Chapter 4 & 5 Combined

28/01/2013
Objectives
Describe how word processing and desktop publishing software have revolutionized writing and publishing Discuss the potential impact of desktop publishing and Web publishing on the concept of freedom of the press Speculate about future developments in word processing and digital publishing
Chapter 5
Basic Office Applications
Objectives (continued)
Describe the basic functions and applications of spreadsheets and other types of statistical and simulation programs Explain how computers can be used to answer What if? questions Explain how computers are used as tools for simulating mechanical, biological, and social systems
Doug Engelbart Explores Hyperspace

Doug Engelbart
One of the pioneers of the computer hardware and software In 1968, he demonstrated his Augment system:
Mouse Video display editing Mixed text and graphics, windowing Outlining Shared-screen video conferencing Computer conferencing Groupware Hypermedia
Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Working with a word processor involves several steps:
Entering text Editing text Formatting the document Proofreading the document Saving the document on disk Printing the document

Entering, Editing, and Formatting Text
Entering text
Text displayed on the screen and stored in the computers RAM Save your work periodically because RAM is not permanent memory
Editing text
Navigating to different parts of a document Inserting or deleting text at any point Moving & copying text Searching and replacing words or phrases
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28/01/2013

Formatting commands
Formatting characters
Measured by point size (one point = 1/72 inch) A font is a size and style of typeface Serif fonts have serifs or fine lines at the ends of each character Monospaced fonts and proportionally spaced fonts

Formatting paragraphs involves:
Margin settings Line spacing Indents Tabs Justification

Formatting the document
Style sheets Headers and footers Multiple variable-width columns Graphics Automatic editing features Hidden comments Table of contents and indexes Coaching and help features (sometimes called wizards) Conversion to HTML for Web publishing

Rules of Thumb: Word Processing Is Not Typing
Use the Return or Enter key only when you must
Word wrap moves text to the next line
Use tabs and margin guides, not the spacebar, to align columns
WYSIWYG is a matter of degree Text that looks perfectly aligned onscreen may not line up on paper

Dont underline
Use italics and boldface for emphasis; italicize book and journal titles

The Wordsmiths Toolbox
Outliners and Idea Processors are effective at:
Arranging information into levels Rearranging ideas and levels Hiding and revealing levels of detail as needed
Use only one space after a period

Proportionally spaced fonts look better without double spaces
Take advantage of special characters

Bullets (), em dashes (), and curly quotes ( ) make your work look more professional
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Synonym Finders
A computerized thesaurus can provide instantaneous feedback for synonyms and antonyms

Digital References
Dictionaries, quotation books, encyclopedias, atlases, almanacs and other references are now available in digital form The biggest advantage of the electronic form is speed The biggest drawback is that quick and easy copying might tempt writers to plagiarize

Spelling Checkers
Compare words in your document with words in a diskbased dictionary
Words might be flagged, but you make the decision to ignore or change the spelling

Grammar and Style Checkers
Analyzes each word in context, checking for errors of content Checks spelling Points out possible errors and suggests improvements Analyzes prose complexity using measurements such as sentence length and paragraph length

Form Letter Generators
Mail merge capabilities produce personalized form letters
Create a database with names Create a form letter Merge the database with the form letter to create a personalized letter

Collaborative Writing Tools
Groupware: software designed to be used by a workgroup
Provides for collaborative writing and editing Tracks changes and identifies by the originators name Compares document versions and highlights differences in documents
Incorporate custom paragraphs based on the recipients personal data

Makes each letter look as if it were individually written
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Emerging Word Tools
Processing handwritten words Processing words with software that can reliably recognize human speech Anticipating a writers needs, acting as an electronic editor or co-author
The Desktop Publishing Story

What Is Desktop Publishing?
The process of producing a book, magazine, or other publication includes several steps:
Writing text Editing text

Producing drawings, photographs, and other graphics to accompany the text Designing a basic format for the publication Typesetting text Arranging text and graphics on pages Typesetting and printing pages Binding pages into a finished publication

With modern desktop publishing technology (DTP), the production process can be accomplished with sophisticated tools that are affordable and easy to use A desktop publishing system generally includes:
One or more Macs or PCs A scanner
Transforms photographs and hand-drawn images into computer-readable documents
A high-resolution printer

Desktop publishing software:
Image editing software Page-layout software combines the various source documents into a coherent, visually appealing publication
QuarkXpress PageMaker Adobe InDesign

