Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
No.1 Sustainableecosocietyby
Topics 1.TohokuEarthquakeinJapanandmoreimportanceofcleanenergy 2.Worldenergyratio,futurepowersourceandcost 3.Renewableenergy:meritanddemerit Windenergy Solarenergy Geothermalenergy Biomassenergy Wave/tidalenergy Systemandotherenergy 4.Importanceofchangetoenergycarrierofrenewableenergy 5.Smartgrid 6.Someenergysavingtechniques(fromourlaboratoryresearches) ExsituCarbonCaptureStorage(CCS)techniques Reducethefueltouseintheinternalcombustionengine Metalbasedferrofluid (magneticfluid)forenergyconversiondevicesusing sunlight Naturalgashydrate(NGH)productionandtransportationsystemforsmall amountofmethane Importanceofmetalresourcesforenergyproductionandsavetheenergy 7.Sustainableecosociety Resourcesrecycling plussmartcity
consideringofimportanceand problemsofcleanenergyproduction
March,2013 Toyohisa Fujita, EnergyandEnvironmentalcourse, GraduateschoolofEngineering,RACE TheUniversityofTokyo,Japan tfujita@sys.t.utokyo.ac.jp
1.TohokuEarthquakeinJapanandmoreimportanceofcleanenergy
nuclearpowerplantinJapan
Mostofplantsareunderinspection.Onlyi NuclearPower Plantisoperating.September2012
2013/3/17
2.Worldenergyratio,futurepowersourceandcost
Japanesepowersourceratios
Petroleumoil Nuclear power Natural gas
Regional primaryenergyconsumptionintheworld
1kWh=3.6MJ=0.232L 106TOE=106x42GJ=42PJ
2011 NaturalgasutilizationincreasedafterTohokuearthquakeandtsunami.
Asia and Pacific Africa Middle east FormerSovietbloc Russia Europe SouthandCentralAmerica NorthAmerica ShareofOECD(%)
Sourceofenergyratiointheprimary energyconsumptionintheworld
Combustible renewableenergy Solar Wind, Solar, Wind Geothermaletc. etc Hydraulic Nuclear LNG Increase Petroleum Coal
energyislessthan20%
Renewable energy Naturalgas Petroleumoil Coal Nuclear power
Increase
Japan
Germany
Europe
France
Korea
Slovakia
USA
Ukraine
China
Italy
2013/3/17
(Inst.ofEnergyEconomics,Japan)
OECDcountriesarelarge.
Australia
Germany y
d Thailand
Canada a
SaudiArabia a
Year
(IEA[EnergyBalancesofOECDCountries2010Edition],[EnergyBalancedofNon OECDCountries2010Edition])Energywhitepaper2011,Japan
Industrial
Africa
Italy
Outlookforthefuturevariousenergy ratiointheprimaryenergy consumptionintheworld 1.4times Other Renewable Biomass Nuclear Water Naturalgas
Household
Germany Italy Japan UK France USA Korea
Indonesia a
EU27 7
Korea a
Japan n
UAE
USA A
UK K
France e
World d
China a
1990
200720152030
OECD/IEA,IEA,Energy pricesandTaxes,Year
India a
2013/3/17
Comparisonbetweennowadaysandfuture generatedpowersourceratiointheworld
3%
9000 8000
RenewableelectricitypotentialsinmajorOECD regionsin2030 (IEA,2011) Windoffshore 1 Windonshore Wave&tidal 5 Solarheat 2 Solar photovoltaic Waterpower 3 Geothermal 5 Biomass 4
OECD North America
6000 Renewable energy Waterpower Nuclearpower Naturalgas Decrease Petroleumoil Coal 0 2000
TWh
4000
5timesincrease
(IEA,WorldEnergy Outlook,2010)
Comparisonofpowergeneratingcostofpower sourcesbetween2008and2030
Powergene erating cost(x0.0125US$= =/kWh)
FeedinTariffs)
Germany2000 Subjects Pricesetting HighUtilizationincrease LowInvestmentintention decrease Optimumpricesettingis important. Japan2012,Julystarted.
