Dean P.

Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 1

EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
the load reflection coefficient behavior is given
as r and x vary, what exactly does
L
do?
lets plot in the complex plane
for any non-negative value of Re(Z) (i.e., r 0) and any value of
Im(Z), falls on or within the unit circle in the complex plane
Notes on the reflection coefficient on lossless lines
( )
( )
1
1
L o
L
o L
r jx
Z Z
Z Z r jx
+

= =
+ + +
0 1
L

x = 0
r = 10
-j
j
-1
Re()
Im()
x=-20
r = 2
r = 0
r = .5
r = 1
x=20
x = +2
r = 0
r = 100
r = 0
r = 0
1
-j
j
r = 0
-1
Re()
Im()
r = 0
r = 0
r = 0
x = -2
x = 0
x = .5
x = -.5
x = -1
x = 1
pick a value of x, then vary r pick a value of r, then vary x
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 2
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
Relationships between and Z
note relation between and the normalized impedance
u j v = +
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1
1
v u
v
j
v u
v u
x j r
+

+
+
+
= +
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
r j x
r j x
r j x
r j x
+ (

+
+ + (
+

=
+ (

+ + (

consider in complex plane
so the relationship between the normalized impedance and the
real and imaginary parts of is
1
1
r j x
+
+ =

( ) | |
( ) | | 1
1
+ +
+ +

x j r
x j r ( ) | | ( ) | |
( ) | | ( ) | | 1 1
1 1
+ + +
+ + + +
=
x j r x j r
x j r x j r
2
2 2 x j r +
=
1
1
L
o
Z
r j x
Z
+
= + =

( )
( ) v j u
v j u
+
+ +
=
1
1 ( )
( )
( )
( ) v j u
v j u
v j u
v j u
+
+

+ +
=
1
1
1
1
( )
2
2
2 2
1
2 1
v u
v j v u
+
+
=
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 3
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
Relationships between and Z
from the real part:
( )
2
2
2
1
1
1
r
v
r
r
u
+
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1
1
v u
v
j
v u
v u
x j r
+

+
+
+
= +
( ) | | ( )
| | ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
2
1
1
1
2
1 1 2 1
1 2 1
1 1
+
+
= +
(

+
+ +
= +
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+

= +
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+

= +
+

= + + +
+ = + +
+ = +
r
r r
v
r
r
u
r
r r r
v
r
r
u
r
r
r
r
v
r
r
r
r
u u
r
r
v
r
r
u u
r r v ur r u
v u v u u r
v u v u r
u j v = +
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
1
1
u v
r
u v
+
=
+
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 4
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
Plot of reflection coefficient in complex
plane
-1
1
u, Re(reflection coef.)
v
,

I
m
(
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
.
)
1j
-1j
curves of constant r = Re(Z)
( )
2
2
2
1
1
1
r
v
r
r
u
+
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

plot as a function of r
these are circles!
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
= +
|
.
|

\
|
v u
r = 1
( )
2
2
2
1
1
0
|
.
|

\
|
= + v u
0 < r < 1
r > 1
r = 0
radius
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
0 ,
1 r
r
r + 1
1
center
u j v = +
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 5
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
Plot of reflection coefficient
-1
1
u, Re(reflection coef.)
v
,

I
m
(
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
.
)
j
-j
plot as a function of x
x =
x < 0
x > 0
x = 0
from the Im part:
( )
2
2
2
0
1
0
1
1 =
|
.
|

\
|
+ v u
( )

=
|
.
|

\
|

+
1 1
1
2
2
v u
curves of constant x = Im(Z)
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
1
2
1
1
v u
v
j
v u
v u
x j r
+

+
+
+
= +
u = 1
these are also
circles!
( )
2
2
2
1 1
1
x x
v u =
|
.
|

\
|
+
radius
|
.
|

\
|
x
1
, 1
x
1
center
u j v = +
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 6
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
8
2
.
0
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
9
0
.
4
0
.
3
0
.2
0.1
3
.
0
4
.
0
1
0
2 0
5
. 0
1
.
0
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
9
0
.
4
0
.3
0
.2
0.1
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
8
2
.
0
4
.0
1
0
20
5
.0
3
.0
0.2
0.2
0
.6
0
.8
1
.
0
1
.
0
0
.4
0.4
0
.
6
0
.8
0.2
0.2
0
.6
0
.
8
1
.
0
1
.0
0.4
0.4
0
.6
0
.8
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
8
2
.
0
4
.
0
3
.
0
5
.
0
1
0
2
0
0
n
e
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a
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c
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p
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t
Plot of reflection coefficient in complex
plane
u, Re(reflection coef.)
v
,

