering Ihe '\\'edi h obse ion with
';I\alr) d fence, Ihat ncar!) all surviving pikes in
SlIcdcn arc or Ihe. quare t) pc. The e pike. have the
usual metal strips running oo\\'n So to loocm on
l:ither side of thc shan li'om Ihe pikch ad. The
pike 'hafls are 3.5 'm in diametcr at Ihe thickest part,
ano taper \(mards both end.. They wcre made
usuall) from ash lIood, bUI Gu, tal'll. al 0 p rmitred
maple pine and aspcn.
The few 'urn ing 'wedish pikcs that have not
bcen drastical1) shorten d in reCCnl 'cars to
overcome storage problems arc between 5.2 metres
(17 ft.) and 5.4- metre (17 ft. in.) long. Thi tics in
"'ell with the rcgulation 9 wedish clL (5.3 mctre )
that Gustayu cstablish d in fOtO. IloVl'evcr, pike.
oft n did nOI rcmain thi 1 ngth on campaign.
Officer like ooro complained, apparcntl. to little
effect about pikcmcn who 'CUt 01''1' th I ngths of their
pikes a oftcn een upon marche , being very un-
comely to see a 'quadran of pikc not all of one
length'.
Gu tavu. pia ed special stress on the equipping of
his pikemen. The, werc i. sued with full armour
(harn . ), u ually ompri ing back. nd brea. tplates,
Target, la sets for the thighs and helmer. f\ frer
GU... I;l\USS (1c:lIh. hiding his personal supcnislOll.
thl' pike :lrIn brc:llllc incre,lsingly run down, and the
prnponion began to drop significantly:ls
entire rq(lllle11lS cOlllerted themselves inlo
Illusketcl'rs.
In 16,iS Cham:cl1nr O.\cnstiern:l Ilmte lhat il was
no longer lleeess:u.1 to semI pike harness 10 Germany
as \I(Te lillk lIsed and lended 10 get thrown away
on thl.: long m:m.:hes of the camp:lign; the Elll
in issUl's of pike h:lrtleSS in I he hill' 16305 is confirmed
in 1he Stockh"lm :\ inventuries. 1640 fully
:lrI11oun:d pikemen mUSl ha\'e heen a rare sight in the
Swedish in Gernl:ll1y,
Infantry Swords
'['he -:\\"ll1'l,ls Ill' t Ill' ordinary inl:lntrymen pose some-
lhing Of:l prohkm. since none Gill be idemified in
S\I('llish cullections, They ditlcred from cavalry and
ollicers' S\lllrds (\I hich Ilill be C(lvered in lhe second
ofthesl' IIl'11-III-.-II"IIIS titles) in h..:ing simpler ami of
!lU(lrer In thl'or) all native Swedish troops,
huth pikcrncl1 :1111 musketeers, had to provide thclll-
,cl\es Ilith sllmds (IUt of thl'ir 'file-money'. In
PI':IClilT, lhoug-h, hl.:C:luse l.:l1ough \\'l.:l"e
neler al:tilahle, sern:d \Iithollt thl'm-
lloppe's descriptions of natil'c Swedish troops in
Prussia in d'l6 indicllc lh,lI had :J,\CS rathl.:r
Ihan :.llonl\. In 1(,.10 Gustalus had ;lll thl.: '/llc-
paid 10 him: swords thcrc;lfier wcre
dl:lil crcd el:ntrall\.
INFANTRY
UNIFORMSAND
CLOTHING
Thl.: fir:.t lhing thaI l'lllcrgcs from lhe ac(:()unt books
i, lhal hUlli.:O:lI", slee\elc... s or otlwl"\lisl.:, \ll:re not
iSSlll"l1 in (Justa\ us's Thcy may have
h('cn \\01'11 on a larg-c scalc among wealthy
Dutch ,Ill 11 (Iel'll1;\ll rnilili;IS; hut among
S\\ l.:di"h lield :l1"IlIics t \\ cre proh:lbl used onl y
,oml' ollieer", and then :1" pri\",lle pureh,lses Of
'rhe drl.:s... Ill' thl.: onlin:1r) lllan \Ias a \\olllll.:n
<:101h 'Uil cornpri ... ing hrl.:eches :Jnd a and
callcd simply 'soldier's clothing', It \\:IS often iSSlll.:d
in the form of cloth which had to be made UP:lt the
regimcllI's O\\n expense. Cluth \Ias scen a basic
necessity and, indeed, was oftcn issued by the same
otlicials responsible for army victuals.
AC\I" clothing \1 as normally isslled once a ye,lr, jllSt
before the onset of winter. It comprised shoes, socks
and shins in addition to the basic jacket amI breeches.
The Swedcs were, understaTldably, particularly con-
cerned abollt winter clothing:. Swedish peasants were
told to make '\olunt:Lry' (:()lllriblHiollS of furs and
woollen sods and shoes for the l.al\'ian campaign in
1621/2; :lnd warm Russian boots were purchascd in
Riga, A Scots regiment in December 1625 wcre
ordered to garrison Riga only 'if the Scots have
\Iarm clOlhl.:s 10 stand the cold'. During
the German eunpaigns, too, there were reg-ular
shipments from Sweden of 'Lappish' furs for Ihe
army.
'rhough the basic purpuse of h:eping soldier:.
clothed \1:1S fOl'deceTlq ,tnd \\;\I'l11lh, GllSt:\\,US h:ld
hegun 10 sec the inl.'idcnl:ll hcnefits
that gOOlI of:l single colour and Cllt in
1111' ficld, It was C0111mon to h;l\'e military
clolhillg 111,1l!c in :1 ... le. A 'p,lttCI'll'
a finishe(l g:mul.:nt) lIas often scm to the
tailor :tlong \\ith Ihe order. !:\"annents, in
S\Il.:den :1I lea'>t, were quile distinct from
peasant dress, and indeed from most other
cilili:l1l clothing. The hoar) old statement thai
Thin) "car,s' \\':11' snldil.:rs simpl) wore lheir nnli-
n:I1') ei\ilian clolhing is "imply not true.
In a lerrer dated 1621, GUSI:l\US I\l"Oll.: lhat
ne\1 Sllcdish conscripts should not arriw 'in their
Iimll habits :lnd Ilith their long jadets', since the
lj)rcigners in Stockholm \\ollid Sl.:C them :1I1d
spread spileful rumours abro:ld '10 tht: kingdom's
gre,ltesl desp'lir ,tnd dalll'lgc'. lie rccommcnded lh,lI
theSt: cOllScripts (Jhl,lin dress 'hefilting tllCllllr \1,11".
lie ,11su rn,lde it deal' th,1I 'the 111:11cri,11 itsc!fm:1Iters
little, that the clothes arc Iq:ll ellt'. And as l.::trly
as 1622, he ordered that e,u:h or regimenl
should bl" sirnibrly dressed.
Uniform coloUl's
Unlil about 1620 the of soldiers in SWCl!cn
first-time conscripts II Iw pureh:I'>l.:d
dOlhin!! with the 'levied on conscription)
frml1
CIlI!r:J ma:ll ('olli" of
Eril. SO()I', (.'olr",d <)1',11(
I "iiM"I'I!tJll:l1I<1 C;/ \ H/r.,
r('I!;If/('"I. owtlc ff,r IIi,,'
fUllc,."I;1l TII(,
,,,,,,,I.ltc,r II (':lrs" M"HI1
;:uJ.(',./J"JJI!.I IJrct'('hcs'lIIc1
:I 1m' \1 ;,1, " rouml Crl/Illl,
I/(- c:lrr;('S;J flm"I.,'1 \1 itll"
r:I t II..,. mJcI-lfxll. ill;! ..
lI;,nl II j,1I " n..., 'lI,d
l>:Imlnlhr. Slich ('lIg,.,J dlJg'S
II cn' USII:J 11.\ ('o/J;(,,1 /rmll
'ilrt'ign prim", ,/lid II
n"'o, \'t':/r" 11111 ur
tlllfe. (SI.,,;",' Qullt',ln,l.
...1. eh "Ii..,. IJd/:lIldcr)

,
..
1\ 1!I.d",/ VII ('lIl!rll \'t'C1
b:ld.-p,md VI'II dod,
nwrh'(/ ,6.1" IIWt/(-
Ulm
Gt'rIlJ'/Il). '11,(, .o;llou/d(.'r
'U'iflf:s'of1l;s 11('\\ 11
/i,sl;imm/JIt.- ""'t:.
;,Jt:l.ct :lrc "'vr,i, mil ill}:,
rSI./lJ.losler}
hatlw malt' do II irh the pl'Odut:t:u dulh. This
coar:'t' \\I}(Ilkn 111:lIt'l'i:ll, calleu 'nfl/ma( in Slledcn,
II It' uml ld and so of a grc} ish-II hirc colour,
rhe ('\aer .. h:tl!l.: dcpending on the .. heep nflllC area.
Thi.. doth regllrded in Sllc(!l.:n
:1 of Coloured cloth
(hroadc1ll1 h) Ihe m:ltnia1of the upper classes W:IS
rnn.. imporled from 1101lan(1. England or Ger-
allli hecall"l' of ill> c\pense II:IS resel'\c(l
for ro):11 and for ,pecifie issues of
for Matl' ocea<;iono;; <;lH:h ao;; l"O)al \ i"ilS. The
Slleuil>h dOlhing indu... lIas 11t1t )1.'1 sllflicientl)
de\l:loped to prOlluce coloured cloth lor the
l'\end,11 u<;enfthearlll\ 1\IUlle.
. . .
(iu,l;I I ll' wt'm, fir.. l rll ha \ l: bl:C(lllle aru.iolls ahout
hi .. poor dOlhing during \ isil 10
in IfI.!o. In :l11d 1101l:l11d complete regi-
menh of <-:nar,' :llld 'red <-:o:l\<;' had heen
nmmwl1 .. 1IICl' 1(100 :lIld l:al'lier. On hi" reTurn, he
decidt,tl on ,I t'heap meaSurt' 10 :hld <-:olour 10
drab garmenrs b) :Hlding <-:o[ourcd Irim-
prob:lhl.\ in rhe St'ams. f\ letter 10 The
king tlated .!4 Septl'Il1her tfl20 mentions thar: ' .. ,
dOlh till' !ltl' soldiers \\ill not he sllilicieJ11 liJr all
cu1l1p:lI1ie... The Slll,ll:lI1d infanrr) h:l\e been senI
enough Ii If 100 "ritl il1l;'-i:ldels" \\ il h ello\\ amI blue
lril1lll1in1;<;, lht' (htgolh inl:lI1tr) enough fill' 350
"ridillg-j:tdeh" of "in-l11i \ed" jwspr''I.l!//1 dOl hand
trimming'" and the LJppl:lnd .. 250
\l1th and hl:lek trim:
The re:ll ,nlution, hOllner, holh 10 impro\'e
nali'l' ellllh pruduclillll, and tl' impl)f! m(lre clOlh.
Thi, aehit'\\:d ro ..01111.' C\tt'nl in thc 11)20S
"hen the int:1t11T) beg;ln 10 enjuy reglilar annual
issues of:1 co:trsc coloured cloth cillcd 'pilll", and the
officers recei\cd finc English clOlh. BUT lhe syslem
\Ias 1;\1' frum dlidenl. In July J()26, when Gustavus
landed in Put ish Prussi", Iloppe sa\1 lhc firsT column<;
march into l\larienbcrg: 'The f(101 \Iere
SI\edish had poor clothing bUl
\1 ere disciplined <;(lldiers ... '. Poles like The chronicler
Pa\\c1 Pi;lscdi Ihought much Ihe samc: 'they were
lUllre like lablHlrel's Ih,ll1 soldiers'. E\l'n Gusta\us
admined (in a leIter copied hy Iloppel That 'Thc.'>e
men I h:l\'e with me nO\I, ;Ire onI) poor Swedish
Emnhantb anti poor in :q'pc:lr:l1l(;c. also ill c1Olhed,
hUl fighr \\ell, and I hope lhal thc) 1\ ill short I)
hc hencr dOlhed; :dread.1 bdilre Fr:lUcnburg
ha\c (Jhtllined .iOO rcd coats:
GUST:H'll" W;lS most fortullale in taking
wiThoUl :1 fighT; Thc B:thic base of the English
Eastland Elbing W:IS The 1I1110,Iding poinl
of large shipmcnts of English dOlh bl)llnd for I>oland.