Why Desktop Publishing?
Saves money Saves time Can reduce the number of publication errors Offers new hope for every individuals right to publish
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Rules of Thumb: Beyond DESKTOP TaCkY!?
Plan before you publish Use appropriate fonts Dont go style-crazy Look at your document through your readers eyes Learn from the masters Know your limitations Remember the message
The purpose of publishing is communication; dont try to use technology to disguise the lack of something to communicate

Beyond the Printed Page Paperless Publishing and the Web
A common prediction is that desktop publishingand paper publishing in generalwill be replaced by paperless electronic media
Electronic Books and Digital Paper

The electronic book, or ebook, is a handheld device that can contain anything from todays top news stories to lengthy novels Digital paper, or epaper, is a flexible, portable, paperlike material that can dynamically display black-andwhite text and images on its surface

Creating Professional-looking Documents Rules of Thumb:
Plan before you publish Use appropriate fonts Dont go style-crazy View your document through your readers eyes Learn from the masters Know your limitations Remember the message
The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Malleable Matrix
The spreadsheet consists of: Cells (the intersection of a row and column) Addresses (column letter and row number, e.g., A1, C12)

Spreadsheets can contain:
Values, such as numbers and dates Labels, such as column and report headings, that explain what the values mean

Formulas allow you to create instructions using mathematical expressions and commands
+ (plus) - (minus) *(multiplication) / (division) Sum Average
28/01/2013

Screen Test: Creating a Worksheet with Microsoft Excel
Spreadsheet programs work in much the same way and share most of these features:
Spreadsheets offer many automatic features such as replication of data

Spreadsheets Automatic Features

Formulas can be:
Relative, so they refer to different cells when they are copied Absolute, so the formula references never change when they are copied

Automatic recalculation
Any time a change is entered into the spreadsheet, all data related to the change automatically updates

Functions (e.g., SUM, AVG, SQRT) automate complex calculations Macros store keystrokes and commands so they can be played back automatically Templates offer readyto-use worksheets with labels and formulas already entered

Linking spreadsheets together
When the values change in one spreadsheet, the data is automatically updated in all linked spreadsheets
Database capabilities
Search for information Sort the data by a specific criteria Merge the data with a word processor Generate reports
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Rules of Thumb: Avoiding Spreadsheet Pitfalls Plan the worksheet before you start entering values and formulas Make your assumptions as accurate as possible Double-check every formula and value

Make formulas readable Check your output against other systems Build in cross-checks Change the input data values and study the results Take advantage of pre-programmed functions, templates, and macros Use a spreadsheet as a decision-making aid, not as a decision-maker

What If? Questions Spreadsheets allow you to change numbers and instantly see the effects of those changes
What if I enter this value?

Spreadsheet Graphics: From Digits to Drawings
Charts allow you to turn numbers into visual data Pie charts (show relative proportions to the whole) Line charts (show trends or relationships over time)
Equation solvers
Some spreadsheets generate data needed to fit a given equation and target value

Bar charts (use if data falls into a few categories) Scatter charts (use to discover, rather than to display, a relationship between two variables)

Rules of Thumb: Making Smart Charts Choose the right chart for the job
Think about the message youre trying to convey Pie charts, bar charts, line charts, and scatter charts are not interchangeable
Keep it simple, familiar, and understandable

Use charts in magazines, books, and newspapers as models Strive to reveal the truth, not hide it
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Statistical Software: Beyond Spreadsheets

Money Managers Accounting and Financial Management software allows you to do electronically handle routine transactions such as:
Writing checks Balancing accounts Creating budgets Online banking services Tax preparation

Automatic Mathematics Mathematics processing software Software turns abstract mathematical relationships into visual objects (Example: Mathematica by Wolfram) Generally, they include an interactive, wizardlike question and-answer mode, a programming language, and tools for creating interactive documents that combine text, numericalexpressions, and graphics

Statistics and Data Analysis Statistical and data analysis software
Collects and analyzes data that tests the strength of data relationships Can produce graphs showing how two or more variables relate to each other Can often uncover trends by browsing through two- and threedimensional graphs of data, looking for unusual patterns in the dots and lines that appear on the screen

Scientific Visualization Scientific visualization software uses shape, location in space, color, brightness, and motion to help us visualize data Visualization helps researchers see relationships that might have been obscure or even impossible to grasp without computer-aided visualization tools
Calculated Risks: Computer Modeling and Simulation

Computer modeling uses computers to create abstract models of objects, organisms, organizations, and processes Examples of popular computer models:
Games (chess boards, sports arenas, and mythological societies) Models of organisms, objects, and organizations Flight simulators and simulations of science lab activities Business, city, or nation management simulations