I
m
(
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
.
)
curves of constant r = Re(Z)
curves of constant x = Im(Z)
the Smith Chart is
a plot of the
reflection
coefficient in the
complex plane,
with contours of
constant load
resistance and
load reactance
superimposed
( )
( )
1
1
L o
L
o L
r jx
Z Z
Z Z r jx
+

= =
+ + +
( )
2
2
2
1 1
1
x x
v u =
|
.
|

\
|
+
( )
2
2
2
1
1
1
r
v
r
r
u
+
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 7

EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
lets plot in the
complex plane
example:
Z
Ln
= 0.5 + j0.5
you go all the way
around the circle
when l is such that
2l = 2
recall = 2/, so
you go all the way
around when
l = /2 !
Plot of reflection coefficient in complex
plane
0
.
2
5
0
.
3
0
0 . 3 5
0
. 4
0
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
9
0
.
2
0
0.1
5
0
.1
0
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
1
0
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
6
0
.
3
1
0
.
3
2
0
. 3
3
0
.
3
4
0 . 3 6
0 . 3 7 0 . 3 8
0
. 3
9
0
. 4
1
0
. 4
2
0
.
4
3
0
.
4
4
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
8
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
6
0
.0
7
0
.0
8
0
.0
9
0
.11
0.12 0.13
0.14
0
.
1
6
0
.1
7
0
.1
8
0
.1
9
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
4
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w
a
r
d
l
o
a
d
Re()
I
m
(

)
( )
( )
1
1
r j x
r j x
+
=
+ +
( ) j 0.65
0.2 0.4 0.2
L
j e

= + =
j
-j
0
1
-1
x = 0.5
r = 0.5

( )
2 2
1
1
j l j l
nL
L
nL
Z
l e e
Z

= =
+
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 8
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
recall the input
impedance is
tangent is periodic
with period , so
you repeat every
time l = m
recall = 2/, so
you get back to
the same
impedance when
l = m/2 !
you can find Z(l)
directly from the
Smith chart!
applet
Plot of reflection coefficient in complex
plane
0
.
2
5
0
.
3
0
0 . 3 5
0
. 4
0
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
9
0
.
2
0
0.1
5
0
.1
0
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
1
0
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
6
0
.
3
1
0
.
3
2
0
. 3
3
0
.
3
4
0 . 3 6
0 . 3 7 0 . 3 8
0
. 3
9
0
. 4
1
0
. 4
2
0
.
4
3
0
.
4
4
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
8
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
6
0
.0
7
0
.0
8
0
.0
9
0
.11
0.12 0.13
0.14
0
.
1
6
0
.1
7
0
.1
8
0
.1
9
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
4
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l
o
a
d
Re()
I
m
(

)
j
-j
0
1
-1
( )
( )
( )
tan
tan
L o
o
o L
Z jZ l
Z l Z
Z jZ l

+
=
+

( )
2 2
1
1
j l j l
nL
L
nL
Z
l e e
Z

= =
+
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 9
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
The Smith
Chart
the Smith chart
also has a phase
angle scale
measured using
distance in
units of
wavelengths
link to high res
smith chart
why? because
the angle of is
( )
2 2
1
1
j l j l
nL
L
nL
Z
l e e
Z

