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Bim and Greek Construction: Research and Detailed Analysis For Potential Implementation
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Bim and Greek Construction: Research and Detailed Analysis For Potential Implementation
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Aliki KostopoulouCopyright:
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BIM
AND
GREEK
CONSTRUCTION:
RESEARCH
AND
DETAILED
ANALYSIS
FOR
POTENTIAL
IMPLEMENTATION
CHATZIANDREOU
DIMITRA
KOSTOPOULOU
MARIA
ALIKI
University
of
Thessaly,
Volos,
Greece
A
thesis
submitted
to
the
Department
of
Architecture
of
the
University
of
Thessaly
in
Partial
Fulfillment
of
the
Requirements
for
the
Degree
ARCHITECT
Department
of
Architecture
University
of
Thessaly
VOLOS,
MAGNISIA,
GREECE
1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First
we
would
like
to
thank
our
supervisor
Mr
V.
Bourdakis
for
his
willingness
to
undertake
us
as
students
and
for
his
continuous
help
both
during
our
research
and
after
its
completion,
to
every
attempt
related
to
it-
Startup
Weekend
in
Volos,
Australasian
Conference
on
Innovative
Technologies
in
Construction"From
Building
Information
Modeling
to
Beyond".
To
our
teacher
Mr
Farid
Mokhtar
Noriega,
who
was
the
first
to
introduce
us
to
the
concept
of
BIM
during
our
ERASMUS
studies
in
the
Universidad
Camilo
Jose
Cela,
and
who
provided
us
with
all
the
bibliography
referred
in
the
index.
To
the
architects
Kimon
Onuma
and
Finith
Jernigan
who
helped
us
understand
the
roots
of
BIM
right
form
the
beginning
through
their
on-line
interviews
in
July
2011.
To
the
architects
who
gave
us
their
opinion
about
the
current
state
of
BIM
in
Greece
through
their
personal
interviews-
Kimon
Onuma,
Finith
Jernigan,
Polixronis
Loulakis,
Mathaios
Papavasiliou,
Vassilis
Gastis.
Finally,
special
thanks
to
the
rest
of
our
teachers,
to
our
families
and
to
all
the
friends
that
helped
and
supported
us
during
our
studies
and
keep
doing
it.
PROLOGUE
Building
Information
Modelling
(BIM).
This
is
a
concept
we
didnt
know
before
starting
to
think
about
our
thesis
theme.
At
first,
we
were
curious
to
discover
what
it
is
about
and
why
we
had
never
heard
about
it
before.
After
a
quick
overview,
BIM
seems
to
be
the
ideal
way
of
designing
and
constructing.
Its
basic
concepts
deal
with
information
and
data
storage
and
management
as
well
as
the
automation
of
processes.
There
were,
though,
some
questions
that
still
need
to
be
answered.
Does
this
complete
automation
eliminate
architectural
creativity
and
innovation?
Can
doing
BIM
from
the
first
day
of
the
design
process
be
risky?
BIM
has
already
started
to
be
implemented
in
the
USA
and
some
European
countries,
but
its
not
widely
known
in
Greece
yet.
Could
it
be
implemented
and
beneficial
for
Greek
architects
and
the
Greek
construction
industry?
These
are
some
of
the
questions
we
wanted
to
examine
in
our
research.
So,
we
started
by
studying
BIM,
learning
its
basic
concepts,
being
aware
of
what
occurs
nowadays
in
relation
to
it,
in
order
to
create
a
sufficiently
complete
overview
that
would
help
us
answer
our
questions.
We
also
had
the
chance
to
interview
two
American
architects
who
are
leaders
in
BIM
worldwide
and
three
construction
professionals
from
Greece
who
practice
architecture
using
digital
design
tools
and
software.
Combining
the
feedback
we
got
from
them
with
all
the
information
we
gathered
[from
books,
articles,
papers,
etc.],
we
managed
to
form
a
more
comprehensive
and
complete
opinion
of
BIM,
the
possible
ways
it
could
be
implemented
and
its
possible
future
in
Greece.
The
research
we
present
below
consists
of
two
parts.
The
first
part
is
a
detailed
analysis
of
BIM,
its
aspects
and
all
the
related
concepts,
using
the
information
we
gathered
from
our
bibliography
and
interviews.
The
second
part
is
an
examination
of
BIMs
implementation
in
Greece.
Unfortunately,
as
BIM
is
not
yet
well
known
in
Greece,
we
didnt
find
any
Greek
bibliography,
so
that
part
was
written
using
feedback
from
the
three
architects
we
interviewed
and
our
own
critical
thinking.
Finally,
our
intention
was
never
to
embrace
BIM
unconditionally.
We
strongly
believe
that
every
new
idea
has
its
positive
and
negative
aspects.
A
critical
way
of
thinking
combined
with
the
ability
to
remain
realistic
can
lead
to
evolutionary
and
functional
solutions.
This
is
what
we
have
tried
to
do
in
this
research.
Our
goal
was
to
find
alternative
ways
of
implementing
BIM
both
generally
and
in
Greece.
In
order
to
make
a
step
forward,
we
have
tried
to
implement
the
knowledge
we
gained
from
this
research
in
our
thesis
project.
We
designed
a
wall
segment
that
incorporates
the
principals
of
BIM
and
its
goal
is
to
be
used
in
preserved
buildings
in
order
to
eliminate
the
space
loss
that
usually
occurs
in
the
rehabilitation
of
old
buildings
and
to
automate
the
process.
It
is
able
to
be
controlled
automatically
and
with
a
variety
of
functions,
it
responds
to
the
needs
of
the
standard
office
buildings
1 introducing
at
the
same
time
a
new
method
of
space
control.
Based
upon
the
building
of
Kitrini
Apothiki
in
the
city
of
Volos
in
Greece,
it
may
be
the
first
attempt
to
incorporate
BIM
techniques
in
design
in
a
Greek
context.
Kitrini Apothiki or Americana, as it is called, is the storehouse of the American Tobacco Company located at the junction of Gazi and Bassani streets in the city of Volos in Greece. Built in 1926 it was first used by the American Tobacco Company. In 1958 it was rented to (Socialist Party of Greece), then in 1965 it was bought by the National Organization of Tobacco and used as a storehouse. During the Second World War it had served as a jail for political prisoners and as the Jewish ghetto for the area of Volos.
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1./ INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 6 /General Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 6 /Interviews with architects: presentation ................................................................................................................ 6 2./ BIM (UNTIL TODAY) ........................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. THE TERMS OF BIM ................................................................................................................................................ 7 /Building Information Modeling ............................................................................................................................... 7 /Building Information Model .................................................................................................................................... 7 /BIM and IPD ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 2.3. INTEROPERABILITY ................................................................................................................................................. 8 /The concept ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 /Until today .............................................................................................................................................................. 9 /The method of achievement ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.4. COLLABORATION ................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.5. THE TIMELINE OF BIM ............................................................................................................................................ 9 /The Leadership of BIM .......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.6. EXISTING PROBLEMS & DEMANDS ....................................................................................................................... 12 /The effect of the economic collapse in construction ............................................................................................. 12 2.7. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CAD AND BIM ................................................................................................................ 12 /CAD files characteristics ....................................................................................................................................... 12 /The advantages of BIM over the 2D and 3D design approaches .......................................................................... 13 /What is BIM trying to achieve ............................................................................................................................... 13 /Misconceptions about BIM & its Risks .................................................................................................................. 13 /The change in workflow ........................................................................................................................................ 14 2.8. BENEFITS / DEVELOPMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 14 /Statistics ................................................................................................................................................................ 14 /BENEFITS: .............................................................................................................................................................. 14 /For the architects .................................................................................................................................................. 14 /For the owners ...................................................................................................................................................... 15 /For the constructors .............................................................................................................................................. 15 /In the construction industry .................................................................................................................................. 15 /Long-term ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 /DEVELOPMENTS: .................................................................................................................................................. 15 /Design ................................................................................................................................................................... 15 /Construction .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 /Relationships between professionals .................................................................................................................... 16 /Buildings Lifecycle ................................................................................................................................................ 16 3./ BIM TODAY ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 /General Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 17 /The use of Technology .......................................................................................................................................... 17 /Existing BIM Software ........................................................................................................................................... 18 /Programs Effectiveness ........................................................................................................................................ 19 /Training ................................................................................................................................................................. 19 3.1. CONCEPTS & SYSTEMS ......................................................................................................................................... 19 /GIS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 /Real-time BIM ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 /BIM in the CLOUD ................................................................................................................................................. 20
/BIMStorm ............................................................................................................................................................. 22 /BIMXML (Building Information Model Extended Markup Language) ................................................................... 22 /Onuma System ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 /4Site Systems ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 3.2. APPLICATION ........................................................................................................................................................ 23 /Case Studies .......................................................................................................................................................... 23 /Our Final Project ................................................................................................................................................... 23 4./ BIM & GREECE .................................................................................................................................................. 24 4.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 24 /State of BIM in Greece .......................................................................................................................................... 24 /Architects Interviewed: Presentation and Opinions .............................................................................................. 24 4.2. ECONOMY / MENTALITY ...................................................................................................................................... 24 /Greek Mentality .................................................................................................................................................... 24 /Economic Crisis ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 4.3. BIM & CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 25 /Demands ............................................................................................................................................................... 25 /Reasons Preventing the Shift ................................................................................................................................ 25 4.4. POSSIBILITIES OF APPLICATION ............................................................................................................................ 26 /Potential Adjustments .......................................................................................................................................... 26 /Motives for Implementation ................................................................................................................................. 26 /Alternative methods of Implementation ............................................................................................................... 27 5./ THE FUTURE OF BIM ......................................................................................................................................... 29 /The future of BIM tools ......................................................................................................................................... 29 /Model Servers, Easy Access to Information, Productivity, and Certainty .............................................................. 29 /Design ................................................................................................................................................................... 29 /Practice ................................................................................................................................................................. 30 /Ubiquitous computing ........................................................................................................................................... 30 6./ CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 31 /BIMs Role in the Future ........................................................................................................................................ 31 7./ INDEX .............................................................................................................................................................. 32 /Terminology .......................................................................................................................................................... 32 /Institutes and Companies ..................................................................................................................................... 37 /Links ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37 /References ............................................................................................................................................................. 38 /Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
1./
INTRODUCTION
/General
Overview
Architecture
can
be
considered
to
be
a
living
organism
that
needs
to
evolve
continually
as
the
technology
and
construction
methods
constantly
keep
changing.
Over
the
years,
many
new
theories
have
appeared
changing
the
way
we
do
architecture,
some
more
influential
and
others
less.
The
most
important
issue
is
to
try
to
absorb
the
evolution
that
leads
to
some
kind
of
facilitation
of
our
work
and
not
just
follow
each
trend
just
because
it
is
new
or
seems
interesting.
One
of
the
new
directions
in
architecture
-and
also
in
engineering,
construction,
etc.-
nowadays
is
the
globalization
of
the
process
in
order
to
overcome
physical
barriers
(distance,
countries
etc.)
and
take
advantage
of
more
comprehensive
knowledge.
In
addition
to
that,
the
concern
about
the
depletion
of
natural
resources
and
the
doubts
regarding
the
existing
consumer
society
seem
to
lead
us
to
a
dead
end
long
before
expected,
if
no
solution
is
found
soon.
So
we
are
talking
about
a
general
change
in
the
current
attitude
and
in
each
of
us
separately
at
the
same
time,
because
although
the
character
of
theories
is
international,
their
implementation
depends
on
the
mentality
and
the
habits
of
each
country,
and
so
they
have
to
be
examined
in
order
to
lead
us
to
a
real
evolution
and
not
to
a
waste
of
time
and
effort.
For
example
it
is
meaningless
to
expect
to
obtain
the
same
results
from
two
projects
of
different
scale,
located
in
different
parts
of
the
world,
addressing
different
final
clients
and
which
different
teams
of
professionals
have
designed.
The
important
thing
is
to
form
a
process
that
can
be
incorporated
into
every
project
and
serve
it
for
its
own
needs.
The
Internet
of
course
plays
an
important
role
but
the
mentality
of
the
world
of
construction
has
yet
to
follow
the
change
too.
This
is
what
the
concept
of
BIM
stands
for.
BIM
is
more
a
way
of
thinking
and
acting
than
a
theory
that
needs
followers.
It
can
be
used
as
little
or
much
as
anybody
wishes,
in
whichever
stage
of
the
life
of
a
building,
even
before
its
conception
or
after
its
demolition,
because
it
is
about
data
that
can
be
used
over
and
over
again
as
the
point
is
to
remain
up-to-date.
Without
general
implementation
of
BIM
though,
we
cannot
speak
about
the
understanding
of
the
concept.
And
doing
BIM
without
understanding
and
collaborating
means
huge
loss.
There
is
a
term
for
becoming
an
overnight
BIM
expert
and
its
called
BIM
washing.
This
proves
that
BIM
training
has
already
become
an
important
issue.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
So
the
question
is
if
a
procedure
that
was
first
designed
according
to
American
standards
and
scale
can
be
useful
in
a
country
like
Greece,
which
is
still
using
the
old-fashioned
method
of
personal
observation
of
the
construction
site
in
the
majority
of
current
projects.
Or
it
is
only
an
illusion
to
try
to
convince
professionals
to
shift
towards
a
new
way
of
working
and
thinking,
even
more
now
with
the
present
bad
economic
situation
of
our
country.
As
the
majority
of
architects,
engineers,
constructors,
etc.
has
not
embraced
BIM
yet,
most
owners
dont
have
the
option
to
implement
or
demand
it.
However,
as
the
construction
industry
moves
towards
BIM,
they
know
that
they
will
have
to
do
it
in
the
future.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
So, starting from the theory of BIM -through books, but most importantly through the opinion of the architects that had an important role in its creation (Kimon Onuma, Finith Jernigan), through its application with the case study we have designed according to the rules of BIM, for a preserved building in the city of Volos in Greece, and finally through an analysis of the present situation with the help of the professionals that have been interviewed (Loulakis, Papavasileiou, Gastis)-we are trying to discover if BIM and Greece can look forward to a common future.
