1.

1 HUMAN BREATHING MECHANISM

Parts Rib cage Nasal cavity Intercostal muscle Diaphragm Alveolus

Function Protects the lungs To warm, moisten and filter fine particles like dust Raises and lowers the rib cage during breathing Changes the air pressure in the thoracic cavity by increasing and decreasing the thoracic volume. The place where the exchange of gases takes place

1. Breathing is a process during which our body:

a) Takes in of oxygen INHALATION b) Lets out of carbon dioxide EXHALATION 2. Pathway of inhaled Nose Trachea Bronchus Bronchiole Alveolus

ACTIVITY
1.

Concept Map

RESPIRATION Involve s Human respiratory system Consist s of Breathing organs - Ribs Diaphragm - Intercostal muscles Processes

Inhale

Exhale

Air taken in

Air taken out

Nasal cavity Caused by Trachea Bronchu ss Bronchiol e Alveolu s

O2

Change in pressure

Situated in the lungs

CO2

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
3 One of the waste products of respiration is A. Carbon dioxide 1 Figure 1 below shows a cross- section of the 9 Which of the following organs is not involved B. Carbon monoxide the respiratory system? human respiratory system. C. A Nitrogen Lungs dioxide B Nitrogen Ribs oxide D. C Diaphragm D Heart 10 - Thoracic cavity becomes bigger - Air pressure inside the lungs is lowered - Air is forced into the lungs in

4 The information above shows the process Figure 1 Which of the following represents P, Q, R and S? A B C D 6. Which of the following, represents the lung ? A P C R 2 B Q D S W - Alveolus 7. What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation? X - Bronchiole Y - Bronchus A It curves and moves upwards Z and - moves Trachea B It relaxes upwards 1downwards C It contracts and Table moves D table It curves The showsand the moves variousdownwards parts of the human
P Q R S Trachea Alveolus Bronchus Bronchiole Trachea Bronchus Alveolus Bronchiole Figure 3 Bronchus Alveolus Bronchiole Trachea Alveolus Trachea Bronchus Bronchiole

of.. A B C D digestion inhalation exhalation respiration

Figure 5 What takes place in the structure labelled S? A Exchange of gases for breathing A B Secretion of enzymes for food digestion C Production of oxygen for respiration D Production of new cells to replace dead cells 11

respiratory system. Which is the correct sequence for the flow of oxygen from the air to the lungs ? A. B. C. D. W W Z Z X Y X Y Y X Y X Z Z W W

C D Air is exhaled out of the lungs in this sequence A K, L, M, N Figure 2 B N, M, K, L 5 InC Figure M,2, Kwhich , L, N part is the trachea? D N, L, K, M

12 In the breathing mechanism, which action reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity? Figure 4 shows a model of the human A The outer intercostal muscles contract. respiratory system. Which of the following B The inner intercostal muscles contract. statements is not true when the rubber sheet C The diaphragm muscle contracts. Stopper is pulled downwards? D The outer rib cage moves upwards and A Pressure in the bell jar decreases. forwards. B Both balloons expand. C D Air enters into the balloons. Both balloons expand until they burst.

Figure 4

P Q
13 Which of the following releases water R vapour into the air? I Respiration S II Transpiration III Photosynthesis A B C D 14 16

Rubber sheet I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II and III
Figure 7 Figure 7 shows the breathing mechanism. At which of the points, A, B, C or D is the air pressure lowest? 17

Figure 6 Figure 6 shows a simple model of the thoracic cavity. Which of the following occurs when the diaphragm curves upwards? A Outer intercostal muscles contract. B Air from the atmosphere is inhaled into the lungs. C Diaphragm muscle contracts. D Air pressure in the thoracic cavity is higher than the atmospheric pressure. 15 Which of the following occurs when the outer intercostal muscles contract? I The ribs move upwards. II Inner intercostal muscles contract. III Diaphragm muscle contracts. IV Volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. A B C D I and II only I and III only II and IV only I, III and IV only

Figure 8 Figure 8 shows the air passage from the nose to structure X. What are the characteristics of structure X? I Moist surface II Thin-walled III Surrounded by a network of blood capillaries A B C D I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II and III

18 Which of the following correctly shows the contents of inhaled air and exhaled air? Gas I II III IV A B C Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Water vapour I and II only III and IV only II, III and IV only Inhaled air 21 % 0.03 % 78 % A little Exhaled air 16 % 4% 78 % 50 %

I, II, III and IV

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS 1. Diagram 1 shows a part of the respiratory system. (a) Name the structures labelled P, Q and R

Diagram 1

Trachea

Rib

Diaphragm

(b) Draw lines to show the correct match between the structures and their description.
P

A sheet of muscles which separates the thorax from the abdomen Tube supported by rings of cartilage

Q R

Space where air passes through Bones that form the rib cage to protect the lungs

2.