EffectofFITinGermany
Photovoltaicpower generation
(a)(b) (a:IEA,WorldEnergyOutlook,2009,b:NationalpolicyunitinJapan2009)
(Areva,Germany,fromAsahinewspaper,June6th,2012
Euro/kWh h
2013/3/17
PotentialtouserenewableenergyinJapan
Photovoltaicpowergeneration andwindfarmincrease byFIT utilizationBy2020 Photovoltaicpower generation 28GWCapacityFactor 12 29.4TWh peryear Lowcostisimportantby technologicalinnovation Windpowergeneration 5GW CapacityFactor 20 8.8TWh peryear 4oftotalelectricpower generation FIT+technologicalinnovation 64.434.5TWh 735 ofTotalelectric powergenerationperyear inJapan
(MinistryoftheEnvironment,2010)
Unit:GW(4000TWhperyearin2009,Japan) Installedcapacity Maximum FIT potential 150MW 280 1600 14 0 24 140 0 3 1 1 3 1.1 FIT+ technological innovation 0.272 270 140 43 4.3
3.Renewableenergy:meritanddemerit
3.1Windenergy
Electricalpowercapacitychange ofwindelectricityintheworld Windenergy Proportionalto cubedofwind velocityandswept area. Unstablesupply electricityGrid systeminEurope, however,no systeminJapan lowfrequency noise causehealth hazard Birdstrike Failtolandscape
1.14.8
5.2
Electricalpowerplantcapacitychange ofwindelectricityineachcountry
Windturbinegeneratormainly2MWinJapan 3to4MWintheworld
200m 80m 2MWgenerator Principalaxis Gear
2013/3/17
Offshorewindpowersystem
Example Denmark,Holland,Germany:7000ofwindturbine(32GW) constructionplan Japan:IbarakiprefectureKamisu 7ofwindturbine(14MW) Merit Goodwindconditions Easyestablishmentofbigscalewindturbine Noeffectofnoiseandbirdstrike Demerit Expensiveconstructioncost Largecostofelectrictransporttothecoast Durabilityofwindturbineandmaintenancecostforoffshore Fishingrightsproblem
Offshorewindpowergeneration
Kamisu
3.2Solarenergy
Photovoltaicpowergeneration
Japan megawattorderofphotovoltaicpowerplantconstruction About30placesby20200.3 ofgrossgeneration Merit Unlimited U li it d Installationavailableinanyplace Easymaintenanceandlongoperatinglife Demerit Unstablepowergeneration Lowenergydensity Expensivepowergenerationcost Improvement High photocarrier generation efficiency technology of PV by ultra slim type Reduce the cost by PV production on a large scale
Photovoltaiccellproductionchangein severalcountries
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Power,GW
KoreaUSATaiwanGermanyJapanChina
(RenewableEnergyPolicyNetworkforthe21st Century,2011)
2013/3/17
Photovoltaicpowergeneration changeinseveralcountries
Others USA Italy Spain byFIT
Photovoltaiccellqualityandcooling system(byT.TomitaTheU.ofTokyo)
Coolingbynomechanicalpump Preventionofcelltemperaturewhencollectingsunlight
Cooling bytransportationoftheheatoutsideusingliquidboiling Possibilityofutilizationinsunbeltanddesertarea
lternativeCFCs
Germany
Japan
Roadmapofsolarcellbattery
Singlecrystal SiCISCuInGaSeCdTeOrganicsystem, Quantumdottype
powergenerating cost(x0.0125US$=/kWh) quantumdot 40%
Combinationofphotovoltaicpower generationandsolarpowergeneration
Operatingtime FlatpanelPV4hours Thermal6hours +thermalstorage16 hours
Organic75/kwh(10%)50(15%) thinfilmsiliconsolarcell 75/kWh(14%)45(18%) CIS75/kWh(18%)50(22%) Si l crystal Single t lSi75/kWh(15%)50(22%) Midscale LargescalePVsystem LargescalePVsystem