Computer Simulations: The Rewards Computer simulations are widely used There are many reasons:
Safety Economy Projection Visualization Replication
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Computer Simulations: The Risk GIGO Revisited
The accuracy of a simulation depends on how closely its mathematical model corresponds to the system being simulated Some models suffer from faulty assumptions Some models contain hidden assumptions that may not even be obvious to their creators Some models go astray simply because of clerical or human errors Still, garbage in, garbage out is a basic rule of simulation

Making Reality Fit the Machine
Some simulations are so complex that researchers need to simplify models and streamline calculations to get them to run on the best hardware available Sometimes this simplification of reality is deliberate; more often its unconscious Either way, information can be lost, and the loss may compromise the integrity of the simulation and call the results into question

The Illusion of Infallibility
A computer simulation, whether generated by a PC spreadsheet or churned out by a supercomputer, can be an invaluable decision making aid The risk is that the people who make decisions with computers will turn over too much of their decisionmaking power to the computer Risks can be magnified because people take computers seriously
Inventing the Future: Truly Intelligent Agents

Future user interfaces will be based on agents rather than on tools Agents are software programs designed to be managed rather than manipulated An intelligent software agent can:
Ask questions as well as respond to commands Pay attention to its users work patterns Serve as a guide and a coach Take on its owners goals Use reasoning to fabricate goals of its own

Tomorrows agents will be better able to compete with human assistants Future agents may possess a degree of sensitivity A well-trained software agent in the future might accomplish these tasks:
Remind you that its time to get the tires rotated on your car, and make an appointment for the rotation Distribute notes to the other members of your study group or work group, and tell you which members opened those notes

Keep you posted on new articles on subjects that interest you, and know enough about those subjects to be selective without being rigid Manage your appointments and keep track of your communications Teach you new applications and answer reference questions Defend your system and your home from viruses, intruders, and other security breaches Help protect your privacy on and off the Net
28/01/2013
Summary
Surveys a variety of applications that people use to manipulate words and numbers Considers software tools for working with words
From outliners to sophisticated reference tools and numbers From spreadsheets to statistical packages and money managers
Summary (continued)
Looks at how desktop-publishing technology has transformed the publishing process and provided more people with the power to communicate in print Examines how scientific visualization software can help us understand relationships that are invisible to the naked eye and how computer simulations simulate reality for work and pleasure
10
28/01/2013
Objectives
Compare and contrast several types of computer graphics programs used by artists, photographers, designers, and others Explain how computers are changing the way professionals and amateurs work with video, animation, audio, and music Describe several ways that computers are used to create multimedia materials in the arts, entertainment, education, and business
Chapter 6
Graphics, Digital Media, and Multimedia
Objectives (continued)
Explain the relationship between hypermedia and multimedia, describing applications of each Describe several present and future applications for multimedia technology
Tim Berners-Lee Weaves the Web for Everybody

Born in London in 1955 Wanted to create an open-ended distributed hypertext system with no boundaries, so scientists everywhere could link their work together Invented the World Wide Web and gave it to all Now works at MIT
Heads the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Focus on Computer Graphics

Painting: Bitmapped Graphics
Painting software:
Paints pixels on the screen with a pointing device Pointer movements are translated into lines and patterns on the screen Stores an image at 300 dots per inch or higher

Pixels: tiny dots of white, black, or color that make up images on the screen The palette of tools mimics real-world painting tools
Also contains other tools that are unique to computers
Bitmapped graphics (or raster graphics): pictures that show how the pixels are mapped on the screen Color depth: the number of bits devoted to each pixel Resolution: the density of the pixels
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Image Processing: Photographic Editing by Computer Allows the user to manipulate photographs and other high resolution images with tools such as Adobe Photoshop Far more powerful than traditional photoretouching techniques
Can distort and combine photos as demonstrated in the tabloids Can create fabricated images that show no evidence of tampering

Digital photo management software programs such as Apple iPhoto and Microsoft PictureIt! simplify and automate common tasks associated with capturing, organizing, editing, and sharing digital images Take an image Combine it with other objects Make a statement

Drawing: Object-Oriented Graphics Drawing software stores a picture as a collection of lines and shapes (called object-oriented or vector graphics) Memory demands on storage are not as high as for bitmapped images Many drawing toolsline, shape, and text toolsare similar to painting tools in bitmapped programs

PostScript: a standard page-description language for describing text fonts, illustrations, and other elements of the printed page
Used by professional drawing programs such as Adobe Illustrator and Macromedia Freehand Built into many laser printers and other high-end output devices so those devices can understand and follow PostScript instructions PostScript-based drawing software constructs a PostScript program as the user draws