Diagram 2 below shows the process of inhalation in the human breathing mechanism.

Diagram 2

(a) Following the path of the air in the diagram 2, state what happens to the following parts during inhalation. External intercostal muscles:

Ribs:

Diaphragm:

Thoracic cavity:

Lungs:

(b) Name three types of gases inhaled in during the process of inhalation.

Figure 1 Figure 1 shows the human respiratory system. (a) Name the structures X, Y and Z. (i) X: _____________________________________________________ (ii) Y : ____________________________________________________ (iii) Z : _____________________________________________________ (b) Name the gas that diffuses through the alveolus into the capillaries. _____________________________________________________ (c) What takes place at Z? _____________________________________________________ (d) Complete the flow chart below to show the sequence of air movement from the nose to the alveolus.

1.2 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN THE HUMAN

9

Oxygen + haemoglobin Oxyhaemoglobin

Oxygenated blood

Deoxygenated blood

Oxyhaemoglobin Decomposes Oxygen Diffuses into the cells 1. Oxygen in the inhaled air that is taken into the alveolus in the lungs will diffuse into the blood capillaries. 2. The alveolus is efficient in gaseous exchange because: a) it has a one-cell thick b) it has moist (this helps gas to dissolve) c) it is surrounded by a large network of blood capillaries d) it has millions of alveoli to increase its surface area. 3. In the blood oxygen will combine with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. 4. When oxyhaemoglobin reaches the body tissues, it decomposes to release oxygen. The oxygen then diffuses into the cells. In the body cells, the oxygen is used for respiration. 5. Respiration is a food oxidation process in the body cells to release energy, carbon dioxide and water. Glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide

10

ACTIVITY
Oxygen NASAL CAVITY

ALVEOLUS Diffusion Red blood cell

Combines with oxygen

Breaks down into Products of digestion

A type of process

BODY CELL

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 11

1 Alveolus is suitable for diffusion of gases

because it has I II III IV thin walls dry surface area large number of blood capillaries small surface area

6 Cell respiration can be represented by the 10 The oxidation of food in a cell during cell A I and II following word equation: respiration as shown in the diagram below B I and III will produce a Figure gas. 2 C II and III Glucose + J K + water + carbon dioxide D II and IV Figure 2 shows the alveolus and the blood What do J and K represent? vessels around it. Haemoglobin is 2 Figure \ 1 below shows the exchange of gases transported from blood vessel X to blood between J an alveolus and a blood K capillary. vessel Y. Which of the following pairs A Oxygen Food represents blood vessels X and Y? B Oxygen Energy X can Y The gas C Haemoglobin Amino acids A Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery D Ribosomes Energy B A. Pulmonary Pulmonary vein turn lime artery water chalky. C B. Vena cava Aorta ignite a glowing splinter. D C. Aorta Vena cava be used for respiration. 7 How does oxygen in the alveolus enter the D. support combustion. blood? 5 11 A By osmosis B By reverse osmosis C By diffusion D By transpiration Figure 1 The exchange of gases between the alveolus and 8 Which of the characteristics help the the blood capillary isfollowing by alveolus absorb oxygen more efficiently? A diffusion Gas Y that enters the blood stream from the B transfusion alveolus is used by cells as shown above I the alveolus is always dry C convection in the process of II the alveolus has a large surface area D conduction III the alveolus has thin walls A. assilimation. Figure 3 IV blood capillaries that carry oxygen B. digestion. 3 Which of the following statements is true about surround the alveolus C. respiration. the oxidation of food that takes place in cells? Which of the following represents gases X D. Y breathing. I This process is called respiration. and ? A. I, is II, absorbed. and III only II Energy X Y B. I, III, and only III Water vapour isIV released in this process. 12 A The breathing process is important in order Carbon dioxide Oxygen C. II, III, and IV only to B Oxygen Carbon dioxide D. I, II, III, IV A I and II only the water vapour content in the CI lower Hydrogen Oxygen B I and III only D alveoli. Oxygen Hydrogen from the lungs transported to C 9 IIHow and is III oxygen only II increase the amount of oxygen in the D I, every II andcell III in our body? alveoli. III lower the concentration of carbon A. It is transported in the form of dioxide in the alveoli. oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells. B. It is transported in the form of A.. I and II only carboxyhaemoglobin. B. I and III only C. It is transported by the white blood C. II and III only cells. D. I, II and III D. It is transported in the plasma.