Sunlight engineering efficiency 43% =PVcell23% +Thermal20% Electricity250W, Thermal200W 100,000 =US$1,250
2013/3/17
4typesofsolarpowergeneration
type Sicilia islandinItaly moltensalt:24hour Andasol,Spain Generator operatingfrom2010 Turbine DESERTECFoundation F d ti Solarpowergenerationin Fresnel theSaharaDesert type Itdependsontheplace. Generator (notsuitabletoJapan) Turbine Tower T Type
SolarpowertowerTrough
condenser
Solarpowergenerationintheworld
Heat collection Focusing mirror condenser Heat collection focusing mirror condenser
Sun belt
reheatcombustor (solar Chimney) Generator Turbine Parabolicdish Heliostat (NEDO:Renewable energy technology) ExcellentGoodFairPoor
3.3Geothermalenergy
Electricalpowerplantcapacityintheworld
(byH.Muraoka,Japanrenewable energy foundation, Web1)
Activevolcanonumberofseveralcountries
Active
NationVolcano
(No.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Worldgeothermal powerplantisincreasing.Japanese plantisconstantforthe restrictionofnationalparklaw,however,thenewplantconstructionhasstatednow.
USA1603,000 30.0 Indonesia1462,779 27.8 Japan1192,347 23.5 Philippines476.0 600 Mexico396.0 600 Iceland335.8 580 NewZealand203.7 365 Italy13 3.3 327
2013/3/17
Geothermalenergypowergenerationamountofthe maingeothermalresourcescountriesintheworld
Geothermalpowerplantinstalledca apacityMWe
Roadmapvisionofgeothermalpower productionbyregion(TWh/y)
Geother rmalpowerproduction, T TWh/y
ElSalvador
Philippines
NewZealand
CostaRica
Nicaragua
Italy
Indonesia
Mexico
Iceland
Kenya
USA
Japan
Shareofglobal electricitygeneration (%) OECDNorthAmerica OECDEurope OECDPacific Other IndiaandChina DevelopingAsia AfricaandMiddle East
Year
Geothermalenergyreaches3.5%ofallelectricitygenerationin2050.
(IEA 2011,Technologyroadmap ongeothermal heatandpower)
Subjectsofgeothermalenergyutilization Itisdifficulttogetthepermissiontoconstructthe geothermalpowerplant. deregulation innationalpark Ittakes t k along l time ti (10years) )to t start t tthe th construction t ti ofgeothermalpowerplantafterinvestigationby boring. Thereisariskofnoexpectedhydrothermalwater. Lowcostofelectricpowersellingcomparing geothermalpowergenerationItisnecessaryto reducetheboringcost.Importanceofinnovative boringmethoddevelopment. Developmentofscaleremovaltechnology 200to300Hotwaterandsteam 40to200 Binarycyclepower generation Utilizationofpentane(36boilingpoint)
Geothermalheatpumputilizationsystem
Consumedelectricpowerisonethirdcomparingelectricity changestotheheat.Energyefficiencyislarge.
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
(FromFujitalab.)
(Akitaprefecture inwinter)
Temper rature,
2013/3/17
Flowrate 12mm/s
3.4Biomassenergy
CarbonNeutral Solidfuel ofwoodpellet Ethanolfromwoodybiomass Japan:ExistenceofLowdensityandwidearea Itisdifficulttomakelargeandintensivetreatment. Localproductionforlocalconsumptionisimportant. CalorificvalueandlargeamountofmoistureLimitof energyefficiency efficiency,Directutilization50 energy efficiency Priortodistrictheating andhotwaterutilization Cogenerationsystemisimportant.