This was of greal help during The Polish campaigns.
In d/2(J he decided TO improvc clolhing Illanufac-
lure al home. The dothmills of Sweden werc In
dcliler rheir outpul direcl ro lhe RO}:ll Wardrobe
(Klri'tlhlllill/ar{'/I); and a t:entral workshop wa<; 10 be
scT up in Slockholm emplo) ing 40 10 50 1,Iilnrs \1 ho
wcrc 10 PI'{J\ ide SUiTS of clothing 10 his
troops, The} \Icre III 111,Ike '1Iung:lfi:1Il jadets'
(Jltck(Jr) in 1110 sizes: cllo-lhirds of them large, :tnd
one-I hiI'd Slllall. Unfortun:lldy, il is diflieult 10 tell 10
whaT CXlent if .\11) these projecls Ilere carried OUt,
because lhe Royal Wardrohe aCCOUlll hooks for 1626
;lncl 162i :Ire missing.
niforms of the oloured R giments
!\o 'wcdi-h regulation ha\'c )ct b en found that
requircd 'olour d rcgim nt to w ar uniform of th
arne coloLll' as thcir nam .. Tn D nmark, however in
162', thc R J Rcgimcn! and Bluc Rcgimcnt worc
'ca aquc. of red and lighl blu re p ti\e1y. he date
her i, ignific3m, becau il wa cxa rly the amc
)C:lr in \\ hich the wceli h olourcd regiment began
to apr 'ar.
omcmporary oe cril lion: (mo tly by I I ppe-
ee commcmaric to Plale' and ) h w that at
lea l th Y 110\\ I lu and Red Regiment had c at
of a alour marching lh 'ir nam ; but no refcrcncc
have 1een found for thc ath I' coloured regiment,
report () tober 1627 (PRO London, P
lJ- 2 'f. (79) from Jamc pen' to harle I of
Englano <;cems to ref I' pecifi ,111) to the fir. t four
01 ur regimcnts: ror dothing hi, armic h r u-
la\ u '1 doth made in hi counrrie .. , and
wilh Ihi. hc dorhcs his ommon. Idi r, au ing t
dyc it in red, ) cllo\\, gr en and bluc, \ hich make a
grc:lt ho\\ in rhe fields; and thi wa ncvcr done
bctilrc this king s limc.' fcour. e, 'p 'ns \ as writing
onl) the situation in 'w den, but it \Va
probabl) this \ cr) passage (quored lirt b Walt r
Ilartc in (759) thai. tarted the rumour that u tavu
ill' nLcd the uniform.
E\'cn non- 'oloured regiments do s em on th'
\\holc 10 hare received uniforms of a ingl colour.
The ac 'ount, howe\'er, rd r only to 'coloured cloth',
and rarel) <;peci(\ the .,hade. JI \\Ollld eem that th
deli\ ernl on colour if thc) had cnoll h
Though ,h,' Thirt.1 ) er,rs'
\I '" produccd " flood 1)1'
rh'IIIre". i, i,,, uilli lilt 10
idcn/i(l l/"{lOp;" 11/10 'n'
..11 c lish. "osl "rlisls
p,imill/t Ihe Thirt,l )'l';,r, .
\I IIlTl'" '/1111111 1m,,,' 'd in
1IIIIhlnd "lIdlleliium.
TlwH' (rl)111 Gcrnwnl
Ii. l'U illlhe lI'c,,1t11l
111\. /1.' 'rl!, '
luf!'slllll"l! :117<1 FmIIl/iJrl.
Im;' ,he.I' IlIW"!.1 'opicd Ihe
, ruops I hl',' S:II' L" cr,'
d". -n",nd. cifi%"11
m;lirills. II/,iel,us"'t/"
II on' cil ili'ln elllhing:
This h"l-:.,re:II!.' diSlortc/
lIur ic/ '" 01'11 hilI Thirt,
) cllrs' \llIr .
;/('11/;/11) IIl/re, I';' 'n chi.,:
(""relid!.. Krnup of
COnlen1} un'r.!' inlflgl" i
t:lrfrom 1/10"" reliable, (.\)
. 'lledish /IlUS{,CI 'cr'al
Slurm ofll'iir,dn'r .OCI.
I(,JI, b.1 Georg Kiiler or
VurcmIJ rg;(B) GU'/;lVUS'S
emfT in/O Errurl, Oct.
16.1", from skecch by
,""mud Fril7 (/OlI'n
IIre/liI"s. Erfurt);( ) ROYIII
Lifeguaru',':" lcinhcim,
.YOI,16J/.probubl.l/-'
\1c:ri:1I7 o(Fr",,{,rurl; (D)
Inw;{,c:lcc:r lI"ilh
I(0l1n10ulIt up? frn/l1
II nOc/CIII nrGu. 1:ll'U "
enlry into. 1uff -burg. Iprj{
16./2, "-' l'org Kn'" or
t
A
clothing. This mea.. ure worked,:11 leasl Ilhile he lIas
in Sweden to iiupcn i!ic it: \ all rhe ne\\
conscripls and merecn,trics assembling in S\I eden in
carl.' 1630 \lcrc is<;ued Ilith clothing by Ihe
\Vardrohe,
.\fler the landings in the Swede:- con-
tinued 10 pun:h:l\\. cloth on a large \CltlC; in (UJI. for
e\:llllple. J.SO] men of S\I cdish n;ttion:l! regiments
rccci\cd rC:ld.'-m:lde SUil!!. of clothing in Stenin, a
lran<;aetion again eo-onlimlled Ihe
\\ ardrohc.
Dcspile the ofthc first c;lmpaign-
ing the S\\\;de<; managed lO maint:lin :I l1cecTll
:lJ)pearanee. On 13 Sept emher. a fe\1 hefore thc
bailie of Breilentdd, \\hen the Eleelor of Sa\on)
(\I hosc elI\ 11 fl'e.. h II :IS unitrlnncd)
in:-pectClI thl' Slledcs, he found them "'01 ncar!}
had a<; \\c \Il'l"c!cd to hclie\c. '. GU:Illlo Pl'ill1":ltu,
Ilh(1 scrled at fme lime in hOlh tlpposing' ,Irmies,
nored of<.iust:l\llS'<; Breitcnfcld Ihat 'thc
grcater pan of the soldiers I mcaning
thc fnmt linc IlflilUr hrigadesl \\('re dId in blue :lnd
cas:ll"ks'.
'Ikner men ... nor bltter dU:l\hcd did ll'\l'f sec,'
\\fUll' the [Jl'ilish \;Ille I\hen he
\1 :Itc.:hctl rhc main S\I edi\h !c:I\ c \\ ur/.burg t \\ il
monlhs Ialcl'. HI Ihis lime thl'\ had hCllc1ilc.:d fWllI
. .
thc \UlTi:S!!. of Hrcilenfeld. in parliculal' the huge
eaplurell:.tore.. :1\ \\ urzhurg, fwm I\hieh IC\I unit ..
1\ ere <;aid til ha\cdeparlctl I\ithuut ne\l
Again in th\. follo\\ ing aner careful c:lamin-
ation under lhe floorhoanh. of the \Iunich ar<;l'llal.
of it, hUI \ltTt' nOI :lfraid of mixing if did not:
to ;1ll.1 -colour-;Il-hand dot h' ,Irc l;Ollllllon.
Thi, rather ollh:md altilude lllll<;t h:1\e sellne
colllp:mic<; the :lJ)pC:lr:lllC(' of h;lrleq uins: in 1629, for
e\,lmpk. the 106 of John RlIth\'Cn's ncwly
,Irri\ed Sl;nh nfJamc.. 's regiment
reCl,ilClllhl' 1;)lItl\\ doth: 39 ell\ of rl'd,.p dl<; of
el101I, J5 r db. nfSc.:ot:- or perhaps blue).
IIJ cll.. of ul1\pceilicd colour, and l.07 ell .. of
'Jll\eolnuH'd dtlth'.
'I'he German canlpaigns
The <;\ill n':lllains: to II hal extent 1I":IS
unitill'll1ClI in lr one
thing- i\ Cl,rt:lin, it i\ Ihal (lu<;t:1\ liS determined his
lroopS \lould m:llc :1 Iwtter shUll than h:ld in
Poland. Ch:lllecll(U' O:o.cllslicrna managed to bu)
doth frnl11 lhe English I-:astlallll in Elbing
011 credir. :Ind \\ith thi<; 11t' h:lll c10rhed most or lhe
n\.'11 in Prussia 1630.
Bac.:l in Slle\.kn, U\ l't':llised that th\.' arr:l1lgc-
I11l'l1l" till' l'quipping hi:'> ull\sl'ripts \Iould
!lCI cr II url Pl'Opcrl In (6.\0 he ordcred Ihill
thc l':Iiwd 011 .. hould be
h:1T1\kd (II l'f 1" hi .. otticial\ .Ind he \1 ()uld himsclfissue
Tilt or r:,-",I(I"l' "liS
:I /11.1 ."lriol/!; /f1lr/IIl'IH
"liclI II1l'",i"'Il'(1 ill It ri/lclI
sourCl.<;. fll I
lI"illIJl,IIISl'lI mlh-d;f
'SchiitZCllrnck
l"flill! "r l'osi/('kl'/I: amI il
Sl,III.li II. was rl'fi:rri/l/f 10"
(ill':ln/lil.l ('0'11 oflh(' 1,1 f'('
sh"l1 II IIcn' in I'dcr
Isd/lllr/f:" :'\'cut:s S"ld:'lcn
lIuch lcin fI( 161.; (li/kd
from Ik Ghl'IIl). I.Mr'
'crsi""s 1Il11; f,," r d;lfcITII
<,:/)Ir.,;,1<'r:lIl/;,lIafflmu.'l/1
,!l-sl'ri1Jnl it:IS Ihl' vll/,
!!lIr" Il"11 " IIIU...J. .'Il'l'r .
I!nekel, hcc:lIIS. il ('{lII/d
"rVll'l'l b,mclofilr.<; IIIllI
tJlUSJ.l'1 from mill (bl
hidill/f If'l' ill;,
."/t"" d), TIIl'Ill"in
\I :110'
sinn' if lIr;('ckcl/lWIT dOl/r
Ihlll "n'lThe,o; j'!l"J.cl;
Ihis /lIl,.1 1111.1
rcfir(IlCl.<; '" if ill
S" nkll. ()n/<'r.o; liJI"

IIJore l'{I/nll ",n :I/i"r 1/r<'
....... <"<1<-.<; "I"ri'cII ill
Gl'rllwIII, "111<' fl"fi'lII.o;
/.}COc!HI ("11I1 Ge/illc/o
f'riorlll" lI'ri'l' filiI/ 1111I.0;1
SII "I1<-S 'If /lrcifl',,/if<llIlItf
I.iil;;,.." II on'
!Jut if is Ir:lrel fll find I/l<"s"
,,(fhc
16JIJs. :lIIdIm.li.o;;lII(" Ihllllill'
word IlUlI IIIl'IHH lilfk"
mnn' 1/111/1 iI jilch',. (I' I \
I.ibmr).