/Interviews with architects: presentation
Kimon Onuma is an architect and BIM specialist, creator of Onuma Planning System and BIMStorm and a founding member of the biggest BIM associations (GDL Alliance, Ship Group, Akrotek). As he has been constantly working with BIM since 1993, while being a software developer as well, he was the most appropriate person to describe the existing state of BIM in the USA and possible future tendencies, both for BIM and the existing software. Finith Jernigan is an architect, educator (University of Maryland Eastern Shore, King Faisal University), published author (BIG BIM little bim The Practical Approach to Building Information Modeling Integrated Practice Done the Right Way!), and an expert in integrated practice (Created 4SiteSystemsSM, a standardized BIM based workflow). Also a founding member of the biggest BIM associations (Design Atlantic Ltd, SHiP Group) and responsible for a series of projects for the government, NASA, the US Corps of Engineers, NAVFAC, the US Army, the US Air Force, and the US Marine Corps. As one of the first who talked about the theory of BIM, in his interview he explained its philosophy and roots, and also the changes than can be provided to the known architectural procedure.
2./
BIM
(UNTIL
TODAY)
2.1.
THE
TERMS
OF
BIM
/Building
Information
Modeling
To
begin
with,
trying
to
define
this
concept,
we
emphasize
some
things
that
BIM
definitely
isnt.
Its
not
a
software
or
a
contracting
method.
BIM
is
not
a
3D
model
without
attributes
attached
to
it,
nor
a
combination
of
2D
files.
Its
not
a
linear
process
with
a
beginning
and
an
end.
Its
a
continually
evolving
process
that
stops
only
when
a
facility
is
no
longer
alive,that
is,
its
demolished.
BIM
its
not
for
just
ones
own
use,
its
not
selfish.
Its
for
an
open
use.
It
can
range
from
an
excel
file
to
a
detailed
model
of
the
world.
It
is
not
a
software.
It
is
a
process.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
It
has
been
described
in
many
ways:
An
improved
planning,
design,
construction,
operation,
and
maintenance
process
using
a
standardized
machine-readable
information
model
for
each
facility,
new
or
old,
which
contains
all
appropriate
information
created
or
gathered
about
that
facility
in
a
format
useable
by
all
throughout
its
lifecycle.
(NIBS
2008)(National
Building
Information
Modeling
Standard
(NBIMS)
Committee
of
the
National
Institute
of
Building
Sciences
(NIBS)
Facility
Information
Council
(FIC))
BIM
can
also
be
referred
to
as
a
verb:
It
is
a
modelling
technology
and
associated
set
of
processes
to
produce,
communicate
and
analyse
building
models.
(BIM
Handbook
/
Chuck
Eastman,
Paul
Teicholz,
Rafael
Sacks,
Kathleen
Liston)
It
is
a
system
conceived
to
create
a
single
building
model
recognized
universally
as
a
repository
for
all
elements
of
a
building,
including
its
properties
and
interrelationships.
(Design
Built
Project
Delivery,
Managing
the
Building
Process
from
the
Proposal
through
Construction
/
Sidney
M.
Levy)
It is an activity and not an object.
(BIM Handbook / Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston)
A
basic
premise
of
BIM
is
collaboration
by
different
stakeholders
at
different
phases
of
the
lifecycle
of
a
facility
to
insert,
extract,
update
or
modify
information
in
the
BIM
to
support
and
reflect
the
roles
of
that
stakeholder.
The
BIM
is
a
shared
digital
representation
founded
on
open
standards
for
interoperability.
(Integrated
project
delivery_a
guide.
/
The
American
Institute
of
Architects,
The
American
Institute
of
Architects,
California
Council)
So
BIM
is
the
combination
of
all
the
above.
It
has
to
do
with
data
and
processes.
Data
related
to
virtual
design,
construction
and
facilities
management
and
a
group
of
processes
that
is
applicable
to
all
kind
of
contracting
methods.
It
uses
virtual
models
that
carry
information
in
order
to
share
it
through
the
entire
building
industry
and
reduce
errors.
It
is
not
the
virtual
models
themselves.
BIM
is
a
process
that
helps
people
to
make
better
decisions.
It
needs
you
to
collaborate
in
order
to
cooperate.
Its
goal
is
to
make
everything
as
simple
as
possible,
make
everything
transparent.
BIM
places
everything
geographically
on
the
planet
and
makes
it
possible
for
everyone
to
be
aware
of
everything
about
the
life
of
a
building
and
beyond.
It
is
a
non-linear
process,
it
links
everything,
everyone,
every
software.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
Such
an
open
and
continually
developing
concept
cannot
be
categorized
easily.
Its
more
holistic
than
that.
Every
different
point
of
view
could
lead
to
another
categorization.
There
is
a
huge
difference
between
examining
BIM
as
a
tool
and
examining
it
as
a
process
for
example.
So,
a
very
schematic
and
general
categorization
could
be
like
this:
A/.
Enterprise
BIM.
In
this
case,
BIM
means
that
everybody
is
working
together.
B/.
Lonely
BIM
/
Little
BIM.
In
little
BIM
youre
doing
BIM
in
isolation.
C/.
BIG
BIM.
BIG
BIM
refers
to
the
whole
world,
with
design
as
just
a
fraction
of
that.
D/.
IPD.
IPD
for
BIM
is
another
design
and
construction
method.
Its
not
the
goal.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
/Building Information Model
A Building Information Model includes all the characteristics of BIM. It can be described as: A project simulation consisting of the 3D models of the project components with links to all the required information connected with the projects planning, construction or operation, and decommissioning. This section describes the 3D models, the information contained or attached to these models, and the nature of the links among the individual models, the components, and the information.
(Building Information Modeling, Planning and Managing Construction Projects with 4D CAD and Simulations / Willem Kymmell)
2.2. IPD (INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY) Integrated project delivery is a delivery system that addresses all the participants of a projects design and construction process (including software and people) to optimize project results. In short, its a delivery method for minimizing time and cost and maximizing effectiveness. It requires the entire projects lifecycle stakeholders to be collaborative and cross functional during the whole design process, starting as early as possible. All those people share access and responsibility for everything related to the project.
/BIM and IPD
IPD is a delivery method and BIM is a tool supporting IPD. BIM provides the database for all the buildings information storage (related to design, construction, management logistics, etc.) and the platform for the collaboration of all participants. BIM supports IPD not only through the buildings construction phase, but also afterwards, in the buildings facility management (space planning, furnishing, monitoring, energy performance, maintenance, etc.). The part of BIM called facility management helps you to prevent data rot, meaning that by keeping the data up-to- date you wont have to go back and collect it when needed. With the increasing use of IPD and the slow change in the professionals relationship by having architects, builders and owners collaborating, we are shifting conservatively into BIM. But IPD cant happen without BIM, and BIM should happen at every level of the architectural process.
(Kimon Onuma, Interview 2011)
BIM
process
enabled
by
software
working
with
information
in
the
built
environment
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
IPD method of delivery It can enable BIG BIM, but it isnt BIG BIM small methodology to do BIM
2.3. INTEROPERABILITY /The concept
In the architectural procedure it is very important to make correct decisions at an early stage, for example you can start doing energy analysis even with simple blocks that represent the future building or with a simple excel file of the spaces. The next step then is to be able to deliver the data in a way that owners can understand in order to be sure that the results are going to be consistent with their desires, as the phenomenon of a difference of 50% between the final project and the first goal is not rare.
(Kimon Onuma, Interview 2011)
Interoperability
is
a
concept
that
BIM
is
based
upon.
It
refers
to
people,
products,
systems
or
software
and
it
was
initially
defined
for
IT
systems
or
services
and
allows
for
information
to
be
exchanged.
A
more
generic
definition
would
be
the
following:
A
property
of
a
product
or
system,
whose
interfaces
are
completely
understood,
to
work
with
other
products
or
systems,
present
or
future,
without
any
restricted
access
or
implementation.
And
with
respect
to
software,
the
term
interoperability
is
used
to:
Describe
the
capability
of
different
programs
to
exchange
data
via
a
common
set
of
exchange
formats,
to
read
and
write
the
same
file
formats,
and
to
use
the
same
protocols.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability)
To
be
interoperable
means
that:
One
should
actively
be
engaged
in
the
on-going
process
of
ensuring
that
the
systems,
procedures
and
culture
of
an
organization
are
managed
in
a
way
to
maximise
opportunities
for
exchange
and
re-use
of
information,
internally
or
externally.
Based
upon
these
definitions,
it
should
be
clear
that
there
is
far
more
to
ensuring
interoperability
than
using
compatible
software
and
hardware,
although
that
it
is
of
course
important.
Rather,
assurance
of
effective
interoperability
will
require
often
radical
changes
to
the
ways
in
which
organisations
work
and,
especially,
in
their
attitudes
to
information.
(http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/interoperability/)
/Until
today
For
many
years
now,
access
to
a
buildings
information
has
been
restricted
to
only
a
few
and
has
not
been
openly
available
to
all
those
who
might
need
it.
The
files
containing
this
data
are
saved
in
formats
that
can
be
opened
only
by
certain
software,
meaning
that
they
need
a
translation
process
in
order
to
become
visible
and
usable.
This
has
the
result
of
time
and
productivity
loss,
which
could
be
avoided
if
the
concept
of
openness
and
interoperability
in
data-exchange
was
followed.
During
the
common
architecture
procedure,
firstly
the
building
is
made,
then
it
is
delivered
to
the
owner
in
a
way
that
all
the
information
about
it
gets
lost,
which
inevitably
diminishes
its
value.
This
linear
process
has
to
be
changed
and
decision-
making
and
construction
need
to
be
a
loop
that
provokes
communication
in
the
early
planning
with
many
different
people
and
mistakes
to
be
made
and
corrected
in
that
phase
in
order
not
to
reach
the
construction
site.
All
these
are
the
obligations
of
the
architect,
as
we
cant
expect
the
client
to
be
aware
of
architecture
or
technology,
let
alone
BIM.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
/The method of achievement
Someone can achieve interoperability between various software applications in several ways. The most important thing is to produce files in formats readable and editable by more than one application. This can happen if they use a suite of software applications from a certain vendor, where the applications can directly read the file format of the BIM software application. One can also use software that incorporates an Application Programming Interface (API) that can enable them to link interfaces from different providers, or alternatively use a software that supports data exchange by reading several file formats and is widely accepted by the industry. The choice of the appropriate procedure depends on which step BIM is going to be incorporated at, the software that is to be used, the compatibility of the different software and the updating schedule of every collaborator.
2.4.
COLLABORATION
Nowadays,
experts
from
many
disciplines
should
be
brought
together
and
work
as
a
team
in
order
to
produce
the
huge
amount
of
information
needed.
Architects,
designers,
constructors,
civil
and
technical
engineers,
fabricators,
planners
and
facilities
personnel
should
cooperate
in
order
to
achieve
a
successful
workflow
and
design
product.
Every
one
of
them
provides
his/her
expertise
in
the
workflow.
All
these
people
have
to
be
coordinated
and
agree
upon
every
matter
that
will
arise.
This
means
collaboration.
A
BIM
design
approach
can
make
this
collaboration
happen,
as
it
enables
the
management
of
a
huge
amount
of
information
at
the
same
time
by
different
persons
and
from
different
geographical
points
without
any
false
calculations
or
data
loss
occurring.
2.5. THE TIMELINE OF BIM 2
1970s First introduction of the concept now called BIM and the possibilities that it could bring, inside universities, a theoretical base as future ideas. 1988 Appearance of Graphisoft and Hungry, tools able to do virtual design & Construction. 1990s Some small firms get more involved. The large ones resist because they dont consider it necessary. Virtual Design & Construction. Introduction of processes which are doing lifecycle BIM-such as 4site Systems-, and creation of the first lifecycle models. Data-based CAD systems permit the electronic storage of building components, such as doors and windows, concurrently with the design.
2
This timeline was formed using information from books and manuscripts referring to BIM and from information provided by the two interviews with Kimon Onuma and Finith Jernigan.
2000
First
bidirectional
Computerized
Maintenance
Management
System
(CMMS)
model
(facility
management
models)
is
introduced.
First
virtual
organizations:
SHiP
(Strategic
Hi-performance
Integrated
Planning
group),
that
actually
moved
the
technology
to
the
U.S.
federal
government
(GSI,
Coastguard)
with
Kimon
Onuma,
Finith
Jernigan
and
Diane
Davis
as
its
founders,
and
with
Triglyph
and
European
initiatives
getting
involved
too.
2002
First
reference
to
the
name
BIM
by
Jerry
Laiserin
in
his
article
Comparing
Apples
and
Oranges:
I
am
convinced
that
the
building
industry
cannot
move
forward
with
any
of
the
new
tools
unless
and
until
we
agree
on
a
term
to
replace
"CAD."
I
am
equally
convinced
that
the
best
term
for
this
purpose
is
Building
Information
Modeling.
The
term
Building
Information
Modeling,
had
already
been
used
by
Autodesk,
but
only
in
order
to
introduce
and
present
a
new
series
of
products
that
they
had
put
on
the
market.
Generally,
until
that
time,
there
were
a
lot
of
terms
being
used
in
order
to
define
what
we
now
call
Building
Information
Modeling
(BIM).
Terms
like
single
building
model,
virtual
building
model
as
Graphisoft
called
it,
integrated
project
modeling
as
Bentley
Systems
called
it
project
lifecycle
management.
In
this
article,
Jerry
Laiserin
explains
why
the
name
Building
Information
Modeling
is
adequate,
according
to
his
personal
opinion,
to
carry
the
concept
of
this
new
technology
and
separate
it
from
the
CAD.
He
writes:
I
find
that
I
prefer
the
word
"building"
over
"project"
because
there
are
many
kinds
of
projects
(such
as
software
development)
that
have
nothing
to
do
with
buildings.
