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Introduction to Temperature Measurement

FG05W2 Version 1.3 2010
Standards Certification Education & Training Publishing Conferences & Exhibits

2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Seminar Logistics
Seminar materials
Downloadable presentation Question and Answer session (audio and email) Survey Earn 1.5 Professional Development Hours (PDH)

Seminar length
90 minute total presentation Three approximately 20 minute instructional presentations Three approximately 10 minute question and answer sessions

Audio Instructions
Please note the following during the seminar: As a participant, you are in a listen-only mode. You may ask questions via the internet, using your keyboard, at any time during the presentation. However, the presenter may decide to wait to answer your question until the next Q&A Session. If you have audio difficulties, press *0.

2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Audio Instructions for Q & A Sessions

Questions may be asked via your telephone line. Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad. If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will announce your name and affiliation to the audience and then ask for your question. If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed into a queue until you are first in line. While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The operator will announce your name and affiliation and then ask for your question.

Introduction of the Presenter

ISA Presenter
Larry Thompson, CAP ISA Adjunct instructor since 1984. B.A.A.S Tarleton State University. Instructor for Texas State Technical College in Instrumentation (1977-1979), Computer Networking and System Administration (1996-1999), E-Commerce Technology (1999-2003). CCST Certificate, FCC Radiotelephone License (General, formerly First Class). Served 20 years USAF primarily in Electronic Encryption Systems. Owned and managed own services business since 1979. Designed, developed, taught and maintained industrial controls in many varied applications. Author of ISA books: Industrial Data Communications and Basic Electrics/Electronics for Control

2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Goals of this Session

Discuss the measurement principles, instrument technologies, and applications to process conditions for temperature measurement

Section 1: Intro-Temperature Measurement

Principles Classification of Thermometers Temperature Scales Liquid Filled Systems Vapor Filled Systems Bimetallic elements

2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Room Heating Example

Room Temperature Measurement

Where do you mount thermostat? What kind of measuring device? What temperature are you measuring? At what temperature does it turn the furnace on? At what temperature does it turn the furnace off? What causes the room temperature to vary? What accuracy is required of this measurement? Is reliability a concern?

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Temperature Measurement
Measurement of heat energy of a substance May be measured by contact May be measured by radiation

Is a key process measurement

Characteristics of material change through temperature Density changes through temperature change Three states of matter are dependent upon (among other things) temperature (solid, liquid, gas)

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Classification of Temperature Devices

Classified as to absolute or temperature sensors Classified as to mechanical or electrical Classified by construction

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Temperature Scales

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Basic Liquid in Glass Thermometer

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Types of Liquid in Glass Thermometers

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Liquid Filled System Thermometer

Completely filled with Mercury

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Volatile Liquid Filled System Thermometer

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Comparison of Filled Systems

LIQUID-FILLED VAPOR GAS-FILLED

RANGE

-150 TO 1200 F
(-101.1 to 648.9 C)

-100 TO 550 F
(-73.3 to 287 C)

-100 TO 1500 F
(-73.3 to 815.6 C)

ADVANTAGES

Low on-off differential, fast response, small bulb size Requires ambient compensation

Insensitive to ambient temperature changes Large bulb required, slow response

Insensitive to ambient temperature changes Large bulb required, slow response

LIMITATIONS

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Bimetallic Thermometers

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Other Bimetallic Applications

On-Off Switch (coffee maker) Thermostat (continuous) Circuit Breakers (Low voltage) Motor Overloads Directional Signals Others?

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Considerations
Bimetallics are basically on-off No way to easily transmit a continuous signal Filled systems; while analog and have ability to transmit, are slow Liquid in Glass Thermometers are only as accurate as their insertion level All filled systems, liquid in glass thermometers, and to an extent; bimetallic devices do not have an exceptionally high range or large span, nor do they function well below a determined temperature.

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Review of Key Points

Principles Classification of Thermometers Temperature Scales Liquid Filled Systems Vapor Filled Systems Bimetallic elements

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Live Question and Answer Session

During Q&A, questions may be asked via your telephone line. Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad. If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will announce your name and affiliation to the audience and then ask for your question. If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed into a queue until you are first in line. While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The operator will announce your name and affiliation and then ask for your question.

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Section 2: RTDs and Thermistors

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Basic RTD
RTD IN A CUTAWAY VIEW SHOWING MEASURING ELEMENT

PLATINUM LEADS RESISTANCE ELEMENT

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Basic RTD Circuit (2 Wire)

2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

3 Wire Circuit

4 - Wire RTD

2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

RTD Construction
PLATINUM LEADS INSULATOR DISC

PLATINUM ELEMENT

PLATINUM WINDING

BIRD CAGE RTD

CERAMIC BODY

PARTIALLY SUPPORTED RTD

PLATINUM LEADS

GLASS BODY

FULLY SUPPORTED RTD

PLATINUM COIL WOUND ON GLASS FORMER

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RTD with ceramic body

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Sheathed RTD

METAL SHEATH

LEAD WIRES FILLER (POWDER OR CEMENT)

MANDREL (WITH PLATINUM ELEMENT)

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Smart RTDs

2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

RTD Considerations
Very stable, can have less than 1C drift over 5 years * Most linear of temperature sensors Does not require a cold junction reference Does require lead resistance compensation Temperatures from -200to 650C commonly available Industry typical is 385 or 392 Platinum, 100 @ 0 C 385 refers to 0.00385 Ohms/Ohm/Deg C 392 refers to 0.00392 Ohms/Ohm/Deg C There is also a 0.003902 Ohms/Ohm/Deg C