Thesiegeo{RifJI/, 1621, On
th(' righl lire tire
Lithwlni"n... inlllng
1 tern ;Hul on
the Icli the .'iu erk . ill
I1IlI/I ;lntl hug!!:1
breeche.". Sore thut Ilrc
1I'((Jj:.h Illu.,J,etecrl> u cur
marion-t,1 (llhelm(t., md
ellrr:1 ..llOrr l IliI er.' 1\ ilh
cuned hUllS rJll/u:r than
rnu.,h'ts. 'n,c flo!! 1m tlu,'
lower leli bear. ;n orb, a
rypiml cllll1lem found on
'u edish nugs, Detail of;,
prim b) ellII'en!!',;,
cit i;,;cl1 o{Rigu whll WCIll
011 l/J become an engincer
in Su cdi. "._en';ce, ( 1,\1)
War baltle paintings are mostly those or the later
1630s, from a time II hen the \ cd (meaning
usuall: German Protestant under. \\cdish control)
b came almo r for their crutfines., :lnd
1\ hell in the Czech language '. became yn-
onymous \\ ith a man in rag',
;1 'Cording- ((l \\onro, "lIen: founu 'Iothcs anu Anncs
to CIOlh an arm) or len foot, which
helped tl II' much.' But things \\erc beginning
\() changl' til!' I he \1 oro.;c , :Ioth sLO 'ks in \\ eden and
northern had been S riously depicted ,1S the
,\Iedi... h ;Irm) ma1'l:hed .'outh, u. \\ rOle as
ao.; ell ember 16,' 1 deman ling thal the nCII
regimenlo; in 'shoulu not be s nt to
U', nak u from I he n 'd Ull\\ n a ha, been the easc
until no\\ "
\\ ith thl: Swedi'h arm gnl\\ing;lI a phenomenal
rale ancr the I klor) al Breitcnfcld, el'cn thc w ,tlth-
iest area' or German), :lrClunt! Frankrurt-am-1Y\ain,
'ould nol hope 10 dot he all the nel\' mcrcenarie., lei
alone prill ide the Ielcrans wil h I he cusLOmary winrer

In (he 'hao lhat folhmed (justai'll s death the
<;nltlicrs in southern erman) were not being let
.llon<: isucd \\ilh new uniform.; and with (he ,lrlll}
h;t1rcd in its rrads there wcre no new stock to
caplure, so Ihe situation d generatt! e en
fUrlher. The ragl.('amuf1in armie' on Years'
onclll. ion.
For ,1 long rime it lI'a. hcli \cd that Gu, ta\'lIS
invented the military uniform, In fact, he \\as only
copying what other. had done before him Is where
in Europe. The suirs of clothing he i. sued wcre often
unirorm both in colour anu in CUI, but the morinltioll
was mostl: to cut cost', With the wlourcd regiments,
though, there is goou evidence that he was trying to
go b') und b,ISi ncces and wac attempting to
re3lC a unit identity ba 'd p:lrtl: Oil unifmm. BUI
thi " too, was not hi, id :1: it had all' a l) h 'en done h)
the r .Ines among other:.
There is, howcI'cr, 'ome \'ague and potentially
controversial evidence that raytL \Va trying to
s anu:lrdise on blue uniforms for hi. nati e weui. h
regimcnt -blue, or cour e, 11'<1 adopt d only much
lalcr in the J 7th Cenlllr) a-the. randaI'd S\\cdi, h coal
culour. A Nell DIlle 51 edish of ,tgorhs
was recorded by lloppe in Prus 'ia in 162 ; :tnd
s I-era I nativc Sl\'cdi, h units in erm:tn' were ( n
occasion tl 'cribcd a 'bluc' regiments-most not-
ably lland' Osrgoth Regimen, which may b
th am as Truppe's' CI Dlue Regimenl'. Two
'I\,hle C: The Urig;ldcs. early Scplemhcr 1631
\ 1/ l!/
C"I'S,
f?I',!!.11111' III P,lot-lIIl'/I \Iush-fars o.Ui,as
TIJ,' } 'dill/,! IJngadl'
"ing-"<; Lilcgu;lrd
.X
60
"
"
Thl' Ydloll Regl. (TcutlCl)
:;14
6(jo
r(j2

Chemnill.
.'
r20
(q
60.
Till' 1JIIIl'
"
The IUue Reg!. (\\ indcl) 63
11 IIp
1, Tht, Red Reg!.
3
86 ryz
573
U'l' O\"'H!Il'rtllI'S IJJ"I/!,/Idl'
(."J'/I',',lt-s FIIII/J)
X Lillit' {'pp/t1l1d.
,,-
J.i
0 12S
,I ::'I
\ IIrh- / '/irlll/al/(l
X Il:hlfdlr F/I/IIJ 1.12. 2.94
uS
;
1)1111/1"1111
.P4
r(I
l.!ti ,
5lJ I
IIa/ld's SIIW/iSlt IJI"I,!!./Idl'
S Il.md O,WI',f!,iillulIf/
J4
ti HO
128

\\ , 1011 Sall.hurg DII/s/III/Il 16}) 6.

S C,rll brd /I/S/t'l",:1,iifllllll/ uo 2.4
0 r2.8
63
6
Breilen/ell! anll one:ll I.UT:len \\en' m:ltk
lip of n;l1ile and
pI ,ugge.,l t hal (lit hot h t II ere
in hlue, Blul' clolh \I;\,! also ordered
more than oTher Colours: in 16.11, for
l'\:lmplc, Ibn.. ll:!rkhU'Cll \\:1 .. colllracTed lhe
S\led;>:h to .!o,ooo dl" of doTh (HerSeas,
hlue, bill if he \Ia<;; unablc lO lind
l'tlOugh lltt'n red Ill' hnll\n.

\ltTe nOI pt'rlll:lllenT strU{:lurcs; lheir COIll-
punen! regirnellls \\tTe oflell ch:mged III lhe
number of pikl'mcn dose l{) a fixed number 648
pikemen lor lhrec-squadron hrigades (as herc).
Thc eight hrigades abovc II crc rcorganised inTO scvcn
for lhe h:mle of BrciTcnfdd on l7 S(.'plember; SOllle
regimenls \Icrc e\en splil (for lhe h:ulle only)
be!\leen dilTcrcll1 brigades.
ron Thurn's brigade demonslr:IlCS most dead)
lh:lI regimcnts \1 ne nol organised inlo brigades
sirnpl) hecause h;ld the tolour flags or
uniforms. Note also ThaI each regimcnl, no malleI'
hO\\ depleted. has ilS full complement of ol1icers.
\ I) !!I'
CII)'S. Reglllll'lli Pil..'I!I/f/'1I .!'lusA'l'll'crs Ojiccrs
Tlte Crall
The reen Regt. (Ilepburn)
.\lonro of fouJis CI!I"II//II1S
fall
Bod.
2-1-+ +.57
'50
360
66 26-1-
5-1-
6
4
60
,
(
Tit" '(ots JJngutlc
.Iamc' Lum 'uaine (e:\- p ns)
/;",Ionro
J.lme<; Ram.a)
John [Iamilton
I

12
1++
,r2 12
108
317
12
7
2 3"6
128
.l
5+
Il
Ii
I /Ill TII/II"I/ Br(rU/llc
Count yon Thurn (Dlack)
Ilall \ Oil EAcren (Black)
Damitz (White R gr.)
\"itzrhul1l (Orange Regt.)
I )argit/ (Uro\\ n Regt.)
13
.j.
1++
27
9
6
6c)7
2-1-
1 128
33
12
-1-
2
6
H2
37
2 12
216 12
12
?' I IJ/"Ip, II dc
Rosen
\\ aldstein
.Iohn Ruthvcn Gerl/falls
III/SA'/'Ict'/" Rescl"'l'l'
General nancr's Rcgt.
.pl
3
66
35
U)2
J2
128
12
T E PLATES
de cripLion. of them in Pru 'ia in 16_6 ugge t an
appearance more like the Swedish peasant recruit in
Plate G.
1: The m.ld to \I'ar-nalil'e \I edi h troop " 1626
:\,ri,'c .\\edes formed the backbon ofGu I';lVU
army uuring his early Glmpaign . The men hawn
here from th . nrrland Ll/l/llsrl!f!,iml!ul ar I a. d on
the Duwall portrait of" 1626. Notc h wever, that
mo. S\\ cui. h nati\ troop . t this time do not appear
to !l,I\C been ;IS well uniformed a, shown here;
AI: Corporal oFmu. kctccr...
n intcre ting feature of the uniform'
army wa' that jacket and brccchc werc ft n f the
., me colour, becausc thc) were u. u311y mad from a
ingl is, u of cloth. The account of the Roy. I
\ ardrob' (Kltiti/a/lJl/lll/rcn) at the lonsarkivet,
tockholm, as well a. the army ac ount book in tl
Krig, arki ct and elsewhere, de cribe in gre3t derail
dH'SC ufdolh for unilelrln". (her !C12S .12 lhe
t)pical :l1lltllllll for ;111 mt.linar) \I:IS -l to 5
SI\ l:dish dis. 'I'hl: grealer part \1 as fill' 1';llher
lhan jad.e!'>. I t1 16.12, fill' nample, SOllcr-
m,l1lland regimelll reo.:iH:d red and bluc dolh and
\\a... in... ll'uctnllO lI..;e 2.; ells for j:ld.l:t ;llld 2.75 for
hreechcs; lhi .. meant ThaI the jadeIS were quile small
;llld light. e\ll'a dolh allUlI:l1lce II fluId be used
on lenglhening: lhe ofThl: jadcl.
'rhe on The resemble a type of
morion common al ;lrouml I (100 in Protestant Gl'f-
and hinl ;1\ lhe sirong S\\edi:--h lin\..<; I\ilh
Lubeck) hefort, lJull:h lrading
might began to prclail. Thc gurgel is \Iorn
as a sign of rank, suggesling a corporal.
The source shIms a wil h ;111 old-fashioned
dO\\llWard curving bUll: prohabl) an c;lli,,"r
rather than a muskel-a shortage ofmuskers fon:ed
the SI\edes 10 conTinue using cl]ilers late as 1630.
The cali,'cr '\:IS lighl enough nOl to need a muskel
resl, bUl \\ allhallsen suggested (in IUI5) ThaI il \\as
hesT '10 aCCUSlom Glli\crmen III CaIT) lhe fllrk \\ilh
Iheir c,llhcr; it \Iill be for thcm a genlle exercise for
hiler carrying: the mush,t.'
It..?: PikCl11;11l
Pikcmen \1 ore thc same llnilemlls as muskeleers, but
it is difficull 10 make OUI much detail of lheir
equipmenl 1J11 The DUII;111 portr.liT. Iht'rc
i:--;J loui, armour ill Dll\\,IWs leet 011 his
pnrTriliT (po""ibly the l:olonel' .. fJ\\ n suir).
:13: Capt;lin
llnker:-- \1 ere often \Iith Cllllh al The
sa111e time ;1 ... lheir mcn. rCl:eived more
lheir soldier:-- (for e\;unplc: .. oldier... , Illu.. i-
clan.. and carponll .. in Janws Sl:ott'" Finnish regi-
111000nl in 16.p rl'eci\ed:) ell", olher :,\'CO-; 6, [ietrlell-
;lnd en"igm S, and cilplaim 12). II \1 a.. alst. of
heller (often English hroadcloth), and the
higher ;llIO\\ed Ihcm lo 11,1\C il t;litored
mnro.: \\"hilo.: plulllcs appt'ar 10 hale been
sl;\lHlard lelr lhe entire /I/I/II."I'l'f!.'IIII'III. The officers in
c<ldl 1"0\1 (i.e. admin e sq uadron) un I he
\Il'ar ;\ l'tHlll11l)l1 <',I"h etlllHlr: here, or
in lhe 'colonel's' squ;ldron ..\:-- 1\ ill be
more in \ olullle 2., there i-;, in fad, no
e\idelll:e;1t ;111 felr;\ n;ll;onal S\\edish colour
lifetime. clptain Clrrie:- .1
good imported Dutch parlisan :IS his ...
of rank: TO junior officcrs \Icn:
1l1;lllllf;Il:lllred in S\ledcn and ofmudl poorer qu;dil).