12

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS 13

(a)

Name the parts labeled P, Q, and R using the following terms Alveolus bronchiole capillary

( b)

Draw a line to show the correct match between the structure and their descriptions Structure Description Small branches inside the lungs . At the end of these tubes are the alveoli Tube that leads into the lungs and divides into smaller tube Q The structure are sounded by tiny blood vessels R The smallest blood vessel in our body

14

Figure 2 Figure 2 shows an air sac surrounded by blood capillaries in the lung. (a) What is the difference between the blood in blood vessels X and Y? __________________________________________________________

(c) (d)

What is the name of the air sac in the lung? State three characteristics of the air sac which can increase the efficiency of gas diffusion. (i) (ii) (iii) ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

(e)

What happens to the oxygen that diffuses into the blood in the blood capillaries? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

15

Figure 3 (a) Based on figure 15, state (i) Gas P : _________________________________________________________ (ii) Gas Q : ________________________________________________________ (b) Which blood is (i) oxygenated blood? ________________________________________________ (ii) deoxygenated blood? ___________________________________ (c) State the process which causes the exchange of gases on the surface of an alveolus. ______________________________________________________________ (d) Why does the wall of an alveolus allow gases to be exchanged rapidly? ___________________________________________________________ ___

1.3

IMPORTANCE OF A HEALTHY RESPIRATION SYSTEM

TThe substances which are harmful to the respiratory system

16

Causes various types of cancer

Causes a lack of O2 in our body Causes addiction Carbon monoxxide

Carcinogens

Nicotine

Tar Causes lung cancer

Cigarett e smoke

Irritants Cough and lung cancer

SOURCE

Lead Vehicle Carbon monoxide Factory smoke Fine dust

Tiny solid particles Sulphur dioxide

Benzo-alpha-pirena

Bronchitis Lung cancer Coughs ACTIVITY Complete the flow chart below Air pollutants Such as 17 Breathing difficulties

Cigarette smoke

1 .

Tiny solid particles (haze)

2 .

3.

Sticky brown substance

4..

Chemicals which irritate the air passages and alveoli in the lungs

Nicotine

Harmful 5. Which causes addiction Cancer causing chemicals

6.

Nicotine

Colourless, odourless and poisonous gas which prevents 7.. from transporting 8. Around the body Causes diseases such as

CONCEPT MAP

18

Breathing involves

Inhalation

Exhalation

of Air Which contains Harmful substances such as Nicotine, tar, sulphur dioxide, tiny solid particles, carbon monoxide, toxins and carcinogens that cause Diseases that affect the respiratory system

such as

Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

19

1. Figure 1 below shows an experiment to

investigate the effects of smoking on the lungs

4 The following diseases are caused by smoking except A heart disease B lung cancer C tuberculosis D bronchitis 5

A B C D

Figure 1 What are represented by Q, R and S? Q R S Filter pump Cotton wool Universal indicator Condenser Cotton wool Universal indicator Filter pump Cotton wool Sulfuric acid Filter pump Manila Universal paper indicator

2 Which of the following pollutants and their effects is correctly matched? Effect A Causes cancer B Reduces the acidity of the 4 lungs C Carbon dioxide Increases cell activity D Sulphur dioxide Damages lung tissue 3 Which of the following activities causes haze? A B C D Generating hydroelectricity Excessive spraying of chemical pesticides Barbecuing food Burning of agricultural waste Pollutant Haze Tar

Figure 2 Figure 2 shows an experiment to study the effects of smoking on the lungs. What can be observed at the end of the experiment? I The moist white cotton turns yellowish brown. II The colour of the bicarbonate indicator turns from red to yellow. III The thermometer records a rise in temperature. A B C D 6 I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II and III

The carbon monoxide in the smoke that is released from the exhaust of vehicles can A. B. C. D. block oxygen supply to parts of the body. trigger the growth of cancer cells. destroy the walls of the trachea. stick to the lungs.