* Dependent upon type

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Thermistors
Designer resistor Electrical resistance of material varies greatly with temperature Limited spans, low cost High accuracy & stability Limited to low-medium temps Typically resistance decreases as temperature increases 3% to 5% per F (5% to 9% per C) Can be had with either positive or negative temperature coefficient. May be had in a variety of shapes and forms
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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Thermistor illustrated

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Review of Key Points

Basic RTD 2-Wire RTD 3- Wire RTD 4-Wire RTD Sheathed RTD RTD Considerations Thermistors

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Live Question and Answer Session

During Q&A, questions may be asked via your telephone line. Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad. If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will announce your name and affiliation to the audience and then ask for your question. If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed into a queue until you are first in line. While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The operator will announce your name and affiliation and then ask for your question.

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Section 3: Thermocouples
Basic Thermocouple Principles Thermocouple Materials Thermocouple Extension Wire Thermocouple Construction and Assemblies Thermocouple Considerations Thermocouple Loop Calibration

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Basic Thermocouple

T1

T2

MEASURING JUNCTION

REFERENCE JUNCTION

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Reference Junction

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Modern Ice Point

THERMOCOUPLE
MEASURING JUNCTION REFERENCE JUNCTION

INSTRUMENT

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Standard Thermocouple Materials

ISA DESIGNATION B WIRE MATERIALS Platinum 30% Rhodium/ Platinum 6% Rhodium Nickel 10% Chromium/ Copper-Nickel Iron/Copper-Nickel NOMINAL TEMP. RANGE C 0 TO 1820 C (32 to 3308 F) RECOMMENDED ATMOSPHERE Inert or Oxidizing FEATURES Easily contaminated, use in non-metallic, silica-free protecting tube. Highest EMF output, larger drift than other base-metal thermocouples May rust or become brittle in sub-zero temperatures Most linear of all thermocouples. Short life in marginally oxidzing atmospheres.

-270 to 1000 C
(-454 to 1832 F)

Vacuum, Inert, or Oxidizing

-210 to 760 C
(-346 to 1400 F)

Vacuum, Inert, Oxidizing, or Reducing Inert or Oxidizing

Nickel 10% Chromium/ Nickel 5% Aluminum and/ or Silicon

-270 to 1372 C
(-454 to 2501.6 F)

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Standard Thermocouple Materials (contd)

ISA DESIGNATION R WIRE MATERIALS Platinum 13% Rhodium/ Platinum NOMINAL TEMP. RANGE C -50 to 1768 C (-58 to 3214 F) RECOMMENDED ATMOSPHERE Inert or Oxidizing FEATURES Good linearity at high temperatures, small size, fast response, easily contaminated, use in protecting tube. Good for sub-zero use because of superior resistance to corrosion from moisture, limited temp. range. Same as Type R

Platinum 10% Rhodium/ Platinum

-50 to 1768 C (-58 to 3214.8 F)

Inert or Oxidizing

Copper/ Copper Nickel Tungsten/Tungsten26% Rhenium Tungsten 6% Rhenium/ Tungsten 26% Rhenium

-270 to 400 C (-454 to 752 F) -18 to 2315 C (-.4 to 4199 F) -18 to 2315 C (-.4 to 4199 F)

Vacuum, Inert Oxidizing or Reducing Inert or Vacuum

Good linearity at high temperatures, brittle, hard to handle. Good linearity at high temperatures, slightly less brittle, than above.
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Inert or Vacuum

Standard Thermocouple Extension Leads

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Bare Wire Thermocouple Insulation Types

Typical Thermocouple Assembly

2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Thermocouple Loop Calibration

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Thermocouple Considerations
Thermocouples drift (depending on type) from 2to 5 C in the same direction annually. Can measure the highest temperatures of any contact sensor Can measure the lowest temperatures of any contact sensor Have more errors in selection, installation, maintenance, and calibration then other sensors Are relatively linear over a portion of their range They will burn open

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Review of Key Points

Basic Thermocouple Principles Thermocouple Materials Thermocouple Extension Wire Thermocouple Construction and Assemblies Thermocouple Considerations Thermocouple Loop Calibration

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How Many People Are at Your Site?

Poll Slide Click on the appropriate number indicating the number of people that are at your site.

2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Live Question and Answer Session

During Q&A, questions may be asked via your telephone line. Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad. If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will announce your name and affiliation to the audience and then ask for your question. If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed into a queue until you are first in line. While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The operator will announce your name and affiliation and then ask for your question.

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Related ISA Courses

FG07 Introduction to Industrial Automation and Control TC05 Tuning Control Loops TS00 CCST Review Course

All ISA courses are available any time as on-site training For more information: www.isa.org/training or (919) 549-8411

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

ISA Certifications
Certified Automation Professionals (CAP )
www.isa.org/CAP

Certified Control Systems Technician (CCST)

www.isa.org/CCST

Please visit us online for more information on any of these programs, or call (919) 549-8411.

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Please take our Web Seminar Survey via Zoomerang The seminar survey was sent to you via email during the seminar. Please do not forget to complete the Zoomerang survey.

2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)

Conclusion
This is the end of: Introduction to Temperature Measurement

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2010 ISA FG05W2 (1.3)