Illlidl n'pl''''''11 'Ill
1." t'll ,...I1I11I1l!r I',U/t'rll
(:lppm.\. 1.6,; fI"'lre,"
,'lflJ:lre)
'nIl' II,,):. I" !Jt't'f/ u' tor-
(J:I;lIt,'(f. I','rll"v", rdkclillf[
Ihi.... dl:lll}!t. Tilt:. an',
rr","/d; mil 10 r;}!fl/. /"t'(1.
1fn...",.' d/Olt. "II "ill, }!"IIJ
\l n',.'bs: 'JI'" ":II! fm,,':1 fion
"ml ,ortlSSt,d.-.t ure/" ur
:lrrOll,"'.
Delllill;mn II,, J)1Il1:lU
(",rlm;1 or1 ofllle
cuml'" "i,'!> ufII,, ....orr/and
Landsrcgimen! ill tfM6,
E"d,rtJll "ffiJllr
IOIlI,>;",i,.,I>:/,., ""i",nn/..
d"thccl mt'n ,ml! olficl'n;.
111:1/ t,I(,.1I
rtprt.. I'"
mlmill;Slr:lth (. sqll:lf/rull.
'n,l' lI:lgs I,re ofIht .sm:lll
IJmdl '1.1 k (1II'I'm,. I.i."
mttre,.' ,sl/lmr,)
/lorfh (ierlnlH' 11/10
d";IIl('(/ (kset'tl/ (rmn II",
S""fli.,11 ltlnDol/,lfll/k
Gifflnl dm;fls (1It're-' II ilb
"" earl) I,,,rlr,,il
mt'd:rflirm "f(iuslal'II,';)
"ere I!;I "11 '" o!1iCers:lS
rt"I:ln/s r.,r goml,"'r\ itT.
Tht, f'Orlmil i.' ."i;:lIe" "F
I': I"-'If,,'if,f.l Ihe Fn'fl<'fm,,,"
ViI'oh,. (k I" Fage.
(k"rll"'r): Slmr,
S/I><:(,I",/III)
Tb" ,it'll "I"rOIl;:b fhl'
II ;1/(/111.,. 1;,ir1.\
lIf1ills"irifl): I'0rln.i, ;Ire
fht' "'''51 dCfHi/Clf
"un i\ il,;: l'it'/IIn'!o or
GII,'fa I liS m/f iI e I
I tV'" "f"rfll_. II ill,'lle
(1:11., a/lollt',l lrm',
1J""ids'wlI In ilk,,';". fll,'
"mca:/s Col. .
I)UIl'I.II, ""d 1"'lIt... hi.
Ir<J<'IJ. liS Ihe 'orr/"",f
l.,u"lsrq:i'llen',lJu",,1I
(IiI cd 1,.liIJ-d''/4) II ;/.' :l
IJ: 71'l' I:';I.,,'<TII From: Finns :uu! L:lpps
The SCl1ldimni:l1l<; hale used for thousands of
e;II".... :'\ or:.e t had its 0\\ t1 sk i \\';11" gml, UII,
nfThM, and a .... Sbde. One
.1.-;: J IUSJ,;ctCl'''. l'(I!mu:!:.. "'CI,me/ron
Thi" lllu"h'l\;er i... t)pic;11 oflilOse in the ro\1 offum
WlIlp,l1lic\ dosesl to f)1l\1;11I 011 the ponr'lil. This
po... itilltl :lllllthe murl' deeorali\ e dress suggest itto he
from thl' eolund.... 'administrativc squadron'. Thc
<;11 inc"fe;ll her i" reCilll"t rut.:ted from l'll itnes... ac-
"'\lim'sli.';lthers \Icre issued from 16.. q unlil
16!S in addition 1lI11111... rests.
1,1: J)rullllllcr
Each infilnl was allll\\"ed I hrcc drulllmcrs.
E\I)Crieneed and mcn lIen: often prefer-
red 10 as had ,I secondary rille as llleSS('!l-
and had to :Iel on their initiative and take in all
if this ;oh thclll behind enemy lines.
Thl' <;iller-braillell hufli.:o:11 has heen restored from
picture:. of Dutch militia (.11"111I1/1'1") tomp:mies, ami
lhc double-ended .Ire from ,I
German printoLI Years' \\',11' drummer.
8,: Filllli...11 mw.kl'tl'Cr
SCI eraI Finnish came to
Wilh !lUI ntml were deplo)ed in I,:lt\ia,
ESlonia ;lml along lhe Russian border. This Finn,
based on ,I Gerrnan engm\ ing, h:l ... dres" ill' \\ estern
military typc. The coal is probahl) :l 'cas:lI.:k', fur
C:lp'" or <;illlil:lr headgc:tr mllSI h:lle heen \Iorn on :I
Iargt' sc11c Gustal us's inElIllry, sincc there liltle
e\ idelln' for i"SllC<; of the hruad-hrimmnl Ii.'ll
hal" linkcll \\ith this period. In case, in
battlc all \Icre e\pectcil 10 Ileal' helmet...
Thi... sn:lplod musket (LRK 4I)t(l) has a bUll Ilhit'h
resemblcs the simple C:lrly Dutch hUlt on thc
el1!!ra\ln!-t",
The skis arc hascd on a crUllc SkClCh and desnip-
tion b} Johann of Nassau of the strangc 'shoes' Ill'
nhsen'ed on Finnish ski-troops: 'S fOOl long and onc
hand wide, ;Ind made of thin \\OOl!. I ha\c seen
thcl1l scvcral times in I,i\"Onia Ilscd ;Igainsl the Pole\
to make slrong raids at night on their camp", in Ihe
middle is alcathcr hand in which one puts the fOOl"
if there is somelhing of a hill, thcy a!t;lch fur to the
len "shoc" one hand \Iidc and m,lde from rcindeer
sl-in so that onc can get :II-:"rip" At this period ,I single
long ski-polc II:lS lllore tommon than a pair. The
platcat the hascofthe pole II:IS oneil a lIat di ...c
Ilf\I()od.
cven records the It th-ccntul'\ King Ilar,lld l/;ulrad:1
boasting of his al skiing.
I\cre in usc in S\ledell
Finland in the '500S; by the tfloos rcfercl1ce... tu them
arc cummon. The first recorded l::lptain of
\Ia<; the Finn llans Boijt>; in l\larch t606 he crossed
lhe froz('n Gulf of Finland to :-':al'\;1 \Iith (Joo skier",
\\'iddimli \\rilCS, in t67/, of 4,000
ITl)OpS sellt to assist the Russians against Pobnd in
/(01). This figure has heell repellcd by later hi,,-
tori:l11S hUI is (lll\ too high, sincc lillie 111000e
than 4,000 in lOlaI fought in thi"
"lure reliable documenlS suggesl far fC\ler in
.\ larch 16(1), for instancc, Boije is .Igain mClllioned in
Russia, stouting \Iilh 150 ski-troops frum Suuth-
Finland.
There is no CI idcnce for ski-troops in Ihe I>russian
or German l::llnpaigns; bUI they continued, long alie!'
Gustants's death, to h:lrass the Russian and Lilhu-
anian CI I aIry armies un S\I eden's' Ea"tern front'.
/fJUIl nliliti",; ""r..
b"fli:mH.":1/ Ihi... I),.,.i"d:
111,'1>,' II ,.,... prol);! b1.'
,,1I,.dw.""" /,r;,;lId.1 ".1 thl'
1:,,1"'11"/.
/Jrl/mllllr., (,...m rlt.
f)UlI'lfJ f",rlmit. TI,i., i,,,
um' o(II.., I. ""1111
r.."n'''lm" ri""." "f.,k." <"f I
/wl1"mn,. F.,,, "rdimln
ill/i//ll r., nl"" fII/ls;II. Qf'
11'''1'/' IH.Inll.!!'
lInn",rd..eI.,l.i." Til,
Mrwl!<-r ,J.i 011 ,m,' I,,,,, r\
J. """ II ill .,1. i j" rlt"" II.' ,III
. Imlnr' "r' Im/"r'. :1m/ i.,
lin...1,," til .. ",ukr,.id, "illl
(IIrl"gi, ,';1 1>1'/II'r .!!',.i" "'r
/h, ...""" ,wei r" !,n" nil
/>1,.t,litli"!!,, h'I1.!!'"i","-
lIplri/l. I""r d"" "/rill
Sln/d,... '''t .l.ilT.ditkcl
"" tl"'/,r"",,,", ImJi",,J $J.i
0" I,i,,' Off,.,,. "'ut. I.il.c
III".'"
''mault,,,,.,,,.i...... lit
0"1.' " ..,ingll' Itmg sl.i-t"'h-.
TIl<cr",. bull n'"lIIi""/1 ill
liS" i" '''''11''1('r IJ,"-'.' 'l(
SClm/im" i:t Ii,,.
Immill.If.l'rt>llr)oh;",Il(,...
Sdrdli;,,.n.,,I.HpP'lIli(1
rF,.""l.rurr.
lfJ
i.l)
lioned in a leller daTed April 16:n as being c101hed for
SCI'\il:c:II\ay rnlln hlllllC.
c: Storming tlu.: brt'ach-British (]l('r(:CU;II'lC....
16.J1
So much has bcen \1 riTlen about the SCiITS in Swedish
SefV1f.:e lhat The English ;101I Irish ha\'e been almu'it
complete!) O\crlooked (lhe \\'c1<;h aT lhis Time werc
c1,lssified as Enp:lish). The English alone
supplied sc\cn regirnell1s he[\lcen Ju.q and 1632.
The Irish 100 had along Iradirion as merccnaries, bUT
distrusled Gllsla\ us becausc of lheir
religion, and sel'\ed wilh C.1tholic ptl\\ers;
e\'cn "0, "everal thousand Irish foughl in nominall)
'Sf,;ollish' I'egimenls. In f:1Cl. l1lan) Englishmen also
fllllnd Their inTO 'Scollish' l"egimenTs: lllcreenar)
colonels were entitled to le\y men rrom any part or
The Brilish Isles and did so. Fur example,
.Iamc" Ramsa) 's 'Seoltish' regimenl in l6ztJ had
three English companics, eighl SCOlTish companies
(one of I\hif,;h l\;lS Irish), :lIld one mixed
SCOlTish/English
112' rciut!c:cr :1tf{1
of Llpp'" along \\ ilh ;tnd
... :lrri\l:d in Stt:llin in '\O\l:l1lbcr IhJ t. ;lcconl-
ing [0 "Ill." Ul:rm:lll 'I'hl: rcpun h;t\e
JUSl propaganda, "0111C IlllpCri;tli"IS, at
I{"'Jst. \1 CI'(' l.'iUl \ im:nl I hat Ut1 ... 1:l I ... \1 erl:
due 10 lhl: in 'I\ho ca"l a lopellupun
lh('ir cnl:l11il... and prl:\cllIed lhem rwm ollcring any
.