= =
+
( )
N
2
2 4
l
l l

( = =

direction of increasing l, or
equivalently
away from load
towards generator
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 10
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
recall the input
impedance is
example:
Z
Ln
= 0.5 + j0.5
mark on Smith
chart
angle of
L
is
0.088
what is the input
impedance if l = /4?
angle of at this
distance is
(0.088 + 0.25) =
0.338
read the Smith chart
Z( l = /4) =
1 j 0.9
applet
Example 1
0
.
2
5
0
.
3
0
0 . 3 5
0
. 4
0
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
9
0
.
2
0
0.1
5
0
.1
0
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
1
0
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
6
0
.
3
1
0
.
3
2
0
. 3
3
0
.
3
4
0 . 3 6
0 . 3 7 0 . 3 8
0
. 3
9
0
. 4
1
0
. 4
2
0
.
4
3
0
.
4
4
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
8
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
6
0
.0
7
0
.0
8
0
.0
9
0
.11
0.12 0.13
0.14
0
.
1
6
0
.1
7
0
.1
8
0
.1
9
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
4
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l
o
a
d
Re()
I
m
(

)
j
-j
0
1
-1
( )
( )
( )
tan
tan
L o
o
o L
Z jZ l
Z l Z
Z jZ l

+
=
+

0.088
0.338
( )
2 2
1
1
j l j l
nL
L
nL
Z
l e e
Z

= =
+
x = 0.5
r = 0.5
l = 0.25
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 11
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
recall the input
impedance is
example:
Z
Ln
= 2 + j(-1.2)
mark on Smith chart
angle of
L
is
0.288
what is the input
impedance if l =
0.232?
angle of at this
distance is
(0.288 + 0.232) =
(0.52) =
(0.5+0.02)
read the Smith chart
Z( l = 0.232) =
0.4 + j 0.1
applet
Example 2
0
.
2
5
0
.
3
0
0 . 3 5
0
. 4
0
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
9
0
.
2
0
0.1
5
0
.1
0
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
1
0
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
6
0
.
3
1
0
.
3
2
0
. 3
3
0
.
3
4
0 . 3 6
0 . 3 7 0 . 3 8
0
. 3
9
0
. 4
1
0
. 4
2
0
.
4
3
0
.
4
4
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
8
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
6
0
.0
7
0
.0
8
0
.0
9
0
.11
0.12 0.13
0.14
0
.
1
6
0
.1
7
0
.1
8
0
.1
9
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
4
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d
-j
( )
( )
( )
tan
tan
L o
o
o L
Z jZ l
Z l Z
Z jZ l

+
=
+

0.288
0.5
( )
2 2
1
1
j l j l
nL
L
nL
Z
l e e
Z

= =
+
x = -1.2
r = 2
+0.02
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 12
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
Transmission line applets
various
http://www.eecg.toronto.edu/~bradel/projects/transmissionline/
http://fermi.la.asu.edu/w9cf/tran/
matching (single stub)
http://home3.netcarrier.com/~chan/EM/PROGRAMS/STUBMATCH/
Smith chart
pointer on chart gives gamma and impedance:
http://www.ntu.edu.sg/eee/eee5/el/smithchart/
http://www.ee.ust.hk/eee/course/elec241/java/SmithChart.html
local link
how tos
http://www.web-ee.com/primers/files/SmithCharts/smith_charts.htm
http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m1060/latest/
Dean P. Neikirk 2004, last update May 5, 2004 13
EE 325, Dept. of ECE, Univ. of Texas at Austin
Smith charts
L-C transmission line summary
lossless L-C transmission line
dz
Z()
Y()
Z Y j L j C j LC j j = = = = =
o
o
o
V Z j L L
Z
I Y j C C

+
+
= = = =
o
o
o
V
Z
I

=
( )
j z
o
V z V e
+ +
=
( )
j z
o
V z V e
+
=
( )
j z
o
I z I e
+ +
=
( )
j z
o
I z I e
+
=
z = 0
V(z = -l, )
I(z = -l, )
z = -l
l
Z
L
( )
2 2 2 2
1
1
l j l j l j l
L o nL
L L
o L nL
Z Z Z
l e e e e
Z Z Z


= = = =
+ +
( )
( )
1
1
1 1
L o
o L o nL
L
o o L L o nL
Z Z
V Z Z Z
V Z Z Z Z Z

+


= = =
+ + +
V
+
V
-
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
tanh tanh tan
tanh tanh tan
L o L o L o
o o o
o L o L o L
Z Z l Z Z j l Z jZ l
Z l Z Z Z
Z Z l Z Z j l Z jZ l


+ + +
= = =
+ + +
1
1
L
o
Z
r j x
Z
+
= + =