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LIMIT AND
1 CONTINUITY
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter the students should be able to
• Define the concept of limit and limit notation
• Use basic rules of limit
• Solve one-side limit and infinite limit
• Determine the continuity using graph and point
INTRODUCTION
Consider the function below :
f ( x) = 4
x +1
The values of f(x) always change when the values of x change. If we want to know
the values of f(x) when we take the values of x approach 3 but are not equal to 3.
From the table above, we learn that when x approaches 3, the values of f(x)
4 =1
approaches1. That means we can write lim
x→3 x +1
1.1 DEFINITION
Consider any function f(x) which is defined on any number approaching a but not
defined on a. When x approaches a, then f(x) will approach any number, called L and
we write
lim f ( x) = L
x→a
lim100 = 100
x →2
2. lim xn =a n
x→ a
Example
lim x 2 = 22 = 4
x→2
CHAPTER 1
= 2(1) − 12 = 1
f ( x ) •g ( x )=lim f (x ) • lim g ( x )
4. xlim
→ c
x→ c x→ c
Example
x →1
( )
lim 2 x • x 2 = lim 2 x • lim x 2
x →1 x →1
= 2(1) • 1 = 2
2
f (x ) =xlim
lim g → c
f (x )
5. x→ c (x ) lim g (x )
x→ c
Example
2 x lim 2x 2
lim = x →1
= =2
x →1 x 2 lim x 2 1
x →1
1
5. lim n f (x ) =n lim f (x ) = lim f ( x) n
x→ a x→ a x→ a
Example
lim
x→1
2 x −1 = lim(2 x −1) [ x→1
]
1
2
1
=[2(1) −1]2
1
=1 2
= 1 =1
Note:
CHAPTER 1
lim f ( x) = L ,
1. If
x→ a then the limit is exist, i.e L
i) factorising
ii) times with conjugate
Example:
2 x − 8 2( 4 ) − 8 0
2. lim = = =0 limit is exist = 0
x →4 3 3 3
1 1
3. lim = limit is not exist(dividing by 0 undefined
x →3 x − 3 0
4.a) factorising
x 2 − 2 x − 3 32 − 2( 3) − 3 0
lim = =
x→ 3 x−3 3− 3 0
x+4 −2 0+4 −2 0
lim = =
x→0 x 0 0
So
CHAPTER 1
x +4 −2 x +4 +2
lim •
x→0 x x +4 +2
x+4 −2 x+4 +2
lim •
x→0 x x+4 +2
1. Let f any function which defined on open interval (a,c). Then the limit of
function f when x approaches a from the right is eqaul to L, we write
lim f ( x) =L
x→ a+
2. Let f any function which defined on open interval (b,a). Then the limit of
function f when x approaches a from the left is eqaul to L, we write
lim − f ( x) =L
x→ a
Theorem :
lim f ( x ) =L exist, if and only if
x→ a
lim f ( x ) = lim −f ( x ) =L
x→ a+ x→ a
(right-hand limit = left-hand limit)
E.g :
lim 5 x + 1 = 5( 2 ) + 1 = 11
x →2 +
lim 5 x + 1 = 5( 2 ) + 1 = 11
x →2 −
Hence limit is exist because right-hand limit = left-hand limit
lim 5 x + 1 = 5( 2 ) + 1 = 11
x→2
CHAPTER 1
e.g
x
Determine lim exist or not.
x →0 x
x x≥0
x =
− x x<0
x 1
lim+ = lim+ = 1
x→0 x x→0 1
−x
lim− = lim− − 1 = −1
x→0 x x→0
x
Hence lim not exist because right-hand limit ≠ = left-hand limit
x →0 x
lim f ( x ) =L
x→ +∞
Definition
Let f(x) any function which defined on interval ( −∞, a ) . The limit of f(x) when x
decrease without bound is equal to L, then we write
lim f ( x) = L
x→ −∞
E.g :
lim x + 1 = −∞ + 1 = −∞
x → −∞
lim x 2 ( − x ) = ( + ∞ ) ( − ∞ ) = −∞
2
x → +∞
Theorem
If m is any positive number, then
CHAPTER 1
1
a) lim m =0
x →+∞x
1
b) lim =0
x→ − ∞xm
E.g :
1 1
lim = =0
x → +∞ x 2
+ ∞2
1 1
lim = =0
x → −∞ x 3
− ∞3
f ( x) ∞
Case 1: lim =
x → ±∞ g ( x) ∞
1
n
f ( x) x where n is the highest
Step : Change the form of by multiplying it with
g ( x) 1
n
x
power of x in g(x)
Example
Answer:
5 − 3∞ ∞
lim =
6∞ + 1 ∞
x → +∞
5 3x
−
5 − 3x
lim = lim x x
x → +∞ 6 x + 1
x → ∞ 6 x + 1
x x
2. Find
CHAPTER 1
Answer
1.5 CONTINUITY
1. Determine the Continuity from Graph
The continuous function graph is the graph which no disconnect or has ‘hole’.
E.g :
a
Continuous function Not-
continuous function
because the graph
is
disconnect at x = a
x=a
2. Continuity at Point
CHAPTER 1
Definition
Any function f(x) is called continuous at point x = a if and only if it meet the
following three conditions below:
a) f(a) is defined
b) lim f ( x) exist i.e lim +f ( x) =x→
lim −f ( x)
a
x→ a x→ a
c) f (a) = lim f ( x)
x→ a
If any conditions above are not fulfilled then f(x) is not-continuous at x = a.
E.g :
2 , 0 < x ≤ 4
f ( x) =
x , 4< x≤8
Answer:
a) f ( a ) = f ( 4) = 2
lim f ( x) = lim x = 4 =2
b)
x→ a+ x →4 +
lim f ( x) = lim 2=2
x→ a+ x→ 4−
lim f ( x) =wujud =2
x→ 4
EXERCISE 1.1
EXERCISE 1.2
Determine limit for the following function using factorization and time with
conjugate:
EXERCISE 1.3
EXERCISE 1.4
8 if x = 4
b. f ( x) = 16 − x 2 x=4
if x ≠ 4
4−x
c. f ( x) = { x − 2 } x=2