10
2013/3/17
Japanesebiomassabundanceandutilizationrate
8.7 7.9 7 3.6 1.9 0.430. .47 1.4 0.8 Timberoffcuts Noedibleinfarmproducts Woodchip pderivedfromconstruction Sawmillremindermaterial Foodwastes Usedpaper Blackliquor Sewagesludge Livestockexcrement
Utilizatin(%) noused(%) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Biomass abundance andutilization ratefrom 2002 to2020 Utilization ofbiomass in2002,2009 and 2020
Material& energy
Composting
Biomassamount,Mt B
Energy
Feed& composting
Utilization Noused
Livestockexcrement,Sewagesludge,Blackliquor,Usedpaper,Foodwastes
Paper& Feed
Composting &feed
Compostin g&feed
Paper
Large
Sawmillreminder,Woodchipderived,Noediblein,Edible,Timber material.fromconstruction.farmproducts.farmproducts.offcuts.
(Annual Report on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas in Japan , MAFF(Ministry agriculture, forestry and fisheries, 2009)
(A.Sakoda,TheU.ofTokyo)
RPF sample
40mm20mm8mm
Bioethanolandbiodiesel
USA Largestproductionofbioethanol 20%ofcornchangestoethanol.Foodproblemby increasingcornprice Brazil secondproductionofbioethanolSugarcane Sugarcaneproductionincreaseinsteadofsoybean. Soybeanpriceincreased. energybalance1.5 to 2 IndonesiaandMalaysia BiodieselproductionfromPalmoilcausesthefood problem. Energyutilizationbydirectincinerationisbetterthanbio dieselproduction.
RPFquality
Grade Number Calorificvalue Moisture Ash TotalCl > < < < > < < < > < < < > < < <
11
2013/3/17
Thailand Ethanolproductionfacility
Ethanol production Recoveryofmethane gas Anaerobic fermentation
BiofuelfrommicroalgaeinJapan
KeioUniversityandDenso Biodieselandbioethanolproduction Pseudochoricystis ellipsoidea Oilof30%driedweightcanstoreinthecell. Doublingtime 8to9hours TsukubaUniversitybiodieselproductionusingmicroalgae Botryococcus 155=$1.9/L Aurantiochytrium 50/L=$0.6/L
Biofuelproductionperyearperunitareabyusingvariousbiomass
Emittedgasfromcoalpowerplant Initialday
Euglena
Afteroneweek
TheU.ofTokyo,Fujitalab.
12
2013/3/17
Palmoilproduction
Comparisonofeffectiveutilizationofpalmoilwaste
Technology options Method to use palm oil waste Energy Input (lower is better) Combined Heat and Power Plant Composting Plant Briquette Production Pulp and Paper Plant Bio-ethanol Production Medium Density Board Plant 0.15 0.03 0.09 3 0.96 0.3 Environment Economic Social Value Job mpacts added Opportunity lower is (higher is (higher is Total point better) better) better) 0.2 0.4 0.6 2 0.8 1.2 0.52 0.16 0.25 2 1.7 0.26 0.55 1 0.5 0.95 0.3 0.15
10 10 14 15 16 19
Palmoilproduction amount,kt
Produc ctionarea,kha
3.5Wave/tidalenergy
Waveactivatedpowergeneration Densityofwaveenergyis20to30timeslargercomparing solarenergyand5timesofwindenergy. Powergeneratingcostbywaveislarge,morethan3 timesofwindenergycost.Thedecreaseofcostis important. OceanthermalenergyconversionVaporized ammoniagascanrotatetheturbinethatissimilarto th binary the bi cycle l powergeneration ti by b geothermal th l energy. Tidalpowergenerationisutilized.