At
the
same
time,
the
word
"building"
is
loose
enough
to
hint
at
design,
construction
and
operation.
Without
delving
into
the
semantics
of
data
versus
information
versus
knowledge,
I
find
that
"information"
is
clearly
suggestive
of
software
that
deals
with
more
than
just
geometry.
Combined,
"building
information"
implies,
to
my
ear,
a
strong
sense
of
what
the
design,
construction
and
operation
of
buildings
is
about.
It
avoids
techno-jargon,
yet
remains
evocative
of
technical
goings-on.
"Modelling,"
although
a
near-jargon
word,
does
connote
the
mathematical
or
digital
description
of
objects
or
systemswe
have
econometric
models
and
weather
models
as
well
as
physical
models
of
3D
objects.
"Modelling"
also
implies
a
process
of
description
or
representation
that
provides
the
foundation
for
building
performance
simulation
(essentially,
modelling
future
behaviour)
and
for
the
management
of
building
information
(information
models
serving
as
the
frameworks
in
which
information
is
managed).
So,
"building
information
modelling,"
as
a
description
of
the
next
generation
of
design
software,
seems
to
me
to
come
closer
to
the
winning
characteristics
evidenced
by
"CAD"
for
its
generation
of
toolsspecific
enough
to
evoke
reasonably
clear,
common
meanings,
yet
broad
enough
to
encompass
a
diversity
of
commercial
and
technological
approaches.
The
only
fly
in
the
ointment
is
that
Autodesk
has
been
using
the
term
for
the
last
few
months
to
describe
their
building
industry
strategy.
[..]Now,
vendors
can
competeand
users
can
judge
thembased
not
on
"how
many
ways
we
differ
from
CAD,"
but
on
"how
well
we
execute
and
live
up
to
the
promise
of
BIM."
2004
The
National
Institute
of
Standards
and
Technology
(NIST)
publishes
a
report
stating
that
poor
interoperability
and
data
management
cost
the
construction
industry
approximately
$15.8
billion
a
year,
or
approximately
3-4%
of
the
total
industry
revenue.
Since
this
report,
many
have
labelled
Building
Information
Modeling
(BIM),
an
emerging
technological
information
management
process
and
product,
as
the
answer
to
this
problem.
(EVALUATING
THE
IMPACT
OF
BUILDING
INFORMATION
MODELING
(BIM)
ON
CONSTRUCTION)
As
a
result,
owners
demand
the
change
and
ask
for
BIM
to
be
required
in
conducting
a
project.
AIA
embraces
BIM
and
IPD.
2005
U.S.
Coastguards
Short
Facility
Capital
Asset
Management
Roadmap,
the
first
implementation
of
commercial
BIM
is
created.
2007
Research
and
reports
reveal
a
major
productivity
decline,
claiming
that
it
can
be
avoided
through
BIM
technology:
On
average,
3.1%
of
every
project
can
be
attributed
to
the
costs
of
lack
of
software
interoperability.
(McGraw
Hill
Smart
Market
Report
on
Interoperability,
2007)
The
release
of
the
National
BIM
Standard
(NBIMS),
which
states
that
a
BIM
(=
a
single
Building
Information
Model)
is
a
a
digital
representation
of
physical
and
functional
characteristics
of
a
facility
and,
furthermore,
that
a
BIM
represents
a
shared
knowledge
resource,
or
process
for
sharing
information
about
a
facility,
forming
a
reliable
basis
for
decisions
during
a
facilitys
life
cycle
from
inception
onward.
(NBIMS
2007)
10
2008
The
first
BIMstorm
takes
place
in
Los
Angeles.
2009
The
Department
of
Administration,
Division
of
State
Facilities
of
Wisconsin
publishes
the
implementation
of
the
first
segment
of
DSF
BIM
Guidelines
and
Standards.
The
results
and
outcomes
listed
in
this
report
are
expected
to
achieve
substantially
uniform
usage
as
a
standard
for
BIM
applications.
(Building
Information
Modeling.
A
report
on
the
current
state
of
BIM
technologies
and
recommendations
for
implementatio/
Bill
Napier
Architect
and
Professional
Engineer
BIM
Specialist,
Division
of
State
Facilities)
As is shown in the timeline of Building Information modelling above, it was already present in the academic world in the 70s but just as a future idea. It took it almost twenty years to be acknowledged as a necessary process and an important factor in the development of the construction industry. The early adopters started using BIM long before it became known and without the clients knowledge, because clients didnt care about it. A series of studies on the productivity of the construction industry had to be conducted, a lot of organizations (Open standards organizations) that promoted this idea had to be founded in order for it to become accepted and bring an actual impact to the reality of construction. SHiP and IAI were those who actually convinced government agencies such as Senate Properties, U.S. Coastguard, GSA, Smithsonian, GIS and Corps of Engineers, of the importance of BIM and the needs it has come to cover. Once achieved, these agencies that actually had the power moved BIM into action and made it the path that architecture is willing to follow.
/The Leadership of BIM
Many people have been involved until now in the formation of the idea of BIM. Some of the first, though, are: _ Chuck Eastman (Georgia Tech), acknowledged as the grandfather of BIM. _ Jerry Laiserin, responsible for naming BIM _ SHiP group together with European initiatives for their activity in Europe
_ David Hammond from the U.S. Coastguard, the international leader in applied BIM concepts _ Eurostep active in Finland and Sweden _ The founders of Graphisoft _ Senat Properties (Finland)
_ Richard See, who influenced Microsoft in order for Microsoft Product ISC compliant to be produced
_ Heikki Kulusjarvi with Solibri (model checker) _ International Alliance for interoperability (IAI), which later became buildingSMART in Europe and buildingSMART Alliance in the U.S. introducing the concept of interoperability and industry foundation classes _ Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) from Stanford University, which did the initial testing of the th productivity of BIM by doing research over the 4 dimension, time and scheduling attached to models _ Lawrence Berkley National Lab, working on the details occurring behind the scene _ U.S. Corps of Engineers, a force related to facility management
11
2.6. EXISTING PROBLEMS & DEMANDS
Information is becoming more and more important nowadays. Information regarding everything that surrounds us is the factor that keeps us up-to-date and helps us remain in the front line of the process of change. Its understood that its amount is becoming bigger and bigger and more complex. So finding a non-traditional way to manage and handle it is fundamental. The way BIM manages information aims to improve understanding. With CAD and the traditional methods, information was missed and changed when passing from one step to another during the process of design and construction. We are forced to make decisions taking into account a limited amount of information every time and not at the right moment. BIM provides you the opportunity to be able to decide when its needed and provides all the fundamental information you should consider in order to make the optimal decision. A lot of studies that have been conducted in the past few years have shown that the construction industry suffers from inefficiency in information management as it often operates in isolation and does not effectively communicate with other internal and external partners of the design and construction process. The big differences from the traditional design and construction process become obvious from its description in the Report on Integrated Practice, Technology, Process, Improvements, and Culture change: 1. Designer imagines an idea in 3D to solve a clients problem. 2. Designer deconstructs 3D ideas to 2D representations. 3. Designer passes 2D representations to the construction team. 4. Construction team gets fabricators to redraw parts, again in 2D. 5. Construction team attempts to reassemble the 2D information into 3D objects. 6. Designer is often amazed by the outcome!
(Report on Integrated Practice, Technology, Process, Improvements, and Culture Change / Jim Bedrick, Tony Rinella)
/The effect of the economic collapse in construction
Some years ago, when there was no question about our economy, you were free to make bad decisions because there was no pressure for change. But the difficult current economic situation can be perceived as an opportunity for those that are willing to change in the search for more economic solutions.
(Kimon Onuma, Interview 2011)
The current economic collapse cant leave the construction industry undamaged. Research has shown a huge waste of money, almost $500 million per year (data for America) in expenditure during construction. Economic, environmental and social factors demand a change in the building design and construction industry. BIM comes to provide a solution and increase productivity.
2.7. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CAD AND BIM /CAD files characteristics
Computer-aided drafting (CAD) was originally introduced in the architectural process in the late 1980s. It came to replace the hand-drawing and drafting with a digital means of producing more easily and efficiently an architectural drawing. Its purpose was to reduce the time wasted in the production of the 2D drawings, so it continued to rely on 2D representations of 3D objects. This, as an idea by itself eliminates elements and information of the building and also the opportunity to interrelate the drawings directly and manage them at the same time. This happens because you may be able to inter-link them in one file but they still remain separate elements and therefore not editable at the same time. These facts make the user responsible for the correspondence of the drawings, which demands extra work and time. CAD files contain simple data consisting of lines, arcs, curves and sometimes surfaces and solids (in the 3D attributes). These elements are 2D graphical representations of building components and not building elements. They are attached to a plotting style so that each of them carries information about their thickness and colour when printed. None of these elements contains information regarding the buildings physical elements themselves such as requirements of a pillar or a wall or the relationship between them. The only interrelation these elements have is their position inside the softwares environment. Computer Aided Design, when it started being used, gave the engineers a chance to introduce productivity into their work, to produce drawings that could be corrected and printed easily. CAD systems, that through time have become more and more affordable and compatible with computers, were a revolution in the world of architecture because they introduced geometry and accuracy into the design process. However, the most important thing they lacked was the information, the presence of time and the capacity to provide the
12
architect with the ability to make decisions. This is where BIM comes in. The further development of 3D drafting and CAD systems allowed building components to be displayed in multiple views and by adding a degree of intelligence, any change in one element in the buildings design immediately affected all other related elements. This process was referred to as object- oriented computer-assisted design (OOCAD). BIM can be viewed as the latest iteration of OOCAD software.
/The advantages of BIM over the 2D and 3D design approaches
1. The plans, elevations, wall sections, and schedules are always consistent if one is changed, all related work changes. 2. The coordination across different disciplines eliminates the problems previously associated with ensuring that everything fits in its allotted space horizontally and vertically. 3. Schedules for finishes, doors, windows, and hardware are easily generated and updated as changes occur in the plan and elevation design. 4. The ability to generate quantities of materials during design facilitates procurement and, particularly in the design-build mode, constantly tracks design and budget. 5. The data created by BIM continues to have a useful life during commissioning and the continuing operation and maintenance of the building.
(Design Built Project Delivery, Managing the Building Process from the Proposal through Construction / Sidney M. Levy)
/What is BIM trying to achieve
BIM tools and software work in a very different way from CAD applications. They relate and link the data with the information because they dont use lines, arcs and surfaces, but simulations of real building components with all the information related to them attached. So they provide the opportunity to make accurate estimations at any time, regarding the material, the energy waste, the load bearing capacity and so on. They help to identify problems and find alternative solutions before proceeding to construction because they contain actual information.
/Misconceptions about BIM & its Risks
Of course there are risks in the assimilation of BIM, as happens with everything new. It is possible that somebody doesnt understand how to use the tools correctly, or misreads the information. He /she can even believe that the technology is going to be the answer and that everything is going to happen automatically without the need for people, but thats not true.
(Kimon Onuma, Interview 2011)
One of the biggest risks BIM could have is its improper use, or the so-called selfish BIM.
(Finith Jernigan, Interview 2011)
The
term
selfish
BIM
is
used
to
describe
the
use
of
BIM
for
personal
advantage,
without
sharing
the
produced
information.
But
BIM
can
be
anything
from
an
excel
file
to
a
detailed
3D
model,
is
not
a
software,
it
is
a
process.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
What
is
the
point
of
doing
BIM
if
the
information
and
data
you
get
is
not
for
common
use;
if
theyre
not
out
there
in
the
cloud?
Keeping
the
information
accessible
to
only
a
few
leads
to
an
improper
use
of
BIM.
The
most
common
misconceptions
about
BIM
are:
1. Approaching
it
as
technology
(it
is
important
to
understand
that
it
is
not
about
the
technology
but
about
the
people)
2. Lack
of
holistic
thinking
(wrong
structures:
thinking
that
BIM
can
be
done
in
a
traditionally
built
scenario,
without
changing
how
the
business
operates
or
without
correct
organization)
3. Projects
as
end-goal
(it
is
important
not
to
look
for
immediate
rewards)
4. The
way
of
thinking:
Whats
in
it
for
me?
(searching
for
personal
benefits
and
destroying
the
larger
picture
by
not
sharing
the
data)
5. Confusing
process
with
product
(seeing
it
as
a
product
and
not
as
a
process)
6. Supposing
that
it
is:
too
complex,
too
finished
and
too
difficult
(thinking
that
it
has
to
be
complex
or
difficult
in
order
to
work)
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
13
/The change in workflow
The workflow that BIM implies is completely different from the one we are used to following with CAD methods of design. Instead of having several files that represent the project and its parts, you have a unique file that includes all the relevant information. The files that previously were produced separately from each other and didnt have any intelligent connection between them dont exist any more. You leave the interaction management that you previously had to do on your own among a huge group of unrelated files, to the computer and you just work on a single file, accessible by any other person at any time, carrying information networked between them. You are not designing lines that represent walls but wall elements loaded with all the information of the real walls that exist in the building. You now model the building and its systems. Every change you make in the work file is assembled in this underlying database and attached to the element to which it belongs. This fact makes the whole process of design a real time process as you have up-to-date information during the whole workflow and an internally consistent model. You leave the computer to do all the processes related to calculations and file management, so that you have more time to make more critical decisions over the design.
2.8. BENEFITS / DEVELOPMENTS
The benefits of BIM can be categorized in many different ways, according to the short-term, middle-term or long-term vision, according to who is taking advantage of it, architect, owner, constructor or builder, and the kind of developments that can be brought into the architectural process depending on its use.
/Statistics
/BENEFITS: /For the architects
This real time workflow and internal information availability that BIM and therefore IPD provides makes the architect able to offer new services to current customers and standardize what we call green and smart infrastructure requirements through applying them automatically and at any time. In short, it lets the architect begin designing from an advanced basis and not from zero every time thus reducing risk. In general, IPD provokes and develops a long-lifetime relationship between the architect and the customer, which leads to more and different types of job opportunities. Regarding the architects, BIM and IPD will free the architects to truly be designers again. Their basic role will remain the same; to gather and process information to create a unique physical solution in a clear and understandable manner.