10 ...ell:ral lr,l\dlcr", 17Th-l.:entuq
Lapp dl'l:'''' i... 1\l:11 dlll.:Ullll.'ll1et]; il I\as madc
rrom reindeer hide. 'I'he bow here is h,lsed on
,Ill 511 el.li ... h I,:I\)P C\;trnpk OIl hu'i Castk. I[
is or l:ompo"i[c l:on... lrllcTiol1 cO\crcd in birch bul,
and .imilar In 111O"e descrihed
lraldlcrs. 'rhllugh llbsolele, bljl\S arl' occa-
n:f,;onled ill \\';Ilrl.:r Ilarte
(\\Tiling in mentiuns JS as J.ooo archers
in S\\ ...el'\ 1f.:l: in t621'1. Inl1 il is nOl dear \\ ho [hey
II ere. f,;oulll nor haH. ,Ill heen or Irish-
1627 2to:
\1,1'> '" r1ulllherin!! 1,200 men. and iT I\as
i",ut:tl \Iith pih... and IlIUSlClS. It is
mOl'e lhal \\ert' arriICd Finns
<l1\Jiting I'e-anllin!!: Finni... h 'bOlI ... hoolers' arc men-
Cl: Pikt:nUlII, ,\f;lck:ly't>jl'fonro's S(.o/,;slr
Rcgiuu:llt
Romantics \\ould lile to bdic\"C thaI
regimcn! foughT in larlan. In filel, in the
Dani"h Rlgmrkli'l'f record Ihal reeei\ed
coloured uniforms \er.\ soon aflel' their firslmllsler in
.6.2(l. \\ hen IransfCr'red 10 S\\edish sen ice, 800
's 111l'n \\erc issued \\ith dOlh ror lInirOrllllo
(Rll);\l \\ anlrohe accounts 1630. ilem 59)' Each lllan
rel.:ei\ l:d clls (...S metres) or cheap 'Scotlish ler"cy'
cloth: 1\licc as much ;IS Ihe normal :lttO\\alll:e for a
slllall jadet ;IIlJ hreechelo. The c101h f,;lluld ha\e been
doubled 10 gi\'e il suflieielll thickness, 01' The excess
usel.l tor a !llllall c10al ur perhaps ,I easack. The colour
or Ihis Scollish is nm recorded; in other
SI\edish dOCUlllCI1\S il appe:lrs in grq 01' blue,
but ilS 10\\ pric(' suggesTs The same utHlyed 'hoddl:11
gre)' cloth f,;OtlUllf)O in Scolland. Further e\ idence
ror grey comes in June 1631, when a handful of
otlin'rs of,\ lacka '!I regimenl \1 ere isslled
c101h in Sletlin (Ro)al W;lr'(lrohe accounts If):; I. iTelll
to: I).
(".2: EnI!li.,,1r Inw,J.:ctc(.", I /:lIl1ilron"s .. lnn.1
When it :lr'ri,ed at Slcllin in August tCl.ll lhe
"
\larqllis of I bmilton's 'English :111 e:..pe-
dition:Il') force linancctl pri\'.ltcly by the Stuan royal
ll11rnberCi.l 6,000 men. II \Ias del'i-
maled In dj.';ease :lIld The remnants-less
than 400 men dill. hll\\l'\cr, sun ile long cnough ttl
fighl at Lutzell as part of Lodo\'itk Leslil"s (ex-John
11:lll1ihon's) SClIlli"h regimef1l.
There sonw el idencc for uniforms alllong:
I l:imiholl\tronp".111 1631 lhe coloncls of
HIll of tht' \Iarqui... ' ... English regiments, James
ll:lmihon and .lame... obl'lined the follo\\ ing
from a merchant in Brandenburg: '500 SUilS of
dnll1e" IiII' "nldiers, 500 pair of "hoe<;, 390 pair of
slocling-s, !60 .\ lllnmOlllh caps'. They were required
10 be ':111 :1CI::urding tll lhe p:ltrUllC (patternl whieh we
h:ne sllml" (Sel,t. Record OllieI.', GD 406{1, 234)' t\
good is lhe 16Z7 Pril) Council conlract
lill' lhe 1.:1 Rochelle expeditioll. urdering
'6,000 suil's flU' l:lnll soldiers, \ iz: cas:,cks, hose.
doathl?l. shocs, slodings. shins. (nedlbands and
\\ol1Jlloulh C'lpS'. Cle.lrl) ,\IonlllUlllh caps Ilere
1110rl' popul:lr th;1Il is thought.
(.): l,.i...11 .\lw;;kctt'l:r, AIt.\.IfIlIc.r 1I:ll11ilr'I1I:"
Snltti.... 1J J(t:,t:;mt''''
Tlw dre"s of lhi... G:ldil: soldil'T from Koler's famous
Stell in prim h:ls Ill;llly fealures tIm can be compared
\\ith Irish m:linl:llld Sllurces. "-jilcr's jadel, Ililh the
peculi:lr ple:llnl iolin, Ill;l) he a rl'lIeclion of acw:!1
Iri"h simil.u j:ll:lels hal"e been found in
Irish (,\\. Dunlc\). Dress in Irehmd (London.
H)Ht))).The rellnl 1\001 hlue honnel and checked
lrellS :Irt' not unique 10 Scolland; the) arc fnunu also
in Irl'!:lnd. 'flll'rc is g'(,od evidcnce IiII' Ihe reCU11 ing of
[oeal lri ... h dOlh eheded) inlo European
Ie iollch ,IS hreeches for service ovcrse:ls.
"I'hl' Irish nll'Tcen:lries recruited in Iflot) by SpellS fIll'
{rmll Ibt
""n./,i" W.. sa ,,11I'd, s'lfIk
ill Swd.Jwlm b""/"'I/" Ull
it... "I:,itlt" ,oy:ll!t' ill
Tht nll_sf//t,J I ",.ic" "n'
\
JrU""IJI.I ...
."iI",.... ur ...uMit,.s (II'
upNq); ,lit one:>-" ilb IIcds
l't,,.h"IJS fu,. ollin,....
(lI"Hoil). (II ;111 thallI.,,;; /()
S. t'll Jkfll!ts.-;;(lll flfllle
\luSt'IlIIl)
S\\edcn were III be clolhing 'as ma) CineI' lheir
Ilalcdncsslt1d onl) talc ;l\la) the Illarl of lheir
miserable :Jnd barbarous condition'. The clothing
\1;lS 10 bt 'made of English l;lshion. Inn of COlllHr)
[i.e. Irish] "tull'. \Ihich ... i" cheap; il bein); onI) III
sen e them :Il sea. for upon :Irrival in S\\eden the) :Ire
10 recdlt' nel\ apparel ;lnd be furni<;hed llith arm,,'
(esp. Irdand,.l 1609)'
CJ: Iri...h/H;ghl:lfld 'rcdl>II:l1Ik... recru;t
In most cases colonels did not CI'ell bother Ilith
clOlhing recrllils hefore shipping lhern; this Gael <;ti11
\IC:lrs his e\er) da) pl:lid. "l'he c:..port of weapons \1
forhiddcn flrilish lal\, :md rcmarled
lhat ne\1 ly le\ ied mercen:lries left Britain :lnd In:land
unarmed (':..cepl fiJI';1 lel\ knivcs and bO\\s carried :IS
person:.l possessions. Slledish generals ofll'n com-
plained oflbe 'll:lledness' ofrhe Briti<;h recruils. and
the need co gel lhcm properl) clothed e\en months
aftcr had landed. [n Danish service lhe Scots
\\tTe often referred Itl as 'rcdshanks' (:IS l\ere.1I
hume) from lhe rudd) colour of lheir hare legs. /\"
Germ;ln c10lh supplies gr('\1 shorter il bccame
incrc:lsingl r:lre li)r nell arril ;11" to reeeil e 1I nifiJrm",
so IIll occasion Ilighianders :lTld Irishmen musl
indeed h:l\t: gone inlo :Ictiun in p1:tid. Hut il musl be
iolres"et! lhal lhi<; \1;1'" not Ulil of dan or national
Gaelic pride in the tarlan, but economic realil).
J); Flags orI he coloun.:d ;11 timrr". n:,t:imcut...
'I'he colour n:lllleio of the colnur derile
from their Ibgs; lheir origins seem 10 he connected
\Iith 'he introduclion;n lhe ,6205 ofll:lgS of ..
colour.
Un! it 1620, huge J or .. metre \\ ide \1 ere u... ed
in Swe(kn. To kCl'p Iwight down the) were made
froma\er) lhinsill called l'(/r,d,. III 1621 theS\ledcs
adOl;ted lhe smaller Iso-man company, and along
with this smaller flags thaI were also Dutch in origin.
\VeighI was no longer such a prohlem, and so a
stronger silk, /al/e(a, could he used. This lIas sold in
much wider breadths than earlier silks: about looem
compared with J3cm. 1'1'('-1620 flags had
a!tern:llc narrow slripes of at le:lSI two difl"erenl
colours; but \Iith lhc nCI\ tallela flags from ,621
onwards il \1 as less eHon 10 scw a flag (If one single
colour. After 1627 lhe alllOUlH oftall"ela issued fur a
flag I\as lixed at 7 dIs (... 2 m); :Illuwing for a strip
D-I: The 'Old BIll' Regiment, e.16.13-J5
The mercenary Bille Regiment was brought batk up
to strength in Ill"., and from ahoul this time was
The Swcdi -h historians Zceh and i\'ordstrol11
think [h .'e flag' belong fO :l nariv \\ dish unit the
'1\ \\ nIu Regiment, rather lhan the mercenar)
Blu' Regiment. They assume Ihal flag 4 is the only
flag hOIl n b) of rh mere nar) Blue
Regiment. Ilowe\"Cl', th ) O\'cr!ook the fact that there
arc too many flags for rhe normal eighr- 'ompan)
nati\ . II cdish regiment, \1 h rca. rhc mereeoar)
BIll Regiment in 1632 had 12 companies.
'j\: ml nth aftcr sail thesc Ilags in
ugburg in pri! I) 2, th lue Rcgiment Ill, t most
of them at Liitzen. Deodati notcd that lhc)' 1\ en: so
tattered b) then that linlc more [han empt) ,ralls
r m;tineu, anu il wa not III ught lIonhll hile to s 'n I
them a Irophi s to the Emperor.
attached 10 the staff, this m:lllc a 2 metres (6 ft.
6in.) . qU<lre. The. imilarity of the /lags of the Dlue,
R d <lnd Green sugge. IS thaI they were
made up in Ihis ne\\ pattern at roughl) the amc time
b tWCen 16-7 .lX. Rccon. truclion her arc ha,ed on
w:llen:olour: ,(" the nag' of lhe \\edih
force. occupying \ugsburg ( 1631. 35).
DI: The Teen
:\0 specifi' refen:n 'C'" to green uniforms for th
rc n Regimenl haye yet b 'en found. Aft I'd crib-
ing hOIl the regiment \\a: cajoled into \\ di h
cryin" Iloppl' (p. I ,I) cxpbins Xli tl) the origin of
it colour name. Gust3\ us 'ordered green .flags to
made up for rhem and IpUllin rhem1 among the 3
German regimenh ealletl the Red, Blue and 1'ello\\,
named thi" l ne "The Green Regim nr"'. un'l\ Ing
tailor\ ac ount (trans ript in the \\edish Troph .
ollcelion ar 'hi\e made by rne aniclsson) con-
firm thar Klitzing, rh I' gimcnt' n \\ culonel,
recei\Td tafICta for eight new flag. in July 1627. ne
ighlh oflhe :il)" \\:1' \\ hite, \\ hich may hay h en for
a eparate 'oloncl' 'life... andartl' or (mol' probabl))
for de\ icc se\\ n into Ihe gr 'en licltl.
D2: The Red
InJul) 1627 the Red Regimenl lias issued \\ilh eight
n II crim:on ralret<l n.lgs, and in '\Iovcmher I h_ on
Rag of red double tatli:ta..\t the bridge at \ inenb rg
on IJ.'eptember 16. lonClIllitofthe wedi harm),
;lImo. I n;!'tainl) tbe Red R gimenr, wa een \lith 7
red, I II hile, and ..j. mi \ed red '\\ hite colours. 'I he only
r fcrence.. to red unili,rm 'OOle wh n Hopp' men-
lion. 'G'rm.1n redco:lIS' under the R 'u Regiment'-
Col. Ehrcnreitcr in JlIne 162 '; and 'rcdco<lts' a<fain in
!\Ugll. r 1630, under IlogemJorf, [he n \\ colonel.
D : The Bllle Regimel1l, 1632
11 is fairly cert;lin Ihal [he Blue Rcgim III wore blue
uniform. 110ppe II rite' 0 Col. 'eulfcl' and Col.