Bit-mapped painting (pixels) gives you these advantages:
More control over textures, shading and fine detail Appropriate for screen displays, simulating natural paint media and embellishing photographs

Object-oriented drawing gives you these advantages:
Better for creating printed graphs, charts, and illustrations Lines are cleaner and shapes are smoother
28/01/2013

Some integrated programs contain both drawing and painting modules
Allows you to choose the right tool for each job


Rules of Thumb: Creating Smart Art Reprogram yourself . . . relax Choose the right tool for the job Borrow from the best Dont borrow without permission Protect your own work
U.S. Copyright Office Web Site: http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/
Some programs merge features of both in a single application

Blurring the distinction between types Offers new possibilities for amateur and professional illustrators

3-D Modeling Software Used to create three-dimensional objects with tools similar to those in drawing software Goal for some applications: to create an animated presentation on a computer screen or videotape Flexible: can create a 3-D model, rotate it, view it from different angles Can walk-through a 3-D environment that exists only in the computers memory

Images in wireframe view; those on the right are fully rendered to add surface textures

CAD/CAM: Turning Pictures into Products Computer Aided Design (CAD) software:
Allows engineers, designers, and architects to create designs on screen for products ranging from computer chips to public buildings Can test product prototypes Cheaper, faster, and more accurate than traditional design-by-hand techniques

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the process by which data related to the product design are fed into a program that controls the manufacturing of parts Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) refers to the combination of CAD/CAM and is a major step toward a fully automated factory
28/01/2013

Presentation Graphics: Bringing Lectures to Life Automates the creation of visual aids for lectures, training sessions, sales demonstrations, and other presentations Create slide shows directly on computer monitors or LCD projectors, including still images, animation, and video clips

MICROSOFT OFFICE POWERPOINT You start by creating an outline of the main points of your talk, arranging headings and points in the appropriate order You can design the background, borders, and text format yourself, or select a professionally designed template from the collection that comes with PowerPoint The program places your text on this template for each slide in the presentation

You can print overhead transparencies or have slides made, but since there is a big screen computer system in the lecture room, you opt to create an interactive slideshow with animated visual transitions between slides Microsoft Producer lets you combine a presentation with a video of the speaker and a table of contents

Rules of Thumb: Making Powerful Presentations

Remember your goal Remember your audience Outline your ideas Be stingy with words Keep it simple Use a consistent design Be smart with art Keep each slide focused Tell them what youre going to tell them, then tell them, then tell them what you told them
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page

Modern media contains dynamic information, which is information that changes over time or in response to user input
Animation Desktop Video Audio Hypertext and hypermedia

Animation: Graphics in Time Each frame of computer-based animation is a computer-drawn picture; the computer displays these frames in rapid succession Tweening: Instead of drawing each frame by hand, the animator can create key frames and objects and use software to help fill in the gaps
28/01/2013

Desktop Video: Computers, Film, and TV Analog and Digital Video
A video digitizer can convert analog video signals from a television broadcast or videotape into digital data

Many video digitizers can import signals from televisions, videotapes, video cameras, and other sources
Signals displayed on the computers screen in real timeat the same time theyre created or imported
Digital video cameras capture footage in digital form Digital video can be copied, edited, stored, and played back without any loss of quality Digital video will soon replace analog video for most applications

Video Production Goes Digital Today most video editing is done using nonlinear editing technology Video editing software, such as Adobe Premiere, makes it easy to eliminate extraneous footage, combine clips from multiple takes, splice together scenes, create specific effects and other activities Morphs are video clips in which one image metamorphoses into another Data compression software and hardware are used to squeeze data out of movies so that they can be stored in smaller spaces

Many Web sites deliver streaming video content to viewers with fast broadband Internet connections

The Synthetic Musician: Computers and Audio Audio digitizer captures sound and stores it as a data file Synthesizer an electronic instrument that synthesizes sounds using mathematical formulas MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) standard interface that allows electronic instruments and computers to communicate with each other

Music is digitized on audio CDs at a high sampling rate and bit depthhigh enough that its hard to tell the difference between the original analog sound and the final digital recording The iTunes Music Store helps Mac and Windows users purchase music by their favorite artists in protected digital format
28/01/2013

Rule of Thumb: Digital Audio Dos and Donts Dont steal Understand streaming and downloading Know your file formats Dont over-compress

Samplers, Synthesizers, and Sequencers: Digital Audio and MIDI Multimedia computers can control a variety of electronic musical instruments and sound sources using MIDI MIDI commands can be interpreted by a variety of:
Music synthesizers Samplers

