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Foundation
Depth of Foundation
Footing
The width of footings should be laid according to structural design. For light
loaded buildings such as houses, flats, school buildings etc having not more
than two storeys, the width of foundation is given below.
1. The width of footing should not be less than 75 cm for one brick thick wall.
2. The width of footing should not be less than 1 meter for one and half brick
wall.
In case of column and raft footings up to plinth level cement concrete 1:2:4 or
1:1.5:3 are used.
Dry coarse and well graded dense sand have maximum shear resistance and
maximum bearing capacity. In general submerged soil and clay have less
bearing capacity.
1. The depth of the foundation should not be less than 1 meter in case
the design is not available.
2. The length, width and depth of excavation should be checked with the
help of center line and level marked on the burjis.
3. The excavated material/ earth should be dumped at a distance of 1
meter from the edges.
4. Work should be done on dry soil.
5. Arrangement of water pump should be made for pumping out rain
water.
6. The bottom layer of the foundation should be compacted.
7. There should be no soft places in foundation due to roots etc.
8. Any soft/ defective spots should be dug out and be filled with concrete/
hard material
Demarcation/layout Procedure
The following procedure is recommended for demarcation of a building.
• It saves time for measuring and setting of point again and again at the
time of construction.
• It increases the efficiency of mason and foreman for doing their jobs.
• Accuracy can be checked at any time at any step.
• If any mistake is found, it can be easily be rectified at early stage. It is
very difficult to rectify the mistake in later.
• Cross check can be done by senior engineer in minimum time.
• A qualitative work is maintained.
At some sites of work the contractor brings steel pieces, erects the same on
the ground and start the work of excavation. In due course these steel pieces
are just discarded. Thus no proper reference point is available while doing
further jobs.
• It involves extra time for measuring the offset again and again.
• Accuracy can not be checked at early stage and it will be very difficult
to rectify the same in later stage.
• It involves wastage of time and money while doing rectification. This
also leads to bad quality of work.
1. Leveling Instrument
2. Balli
3. Long Nails
4. Hammer
5. Right Angle(Guniya)
6. Steel Tape
7. Thin Cotton Thread
8. Bricks
9. Cement
10. Screen Sand
11. Lime Powder
12. Theodolite