(Integrated Project Delivery, Frequently Asked Questions (2006) / AIA California Council)
Architects
have
to
become
conductors.
They
need
to
open
up.
The
architect
will
no
longer
be
seen
as
the
enemy-dictatorial
leader.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
14
/For the owners
For the owners, embracing IPD means open information sharing from the first stage of design, therefore increased collaboration between client and provider, which leads to the elimination of misunderstandings and inconsistencies. Being involved more you means punctuality and staying within the budget.
/For the constructors
For the constructors, IPD allows participation in the design process. This means that they can have the overview of the designs decision making, offering optimal solutions regarding construction, as construction visualization is available before the actual construction starts.
/In the construction industry
The use of BIM and an integrated design approach (IPD) helps make better decisions before going into construction. You can see for example how the building will impact the environment and estimate the relation between complexity and cost. You can predict the amount of every material used, the amount of energy that is needed during its use, schedule the construction time and prevent mistakes. The advantage of creating the building virtually before it is created physically is that it provides the ability to make decisions for matters that would otherwise only be confronted on the construction site and would have cost a lot of money and time loss, and overall it provides the ability to test variables that would lead to the optimal solution at any time they are needed.
/Long-term
A
better
exposition
than
the
one
of
the
Division
of
State
Facilities
of
the
Department
of
Administration
of
the
State
of
Wisconsin,
about
the
long-term
benefits
of
BIM,
is
difficult
to
find:
So,
the
long-term
benefits
from
BIM
revolve
around
data
that
can
be
grown
over
time
to
include
a
virtual
description
of
a
facility
and
all
relevant
information
about
the
facility
and
its
surroundings.
To
achieve
these
benefits
the
data
must
be
consistent
and
repeatable.
Large
numbers
of
people
and
systems
work
together
to
produce
and
maintain
this
data.
For
that
reason,
the
data
and
systems
that
people
use
must
be
interoperable.
(Building
Information
Modeling,
A
report
on
the
current
state
of
BIM
technologies
and
recommendations
for
implementation/
The
State
of
Wisconsin,
Department
of
Administration,
Division
of
State
Facilities)
Generally, BIM and IPD provide the ability to examine how the building participates in any network related to it and how it will react during its use to any dynamic change and how its condition will be in the future. It allows you to have a lifecycle relationship with it, accumulating any information needed at any time.
/DEVELOPMENTS:
/Design
The
essential
difference
that
BIM
has
brought
to
the
design
process
is
that
the
model
is
the
certain
part
of
its
development.
All
project
teams
communicate
through
the
model.
The
new
attributes
that
the
software
provides
enable
you
to
reflect
all
the
ideas
you
have
over
the
project
on
the
model.
At
this
phase,
the
model
may
be
very
schematic
but
still
quite
usable
for
the
adoption
of
possible
constructive
solutions
and
other
possibilities
that
can
help
to
make
the
right
design
decisions.
/Construction
In
the
field
of
construction,
the
use
of
BIM
as
a
tool
can
lead
to
significant
changes
in
the
way
we
know
it
by
introducing
virtual
construction
before
physical
construction,
construction
sequence
planning
(4D),
construction
sub
trade
coordination,
quantity
and
cost
tracking
and
integrated
assembly
of
large
components
off
site.
Also
the
Computer
Integrated
Environments
(CIE)
solutions
become
more
and
more
necessary,
as
the
products
designed
are
getting
more
complex
and
demanding.
Even
big
enterprises
dont
have
all
the
necessary
staff
to
design
and
produce
all
the
parts
of
each
product,
as
the
expertise
needed
is
very
demanding.
This
means
that
in
order
to
design
one
product
you
may
have
to
combine
many
software
applications
from
different
platforms
and
be
able
to
carry
out
data
exchange.
All
the
information
15
related to this product has to be readable by all the parties involved in order to be managed and to reach the desired outcome. In the constructions industries the building becomes the product, so interoperability mechanisms between all the different platforms and applications are fundamental, a fact that makes Computer Integrated Environments one of the best solutions.
/Relationships between professionals
The change of the professionals relationships that BIM will bring to the building industry are inevitable, because the working model that is implied is that of a collaborative team, consisting of all the stakeholders. Every stakeholder participates in the project creation throughout the whole timeline of the workflow, a fact that involves the architect with the other engineering teams more than it did previously. The services that each involved team will provide will not be so separated any more, as the workflow will be more collaborative with all the teams working together at the same time, providing solutions at the right moment. The architect, for example, now becomes part of the team. He is not any more the untouchable, gifted designer. His success is unified with the projects and the teams success. The project teams are not any more just cooperating, but collaborating. The architect rather than the enemy dictatorial leader becomes a conductor and opens up. He collaborates to create a successful project. He searches for mistakes to correct before construction.
(Finith Jernigan, Interview 2011)
/Buildings
Lifecycle
BIM
is
a
cradle-to-cradle
process.
It
can
be
used
in
any
phase
of
anything
in
the
built
environment
The
buildings
lifecycle
and
BIM:
IDEA
REAL
ESTATE
BUILDINGS
LIFE
DEMOLITION
REBUILING
BIM
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
The
buildings
lifecycle
refers
to
the
view
of
a
building
throughout
its
whole
life,
from
the
design
phase
up
to
its
demolition,
including
its
operational
phase.
Lifecycle
tools
are
tools
that
keep
providing
you
with
information
related
to
the
building
during
its
whole
life.
This
means
that
theyre
not
just
design
tools,
but
they
can
load
data
extracted
and
related
to
all
the
buildings
life
states
and
phases.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
The
lifecycle
thinking
leads
to
a
more
holistic
approach
to
the
building,
where
every
decision
and
action
is
considered
as
a
part
of
a
whole
that
impacts
on
all
its
components
and
leads
to
sustainability.
Construction
is
tied
up
with
design;
design
is
tied
up
with
the
building
environment
and
user.
Having
available
data
regarding
structural
frame
and
MEP
systems
(Mechanical,
Electrical
and
Plumbing)
of
an
existing
building,
it
enables
easy
maintenance
throughout
its
lifecycle.
This
kind
of
available
information
can
also
be
used
for
the
design
of
new
buildings,
as
they
provide
feedback
from
the
function
of
existing
buildings.
BIM
refers
to
data
that
is
constantly
alive
throughout
the
life
of
a
building.
It
means
that
someone
can
take
information
at
any
given
time
and
this
information
will
be
valuable.
The
data
is
not
to
be
saved,
as
once
it
is,
so-called
data
rot
occurs.
Data
rot
happens
when
you
save
the
data
in
one
format.
Then
the
building
model
loses
its
life,
it
becomes
static.
After
that,
the
data
you
have
in
your
hands
is
not
editable,
it
cannot
be
used
immediately
for
feedback,
and
so
its
no
longer
useful.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
16
3./ BIM TODAY
/General
Overview
Nowadays,
the
trend
in
architecture
is
to
explore
more
and
more
complex
geometries
that
are
extremely
difficult
to
conceive,
let
alone
design
and
construct,
by
the
human
mind
without
any
additional
help.
Even
a
whole
team
of
professionals
cant
predict
all
the
possible
needs
of
a
very
complex
building,
and
that
is
where
BIM
proves
to
be
a
very
useful
tool,
as
it
can
keep
track
of
every
little
detail,
categorize
them
as
required,
and
manage
them
according
to
the
introduced
rules.
This
way,
it
relieves
you
from
having
to
pass
all
the
changes
to
every
single
format
of
the
drawings
manually.
It
can
be
done
automatically
in
the
3D
model.
In
this
landscape,
complexity
is
still
very
high,
but
the
production
of
drawings
is
now
the
by-product
of
building
a
virtual
3D
model
composed
of
constructive
elements.
These
elements
are
loaded
with
data
that
describe
not
only
geometry,
but
also
cost,
manufacturer,
number,
and
just
about
any
other
meta-data
you
can
imagine.
With
an
integrated
parametric
3D
model,
its
possible
to
detect
spatial
clashes
between
the
multitudes
of
systems
in
the
building.
You
can
know
with
confidence
whether
duct
work
will
interfere
with
the
structural
steel
long
before
construction
starts.
(Mastering
Revit
Architecture
2008
/
Tatjana
Dzambazove,
Greg
Demchak,
Eddy
Krygiel)
/The use of Technology
The use of technology is an integral part of the BIM concept, and depending on the way it is used and the software that takes part in the process, it can contribute to improving certainty in every aspect of the architectural process. Everything depends on the different types of technologies and techniques that already exist, which are being improved everyday. According to Chuck Eastman in his BIM Handbook, these technologies are: Schematic Design Technologies Pre-design BIM applications that can be useful for the project plantation and orientation (Onuma Planning Systems, Trelligence) and tools like Rhino, Form-Z, SketchUp, Maxon that help you easily produce 2D, 3D and 4D visualizations of the design Checking software The kind of software that enables you to check and analyse the compliance of the building model. These kinds of applications are Solibri and Navisworks. Analysis/Simulation software Analysis/simulation software contains tools such as Ecotects and Graphisoft that enables you to check the sustainability of the building (integrated energy, daylighting analysis, bioclimatic elements, etc.). BIM Authoring The point where all the buildings models are combined for compatibility checks, coordination and document production. This process takes place periodically during the design. Existing Facility Assessment and Documentation The documentation that contains high quality documents related to bid and construction. They accrue from BIM checking tools such as Solibri, Autodesk Navisworks, Digital Project, Onuma planning systems and AEC infosystems. Programming and Planning Technologies These technologies provide bid and construction documentation that comes from elements accurately designed and related, namely, software with its own database of element libraries. Tools: Graphisoft, Bentley Systems, Autodesk Revit Quantity take-off software Spread sheets extracted from certain software naming the quantity of each element used in the building. Design Development Technologies (BIM authoring for architectural and structural, BIM authoring for building systems (MEP), HVAC modelling, Plumbing and Electrical, IFC as a data transfer method, Civil BIM Authoring, MEP software applications, 3D files) Construction Document Technologies Two categories: Construction drawing generation and specifications technology. The first one relates to the automatic production of drawings and schedules of a building out of a single model with accuracy, while specification technology is the conversion of simple word processing master files into sophisticated database driven systems. Optimizing the Capital Facility Planning process This process has to do with the cost control from the first steps of the project. One of the tools is Beck Technology. Interoperability with the use of the existing exchange formats Interoperability between software can be achieved in three ways: Through proprietary file exchange formats such as DXF and DWG, proprietary direct links (API), open standard formats (file formats readable by all the BIM applications) like Extensible Markup Language, XML.
17
/Existing BIM Software
Since the concept of BIM was introduced into the architectural process, a lot of different software has been designed by different companies in order to cover every necessity of a building, from the design phase all the way through the construction and maintenance. Currently some of them are more popular among professionals, like Revit Architecture, ArchiCAD or Onuma Planning System. Even though every software has differences from the others, they have some common characteristics in order to be able to do BIM. In their basis, there is a central database and every element of the model is coordinated by it and attached to it. A group of information is loaded to every element, and therefore saved in the database. This can prove useful when, for example, in Revit Architecture, every change the user makes in one document is reflected automatically in all the documents that contain this element or are related to it. This database also contains libraries with elements ready to be used in the design and, most importantly, it allows users to work on the project at the same time from different access points through the Internet. Usually, the BIM software for design operates as a parametric modeller too in order to facilitate the architectural process by not having to switch applications all the time, which complicates the process even when the applications support file formats created by a different platforms such as DWG, DXF and IFC formats. Software supporting BIM:
(Kimon Onuma, Interview 2011)
18
/Programs
Effectiveness
Despite
the
advantages
or
disadvantages
of
every
BIM
tool,
there
is
none
that
can
be
considered
more
appropriate
than
the
others,
neither
can
any
of
them
do
BIM
correctly
and
effectively
if
used
alone.
The
important
matter
is
to
be
able
to
combine
many
tools
in
order
to
have
the
best
result
in
each
part
of
the
process.
There
is
no
single
BIM
tool.
Dont
get
stuck
in
one
program,
just
be
aware
of
whats
out
there.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
All
the
information
about
a
building
can
be
loaded
on
one
program,
but
then
the
model
gets
so
heavy
that
it
is
difficult
to
get
to
the
information.
We
could
say
that
the
easiest
way
to
do
BIM
is
to
find
or
create
a
single
tool
or
platform
that
could
do
everything
and
link
everything
and
everyone.
However,
this
would
lead
to
a
very
complex
file,
or
a
very
complex
tool
that
only
a
small
group
of
people
would
be
able
to
use.
And
BIM
is
not
a
process
related
to
a
few.
Its
a
process
related
to
everyone.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
/Training
The
most
important
and
difficult
fact
about
BIM
training
is
not
learn
to
use
the
tools
that
do
BIM,
but
to
learn
and
understand
the
new
state
of
mind
that
it
came
to
establish,
as
it
is
completely
different
from
everything
which
has
existed
until
now.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
According
to
Finith
Jernigan:
the
huge
step
in
order
to
be
able
to
do
BIM
is
to
understand
its
basic
concepts.
What
BIM
trains
you
to
do,
is
basically
to
be
able
to
know,
at
any
given
point,
which
choice
is
appropriate
by
analyzing
and
criticizing
its
faults
and
benefits.
It
is
completely
wrong
to
start
using
BIM
just
to
have
some
short-term
benefits
in
your
work,
because
BIM
wrongly
used
will
be
ineffective
and
eventually
a
waste
of
time,
as
referred
to
above.
What
matters
is
to
really
be
aware
of
the
defects
existing
in
the
traditional
way
of
working
in
the
field
of
construction,
and
furthermore,
to
be
willing
to
change
to
a
different
direction
in
order
to
save
time,
labor
and
money
and
make
your
work
more
efficient
and
accurate.
The
biggest
challenge
of
BIM
is
not
the
training.