).nrh\ 'bluecoat 'in Prll<; ja, both ,It date. wh 'n they
commanued Ihe IJIue Regimenl; in Januar) r62' h'
e\-en n.lmc. the captains of three companic of
'blue oat.', and all ofthem definitely held post' in the
Blue Regiment. Imperiali t de 'uipti n' make it
clear Ihar the regimenl wore blue at BreitenI' Id
an I LLill.en.
The peculiar idea Ilwl
Lapp.\ rode 11I1 I he bad. or
reindeer se 11I.S (() go b:rc:1.
/(I i/lustra1ions un Ihe lin,1
rn:IJlllr e/IIIlJina \ hI, tIle
.;lrt; marina orI.;JQ ".\
Olaw; \lagnu. , :lnd hi..,
Ilis\lIri;l de genl ihus
sept 'nlriol1;1lihus-lli 101','
nrthe \orthern Peoples-
or153.;. s'lw1\ n Ilcre. Thcs('
inll1l!eo; :Ire a/'oul as
rdi:;b/(' as rhc (om
Ion!! lIorm.... '/1(' ho,l.o;
engulfing d .... '\I
1.,'. s .'m.o;p 'CI snurn...
l... pl'." sC[lI/,,'d in reind,'/..'r-
dr" II n s/ed!!,c!>. The .>;tr:lI}!!,'
shoe-Ii/' I.: ....1, i., IIrc 111.\(, "'"
tn IJl: rdi/..'c/ on.
cdlnl lhe '(Jld Blue' Reg:il1lclll; i, mUSl h:1\e bel'n
i"ued \\ilh ne\\ l:1.IOllf', clf Ilhidl lhis i<; CIIlC. The
l:clltlnd ot',hl' \\ ind.tl, heGlme gCl\ ernllr clf
unlil 1(135 \\hilt: he rccmered from
II oum]<; reecl\ ttI ,Il 1.1lI1.en, Thi<; g,ll e \lohner, \1 ho
li\ cd in \ plt:ln of opponuni[ [() paiT1l this
in del,lil: lhl' eomp:mies of lhe
\Icre \\ilh Iht' field
J).;: TiI(, )-d/fJI\ /{t',!!imt:nl
Gu,I;\IU", tir<;l g:u;ln] rqrirnclll" h:1l1 flap made in
hi, per,ol1,d IiI colour" anil ilIad.. B'Hh Ihe
old 111I1'TI',!!////l'/J1 (in 1(lll and 162l) and lht, nt'\\
IlIIi'rQ!,IIII/'lIf (in \ 161-1) rt!.:tj, cd f):ll}:" \1 ith el1/l\\
amI hl.ld 'tript".
In aboul !f115 Of 26 the hl'gan to bl'
Gilled !Ill' ,) dlml Reg:imenl', Thl' firSI rccord (:IC-
(:()Ullh :Ire incolllph:ll') o( flag<; cllmc... in
161j. \111('n 1110 companies (\\int:kcl's :lnd
..:o,lull .... ) rel'tilt,d lhe ne\1 2 Illt'trl' .... qll;tre fhtg:s, [n
1630 1\\0 furlhl'" and
"0) l\l're i'"Ul,tI lhe W;mlrobe
\Iilh ,illlil,lr tb!", \n llhWf\l'r Ilho II:llched
lhe S\ll'di,h ,lr1H.I \.TO'<; lhe brill!,e:1I \\ on
t 3 S":pll'lll hl'r 16,; I 10 h:1I e IhoughI the Ydlul\
Rq:imenl" tlag:' Ill'r..: Ilhite. ;\li'hnl'l"' \I":llen,:ololirs
till indt'l'd ,hllll thl'lll:lS;1 palt, ull!lllr.
to \\:lll". the Yclloll Reg:iml'l1\ lost
\I irel til.'" of,lll" mlllli-
n,lI;ml'II.'j" <',Ji. /, trill.:
Il,n'.", !ri.hm:lll, ,, 1.';"11
.rmJ ,I Fillll. Til.. Fim,:.
'" l'r,l!;,rlll<'1If i.. ,"';;rill!..
pll/]!i".!!, ,mel i.' pro/mil'.. "
t: .... nul,,'r ,II,,,,,,
/>IIlli'v,", From:l '6p
(i"r"",,, I,roml..".,,,,,,
tlags at I.ll\:t,en (sec Phue F). In ,6,B lhe
regiml'll1 pa'isl'cl 10 ,\1:Ij.-Gl'n. Lar... "-:Igg (:<.lohncr
call" il 'Genl'ral-.\I:ljor Kage )"ellol1 J.cib Rq6-
menl). The shO\\1l ,\lohner h;l\l' bl'..:n
rl'plal:emenl<;. KllcI cnh Uller also recllnls ellll\l
for ;11 Regenshurg in 1634.
fllti"",._, (.'oJolln..: otht:r rcg;nl<,'IIts
:ICCOUnlS ShOll lhat nfScolli<;1l
reg:irncllls \Icre in :II least 50",) of m,lclc from
blue and 1\ hile clolh in lhc elll'rCCI propol'lion" 1o
male lhe Scottish llag. In 1635 Ogier sal\ a Scolti.... h
reg-illlt'n, ;n Prussia '\1 i[h huge rccl fhig.. in lhe corner
of 1\ hieh Ihere i<; ,I II hiIe crn"s nrSI. and hi Ilt'
fidd'. English ITgimclll's also u"ccl lhis
Ci\ il \\ ar pc of ....
The lallcred st:lIe of fbg" on .\Iohner"
\1 ;Ilcrcolou 1'... is I picaI fur Gust,l \ cler:ll1 rqd-
rnenls o\er ,6:W-,p; ne\\ \Iere i...... ued
llnle... S:l rq;imcnt had suflcred such drastic c<lsw!llic,
Ihat it had to he reformed.
l';rzlllUllJ's (Orat1{:t:) Rcgim<"1If
\Iohller\ \1;Jlercolours ShOll thl'lallered remain, of
foul' or;ll1ge-red f),lgS of'Ohrist \'i71ltmh Regimelll'.
,\11 are <;;mil.lr. There \Iere ...elcr:lI Colonel \ ill--
Ihlim... in S\\ edish il:e in t 6]2, hUI Ihe sta ll' of t hl'
fhig" Ihal Johalln \'ilZlhlllll \on Eckst:idl ....
Regimcnt rai"ed in 1()30 is lhc only
C,1I1didalC. The laurel Ilrc:lIh deliec .. imilar [0
\He,ll!,.., on l)o1i<;h tl:tgs of the period. Mllhc
hall' bel'n p:linlnl in Pc)li,h Pru<;si.. \\here lhe
\\:l<:sl,lIioncd in 1630.
Hz: II'ihknstt';n:<; (111;lcl..) Rl'l[inu:nt
Wildl'nsll'in's (n-ll:l11's) \\:lS line "I' t hc I or four
B1:ld R..:g:imenls rai'icd in 1624) 30. Wildcll.'>tdn 1\:1<:
I..illed ;\ I I.iitZl'n. :\sid..: f"WIll .\ lohm'l"s \\":llercl.lours.
Ihl' direl"l nidcncc lhal the \:lriou" hlad
rq!imenls hold hl:ll'l.. flag:s comes in July 16,14. \Ihen
r.:.hc\enhuller nfllt'd lh;ll Counl 'I'hurn\ (n-
Sperrcliler's) carried Ihem :II Rcg:cnshllrg:.
Worl .\rne lJanielsiooll on nag:" in Ihl' S\\CUiioh
Collection shOll,> lhat bbd :.ill delerior;lle,
morl' lluicl..l) than other colour, The \Ihile fl:tg
prohahl belong::. 10 Ihl' colonl'l', corn p:Ill).
The t'olour of Ihe various hlad uni-
forms i<: nOI rcconkd, Blacl dOlh WilS mOl"e npcn<:
1::6.: Sc!J/;',lllnu:rs(/orr!:> Rt:giJ1}(.'lJf
See black and \1 hile illustration for description,
E,;: 1/001I1';'IId's Rcgiment
Christ of von IlllU\1 aid's fillll regiment l\aS Ic\ iec] in
,632, in the Fr,lIlkfurl-alll-Main :lrea,
The (until Ihen) 1lllSpoill nature nf Ihis wealth)
region allO\\ed Ihe raising of 16 comp;lnies, Only one
flag is "hc)\\ n ,\ lohner \\ ilh a 'G' in lhe cantllll; lhe
Ulher companies e:H:h bore;l different lener, so lhal
Ilhen :,ll lh(' flags \Iere arranged in sequence
spcll OUl an :Ibbrc\ i:l1ion of 'GUSTAVUS
ADOI,PIIUS REX SUECORUl\I'. (This flag i"
idemified in \\ :Jnd I{osignoli':. IId,-
/tlfJ' FIII.t:.... o(/ltt WorM, If)77).
hc lh.m cl1lwr l'ulour:-, 't1H:e il had 10 he d)ed in
"C\cral inlurn, and lended 10 turn green if
11;1<; 1101 done \\;dlhallsl'n in 16-'!J
spcdticall) di,eour:,gcd hbck unitiJrlm on ground"
ofro\1. Ilm\l''':r, in 1(13 lhl' Ro)al \\artlrubc
'lll1U' r.lIher c\pen\ile \:uloured broadeltllh'
10 Falkenherg', and SPl'I'I'CUll'r'" (hlad) n.:gimenls,
and Ihi, Illa I II ell h:, I l' been hl;H:J...
t:,: \I ilhelm Uiirr'!'I' old IIhite.' Regiment, 16J2
The duel' t"Ulllpkle !lags shO\1 the King's initials
(G)Uq:\\'US (.\)dcllphu, (S)ueciae, logether
Ililh slall' ;l1ld emblems including lhe Vas:l
IIhea"he:lf. .\ furlher <;l'\ell tallered colours arc
shuI\ n, sllgge<;ting;l cIld rqdmelll, The f:lel lhal
there :Il'l' lell nag<; in all and nOI cighl makes
idenlification \1 il h Bun':. (n-Damill.'s) I
strung \\ hite Rl'I::lml'lll f:lirl) eenain.
and his regimen!
(\lhite) regiment
regiment.
II;lS amalgamaled \\ith BUrl's
to furm K ph;lU<;en'<; n('\\
-1: .\li/scllt:li,II',o; Rt'gilJl('1l1
Rcgiments II il hllUI c.:olllur names CIUl numbercd
om.os thaI had thl'lll, Such regimenIS oft('n h:ld flags
"ith 11\0 colour" each c.:omp:ln) h:1\ ing a
difli..:renl and uniqm' ));Hh:I'll,
\\ ilhelm I..: :"par ,\ 1it <;chctilll \1;1<; cnmlllis,iolled 1()
l"Jise a rl'gillll't11 of 12 c.:ompanies in August I62t);
mO'i1 llf h men, like their ((lionel, lIl'l'e prc\'iotlsl) in
io:, lit: II a' l'\eculed in Seplember 16.p
for surrl'ndering: lhe of Rain.
C7: hasIX'" crill ('!:> , Finni!:>1t R('gimclJl
Lt. Co!. Kaspar Ermes commanded half of
Klas I Iaslfehr's Finnish (Sa\'o]:n) regiment. lie
hcc:ttlle a colonel in 163+, of his old
regiment, :Ind \las stationcd in Augshurg. Unfnrlu-
nalel). Ennes' arc Ihe only definitc example of
nali\e SwedishfFinnish flags 10 !oollr\'i\e
among lhe painlings_ The tailor's aecount<;
givc a lillie furthcr informalion, In the early 1620S
'In ,'lIdl fl,(
800, ill S/I'lf ill Ilrri, nJ.