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Table 1 Table 1 shows the substances in cigarette smoke and their respective adverse effects. Which of the following represents substances X, Y and Z? X Y Z A Nicotine Tobacco tar Acidic gas B Tobacco tar Nicotine Carcinogenic substances C Carcinogenic substances Acidic gas Tobacco tar D Acidic gas Carcinogenic Nicotine

substances
8 Carbon monoxide harms the respiratory system by A. stimulating the growth of cancer cells. B. killing the red blood cells along the trachea wall. C. sticking to the heart and the walls of air passages. D. combining with haemoglobin and slowing down oxygen transport 12 9 Which of the following pollutant in cigarettes is correctly matched to its harmful effect? A B C D Pollutant Tar Nicotine Carcinogens Carbon monoxide Harmful effect Bronchitis Hardens blood vessels Emphysema Smokers cough 11 Why are cigarette smokers sometimes short of breath? A B C D Their lung tissue has turned black Cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood Their lung tissue contains nicotine There are many poisonous gases in their lymphatic system

Which of the following diseases is caused by smoking cigarettes? I II III IV A B C D Lung cancer Emphysema Bronchitis Hepatitis I and II only III and IV only I, II and III only I, II, III and IV

10 What is the substance in cigarette smoke that causes addiction? A B C D Tar Nicotine Carbon monoxide Sulphur dioxide

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

21

1. Figure 1 below shows the model of the human respiratory system.

Figure 1 a) When the cigarette is lighted, state your observations on the following. i) The temperature : ___________________________________________________________ ii) The white cotton wool : ___________________________________________________________ iii) The hydrogen carbonate indicator ___________________________________________________________

b) State three good habits that can help to improve the quality of air.
i)_________________________________________________________ ____ ii)____________________________________________________________ iii)____________________________________________________________

c) Name two diseases that affect the human respiratory system.

i) _______________________________________________ ii) _______________________________________________

ANSWERS 22

1.1 Activity (Page 1 ) 1. A (Nasal Cavity) 2. B (Lungs) 3. Down 4. E (Bronchus) 5. C (Bronchiole) 6. F (Ribs) ACTIVITY (Page 2) Breathing is controlled by muscle Contracts and move dowanwards and flattens // Espands and curves upwards Increases // Decreases Decreases // Increases Contracts // Relaxes Relaxes // Contracts Upwards and outwards // Downwards and inwards Air enters into the lungs // Air flows out OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (Page 4) 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. D 16. C 17. D 18. D STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (page 7-9) 1. a) P; Trachea Q; Rib R: Diaphragm b) Q: Bones that form the rib cage to protect the lungs R: A sheet of muscles which separates the thorax from abdomen

2. ai) Contracts ii) Upwards and outwards 23

iii) iv) v)

Contracts and move dowanwards and flattens Increases

b) Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen 3. (a) (i) (b) (c) (d) X: Trachea (ii) Y: Bronchus (iii) Z: Bronchiole Oxygen Exchange of gases in breathing

1.2 Activity (Page 11 ) Trachea BronBronchus Bronchiole Haemoglobin Oxyheamoglobin Oxygen Glusoce Cell respiration Energy Carbon dioxide Water

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (Page 12-13) 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. A 11. C 12. D STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (page 14 -16) 1.a) P: Capillary Q: Bronchiole R: Alveolus b) Q: Small branches inside the lungs. At the end of these tubes are the alveoli. R: The structure are srounded by tiny blood vessels. 2) (a) Blood vessel X carries deoxygenated blood while blood vessel Y carries oxygenated blood (b)

24

(c) (d) (e)

Alveolus (i) Has thin wall (ii) Moist surface (iii) Plenty of blood capillary networks Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. gas Q carbon dioxide

3 a) gas P oxygen, b) i) Y c) diffusion

ii) X

d) walls of the alveoli are one-cell thick, have a large surface area 1.3 Activity (Page 18 ) 1. Sulphur dioxide 2. Toxins 3. Tar 4. Irritents 5. Substance 6. Carcinogens 7. Haemoglobin 8. Oxygen 9. Asthma 10. Emphysema 11. Bronchitis 12. Lung Cancer 13. Poenumonia OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (Page 4) 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. C STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (page 22)
1. a) i. The temperature raise ii. The colour of white cotton wool turns from white to brownish yellow

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iii. The hydrogen carbonate turns from red to yellow b) i) Abstain from smoking ii) Car pool iii) Minimise air conditioning use iv) Keep carpet and floor dust free v) Maintain a low humidity to prevent mould growth i) Asthma ii) Bronchitis iii) Lung cancer iv) Emphysema v) Pneumonia

(c)

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