The
training
time
needed
depends
on
the
training
level
required.
But
the
point
is
to
have
the
willingness
to
change,
not
to
be
able
to
manage
perfectly
just
one
tool,
even
though
you
can
achieve
the
integration
with
this
tool,
the
future
rests
upon
the
use
of
many.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
Of
course
software
ability
is
required
but
it
can
also
be
minimized,
as
youre
able
to
choose
the
most
suitable
and
simplest
software
for
you.
The
software
training
period
is
called
a
grey
period.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
As expected, tools so different from everything that already exists, demand a completely different range of capabilities in order to be used properly. And as they are by nature so demanding of their user, somebody must always be aware of the potentials of the programs, and also be able to choose the parts needed according to the desired result. If not, it is easy to be overwhelmed by them and loose architectural quality and the personal way of designing. A person who is competent in operating BIM, apart from being able to manipulate different kinds of software to his or her own benefit, should be able to overview at any point the projects state and needs. This, apart from technical knowledge, demands critical thinking. BIM actually helps in its development because it gives importance to elements apart from form and aesthetics. Every step of the design process is analysed regarding its function, if its practicable or not, if its the most beneficial etc. This leads to a different approach towards architecture with space being the main characteristic.
3.1. CONCEPTS & SYSTEMS /GIS
An essential rule of BIM, which is incorporated in every BIM tool, is to always be aware of the position of the building that you are designing in order to create a more sustainable design. Very important though is every single thing to have latitude and longitude to be able to manage the location in order to choose the appropriate materials and the energy control for sustainability. But apart from location, in BIM you can also attach time to everything and manage it according to the day-week-year schedule.
(Kimon Onuma, Interview 2011)
The
BIM
model
can
be
considered
as
a
virtual
representation
of
the
real
world,
and
if
not
treated
like
that
it
is
nothing
more
than
another
3D
model
with
no
additional
use.
Everything,
even
a
single
thing,
even
a
chair,
has
latitude
and
longitude.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
19
The combination and interaction of all the factors of a building can lead to more efficient energy control by controlling climate factors like sunshine, temperature range between seasons, wind flows, location control, etc to design in respect of the surrounding built situation- and selection of the appropriate materials to use materials that can be found in the area, and the ones that last longer and are more effective for the construction. The best solution that exists nowadays and enables you control all these factors, is GIS technology (Geographical Information Systems). GIS are digital environment systems that relate data with location. It consists of all types of data that have to do with geographical references. The main characteristic of a GIS system is that it uses spatial data from different points and reaches conclusions through the combination of them together with a location reference system (longitude, latitude, elevation). It can also use different types of information (not just those in map forms) to reach location centred conclusions. Through the GIS systems, BIM can be involved in geospatial applications, for instance Google Earth.
/Real-time
BIM
Going
even
further
with
the
ability
of
data
exchange
that
is
offered
by
the
concept
of
BIM,
the
Net
can
also
be
a
very
useful
tool
in
the
hands
of
construction
professionals.
It
is
able,
not
only
to
free
professionals
of
their
compulsory
physical
presence
at
the
office
and
let
them
work
from
any
point
in
the
world,
but
also
to
allow
them
to
save
valuable
time
by
giving
the
possibility
of
sharing
information
holistically.
The
concept
of
BIM
provokes
us
to
convert
the
idea
of
static
information
to
that
of
dynamic,
which
consists
of
structured
data
and
leads
us
to
the
so-called
real-time
BIM.
The
difference
between
static
and
dynamic
information
is
fundamental.
Static
information
is
information
related
to
a
certain
moment.
Once
its
completed
it
doesnt
have
the
possibility
of
change.
Dynamic
information
represents
the
state
of
a
project/building
with
relationships
to
its
past
and
future
states.
It
provides
the
possibility
of
frequent
access
to
continually
updated
data,
from
different
access
points.
Structured
data
is
the
data
that
is
gathered
and
coordinated
directly
from
the
computer
and
doesnt
need
human
intervention.
Conclusions
and
results
can
be
gathered
automatically
without
processing.
The
combination
of
the
structured
data
and
the
dynamic
information
gives
you
the
real-time
BIM,
which
is
actually
a
process
that
comes
from
intelligent
data
manipulation.
In
the
BIM
process
every
piece
must
be
simple
enough
to
connect
to
the
next.
The
way
to
achieve
that
is
by
subscribing
one
programs
data
to
another
instead
of
importing
it.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
Real time BIM is actually BIM in the cloud (see below). The model is saved in the main server and its editable from several locations through web-applications and therefore by any user. The factors that should be taken into account in order for it to remain effective are accessibility and system performance. When we talk about its accessibility, we refer to the ability of direct, concurrent access to the model by any user through a local network (LAN). This access can be achieved through mobile web applications. Offline access to the BIM model should also be considered. The user should be able to access it while offline, but ensure there are no conflicting edits among the other team members upon the next model synchronization. The issue of the system performance is about the way it responds as the model is being developed. There should be enough space, memory and processors in order for it to be able to handle the increasing size of the project. Additionally, all the client computers need to work on just one virtual machine, while in the background a whole grid of computers serves the client requests.
/BIM in the CLOUD
Cloud computing is a concept related to the Net and computer networks generally. Its neither a particular technology nor software. Its a group of processes that share data and resources over computer networks. Every software that supports BIM is dynamically in the cloud. Several companies have popularized different approaches to cloud computing: Data in the cloud, supported by Amazon Cloud Drive and Dropbox, Software Virtualization in the Cloud, supported by Citrix XenApp, Web Applications in the Cloud, supported by Google and Business Logic in the Cloud, supported by Apple. All four approaches mentioned above contain a server where all the data is saved and the user handles them from his/her computer through the network. They can also function with virtual applications where the user handles them without installing them in his/her desktop. In short, it means data editable from any point. Until now, the higher-level model servers have been quite expensive, therefore, unaffordable for small companies. In order to make BIM widely used, they need to be cheaper, more available and their application to be part of every case of design.
20
Project phases and software of cloud computing:
ONUMA SYSTEM
(Finith Jernigan, Interview 2011)
Revit, TEKLA, ArchiCAD
VELON, VICO, GUERRY SYSTEM
Other programs
21
/BIMStorm 3
Cloud
computing
is
changing
the
landscape
of
architecture
by
running
software
on
the
Internet.
The
power
of
BIM
combined
with
cloud
computing
running
on
the
Internet,
enabled
BIMStorms
to
become
a
reality.
130
teams
around
the
world
working
for
24
hours,
for
400
buildings
explained
in
2,8
million
papers.
This
is
BIMStorm.
A
non-stop
procedure
which
needs
connection
of
tools
and
collaboration
of
people
in
order
to
be
successful.
As
an
architect,
if
you
dont
collaborate,
you
become
irrelevant
too
quickly.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
BIMStorm has similar principles to real-time BIM. It unites knowledge with processes and tools, using BIM and data. Its main characteristic is that it is by default in sync, meaning that any work occurs in real time. It enables experts to work together; from any location in the world, to identify problems and project patterns, to find solutions, etc. on the spot.
/BIMXML (Building Information Model Extended Markup Language)
BIMXML is a non-linear process which relies upon the concept of information attached to the object, whatever this object may be (from a single dot to a detailed 3D model), and its purpose is to relate the object to the world. Without this correlation it is impossible to make good decisions about the building because the single building itself is less valuable that the information about it. The data about the facilities is more valuable than the physical facility itself.
(Kimon Onuma, Interview 2011)
BIMXML
describes
building
data
(sites,
buildings,
floors,
spaces,
and
equipment
and
their
attributes)
in
a
simplified
spatial
building
model
(extruded
shapes
and
spaces)
for
BIM
collaboration.
The
XML
Schema
was
developed
as
an
alternative
to
full-scale
IFC
models
to
simplify
data
exchanges
between
various
AEC
applications
and
to
connect
Building
Information
Models
through
Web
Services.
It
is
currently
used
by
the
Onuma
System
(Onuma,
Inc.),
DDS
Viewer
(Data
Design
System),
vROC,
Tokmo,
BIM
Connect,
and
various
Plugins
for
CAD
Applications
(Revit,
SketchUp,
ArchiCAD).
(http://bimxml.org/)
/Onuma
System
Onuma
System
is
a
Web
Based
BIM
Planning,
Programming
and
Project
System,
constructed
by
Kimon
Onuma.
It
gives
you
the
ability
to
do
facility
management,
project
plantation
and
checking
as
well
as
model
editing-using
its
own
libraries-
in
more
that
one
BIM
project
and
by
more
than
one
person
at
a
time,
through
the
Cloud
.It
doesnt
need
installation
as
its
not
a
desktop
software.
(http://onuma.com/products/OnumaPlanningSystem.php)
The
Onuma
System
is
not
only
about
electronic
tools
but
also
working
with
paper
and
pencil,
in
order
to
help
the
natural
way
of
architects
thinking,
to
give
them
more
time
to
spend
on
things
you
cant
automate,
like
decision
making.
Thats
why
a
building
is
being
used
as
a
reference
in
order
to
capture
the
information
that
is
not
worth
creating
every
time.
It
is
also
a
way
to
communicate
with
the
team
as
it
uses
model
servers
so
you
dont
have
to
upload
manually
the
information
you
need
on
the
project,
you
just
find
what
you
need
in
real
time.
The
problem
of
the
architects
about
automating
the
design
process
doesnt
have
anything
to
do
with
Onuma
System,
as
the
only
thing
that
is
being
automated
is
the
process
and
not
the
result.
The
future
goal
is
to
be
able
to
connect
many
systems
in
order
to
make
the
process
even
simpler.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
/4Site
Systems
4Site
Systems
is
a
system
created
by
Finith
Jernigan.
It
is
a
software
that
allows
you
to
validate
the
project
by
estimating
the
buildings
program,
make
cost
analysis
and
quick
representations
during
the
design
process.
It
also
provides
you
a
fast,
parametric
way
to
see
the
needs
of
the
future
building.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
Some
useful
tools
in
order
to
do
a
BIMstorm
are:
Archicad,
City
GML,
DDS,
Elite
CAD,
Google
Docs,
Google
Earth,
Go
To
Meeting,
IFC,
Knowledge,
MS
Excel,
MS
Word,
Navis
Works,
Onuma,
Onuma
BIMXML
Converter,
paper,
PDA,
pencil,
Revit,
Skype,
Webex,
OGC
WFS,
3G
cell
phone.
(http://onuma.com/services/BimStorm.php)
22
3.2.
APPLICATION
When
we
refer
to
BIMs
application,
we
mean
its
implementation
with
acknowledged
methods
and
processes
directly
related
to
it.
However,
as
BIM
is
a
concept,
a
process,
a
way
of
thinking,
its
range
of
implementation
can
be
huge.
BIM
makes
information
the
centre
of
attention,
targeting
optimal
design
results
and
the
possibility
of
continual
change.
Every
project
that
follows
these
principles
can
be
considered
BIM.
The
software
used
is
irrelevant.
/Case
Studies
The
huge
majority
of
building
projects
are
on
existing
buildings.
Therefore
it
is
necessary
to
work
with
the
building
stock
that
we
already
have.
Although
information
provided
for
existing
buildings
is
very
limited,
it
can
prove
beneficial
because
it
can
lead
to
different
building
solutions,
such
as
renovations,
damage
predictions,
etc.,
that
are
definitely
cheaper
than
construction.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
A
very
large
part
of
BIMs
application
is
connected
to
existing
buildings.
Apart
from
facility
management
that
BIM
provides
after
the
buildings
construction,
we
have
case
studies.
Case
studies
have
to
do
with
creating
BIM
documentation
for
existing
buildings,
most
of
the
time
not
created
with
BIM,
in
order
to
get
data
and
results
regarding
the
buildings
function,
sustainability,
efficiency,
etc.
These
results
may
be
used
for
possible
future
alterations
in
order
to
optimize
the
buildings
function.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
Over the years a lot of case studies have been conducted to examine the function and effectiveness of an existing building However BIM provides the possibility of a more detailed and accurate examination in order to form specific alteration planning with predicted outcomes. Regarding the structure of a beneficial case study, the most important issue is to produce all the documents related to the subject of the study in order to be able to process them afterwards and to coordinate the whole process in order to achieve effectiveness (getting the Logistics right).
/Our Final Project
The majority of owners are not exactly aware of their property because they have no data for them and even if they have they dont update it. And the thing is that existing buildings nowadays are a fertile soil for architecture because of their number.
(Kimon Onuma, Interview 2011)
What if we could preserve an old building, avoiding demolition, and create a whole new design inside its shell that can change dynamically in order to cover every possible need that can come up in the future? This is what we tried to do in designing our final project. To Implement the principles and innovations that BIM introduces to create a multifunctional and continually changing buildings interior using the building stock that already exists. As part of this quest, a single intelligent, modular smart wall partition containing all the technologies and mechanical systems needed for an office building is developed. Management is via a based-on-data system gathering information and saving it in a preconfigured database, which is also open to the users loading personal preferences. This data combined with a series of rules and conditions, facilitate spatial scenarios. The results are personalized solutions enhancing spatial utilization and energy 4 economy, no unused spaces at any time and totally reconfigurable floor plans that respond to users needs.
This project has been submitted with the title: Object design and information management for lifelong spatial reconfiguration in buildings on the October 2012 as the diploma project of Dimitra Chatziandreou and Maria Aliki Kostopoulou to the Department of Architecture, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece for the degree of Architect. It has also been presented with the same title to the Australasian Conference on Innovative Technologies in Construction "From Building Information Modeling to Beyond", Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China For more details please contact the authors.
23
4./ BIM & GREECE
4.1.
INTRODUCTION
/State
of
BIM
in
Greece
BIM,
as
a
process,
has
not
yet
been
implemented
in
Greece,
due
to
many
reasons
related
to
the
way
public
and
private
constructions
are
being
assigned
and
to
whom,
to
how
construction
differs
from
the
rest
of
Europe
and
America,
to
the
culture
of
Greek
professionals
and
individuals
in
construction,
and
many
other
parameters
analysed
above.