A piano-style keyboard sends MIDI signals to the computer
Computer interprets the MIDI commands using sequencing software

A growing number of musicians depend on sequencers to play along with live musicians in performances
Abelons Live is a sequencer with special features for bridging the communication gap between human players and computer in concert
Sequencing software turns a computer into a musical composing, recording, and editing machine Electronicamusic designed from the ground up with digital technology
Some of the most interesting sequenced music

Hypertext and Hypermedia Hypertext refers to information linked in non-sequential ways Hypermedia combines text, numbers, graphics, animation, sound effects, music, and other media in hyperlinked documents
Useful for on-line help files Lets the user jump between documents all over the Internet

Hypermedia documents can be disorienting and leave readers wondering what theyve missed
Documents dont always have the links readers want Authors cant build every possible connection into documents Some readers get frustrated because they cant easily get here from there
28/01/2013

Documents sometimes contain lost links,
Especially on the Web, where even a popular page can disappear
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind

Interactive Multimedia: What Is It? A combination of text, graphics, animation, video, music, voice, and sound effects that allows the user to take an active part in the experience Requirements: high-quality color monitors, fast processors, large memory, CD-ROM drives, speakers, and sound cards
Documents dont encourage scribbled margin notes, highlighting, or turned page corners for marking key passages
Hardware can be hard on humans The art of hypermedia is still in its infancy

Multimedia Authoring: Making Mixed Media Uses authoring programs such as HyperStudio and MetaCard Binds source documents together to communicate with users in an aesthetically pleasing way

Multimedia authoring involves programming objects on the screen to react, or behave, in particular ways under particular circumstances Macromedia Director MX, one of the most popular of such packages, includes pre-written behaviors that can be attached to on-screen buttons, images, and other objects

Rules of Thumb: Making Interactive Multimedia Work
Be consistent in visual appearance Use graphical metaphors to guide viewers Keep the screen clean and uncluttered Include multimedia elements to enliven the presentation Focus on the message Give the user control Test your presentation with those unfamiliar with the subject

Inventing the Future: Shared Virtual Spaces Virtual reality combines virtual worlds with networking
Places multiple participants in a virtual space People see representations of each other, sometimes called avatars Most avatars today are cartoonish, but they convey a sense of presence and emotion
28/01/2013

Tele-immersion:
Uses multiple cameras and high-speed networks to create a videoconferencing environment in which multiple remote users can interact with each other and with computer-generated objects Combines the display and interaction techniques of virtual reality with new vision technologies that allow participants to move around in shared virtual spaces, all the while maintaining their unique points of view
Summary
Computer graphics today encompass more than quantitative charts and graphs generated by spreadsheets Computers today arent limited to working with static images; theyre widely used to create and edit documents in media that change over time or in response to user interaction The interactive nature of the personal computer makes it possible to create nonlinear documents that enable users to take individual paths through information
Augmented reality (AR):

The use of computer displays that add virtual information to a persons sensory perceptions
Summary (continued)
Today we can create or explore hypermedia documents interactive documents that mix text, graphics, sounds, and moving images with onscreen navigation buttonson disk and on the World Wide Web Multimedia computer systems make a new kind of software possiblesoftware that uses text, graphics, animation, video, music, voice, and sound effects to communicate Regardless of the hardware, interactive multimedia software enables the user to control the presentation rather than just watch or listen passively

Chapter 4 &amp; 5 Combined

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Doug Engelbart Explores Hyperspace

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

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Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Use only one space after a period

Take advantage of special characters

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Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Word Processors and Other Word Tools

Incorporate custom paragraphs based on the recipients personal data

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Word Processors and Other Word Tools

The Desktop Publishing Story

The Desktop Publishing Story

The Desktop Publishing Story

The Desktop Publishing Story

The Desktop Publishing Story

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The Desktop Publishing Story

The Desktop Publishing Story

Electronic Books and Digital Paper

The Desktop Publishing Story

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

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The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

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The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation

Keep it simple, familiar, and understandable

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Statistical Software: Beyond Spreadsheets

Statistical Software: Beyond Spreadsheets

Statistical Software: Beyond Spreadsheets

Statistical Software: Beyond Spreadsheets

Calculated Risks: Computer Modeling and Simulation

Calculated Risks: Computer Modeling and Simulation

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Calculated Risks: Computer Modeling and Simulation

Calculated Risks: Computer Modeling and Simulation

Calculated Risks: Computer Modeling and Simulation

Inventing the Future: Truly Intelligent Agents

Inventing the Future: Truly Intelligent Agents

Chapter 4 & 5 Combined

Chapter 4 & 5 Combined