Waveactivatedpowergeneration
Spring p g Floatingbody Weight Ballscrew Inertiadisk Generator Movingparts
(A.Hashimoto,theU.ofTokyo)
13
2013/3/17
wavepower devicebyOPT
Oceanthermalenergyconversion
Surfacewarm Seawater Vapor ammonia power Turbine generators Temperature difference between surfacewarmsea wateranddeep coldocean water20to25 Exchangefromthermal energytoelectricalenergy Condenser Evaporator Liquid ammonia Pump Pump Deepcold oceanwater Workingfluidammonia 10,000MTWhintheworld powergenerating cost 40to60 60=$0.5 $0 5to0 0.8/kwh 8/kwh 13=$0.2/kwh in2030
Principle
30kWDemonstrationplant,SagaUniversity Imari inSagaprefecture, Japan
Tidalcurrentpowergeneration
(fromJapansmallhydropowerCo.,Ltd.)
14
2013/3/17
Tidalcurrentpowergeneration
Country y Argentina Australia Canada India Korea Mexico England USA
LunarEnergy
Tidalpowergeneration
Place Tidelevel Area ( (km) ) diff difference ( ) (m) 240 1970 100 450 20,500 Largest electric power generation ti (MW) 6800 ? 5338 7000 480 ? 8640 6501 87,000
(fromKawasakiHeavyIndustries,Ltd.)
Russia
SanJose 5.9 SecureBay 10.9 Cobequid 12.4 Cambay 6.8 Garolim 4.7 RioColorado l d 6 7 Severn 7.8 Turnagain Arm 7.5 Alaska Penzhinskava 6.0 Bay
electricpower generation(kW)
Electricpowergenerationsysteminthesea area
10timesper10years
Potentialofoceanenergyintheworld (byT.Kinoshita,IEAOES)
Osmotic power 2 000 2,000 TWh/y
Commercialfacility Prototype
Imari
Oceanenergy
Wavepower Oceancurrent power
800TWh/y
Tidalcurrent power
Oceanthermal energy
300TWh/y
10,000 TWh/y
15
2013/3/17
Hydraulicenergyineachdistricts
Potentialhydroenergy Developed Developed ratio,%
Ratio,%
Canada
USA
Russia
Japan
Sweden
China
Norway
France
Brazil
India
(2007SurveyofEnergyResources; WorldEnergyCouncil2007)
AsiaSouthNorthEuropeAfricaOceaniaMiddleeast AmericaAmerica
Smallhydroelectric generation
Tsuru city,YamanashiPrefecture
DevelopedhydraulicenergyinJapan
Morethan100MW 50100MW 3050 1030 510 35 13 Lessthan1
installedcapacity,GW
Smallhydroelectric generation
Developed ratio,%
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2013/3/17
4.Importanceofchangetoenergy carrierofrenewableenergy
Hydrogengenerationofelectricenergybywind,Solar, Biomass Storageof fenergyb bypumpinguppowerplant, l power storagebyaircompressionandflywheelbattery Someunstablerenewableenergy Effectonthevoltage andfrequencychangeofsupplyelectricity Smoothingmethodofgenerationoutputbystorage battery l dacid lead idbattery, b tt lithium lithi ion i battery b tt ,sodium di sulfur lf battery b tt (, Na:positive,S:negativeelectrode,300350 chargeanddischarge)3timesofenergydensity comparingleadacidbattery Liioncapacitor
5.Smartgrid
Distributedenergysystem
Combinedheatandpowersystem
Solarenergy,Windfarm, Distributedenergy system(Microgrid) Biomass,Hydraulicpower, Fuelcell,microgasturbine Smartmeter Cable powermonitoringsystem, Wind Fuelcell AdvancedMetering Infrastructure Energy control Demand Customerfor(electric)power Demand system DemandResponse Flexiblegenerator Microgas Solar Weatherforecastutilization turbine power Electricpower storage NecessaryofCordofeach facilityforcontrol (fromNEDO:Distributed energy system)