Iri,./IIII"1I or frn'" ' ,it a It',.,
the: ('I'P' io" /" Illi,,' fi.lllUlI...
prinl h,' the \lIn''''/'''r,l!('r
G,,,r,: K;;/('r, '1'11<-",-
I.Irl,m-(/:/{1 s"1<Ii<-'r,, an'
ill('/lrr<-'(tll ,k"ril,,.,,1 ill
nw,q /l1lJ1i.'rll I,i.,vri('!> <I.'
IfilddHmla,. "I' \ I.lda' \,
".gimetll, (':111/1/;"
roll/idem/> I,,' i.kmifi.d
" it II III' I 1III<'r , l:rr"i/"m\
rt7!"imt'/11 "(:il',,f!> ,mf!
Irisk "/licllll.IIlIt."lm':Ir
Su'"i" ill 11I,I(IIM 16,/1:/'
p.lrf 01'11,<' \bnll/i. or
I/:, ",il",,, :, Uri/i. I,
t'll"'IIi/ioll, TIt<:, m",' ill
tilt'l 11:1 \ .. I).,." 'rUt
lris/,flll'/I': IInl/llI/c'r
l/:llllil/'111 :. 16.1': '"o,'/I'r
ru/l.. wlmi.ut"I,I, Jri. h
lit.- 1Illicit'
O'O,,/u'rf\ I//Id' :,rrl'l


In {ofchcm Ha61tc,:crtcncliC 800 In Sccjfin
orlcr lrrtn
P, s,," F2: !lIl1,..k<.'(l'<"I' ;lIId Pik<.'m;/lI, VellolI'
Rc.:giml.'l1l
The YeIlO\\ Regiment 10 ha\e \\llrtl
en,llS .ltleast Januar) 1()27, \Ihen Iloppe fir"t
refers In Col. Tcutlcl's 'squadron of Yello\leoals'.
('\e\1 Ilf unspecified clllour \\ ere issued ltl
the regimelll in Elbing: laiC in 1626.) 'Germ,Hl
Yello\\D):lls' almost certainl} the ,"e11011
Regiment an..: ll1cllIionnl again Iloppc in Augusl
16'!1). Yello\1 'C:lS;h.:che' arc menlioncd al Bn:ilenli:ld
Gualdo Pl"iorato and again I)coc!:lli at I.iilzen;
in holh c.Ises Ihc<;e must refer 10 lhe Ycllllll Rqd-
ment, On 27 October 1632I1C\\ dOlhing(lll'unspeci-
finl 1)(' and colour) \\as for lh(' regimen I in
i\uremberg, and this Illa) h,,,c reached it in lime for
Ihe balile of l.iil lcn.
75
U
I) casualties. Their defeat is rccnnled \Valt":
'the chief light upon lhe tl\O middlelllost
I3l'igades of Foot( ... ['I'll(' Yc11o\\ and the UllleJ.
lhe l!o\\cr 01' lhe old souldicrs or 7 or 8 yceres
service, (the mOSI of lhem) and \1 hom the King had
there phlced. fill' th;1l he relied on them ... Theil'
hodies no\\ cO\ered the same ground which li\ing
lhe\ had defended, These \\ere old beaten [i.e.
se3<;onedl soul diers, indeed. but it lIas so long since
Ihey had hcen hlst bealen, Ihal lht) had by time
for!:"ullcn hm\ to runnc .may.'
An 11,lli,1I1 of1il.:cr. l)e(J(!;lIi, ,llso their
ruin from the Imperialisl lines: 'A gre;1l \\ilh
clsads ClIlle up in formation ,tIld
llith pikes cO\ering up lheir musketeers. \\'hen
,Ilt,lded In ollr it \1<lS
oHnhru\ln. and it \\a.<; a \\ondcl' to sec in a mfltllelll
Ih(' rnlw..:cd to a hill or corpses. The blue
clsad" [eilher the RILl(' Regimenl or the S\ledish
hrigadel had ill) hetler Iud,.,'
\Iere \\ilh cloth of the same
.l ... lht' prmim:ial tIl(' late I620'i this
ConlflHJll. In:1 fe\1 at leastllags secm to
h,l\e been p.lintnl \Iilh prmindal arms. Flags of
more llt.ln one colour :Ire common. for c:l.ample
Iloppe thaI Col. Thomas i\luschamp's [Sma-
lalHl1 in 162S had '11('\\ cl1O\I flags \\ ith a red
therein'.
,,:. Tin' Old Gu,u'd: T"c l'cl/o\\' /(cgimclJl ;11
tiitzt:n. 1632
On 16 '\mcmlll'r 1632 GlI<;ta\us \\as killed leading
hi ... 1:;1 \ :lh'} .11 I"lit len. The late of his inbnrry \\ as less
puhliciwd: in an ,lItad on Ih(' Impcri:tlist
centr(' mcn 1\ h(l had heg-un 10 toP} S\\ edi"h
th(' YcllOI\ .lIld Ihe muc Regimcnrs and the
S\\clli"h hrigade :m:: n:poned 10 h.ne sutf'ered lip to
.
. n" :.I ,I - . .. oI'_.y__,..,......
"""7 '0' , . /Jf'-
...J.... .'
L :.. tf..-::, . f'i':'!.f:..
II
TI":1It Iif1lc-J.11UII /I
lI'Hu'n'f)luur p"il/tiflgs ill H
rJI:HllIsf:ri/Jf h.1
,\Iii/Illcr
<:/,)lItll;1I tiC/II i 1,<; Ort I.e /liI!!S
fir" ,>;111,,11 fJilrt ur
1111,>; :>; Hr", ,.,' t
d,lIt' frum
Uf-'('lIfJlltiull urtl,'!!s/mrjf
(mill ,6J:l fa
cuml"IIIJ lit flll\ per;m/
Iwd if.>; m", I1Hg. ,mel b,'
16.11 se, cml ill!!cl,iou.>;
.>;.1 SlenlS /mil :'PIW,lrt'f! to
o;I1i.:rclltillle 1Jt'lll e('11 ,III.'
CUlllfJilllics uf:l re!!i/Henl.
II/rill
I"tg;nlem"I/lIl'lllc. II.>; IItTt
011 flit lWei II hi,c
11:1/f.>; orllum,a.>; ."iigmw,,1
I'UII .';cll/:lII"nerf;clorr,>;
IIIl'n'('II:lr.l' rcgillllllf. TIII's
Illlil or, , CUll '1):lII;CS II ,...>;
r"ised ill 163'. 11I1l1
Sf'";Ullet! ill :!1Ij!s/)/Jrg !ilr
mud' tXiSftt1t(; i,
1I':lS e"fJtured ,It .Vclllmrg
ii, 16,1,1 1>.1' 1111.'/];, I "ri,ms.
,.. .. , .......'t' ... !.
Tile 11M! orGII, 1:1 \ u... :..
Li(e{!u;II'c/ COll/fllll/.' (to"
lert). ,mel IIIn", I'ltlcn'd
colours or,hc 'Grecn
'\I cJish l.i(l '.
Tltis fir '1 fl:l{! 1/ 1.,,0
fJlHtc fo') 11l1Hln'en
misidencified in mosc
modern II or!. .... (' \ ell
wougll \ liiltnl'r (:urrcell)
dc,sui/ll.', i, "" 'llis J(o.l/tlll
,lIai/cH'.' to; I,ilc. (;Jndarc/.
It i......llOlIn here 'Hllong Chc
Green RegiJHcnc '!t
IwclluHe ils conlmander,
Pfill,:l, II';1S prllnlOced 10 che
olrmelt.T or111C Green
/(egime;lt in place or
JlcplJllrn colrl." in Ic
l;Her rewrllcd to ics
(.u.SlOmtlr.1 p/;1CC alongsidc
cltc ) cl/oll' Rc{!imcllc.
b) 16,)3 one company ol"the Yellow RegimenL
lIas pcrrnanellll) equipped \\ith hor'e anti re-
ela. seu as tlragoon<;.
The ure': of commundeu men woult1 no! hale
differ d significant!) rrom th re. t of the reg'imenl,
though some imprOl isation ma) have taken place to
adapt them LO what was es"el1tiall) a light
J'('lc. l\1onmouth caps em LO b ho\\ non ;\ print or
'wcuish troops in . ugsburg in 1632, ami 'ould be
appropriate.
F.;: .\JUskclccr king-'s Lifeguard company
The King's Lifeguard \la. an inuependel1t company
not part of a regiment which aetetl as Gustavus'!'>
per. onal bod) guard. It lIas u"uall) brigadcu with I he
YdIO\\ Regiment. The Lifeguard" clothing i. known
in some detail because it wa, issued almot annually
by the Ro)al Wardrobe. On 26 January 1632, in
Frankfurt-am-Main, the 72 I11U J..ctcer of the] .ifi.:-
l?;uard each recei\ ed 'lothing made from 12 ells of
grey broadcloth with 2..j.0 thr 'ad buttons, and
grc) hat (Royal \ ilrdrobe '\ccount 1632, item 2C)).
Rather than allempl a rcconstru 'lion or Gl ack:,
from the cotllradiclOr) malcrial, \\e here hase
lhe coat:- or Ihe 'dlm\ Regiment on the man)
h) \ Icrian or Frankrurt, \\ ho illustnllcd lhe
great hi"wr) or the Thin) Years' v\ a1' Thea/rulll
H/ll'llflil/'IIIII, jluhliloohed tirst in the late 1630s. hough
nOl entire!) ['(:Iiable a:> a uniform source, :\lerian
illustr.lIes a In:nl! alread) apparl'nt by 16.\0 for
10 !'CI ti rhter and jadcls to get longer. In
1617, for C\alllpk, ordered a 'large num-
ber' or 'I Iungarian jackcts und'!!rl, II hich "houlu
reach dml n \() the middle or th . breeches, anu then
hreeches n:UTOII helml the knel:'.
FJ: 'COnlI1Jl1l1dcd' mu.../"cleer, r 1I0\\, Rcgicl1 nl
The musketeers not necu'u in the main
hrigadc form;1tinn \\cre ortcn 'out- 'ommand U' or
detached for olher dUlin,; among lIas sen icc a!>
';] forlorn hope' in rronl of lhe main brigade.. ome
hall: sugge!'>tl'll thai they used light mus-
\\ ithoul reSI:-. Though there c\ itknce fi)r such
h) 16Jl, il cannol he prm cd lhat the) were
'>pe 'illcall) 10 'olltl11;llld 'd mu:k te rs.
\1 puld hn \ e hem \I ell-suited, 'inee COI11-
mantled men \\en: often giv 'n for mounted
1':;: King's Lifeguard
(nSleau of pikemen, the Lifeguard had 6:; ['plllllr/I'r
('allcndant ") who carried partisan!'>, ar least on
ceremonial dut). \\ ere trusted \ eterans, Wilh a
hig-her proportion ofoHiccrs t han normal: eight ofthe
JS men orth compan) hospitalised after Llirzen held
I he ra nk of ensign.
Thi ensign i dre sed in the clothcs i. _ued to an
[ plI'f/rlC/' at Frankfurt in januar) I ()J2. I lis striped
coat (call d a 'kappa' in the accounts) made from
IO clls of grey J'reneh broadcloth, decorated with 26
ells of silver galloon. We reconstruct it from prints
that, eem to sh(H\ Lifeguards ncar Frankfurt in
winter 1631 32, and from a similar yellow 'Ji\er}
coat' wirh horil.onralJ) applied galloon in the Lil'I'1/./-
A'{/I/tl/taren. The ca. ad \1 as originall) a garment of
thi. type, amI. imilar coats in yello\\' ma have been
worn by rh ntir rello\\ Regimcnt. The Lifeguard
compan) \1 as one of the only units 10 C is'ued with
buflcmll', probabl) 1ecaue the) \1 cre expceteu LO
accompany Gu'tavu on horseback. Thes bulfcoats
\I hieh were issued only to UpJl
1
f/fcr, were made from
elk hid with buck hiuc :lcc\'cs, aIll! cost 12 Rdr. each.