So,
the
only
approach
that
could
make
sense
on
the
issue
of
BIM
in
Greece
is
the
analysis
of
the
current
reality
in
construction
to
determine
whether
its
feasible
and
efficient
in
its
implementation
in
our
country.
The
main,
and
perhaps
the
only,
data
that
we
could
rely
on
in
order
to
describe
the
present
situation
in
Greece
when
it
comes
to
BIM,
were
three
interviews
with
people
who
have
been
involved
with
it.
Mr.
Polichronis
Loulakis,
Mr.
Mathaios
Papavassiliou
and
Mr.
Vassilis
Gastis
told
us
about
it,
each
one
from
his
own
point
of
view
as
they
are
working
in
completely
different
fields
of
the
architectural
process.
/Architects Interviewed: Presentation and Opinions
Poluxronis Loulakis is an Autodesk certified program trainer with experience in drafting, 3D and BIM software. He firstly got to know the BIM concept during his university studies. He was selected to be interviewed in order to explain if there is any interest from the Greek market (by professionals or university students) in BIM software training and the developments in the existing software. Matthaios Papavasiliou is an architect and educator at the Civil Engineering Department of the Metsovio University of Athens. As he was one of the first architects that imported BIM ways of working into the architectural process in his office, he was able to describe the advantages or disadvantages of such a choice. Vasilis Gastis is a Mechanical Engineer specializing in steel construction. Because of his dedication to BIM tools and the use of them in every project that he is working on, his opinion about the coordination of the design and the automated construction, covered the last step of the architectural process, that of the realization. As was expected their opinions about the need for and the way in which BIM can be implemented in Greece differ greatly. Mr. Loulakis, when questioned: What is BIM for you? replied: "Any architect who thinks about a solution creates virtual BIM in his mind. The thing is to be capable of exceeding the physical limits of his/her mind according to the amount of information that can be managed and find the way to transfer the information to his/hers colleagues, engineers, builders, etc. When "doing" BIM to design, practically we are trying to trace as much information as possible so that it is readily available to us or anyone else involved. That is how I personally comprehend the concept of BIM. [...] Even more nowadays, the potential amount of information that we can have about a building is huge, and it's not necessarily only about design. For me this is BIM. " Meanwhile, Mr. Papavasileiou considers that: "BIM can help work upon the lighting, the environmental information and various other data related to the design. But its use, of course, does not ensure the creation or the completion of a better architecture. " Mr. Gastis refers to it as: "It's a commercial trick of large software companies to promote new products that have recently been designed. In Greece it doesnt work and I dont think that it will work, as the construction sector is characterized by a lack of willingness to collaborate and improve the way of working. "
4.2. ECONOMY / MENTALITY /Greek Mentality
The three main factors that distinguish the Greek construction industry from that of other countries are: A. Historical and cultural elements B. Method of Construction C. Specialized construction crews A. In his interview, Mr. Papavasiliou said: "In a country where everyone builds on his own, there is no need for architects, if the client is convinced that he can build on his own, it is reasonable not to employ an architect."
24
As the opinion above describes more or less the thought of the majority of the individuals who decide to build, we are talking about a culture that does not need an architect in the architectural design because of the lack of architectural education. Architectural theory is not taught at primary and secondary levels of education, so whoever does not choose to follow a related sector never comes into contact with it and concepts such as functionality of the built space and aesthetics remain completely unknown to him/her. It is obvious that we're talking about a theory that is closed, not understood by everyone, which makes questionable the necessity of its implementation and an approach of quality towards it.
/Economic
Crisis
The
relationship
between
the
Greek
financial
structure
and
BIMs
application
can
be
approached
in
two
totally
different
ways,
the
conservative,
which
suggests
the
continuation
of
the
current
state,
and
the
other
that
suggests
radical
change.
The
financial
crisis
is
our
chance
to
look
right
through
our
real
needs,
see
the
landscape
that
surrounds
us,
how
we
should
build
on
that
landscape,
what's
important
from
it,
and
check
the
environmental
state.
This
check
though,
doesn't
need
complicated
systems,
but
only
knowing
the
way
to
do
good
architecture.
(Mathaios
Papavassiliou,
Interview
2011,
Answer
to
the
question:
Do
you
think
that
architectural
design
should
point
to
BIM,
especially
during
the
financial
crisis,
by
reducing
construction
expenses?)
In order for BIM to be applied, a change is required in all the fields that are related to architectural design, from the training of architects, to the renewal of the equipment used by factories making building materials. If someone chooses BIM, he should know what it is, what rules it follows and the tools for its application. This takes time and costs and in a society whose economy is failing it is difficult to decide to invest in such processes that don't have short-term benefits. If we also consider the extreme slump of the construction field due to the financial difficulties in Greece, BIMs application in the near future seems like utopia. On the other hand, it is widely known that the state of the architectural and construction fields is radically changing, and the way construction operates in Greece isn't so effective, so it is possible that we will turn towards BIM much faster than expected. If this happens, the direction of Greek economic policy should change and the Greek construction field should conform to the global rules, as the current trend is towards designing low efficiency buildings. In due time, the adaptation of a low cost policy will have positive results, but the time needed cannot be calculated with the current data.
4.3. BIM & CONSTRUCTION /Demands
Trying to describe the construction industry in Greece, probably we will not be led directly to architecture as known internationally to the architectural community. Apart from the fact that it is an industry that doesnt really contribute to the economy of our country, it is also an industry which does not recognize the value of the involvement of an architect in the process, but characterize his presence as a luxury, since the range of his/hers powers is small and not much involved with the rest of the construction specialists in developing a project. However, BIM as a process requires the architect to stop being a dictatorial leader, as stated in the interview of Finith Jernigan, and to collaborate with other disciplines so that the flow of work becomes more efficient. Another issue for discussion, as mentioned above, is the nature of the projects developed in our country. We constantly hear about large sums of money being wasted on a projects construction, particularly regarding government and major projects, without the project meeting its budget, and with questionable quality, structural design and functionality. Surely, this is not the sole responsibility of the unskilled crews that undertake construction projects that are more complex and larger in scale than their abilities There are many different issues that can be defined as problems in connection with architecture in Greece. But all lead to one conclusion: the need of change and the awareness of this need. This means, at first, a shift in the attitudes and later in the processes. "Only by groups of young people who are willing to work in this way could the situation slowly begin to change. Someone needs to clarify the principal, prove that the new way of working is feasible and effective. Like that, the motivation to change will be created for the rest." (Vassilis Gastis, Interview 2011, Answer to the question: Have you seen any improvement in Greek architecture the last years?)
/Reasons Preventing the Shift
The architect's responsibilities concerning a project in Greece are still to be established, as there are specialities -such as civil engineering- who can undertake the entire preparation of the project. When we start by not considering the architect as
25
necessary
then
how
can
we
talk
about
him
becoming
more
productive
through
the
use
of
BIM?
B.
As
mentioned
above,
BIM
is
a
concept
developed
to
cover
the
needs
of
a
very
different
market
from
the
Greek
one.
"In
Greece,
where
you
mostly
build
with
concrete,
BIM
can
not
be
applied,
because
of
the
fact
that
in
a
building
that
is
very
detailed
in
its
design,
the
deviation
of
2
cm
that
concrete
can
have
is
an
important
loss.
In
our
country
though,
this
method
of
construction
is
acceptable,
as
concrete
is
usually
made
through
the
process
of
moulding,
where
the
loss
is
expected.
So
one
cannot
order
the
frames,
for
example,
before
the
construction
has
reached
a
certain
point.
They
will
have
to
be
measured
and
made
to
fit,
so
whether
predesigned
or
not,
the
result
is
the
same.
That
means
that
someone
who
is
doing
good
architecture
in
Greece
can
work
even
with
Pikionis
tools,
to
design
for
example
on
a
pack
of
cigarettes
and
give
instructions
to
the
manufacturers."
(Mathaios
Papavassiliou,
Interview
2011)
BIM
is
a
process
that
offers
productivity,
especially
in
cases
of
industrial,
automated
manufacture
in
large-scale
projects,
which
is
very
different
from
the
Greek
way
of
construction.
C.
"It
is
possible
that
respectively
in
Greece
the
cost
from
empirical
building
is
much
smaller.
But
I
do
not
know
if
this
fact
has
changed
so
far.
It's
something
that
requires
research.
Perhaps
it
started
because
of
low
budgets
or
lack
of
know-how
and
expertise.
[...]
Just
this
raises
the
question
of
whether
the
recipient
of
the
construction
information
is
able
to
understand
it
and
whether
the
architect
has
taken
into
account
all
the
parameters
necessary
in
the
design."
(Polixronis
Loulakis,
Interview
2011)
When doing BIM, in order for the information generated to be valuable, it has to be manageable by everyone who is involved in the project. When the crew in charge of the construction is not able to read such information, then its use automatically becomes unachievable. The training of construction crews in Greece is mostly empirical and therefore limited, except in case of large construction companies, which are exceptions to the rule.
4.4. POSSIBILITIES OF APPLICATION
The use of digital design in Greece so far has been limited mostly to drafting tools, starring AutoCAD and 3D modelling programs, which help the users (mostly architects) to develop their own architectural proposition easily, avoiding the traditional design patterns. The building's design and implementation process that BIM suggests differs greatly from the existing designing procedure in Greece, making its application impossible - without adjustments - in the Greek reality.
/Potential
Adjustments
Information,
productivity
and
cooperation
are
the
most
important
characteristics
of
the
concept
of
BIM.
The
applications
and
the
tools
used
to
implement
it
are
based
upon
these
features,
combining
also
the
requirements
of
the
market
for
which
it
was
created.
Construction
and
design
differ
a
lot
between
Greece
and
the
US.
I
had
already
conceived
this
when
I
tried
to
create
the
Greek
edition
of
AutoCAD
Architecture,
a
program
based
on
the
American
method
of
construction.
The
Greek
mentality
is
completely
different
and
inconceivable
in
the
US.
says
Mr.
Loulakis.
Taking
these
facts
into
consideration,
we
can
conclude
that
it
can
be
applied
in
every
market,
but
it
needs
various
adjustments
in
order
to
be
effective
in
every
country
separately.
This
doesn't
mean
that
we
should
reject
BIM,
but
that
we
should
interpret
it
differently.
A
different
point
of
view
over
BIM
could
lead
us
to
adjusting
its
application
and
its
tools
to
achieve
better
use
in
the
Greek
construction
domain.
The
possibility
of
developing
new
applications
increase
if
we
take
into
consideration
that
Greek
projects
are
differentiated
from
others.
In
our
office,
despite
the
generational
difference,
we
try
to
use
BIM.
So
we
have
developed
some
digital
tools-we
dont
use
pre- made
ones-
which
we
implement
in
every
new
reconstruction.
These
tools,
though
elementary,
help
us
insert
hatches,
make
snap
bases,
etc,
things
that
are
difficult
to
manage
inside
big
projects.
These
add-ons
could
be
considered
as
BIM,
but
in
2D
form.
(Mathaios
Papavassiliou,
Interview
2011,
Answer
to
the
question:
Which
are
the
different
uses
of
BIM
by
the
architects?)
/Motives for Implementation
In Greece, digital design is used in the majority of architectural projects. What we should consider as development in our field is the use of specialized tools and the increase in productivity leading to increased quality and reduced mistakes.
(Vassilis Gastis, Interview 2011, Answer to the question: How can digital design could help the construction field in Greece?)
BIM is directly related to the building's information. This information constitutes data describing each building, its construction method and its management by every involved recipient in all aspects of its life, from concept design to facility management. BIM ensures the reduction of mistakes, of inaccuracy or lack of know-how, leading to better estimation of building
26
costs.
When
the
size
of
the
data
is
large,
making
it
impossible
for
the
human
brain
to
manage
it,
BIM
takes
control.
What
happens
though
if
the
data
size
is
rather
small
and
thus
manageable
by
the
human
brain?
What
happens
when
BIM-based
data
can't
be
conceived
due
to
a
lack
of
know-how?
The
tools
that
do
BIM
are
still
quite
complicated
and
dysfunctional,
making
it
hard
to
implement
the
building's
data
through
one
of
these
programs,
especially
for
a
community
that
never
had
the
chance
to
familiarize
itself
with
something
similar.
Most
of
Greece's
construction
projects
are
small-scaled
designs.
Thus
the
information
that
implements
them
is
quite
manageable
by
the
architect,
the
civil
engineer,
the
contractor,
the
worker,
etc.
Using
BIM
in
such
constructions
seems
like
adding
an
intermediary
between
the
involved
parts,
when
the
information
can
be
transferred
directly.
Taking
into
consideration
the
difficulty
in
its
importation
into
a
difficult
program
and
the
lack
of
the
ability
of
translation
by
the
receiver,
we
can
suppose
that
BIM
in
such
cases
cant
be
productive.
To
make
it
more
efficient
as
a
process,
the
projects
that
use
it
should
be
of
a
size
and
type
that
need
a
management
process
and
the
software
should
become
more
widely
known.
BIM
hasn't
yet
been
introduced
into
the
educational
process
in
Greece,
making
it
hard
for
architects
or
civil
engineers
to
know
of
its
existence.
We
should
note
though
that
there
are
many
conflicting
opinions
considering
its
entry
into
university.
In
general,
my
opinion
is
that
BIM
should
not
be
introduced
in
architectural
training.
I
believe
that
because
it
has
integrated
designing
tools,
most
of
which
have
certain
libraries
that
offer
certain
architectural
aspects
such
as
openings
and
a
general
design
pattern.
In
my
view
this
could
be
an
inhibitory
factor
in
architectural
composition.
{...}
These
are
important
tools
for
an
architect
who
has
a
clearly
defined
approach
in
architecture,
which
allows
you
to
understand
his/her
work
when
you
see
it.
