1

9
In this lecture ...
First law of thermodynamics for open
systems/flow processes
Flow work and the energy of a flowing
fluid
Total energy of a flowing fluid
Energy transport by mass
Energy analysis of steady-flow systems
Some steady-flow engineering devices
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
2
Lect-9
First law of thermodynamics for
open systems
First law process applied to flow process
System approach: Lagrangian
Control volume approach: Eulerian
Steady flow processes
Unsteady flow processes
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
3
Lect-9
First law of thermodynamics for
open systems
Steady flow processes: rates of flow of
mass, energy are constant across the
system boundary
eg. Turbines, compressors, heat
exchangers etc
Unsteady flow processes: rates of mass,
energy are not constant across the system
boundary
eg. Charging and discharging process
(tanks, pipelines etc.)
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
4
Lect-9
Conservation of mass
Conservation of mass principle
Total mass entering the system - Total
mass leaving the system = Net change in
mass within the system
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
5
Lect-9

=
=
=
=

CV
CV
CV
CV
CV
out in
CV out in
dV
dt
d
dt
m
dV m
dt
dm
m m
m m m

d
: CV e within th mass of change of Rate
: CV e within th mass Total
Flow work and the energy
of a flowing fluid
Work required to push the mass into or out
of the control volume: flow work or flow
energy.
Consider a fluid element of volume V.
Let fluid pressure be P, the cross-sectional
area be A, L is the distance through which
the imaginary piston must move.
The work done in pushing the fluid element
across the system boundary is
W
flow
= FL = PAL = PV
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
6
Lect-9
Flow work and the energy
of a flowing fluid
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
7
Lect-9
CV
V
P
m
A
L
F
Imaginary
piston
Total energy of a flowing fluid
The fluid entering or leaving a control
volume possesses an additional form of
energythe flow energy, Pv
The total energy of a flowing fluid on a unit-
mass basis (denoted by ) becomes
= e + Pv= (u + ke + pe) + Pv
Since u+Pv=h,
= h + ke + pe (kJ/kg)
Therefore, enthalpy, h, takes care of the
flow work in addition to the internal energy.
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
8
Lect-9
Total energy of a flowing fluid
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
9
Lect-9
gz
V
u pe ke u e + + = + + =
2
: fluid flowing Non
2
gz
V
Pv u pe ke h + + + = + + =
2
: fluid Flowing
2

The total energy consists of three parts for a non

flowing fluid and four parts for a flowing fluid.
Energy transport by mass
is total energy per unit mass, the total
energy of a flowing fluid of mass m is simply
m, for uniform properties of the mass m.
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
10
Lect-9
( )
( ) kW
2
nsport, energy tra of Rate
kJ
2
nsport, energy tra of Amount
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =

gz
V
h m m E
E
gz
V
h m m E
E
mass
mass
mass
mass

Energy analysis of steady flow

systems
Several engineering devices can be
approximated to operate as steady flow
devices: turbine, compressors, nozzles etc.
During a steady-flow process, no intensive
or extensive properties within the control
volume change with time.
The boundary work is zero for steady-flow
systems (since V
CV
=constant).
The total mass or energy entering the
control volume must be equal to the total
mass or energy leaving it.
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
11
Lect-9
Energy analysis of steady flow
systems
Properties of steady flow processes
No properties within the control volume
change with time.
No properties change at the boundaries of
the CV with time.
The rates of flow of energy and mass
across the control surface is constant.
Thermodynamic property has a fixed value
at a particular location and do not change
with time.
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
12
Lect-9
Energy analysis of steady flow
systems
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
13
Lect-9
m
CV
=constant
E
CV
=constant
Mass in
Mass out
Control
volume
m
CV
=constant
E
CV
=constant
Control
volume
1
1
h
m

2
2
h
m

3
3
h
m

Under steady-flow conditions, the fluid properties

at an inlet or exit remain constant (do not change
with time).
Energy analysis of steady flow
systems
For a steady flow system, the amount of
energy entering a control volume in all
forms (by heat, work, and mass) must be
equal to the amount of energy leaving it.
Energy balance for a steady flow system
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
14
Lect-9

kW) ( : balance Energy or
kW) ( /
mass and work heat, by out
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
mass and work heat, by in
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
energies etc. potential
kinetic internal, in change of Rate
mass and work heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
out in
system
out in
E E
dt dE E - E


=
=


=0
Energy analysis of steady flow
systems
Energy balance for a steady flow system
written more explicitly,
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
15
Lect-9

exit each for
2
inlet each for
2
2 2
or,
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
+ = +




gz
V
h m W Q gz
V
h m W Q
m W Q m W Q
out
out
out
in
in
in
out
out
out
in
in
in

Energy analysis of steady flow
systems
The energy equation is also written as:
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
16
Lect-9
system the from output net work the is
and system the input to heat net the is where,
2 2
inlet each for
2
exit each for
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