USA100%ofsmartmeterby202030%in2013 EuropeImportanceofsmartgrid for20%decreaseofgreenhousegas,20%increaseof renewableenergy,20%decreaseofenergy consumption ChinaConstructionofelectricitysupplynetworkfor 82.8 ofmainlycoalfiredthermalpowerand 14.7 ofhydraulicpower. Japan UtilizationofInformation andCommunication Technology gy HomeEnergyManagementSystem) BuildingEnergyManagementSystem) FEMS(Factoryenergymanagementsystem) CEMS(Communitiy energymanagementsystem)
400places:Smartcityprojectintheworld
China Japan
NorthAmerica
SouthEastAsia Oceania
SouthAmerica
NikkeiBPSmartcitygeneral survey,2012
17
2013/3/17
Investmentforcleanenergyinseveralcountriesin 2010
China Investment increase20to 50%everyyear. Cleanenergy andsmartgrid areaincrease3 to4timesinthe future10years. Germany USA Italy OtherEUs Brazil Canada Spain France I di India Japan Australia UK 0102030405060BillionUS$ TheCharitable Energy TrustWhosWinningTheCleanEnergyRace? Wind PV,Solarheat Otherrenewable Energy Biofuel Highefficiency, low carbontech.and service
6.Someenergysavingtechniques
(fromourFujitalaboratoryresearches)
6.1 ExsituCarbonCaptureStorage(CCS)techniques: Theacceleratedmineralcarbonationusingdirect incinerationgascontainingCO2 6.2.Nano emulsionpreparationtoreducethefuel 6.3Manufacturingmetalbasedferrofluid forenergy conversiondevicesusingsunlight 6.4NGHproductionandtransportationsystem 6.5Futuredemandofrareearthtoproducemagnet 6.6 Recycling=Howtoreducetheenergyandcostof recyclingforsustainability
7.Sustainableecosociety
7.1Energyproblems Peakoil(oilreserves/productionR/Ppeak)willbecome soon soon. 2. Clean shalegasandcoalutilizationisimportantby reducingCO2method. UtilizationofultraSuperCritical(USC)PowerPlantofcoal andintegratedcoalgasificationcombinedcycle(IGCC) 3.Energyprofitratio(energyoffuel/needenergytoobtain fuel)shouldbelargerthan1. 4 Renewableenergy(solar 4. (solar,wind wind,wastes wastes,biomass biomass,etc etc.) )is sometimeslimitedassmallenergy,however,local productionforlocalconsumption isimportant. 5.Saveenergy,MicroGrid,Hydrogenstorage,Battery,etc. BalancedutilizationofRenewableenergyandfossilfuel.
7.2Comparisonbetweenvariousrenewableenergies
Small Photo Off-shore hydraulic wind voltaic <30MW Energy conversion efficiency,% Stability Utilization factor 10-35% (Max59 Unstable 20% 10-15% (Max 86%) Solar power Geo thermal Wave tidal Ocean thermal
Biomass
80%
40%
10-20%
10-30%
1-3%
Stable 80-90%
number of years worked 20 years Energy profit ratio (EPR) Energy payback time (EPT) Cost/kWh 38-54 0.56-0.79 9.9-17.3
8-3.75
5-6 40-50
19.1-22 33.4-38.3
18
2013/3/17
7.3Resourcesrecycling
Recyclerateisinfluencedonmineralsandpurposefor utilization. 1.Howtoreducetheenergyandcostofrecyclingfor sustainability 2 SecureofmineralresourcesInvestigationofnonrecycled 2. wastedmetalsinmunicipalwastes. Extractionofraremetalsfromallovertheworldincluding sea floorandmount(Mnrichcrust,seamountainetc.) 3ProblemforrecyclingtechnologySmallamountofrare metalutilizationinproducts.Thistendencycontinuesto reducetheproductioncost.Innovationofrecycling technologyisimportant. 4.Importanceofinversemanufacturingandecodesign Itisnecessarytoproduceartifactsandmaterials consideringhowtoreuseandrecyclingincludingservice system. 5.Cooperationofrecyclingtechnologyandsystemconsidering environment ineachdistrictofallovertheworld.
Servicesystemofartifacts (rentalandlease)
Environmentalfriendlyrecyclingorientedsociety
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