(Mathaios
Papavassiliou,
Interview
2011)
When the theoretical background of a new way of thinking, such as BIM, has not been assimilated by its audience, it is impossible for it to be judged, its applications to be correctly used, and for it to be transformed in a way that adjusts to this audience's needs. So, while the architects and engineers don't know what BIM means, they won't ask themselves if they need to adopt it, they won't learn to use the tools and its applications, they won't suggest it to their customers who of course won't demand it either. From another point of view, almost the whole built environment in Greece is constructions of reinforced concrete. This method of construction is simple in comparison to other methods with more specialized materials and can be easily implemented by experience without asking for automated programming of its stages. If we consider a new reality in building construction in Greece, with buildings made from different materials, and with a more industrialized process of production that will not look handcrafted (as Mr. Loulakis expresses in his interview), then BIM can be used as a tool for increasing productivity and be considered as one of the most effective paths that architecture can follow. Until then, it remains unknown for the masses and is a dysfunctional tool.
/Alternative methods of Implementation
Architectural design in Greece, as mentioned above, is fragmentary. The job that each professional undertakes (from the architect to the constructor) is limited to a very small range of jurisdiction that prevents cooperation between them. The design material, which each engineer delivers, is always incomplete and forces the next one to reprocess a large part of it, scaling it to his/her speciality's needs. A really good example is given by Mr. Vasilis Gastis -co-owner of SDENG Co., a metal construction company based in Volos- who uses TEKLA Structures. TEKLA Structures is a software specialized in metal construction, considered a BIM tool, as the elements of each model contain some kind of information. Every project that he and his partners undertake has already been implemented architecturally, most of the time statically also, which means that there is already a digital model and a series of designs that describe it. The problem is that this material most of the time is wrong and read-only. This means that for each project they are forced to redesign the digital model, leading to the repetition of a process that has already been made, but not made correctly. The above isn't a solitary event, but the usual way of receiving and sending data from one professional to another, from the architect to the engineer, from the engineer to the constructor etc. Thus, the architectural process doesn't flow and becomes expensive and time consuming. But, by taking advantage of the BIM workflow, and by using platforms that can cover the requirements of more than one speciality, the nature of the relationships and the rights between the professionals can be changed to the benefit of the architecture. Reinforcement of productivity through 3d programs can be applied with the exchange between the different fields, when for example there is cooperation with an expert for the bearing structure of the construction. While this process takes place, some things that are considered as basic for your study, can be differentiated, that leads to the need to redesign them. With such software you have the ability to redesign elements without affecting the rest of the project and, in advance, you can provide these changes to the other professionals, the engineer for example. If you want to do the same process for a 2d design tool, some data could be lost, as traditionally not everything is designed in 3d form.{...} Thus with the use of such a platform or software, you
27
can design everything in the same digital environment, with the cooperation of the requested speciality, so you can have an interaction with the rest of the professionals. (Mathaios Papavassiliou, Interview 2011, Answer to the question: In which part of the design can BIM be of use?) The attitudes that BIM comes to offer, such as freely distributed information, can be applied in various different ways, having a positive effect on the bureaucracy that comes with every architectural project and significantly delays every construction in Greece, in the architectural culture of the clients by making them co -responsible for the outcome since they are fully informed about the upcoming construction, and making it easier to change the functionality of the building if considered necessary. It seems that, for the Greek reality, first has to come the application of BIMs rules and then its design platforms.
28
5./ THE FUTURE OF BIM
BIM is a tool that is constructed according to the direction of current civilization. It responds to globalization, specialization, the need for sustainability and the commercialization of architecture and engineering. It enables factors regarding the building that are becoming more and more important, such as facility management. On the other hand, factors like technical barriers, liability issues and regulations, become obstacles to its development. Trying to imagine where BIM is leading, we could say that it will be all about information. We will move from focusing on processes to focusing on information. The data about the facility are more valuable than the facility itself, says Finith Jernigan. Complexity will go behind the scenes, while some things will be made easier and some others more complex.
(Kimon Onuma, Interview 2011)
/The future of BIM tools
In the present, much software like Grapgisoft, ArchiCAD, Revit Architecture, Solibri and so on do BIM, but the future stands for open-standard organizations, like BuildingSMART. The future stands for always-related-data and being able to manage them from any point of the world. As the architectural process will become more and more independent from the physical idea of the office, so the impact of i- phones, smart phones and i-pads will increase and the training period will be demanded to be as little as zero, if possible. Imagine walking inside a building and automatically having all the data you need about it loaded to your smartphone, for example.
(Kimon Onuma, Interview 2011)
BIM
tools
are
supposed
to
cover
and
follow
these
demands,
although
theyre
not
there
yet.
Therefore,
the
future
of
BIM
tools
tends
towards
the
direction
mentioned
above:
1. The
import
and
export
capability
of
data
through
certified
and
open
standard
protocols
like
IFC.
2. The
ability
to
work
on
a
single
BIM
platform
(through
the
increase
of
the
number
of
each
platforms
applications),
without
having
to
change
platforms
and
make
data
translations
or
have
file
format
compatibility
problems.
3. The
development
of
Web
Applications
that
support
design
everywhere
with
no
need
for
powerful
client
computers
(as
happens
with
desktop
applications).
4. BIM
tools
that
support
detailed
designing
of
complex
products
that
can
be
used
later
as
a
warranty
of
the
products
quality.
5. Applications
capable
of
4D
scheduling.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
/Model Servers, Easy Access to Information, Productivity, and Certainty
A significant change has already started to happen in the field of technology, and of course it is affecting BIM too. We are moving from file administration to a central server as the administrator of all actions. This change is caused by the huge amount of data needed in every aspect of technology use, which is impossible to be managed by each application separately. Once the central server is in use, the whole quantity of documents should be accessible from all client computers. This leads to the common use of just one file format editable by all BIM platforms and Applications like IFC. One of the important developments I can see coming is that all information is going to be kept in a database instead of files, while the final will de administered by terminals and client applications.
(Polixronis Loulakis, Interview 2011, Answer to the question: Do you think that there is an important development going on concerning the concept of BIM?)
/Design
Because
of
the
highly
automated
nature
of
BIM,
the
new
potentials
expected
from
the
field
of
technology
will
undoubtedly
affect
the
known
design
techniques
in
a
very
desirable
way.
They
are
expected
to
expand
the
design
options
and
possibilities
and
remove
unnecessary
effort
from
the
architectural
process.
Techniques
like
parametric
modelling
and
exchanging
data
between
model
and
design
team,
will
be
highly
developed.
The
model
will
be
able
to
provide
information
related
to
GIS,
orientation,
sustainability,
open
standards
requirements,
facility
management,
etc.
However,
we
cannot
name
BIM
as
the
unique
solution
and
be
done.
BIM
is
just
a
tool
that
helps
us
reduce
time
and
wasted
work.
Our
critical
thinking
and
actions
combined
with
BIM
can
lead
to
a
more
integrated
design
process.
The
real
difference
will
be
the
combination
of
all
the
factors
analysed
above,
in
order
to
create
a
living
architecture,
the
kind
of
architecture
that
could
interact
with
its
environment
continuously
and
be
able
to
inform
you
about
the
changes
made
or
needed,
through
a
holistic
flow
of
data
between
the
building
and
the
architect.
29
/Practice
Inevitably,
apart
from
the
changes
that
will
be
caused
in
the
strictly
technical
part
of
the
architectural
process,
BIM
will
affect
other
aspects
too.
Aspects
that
are
somehow
connected
with
it,
like
the
type
of
contracts
signed
from
now
on,
professional
relationships,
the
regulations,
the
workplace
in
a
concrete
sense,
the
whole
process
of
the
projects
and
finally
education
too.
Every
one
of
these
factors
will
be
influenced
differently,
and
the
most
probable
prediction
is
as
described
below.
Contracts
and
Relationships:
The
relationships
of
the
players
in
an
integrated
project
delivery
team
are
fundamentally
altered
to
shared
risks
and
shared
rewards.
Regulation:
With
the
rise
of
integrative
concepts
and
methods
there
will
be
fundamental
changes
regarding
professional
standards
of
care
and
how
the
building
process
is
regulated.
Indeed,
the
meaning
of
professional
licensing
itself
will
change
as
the
boundaries
between
design
and
construction
blur,
and
the
meaning
of
responsible
control
will
change
dramatically.
Workplace:
Flexible
project
structures
coupled
with
collaborative
technology
will
facilitate
the
integration
of
global,
extended
project
teams
and
allow
organizations
to
find
talent
anywhere
and
shift
work
to
remote
locations
as
needed increasing
the
overall
flexibility
of
the
building
industrys
workforce.
Project
process:
Traditional
project
phases
will
be
adjusted
and
refined
to
accommodate
an
integrated
project
team
and
their
project
participation.
Education:
As
the
building
industry
becomes
more
integrated,
the
education
of
future
professionals
will
no
doubt
follow
suit
with
an
altered
curriculum
that
reflects
the
increasingly
large
footprint
of
building
design
and
construction.
(Improving
Building
Industry
Results
through
Integrated
Delivery
and
Building
Information
Modeling,
Autodesk
Whitepaper
/
Autodesk)
/Ubiquitous
computing
We
have
already
talked
about
information
management
and
its
value:
how
the
parallel
virtual
representation
of
a
building
can
be
beneficial
to
every
aspect.
From
a
point
of
view
more
centred
on
the
information
itself
and
what
it
could
create,
we
can
lead
ourselves
onto
new
paths
of
design.
Instead
of
attaching
information
to
the
virtual
model
on
a
digital
platform,
what
would
happen
if
we
managed
to
attach
information
to
the
physical
building
itself?
If
we
made
the
building
more
intelligent,
how
would
it
react
and
what
would
be
the
outcome?
We
have
heard
about
the
concept
of
ubiquitous
computing
and
the
world
where
someone
could
extract
data
from
everywhere.
Taking
into
account
all
the
facilitations
that
BIM
provides,
it
is
possible
to
create
buildings
that
can
load
and
manage
information
on
their
own
and
to
their
own
benefit,
maybe
even
without
our
intervention.
These
smart
buildings
could
be
detached
from
form
and
size.
They
could
keep
changing
continually
in
order
to
achieve
optimal
conditions
of
function,
in
terms
of
aesthetics
and
sustainability.
We
would
then
speak
about
a
fluid
reality
where
nothing
stays
static.
Everything
has
the
possibility
to
change,
so
everything
is
up-to-date
and
capable
of
satisfying
every
new
need
that
will
ever
come
up.
The
work
of
the
architect
will
be
then
to
create
the
conditions
of
that
fluidity.
Until
now,
the
architect
created
the
rules
on
which
the
entire
project
would
be
based.
She/he
tried
to
identify
the
optimal
scenario
and
design
the
building
accordingly.
What
if
there
is
no
optimal
scenario
and
the
architect
should
only
draw
the
path
within
which
the
building
can
expand
and
alter?
BIM,
as
we
have
already
mentioned,
puts
the
information
at
the
centre
of
attention.
However,
putting
the
information
at
the
centre
of
attention
doesnt
only
mean
being
able
to
manage
it
in
a
beneficial
way.
It
means
that
we
no
longer
design
the
building.
We
design
the
information
related
to
the
building.
And
if
we
make
an
exact
parallel
with
BIMs
principles,
where
we
had
the
building
before
we
now
have
the
information.
So,
architects
and
designers
design
the
information
and
not
the
building.
Where
we
had
the
software
platforms,
we
now
have
the
building
itself.
So,
we
load
all
the
data
onto
the
building
instead
of
the
virtual
model
inside
the
platform.
And
where
we
had
the
predictions,
possible
forms,
functions,
solutions
that
we
got
from
the
design
process,
we
now
have
the
buildings
particular
states
at
any
given
point
in
its
lifecycle.
We
could
say
that
this
way,
the
information
is
the
given,
concrete
element
and
not
the
building.
30
6./
CONCLUSION
/BIMs Role in the Future
BIM at first comes to present procedures, but also obeys rules that have extensions into mentality. When we talk about collaboration for example, databases, central servers, object libraries, open information sharing and the ability to be accessed and managed by everyone, non-desktop software with the Internet playing an important role in every step, minimum software training and combination of platforms, up-to-date data and virtual models attached to location, automated control of the building from far away and life-long surveillance, it is obvious that we refer to a remodelled reality, with possibilities of further development and hence growth. BIM itself cannot be considered to be the only way in which Greek architecture and construction have to be redirected. But by keeping certain rules and endorsing the new procedures that are imposed, in combination with a different way of interpretation and adaptation, perhaps it can contribute more towards productivity. The thought is not to keep anything locked. A drift to computers, a drift to productivity in general.{...}BIM is not the only solution. It is a tool that will help someone solve problems if they cannot be solved otherwise. It is not a one-way solution. Thus BIMs application can have a meaning under certain conditions. This example*, as surprising as it may seem, personally made me consider that everything is relevant and that there is not just one solution for every problem says Mr. Loulakis during his interview. As for Greece now, if implemented properly and carefully it could be a great help in some major problems of current Greek construction. With the BIM way of documenting the buildings, which can be updated any time as it is linked with the virtual building, bureaucracy could possibly be avoided, one of the major aspects in the delay of the realization of every construction in our country. And by having the data shared between the individuals concerned, the process of assignment can be transparent and fair. This happens rarely until now and emanates from the closed architectural circle and the small amount of international participation in Greek competition. By avoiding these barriers, the construction time could be reduced as well as the projects budget and the role of the architects could undergo serious consideration. Additionally, by having recorded existing buildings or archaeological sites in digital libraries, the separation of those that deserve to be preserved as well as the budget needed, could be facilitated and furthermore their research would be significantly aided and our cultural heritage could be evaluated as to its true worth. With such important changes taking place, new working places would be created, not only in the fields of architecture, design and rehabilitation, but also in the automated construction field and in the practical training of construction workers, two fields that until now are either based on the import of materials, construction techniques and workforce from abroad, or on the empirical knowledge of the professionals. This would inevitably lead to new workplaces opening, a really critical factor if we take into consideration the current economic situation of Greece. Hopefully, the future leads to creating buildings released from the limits of the form, the programme, the size and the location. Smart buildings that take advantage of the abilities of every professional, respect the environment, stay within budget and become a source of worldwide knowledge by having their data open to everybody. A completely different kind of architecture from that we have known until now. But in order to succeed, we have to focus not on a blind, full implementation of BIM but on using the procedures needed for the best outcome and criticising the results at every step. BIM has to be used as a tool, with the human factor being in charge, maybe with an even more extended role than before as the complexity keeps rising.