W
Q
gz
V
h m gz
V
h m W Q
in out

Energy analysis of steady flow
systems
For single entry and exit devices,
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
17
Lect-9
) (
2
mass, unit per or
) (
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
z z g
V V
h h w q
z z g
V V
h h m W Q
+

+ =
(

+ =


Steady flow energy equation for
common engineering devices
Some commonly used steady flow
engineering devices:
Nozzles and diffusers
Compressors and turbines
Throttling devices
Mixing chambers
Heat exchangers
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
18
Lect-9
Nozzles and diffusers
A nozzle is a device that increases the
velocity of a fluid at the expense of
pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases the
pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
The cross-sectional area of a nozzle
decreases in the flow direction for subsonic
flows and increases for supersonic flows.
The reverse is true for diffusers.
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
19
Lect-9
Nozzles and diffusers
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
20
Lect-9
Nozzle Diffuser V
1
V
1
V
2>>
V
1
V
2<<
V
1
Nozzles and diffusers are shaped so
that they cause large changes in fluid
velocities and thus kinetic energies.
Nozzles and diffusers
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
21
Lect-9
2
) 0 and 0 , 0 Q (since
2 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
V V
h h
pe W
V
h m
V
h m
E E
out in

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=



Turbines and compressors
Pumps, compressors and fans: used to
increase the pressure of a fluid and
require work input.
Turbines generate work.
Q, KE and PE may or may not be zero.
Usually PE is negligibly small.
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
22
Lect-9
Turbines and compressors
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
23
Lect-9
Turbine
W
T
1
2
Control surface
Insulation

m
Turbines and compressors
For a turbine for eg., the energy equation
would be:
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
24
Lect-9
) (
, negligible are PE and KE If
)
2
( )
2
(
2 1
2
2
2
2 1
2
1
1
h h m W
gz
V
h m W gz
V
h m
out
out
=
+ + + = + +


Throttling device
Throttling valves are any kind of flow-
restricting devices that cause a significant
pressure drop in the fluid.
Eg: capillary tubes, valves
Unlike turbines, they produce a pressure drop
without involving any work.
The pressure drop in the fluid is often
accompanied by a large drop in temperature.
Hence throttling devices are commonly used
in refrigeration and air-conditioning
applications.
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
25
Lect-9
Throttling device
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
26
Lect-9
An adjustable valve
A porous plug
A capillary tube
Throttling device
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
27
Lect-9
constant energy flow energy Internal , or
u u
that, follows It
processes. c isenthalpi are processes Throttling
to, reduces herefore equation t energy The
0 , 0 , 0 , 0
devices, ling For thrott
2 2 2 1 1 1
1 2
= +
+ = +

=
v P v P
h h
ke pe w q
Throttling device
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
28
Lect-9
process. g throttlin a during
constant remain to has re temperatu Therefore
. ) ( gas, ideal an For
versa. - vice and decreases
re temperatu increases, energy flow if Therefore,
, If
1 2 1 1 2 2
T h h
u u v P v P
=
< >
Throttling device
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
29
Lect-9
u
1
=87.46 kJ/kg
P
1
v
1
= 1.1 kJ/kg
(h
1
= 88.56 kJ/kg)
u
2
=72.32 kJ/kg
P
2
v
2
= 16.24 kJ/kg
(h
2
= 88.56 kJ/kg)
During a throttling process, the enthalpy (flow
energy + internal energy) of a fluid remains
constant. But internal and flow energies inter-
convertible.
Mixing chambers
The section where the mixing process takes
place is commonly referred to as a mixing
chamber.
Eg.: mixing of hot and cold water at the T
joint of a shower.
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
30
Lect-9
3
2 1
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
balances, mass and energy Combining
) 0 & , 0 , 0 q Since (
h m m h m h m
pe ke w h m h m h m
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
= +


Recap of this lecture
First law of thermodynamics for open
systems/flow processes
Flow work and the energy of a flowing
fluid
Total energy of a flowing fluid
Energy transport by mass
Energy analysis of steady-flow systems
Some steady-flow engineering devices
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
31
Lect-9
In the next lecture...
Introduction to the second law of
thermodynamics
Thermal energy reservoirs
KelvinPlanck statement
Refrigerators and heat pumps
Clausius statement
Equivalence of the two statements
Perpetual motion machine of the second
kind (PMM2)
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
32
Lect-9