I3re che:, clearly for \\ inter WC<1r, were also supplied;
each pair was made from one large. hecpskin.
Till' //ml' in S II
"1f"cllt'cl (() rhc .kl'l t'
"':ltc.'; '"I'Ms .'1I1ill tfCJlJOh-1
":IS ""rIl/Jl COlli" Yi!:-
IInlhe "lIt'-, lit' 11":1,0; shot "r
I. (if /-Cl1 " IJr"h. II '1_0; 1[{,llt'rt, I
ufIlle infimtro 'H tiiIZt'/l.
ami rct:dl elf;, fill:lf
I. /llUiel e/urill/: lilt /Ja IIi,.
Thc c1uubh-t 1l0U " fi,.k-c1
1""-.lL'1foll ('v/our,:<"
in ill!! ('CJindeh-nc..
.o;iuc(: linlltc "m: ,,1.0;0 lilt'
{'ulallef oft1l(' 1dhm
J<l/:imt'm. (lIidh'
,"rmemr." SJwl./o.o;lt'r)
"1'0 tclllhl' tnull' \1 relic \\:alls in an
tlJ1lC. 'the "in!,!, u'\n \1 hich scrl'{'d here lal
1.11lzenl :llllnllg rhe (ju;lrJ", Imr their O\lne Ensipll,:
or Sland;ml ,\Iohner madc a
\\;l1ereolour of Ihl' I.ifcg'uard'!o. fbg in April
1(13l. and till" t,tilor':. account" also sun iw. In 1625,
1627. 16ll). Ifqr ;IIHI I(l.p Ihe Royal Wudl'obe
i:-:-unl for the I.itc!'uarlr, flag: when the colour
\\:1, ,pccilled ir 11.1" hlad dccor:tted with gold
leaf, TIll" tl,lgclrrictl;1I 1.U1Zl'n almoSI
the {lIll' i"suCII in on IS 16Jr.
con\i.. ting of ell, of hlad. !\apks tanct:l, giving
dinll"miOlh of ahout :!. III x .L:!.5 rn W:lnlrobc
.hXOUlll" 163l. itl'lll 4). '\n elaborate gilded sil\cr
tinial, dairnell ro hc rhe 'lltatlhe,HI ofGusla\' Adolrs
l.ift: St.llHbnr. h;l\ ;llllU suni\cJ. II helonged. in
IIH5.ltI an It,llian Conte""ali\ ing ne:lr Udine (photo:
LR t...: 1:461}6).
F6: C%lld. J'd/IJII 1lc..'J!"iml'lJl
Count 'iI, BraIn: l'ollllll:lmlcd thl' YellO\I Regiment
ar I,UtI.CIl. t1U,t;llll' con"illercd him lhe ;lblest
SlInk in Ihe .Irnn :llh1' hi" :lI'lillen commander
l.cnllal'l Ttll'\rcnssun. BI';lhe had siudied:lt I.eiden,
and progressed in the on his rClUrn. Ar
only 23 he hecame cl)I/lIlcl orthe ,eni()r n:Jlielll:llunit,
the Uppbnd Rcg-iml'nl. In !l)3r he lOok o\'cr rhe
Ydlcl\\ Regimcnt. :Jnd in I()J2, at the age or 2S.
\Ias made Gcnl'ral or the Ill' commanded
the fron t four 11I'ig;tdes ill I .litzen :lnd was wounded in
the left leg during rhc hartle, a fllrlnight later,
A 1703 of IJrilhc's church lisr'i a
jacket (sec munochl'OlllC illllsl ral ions) plu!>;1 bUnCoal
(nOlI disappeared) on his c:lskel. The !>ugges-
lion is Ihat holh \Icre Ilorn at Llllzen, the butfcoat
co\'ering: rhe jackc!. Ilis appe:lnl11CC here
is based on a full-length porlrait at Gripshnlm.
G: 1J,,'stirutiotl: .Vorth Gt:rnl:'ltl.' :lnd Pru......i:,.
16.Hli
Gusr:l\'us's (Iearh dalllpclll'd S\\edish l'nrhll:-iasm fiJI'
rhe \\:11' in Gcnn;llly: Chan<:c1lol' f\xcl Oxenslicrna
ll,cr cemlnll (lfb(lth stale ami army. but fnr him
the C:ltaslruphic defe:ll ill Niirdlingcn ill 16H \\;IS
almost the !:lSi Slra\\:'1 Ilill slrug'glc no longer, but
drift \\here the ride me .. .' In 16';,1 he had
\\ ilhdnl\\ n mo. [ \\'cdi. h regiment tl
nort h (j I ';I\'ing Ih nc\\ 'crlllan mercenary
unit-; to -;01'1 out their ()\\'Il prublcmloo in southern
J'rman). Oddl) enough, it the' arc' nonhern
Ihat sutlcred the most: from hunger anJ
rather than \\al". The conditions 111
\ larien berg in Polish Prussia in 11135 particularly
appalled til' Frcnch diplomat )gier: 'I looked mer
Ihe camp .II1U of the \\ de., where 1.3\\ a
II'Ul' picture "fhuman de,>titution 1-;,1\\ th
t:\el' " nfmen, anti :incc I did nOI notice th m t:ltkin!!:
orcoll\erltill"", I doubled ifth ) reall) \\. re people at
all; "bar! sick were 111C). and all
tauercd and harefool, for the great r part ruJe
pca ant youl1,\. \nL! the,eare the \Cf) \\ho
,Ire j()J'Cing man) countries from the field and plough
III \\:11' ...
rhe, '11 ,wwmII I :...
:'pp,';lram.T ,'h'lI/f!ed on(l
1 en "'/11,,1,. / it' 1\ ;1,'
i{ie,( I;' mueh IJI hi,
I/lnl! hmrdom/ ....lrapiIl.l
h ril' ,,111 hi., d/llhilll!.
TI'('.,e \I ;l/cI'e,I1/1l/r .
p"inti,,}!!' 11,1 :rn unl.IlIIII Il
arti.... 1dOle li'/II/1 Ihc "mll/I'
Ihe I 71h eentur,l, 'I'll{'
li]["I'I' ill Ihe Itln,!! mi(/-!!n','
pe""'1/1I ell:1I i" idl'l/l ilied
irs I'r/lm (').'Terllll({ 'f1,
Fill/;IIIU; 111'._ eWI/ Iw.' Il/uc
,/lI/tlldc'I' '\1 illl!;', ("'//;Ir
:rnd lil/inf.!. 1II;,IIlt' 1\ e:rr.'
Lll'fI-S(' It re:itl(!t'cr I'C/III.,
:'Iltl 0 ,un:' ,...1.,,1/ (';lp lin('u
reel. Tlrc' 11/ Iwl' /if.!wc' \I (';, r"
I,M/,,lill,,1 """,11I"1,,
Ij,tlcel I'et! judcl clai, cd
Irum milil:lrl !:, ... hioll "ilh
,,1,\ ef!rn'lI ci"lh in,'CI'I"d
ill Ihe 'T:rlll,'. "ull', :rn,1
...Ilt/u/der \I ill,u'.,. Th(',_('
('ollll/n'el ....
pnJ/I:rhl.l sl('m /r'l//1
GU.... I:/II/,... ., '/;11: in 1626 h,'
,,,,,, lIru,n,1 hi., \I f/l'I. ....lwps
/lI fll'm/u(',' mi/il:rl',1
II 1I'I!1CIJI.".IIII1II11,ICcI Ih'/I.
'1(,I,c d/llh lilr Ih,'
g:II"I1l('/JI., i,_ hll/,,, Ihell Ii\
1'('(/ ill lilt' s(:rm..... III/(/ il'lh,'
dOl hi., I'cd pUI ill I/WI her
"llllIur \I hidl I,e'l .'cI'n....
.'11 tllUl Ihe C:-"I'/ll"/I" ;In'
mtlll iC/lI/II;rl'u. . (r,....ill-
I/:rrll'fl);lfl C"I/('I" i'III.
:/lId, Imlll I \:/lim",1
\lu"cum)
1: wedi h pcasant recruit
Thi figure i. ba. cd on a picture made by Lorenzo
I\, lagalotti in \\ eden in r674- (colour' :lrc added on
thi. I' construction). 'Pea ant grc) , \\'001 was t) pi al
for hom. pun garments like this jackel. The coloured
piping \\3: probabl) influenced GUltt3\ us's in-
structions to in 'ert coloured clOlh in the, 'am. of
militar) garment. t make thel11 more colourful. The
'Iothing is more rh;ln pa, singly similar to Ihat of
Polishtpru sian pea, ant.' in the 16305 (. e Pbtc D,
\1 \.-\ 1l'l4-: PI/fish ,..frlllic'\" '5f>l)-d)l)fl (I)).
G_: \I cdi,<;h mw;J..cl 'cr, 16, J mourning
uniform
In 16r Gusta\ us's \\'a. transported north
read) for i\ -;tatc fun ral in Stockholm. At " olga t in
north the \etcran \\edish infantr) accom-
pan) ing I hc recci\ ed ne\\ black uniform.. They
numbered only 1,(14- 111 n in all, in four 'regiment:'
(mo'it nati\'c \\ dish regiments in \\ crc
hea\ il) amalgamated b) this time so that their
provincial id ntiti'S:lr unci ar), Each unifurm \\a.
made from :i, ells of black 'piuk cloth lined \\ itlt
bJad material called 'bo)'. togcther \\ ith a black hal
Wardrobe accountlt, 1(33). Soml'
r 'giml'nt: a1:u recei\'ed bla 'k tlag.. Rec:luse of cloth
'hortages these blad unifilrmi> rna) ha\e becn \\orn
long arrcr the funeral ccremony in 16, +
.1.' , ClCnll1 wcaring l-Jemgr '/inc
C\\ pitturessuni\cofGu ta\us" oJdiersin \\inter
clothing. \\ c might c... pect a strong Eastern influence
from nl'ighbourinl' Russia and Poland, but \\'hel1
\\ inler garments arc mcntioncd thc) ar
call d 'Lappish'. The \\ inter clothing: hcre is, hc)\\-
e\ cr, cI ad) :1st European in origin. It i bascd on a
. \\ cdc in a ,64-05 bat llc painting ers in the
) Iceresgeschichtliches 1\ luseum, Vienna,
This t) pc of fur coat \\ a sometimes called a
H/llIgrl'fifll' (a term tl ri\ cd rrom I h \\ ord 'llun-
'). The rur h:lt ill1d long trousers \\crc also
copie I from Croal, Polish and Hungarian light
c1\'llry thaI scned the Impcrialists. Thcse W:lrm :lnd
practical garments became incr ',1. ing-l) popular in
the latcr <;tngc of the Year.' \\ ar and must
h'l\ e helped to inspir' the long jadet: I hat
began to appear in \ estern f:\ 'hion h) th'
1650s.
2 3 5
The stem Front: Finns and Lapps
I Finn' h mu k teer
2 Lapp, r inde r and ledge
2
torming the breach -
Briti h mercenarie 1631
1Pikeman, Macka 's/Monro'
c ni h Regiment
2 English mu kete r,
Hamilton' Ann
3 Irish musketeeJ: AI ander
Hamill n' coltish Regiment
4 Iri hlHighland 'redshan"ks' recruit
3
4
3 The Blue Regim nl,1632
4 The 'Old Blue' Regim 01 1633-35
5The cHow Regiment
-_....
Flags oflhe loured infantry regiment
I The Green Regiment
2 The R d R gimeOl
5
4
..,

til


Infantry colours: other regiments
I ilZthum' (Orange) Regiment
3 Wilhelm Bun' White 1632
.. itschefall' Regiment
5 Houwald' Regiment
6
Dc tilution: orth Gennany and Prussia, 1634/5
I w dish p asan! r cruil
2 wedish musketeer, 1633 mourning unifonn
3 Veteran wearing Hongr line