31
7./ INDEX /Terminology
A&D:
Architecture
and
Design
AEC:
Architecture-Engineering-Construction
API:
Application
Program
Interface
Building
model
repository:
A
building
model
repository
is
a
database
system
whose
schema
is
based
on
a
building
object
-based
format.
It
is
different
from
existing
project
data
management
(PDM)
systems
and
web-based
project
management
systems
in
that
the
PDM
systems
are
file
based,
and
carry
CAD
and
analysis
package
project
files.
Building
model
repositories
are
object- based,
allowing
query,
transfer,
updating
and
management
of
individual
project
objects
from
a
potentially
heterogeneous
set
of
applications
(BIM
handbook.
/
Chuck
Eastman,
Paul
Teicholz,
Rafael
Sacks,
Kathleen
Liston)
BIG
BIM:
Refers
to
the
whole
world,
designing
is
a
tiny
fraction
of
that.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
BIM
washing:
To
become
an
overnight
expert
TM TM BIMstorm -
ONUMA
BIMstorm :
Virtual
online
events
involving
many
participants
worldwide
in
condensed
scenarios
for
project
planning.
(From
Abundance
to
Scarcity.
/
Kimon
Onuma,
FAIA,
Hon
FIGP)
BIMXML:
A
non-linear
process
for
attaching
information
to
an
object
and
associating
it
with
the
object
so
that
every
object
becomes
data-related
and
not
just
a
3D
model.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
CAD: Computer-Aided Design or Drafting CIE: Computer Integrated Environment: the type of innovative integrated information system that helps to reduce fragmentation and enables the stakeholders to collaborate in business. Collaboration: Collaboration means working together cooperatively, as a team. This assumes that all persons who collaborate have the same goals in relation to the work that needs to be performed. (BIM_planning and managing construction with 4D CAD and simulations. / Willem Kymmell) Communication: This is the transfer or exchange of information, generally between individuals or groups. Communication takes place when information is both provided and received; a form of confirmation that information was in fact transmitted and received is important. (BIM_planning and managing construction with 4D CAD and simulations. / Willem Kymmell)
CM:
Construction
Management
Cloud
Computing:
Cloud
computing
is
changing
the
landscape
by
running
software
on
the
Internet.
(From
Abundance
to
Scarcity.
/
Kimon
Onuma,
FAIA,
Hon
FIGP)
D 32
Data
Rot:
If
you
dont
keep
the
data
up-to-date
you
will
have
to
go
back
and
collect
them.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
DatabaseCentralized and Federated: A database is a large collection of data in a computer, organized so that it can be expanded, updated and retrieved rapidly for various uses (Websters New World College Dictionary). The terms centralized and federated are used by Bentley systems to describe the nature of the organization of the information in a BIM. A centralized database implies all the data in a singlecentralizedlocation and managed all together by a single entity. Federated means united by common agreement under a central authority (Websters New World College Dictionary). A federated database consists of various databases managed by different entities that have agreed upon a system of working together to permit access to each of those databases. (BIM_planning and managing construction with 4D CAD and simulations. / Willem Kymmell)
Enterprise
BIM:
Everybody
needed
in
the
construction
of
a
building
process
working
together
at
the
same
time
on
the
same
project.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
FM:
Facility
Management.
Georeference:
Refers
to
exactly
locating
something
in
the
virtual
world,
via
coordinate
systems.
(Building
Information
Modeling_A
report
on
the
current
state
of
BIM
technologies
and
recommendations
for
implementation.)
GIS
(Geographical
Information
System):
Everything,
even
a
single
thing,
has
latitude
and
longitude
that
helps
in
the
energy
control
and
therefore
the
sustainability
of
the
building,
and
gives
the
data
of
the
buildings
location
at
any
time
which
helps
in
the
choice
of
appropriate
materials.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
GSA: (General Services Administration): Management of all the US Government buildings
H I
ICA: Independent Component Analysis is a computational method for separating a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents supposing the mutual statistical independence of the non-Gaussian source signals. It is a special case of blind source separation.
IFC:
Industry
Foundation
Class
Interoperability:
The
ability
of
BIM
tools
from
multiple
vendors
to
exchange
building
model
data
and
operate
on
that
data.
Interoperability
is
a
significant
requirement
for
team
collaboration
and
data
movement
between
different
BIM
platforms.
(BIM
handbook.
/
Chuck
Eastman,
Paul
Teicholz,
Rafael
Sacks,
Kathleen
Liston)
Integration:
The
introduction
of
working
practices,
methods
and
behaviours
those
create
a
culture
in
which
individuals
and
organizations
are
able
to
work
together
efficiently
and
effectively.
(BIB
BIM,
little
bim.
/
Finith
Jernigan)
IPD (Integration Project Delivery): Design & construction method. Is a project delivery approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that
33
collaboratively
harnesses
the
talents
and
insights
of
all
participants
to
optimize
project
results,
increase
value
to
the
owner,
reduce
waste,
and
maximize
efficiency
through
all
phases
of
design,
fabrication,
and
construction.
(Improving
Building
Industry
Results
through
Integrated
Delivery
and
Building
Information
Modeling,
Autodesk
Whitepaper
/
Autodesk)
(The
American
Institute
of
Architects
(AIA))
IT (information technology): A term that encompasses all forms of technology used to create, store, exchange, and use information in its various forms (business data, voice conversations, still images, motion pictures, multimedia presentations, and other forms, including those not yet conceived). It's a convenient term for including both telephony and computer technology in the same word. It is the technology that is driving what has often been called "the information revolution."
Lonely
BIM
(little
bim):
Doing
BIM
in
isolation.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
J K L
Lifecycle:
A
life
cycle
refers
to
the
entire
life
of
a
project;
from
the
earliest
planning
until
its
demolition
and
the
recycling
of
materials.
(Building
Information
Modeling,
A
report
on
the
current
state
of
BIM
technologies
and
recommendations
for
implementation)
MEP:
Mechanical,
Electrical
and
Plumbing.
BIM
authoring
software
for
building
systems
(Building
Information
Modeling,
A
report
on
the
current
state
of
BIM
technologies
and
recommendations
for
implementation/
The
State
of
Wisconsin,
Department
of
Administration,
Division
of
State
Facilities)
Model
Server:
System
in
which
isnt
necessary
to
upload
and
store
a
file,
it
allows
you
to
find
only
the
information
that
you
need
in
real-time.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
NBIMS: National Building Information Modeling Standard Is a document which spells out the NBIMS-US Project Committees (the National Building Information Model Standard Project Committee - United States) vision and describes the results NBIMS-US expects to achieve.
Object-based
Parametric
Modelling:
The
technology
on
which
most
BIM
design
applications
are
based.
It
includes
the
ability
to
define
individual
objects
whose
shape
and
other
properties
can
be
controlled
parametrically.
It
also
applies
to
assemblies
of
objects,
possibly
up
to
the
building
scale
that
allows
the
assemblies
to
be
controlled
by
parameters.
(BIM
handbook.
/
Chuck
Eastman,
Paul
Teicholz,
Rafael
Sacks,
Kathleen
Liston)
Onuma
System:
Is
an
off-the-cloud
system
that
can
do
BIM,
made
by
the
architect
and
software
developer
Kimon
Onuma
which
manages
the
planning
and
organization
of
the
project
depending
on
working
with
other
tools
too.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
Parametric Objects: A limited form of parametric modelling, where a single object can be created or edited through its parameters. Parametric objects do not allow a user to compose an assembly of objects and the resulting assembly to then be
34
updatable by a local or global change to parameters.
(BIM handbook. / Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston)
Q R
Real Time BIM: This refers to events happening simultaneously; e.g., a real-time model view indicates that the view of the model represents its actual state. It does not need to be changed into a different format to be viewed, and therefore we can look at the original model and not a copy of it. Real time is also used when referring to communications among project team members; it indicates that discussions take place among members at the same time, not by e-mail, where the system creates a lag between the messages. (BIM_planning and managing construction with 4D CAD and simulations. / Willem Kymmell) RDP: Remote Desktop Protocol (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa383015(VS.85).aspx)
Selfish
BIM:
Use
of
BIM
in
order
to
use
it
just
for
yourself
and
to
make
construction
documents.
(Kimon
Onuma,
Interview
2011)
SHiP: Strategic Hi-performance Integrated Planning group SMEs: Small and medium-sized enterprises
T U V
Visualization:
Is
the
creation
of
a
clear
picture
of
something
in
the
mind,
or
a
clear
picture
of
something
created
in
the
mind
(Encarta
World
English
Dictionary).
(BIM_planning
and
managing
construction
with
4D
CAD
and
simulations.
/
Willem
Kymmell)
VID: Virtual Desktop Infrastructure VE: Virtual Environment
W X
XML: Extensible mark-up language. A simple and flexible text format originally designed to meet the needs of large-scale publishing, but now playing a major role in exchanging data over the Internet.
Y Z
35
0-9
4D:
Building
information
model
with
the
addition
of
time
(virtual
building
model
with
scheduling).
(BIB
BIM,
little
bim.
/
Finith
Jernigan)
5D:
Building
information
model
with
the
addition
of
time
and
construction
information
(virtual
building
model
with
cost
and
project
management).
(BIB
BIM,
little
bim.
/
Finith
Jernigan)
4SiteSystems:
A
system
that
helps
in
the
validation
(program
estimation),
cost
analysis,
quick
representation
(not
the
final
one)
of
a
project,
meaning
that
is
a
fast
parametric
way
to
see
the
needs
of
the
future
building.
(Finith
Jernigan,
Interview
2011)
36
/Institutes and Companies
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) Integrated Practice information www.aia.org/ip_default The American Institute of Architects, California Council (AIACC) resources related to IPD including Frequently Asked Questions www.ipd-ca.net IAI: International Alliance for Interoperability An international organization working to facilitate software interoperability and information exchange in the AEC/FM industry http://www.iai-na.org/
buildingSMART alliance : Organization within the worldwide International Alliance for Interoperability, and council of the National Institute for Building Sciences (NIBS), with the mission of improving all aspects of the facility and infrastructure lifecycle by promoting collaboration, technology, integrated practices and open standards. http://www.buildingsmartalliance.org The NBIMS-US Project Committee: Project committee of the buildingSMART alliance.
TM
/Links
Amazon Cloud Drive: https://www.amazon.com/clouddrive/learnmore/ Dropbox: https://www.dropbox.com/login?cont=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dropbox.com%2Fhome%23%3A%3A%3A Citrix XenApp: http://www.citrix.com/English/ps2/products/product.asp?contentID=186&ntref=prod_top Gmail: https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin?service=mail&passive=true&rm=false&continue=https%3A%2F%2Fmail.google. com%2Fmail%2F&bsv=llya694le36z&ss=1&scc=1<mpl=default<mplcache=2&from=login Google Docs: https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin?service=writely&passive=1209600&continue=https://docs.google.com/?pli%3 D1&followup=https://docs.google.com/?pli%3D1<mpl=homepage Google Chrome OS: http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os iCloud: http://www.apple.com/icloud/ GRAPHISOFT BIM Server: http://www.graphisoft.com/products/archicad/teamwork.html
37
/References
Kimon Onuma Architect, Software Developer, President and Founder of FAIA (on-line interview 2011) Finith E. Jernigan Architect, Educator, Author and Publisher (4Site Press Ltd), Expert in integrated practice, Presidents of AIA (on-line interview 2011) Polixronis Loulakis Writter, Publisher and Autodesk Authorized Trainer (interview October 2011) Mathaios Papavasiliou Architect and Lecturer in the National Technical University, Athens, Greece (interview October 2011) Vassilis Gastis Mechanical Engineer (interview October 2011)
/Bibliography
C.
Eastman,
P.
Teicholz,
R.
Sacks,
K.
Liston,
BIM
Handbook
(April
2008)
S.
M.
Levy,
Design
Built
Project
Delivery,
Managing
the
Building
Process
from
the
Proposal
through
Construction,
2006
W.
Kymmell,
Building
Information
Modeling,
Planning
and
Managing
Construction
Projects
with
4D
CAD
and
Simulations,
2008
B.
Napier,
Division
of
state
facilities,
Building
Information
Modeling.
A
report
on
the
current
state
of
BIM
technologies
and
recommendations
for
implementation,
F.
E.
Jernigan,
BIG
BIM,
little
bim,
2007
T.
Dzambazove,
G.
Demchak,
E.y
Krygiel,
Mastering
Revit
Architecture
2008,
2007
J.
O.
Jonassen,
Report
on
Integrated
Practice,
Changing
Business
Models
in
BIM-driven
Integrated
Practice,
2006
G.
Aouad,
Y.
Arayici,
Requirements
Engineering
for
Computer
Integrated
Environments
in
Construction,
2010
J.
G.
Burns,
Report
on
Integrated
Practice,
Applications
in
Engineering,
2001
E.
Krygiel,
P.
R.,
J.
Vandezande,
Mastering
Revit
Architecture
2011,
2010
R.
Cheng,
Report
on
Integrated
Practice,
Suggestions
for
an
Integrative
Education
K.
K.
Fallon,
S.
R.
Hagan,
Report
on
Integrated
Practice,
Information
Facility
for
the
Life
Cycle
K.
Onuma,
From
Abundance
to
Scarcity.
A
Strategy
for
the
21st
Century
Building
Industry
(Doing
More
with
Less
while
Creating
Value),
2009
L.
R.
Bachman,
Integrated
Buildings,
the
system
basis
of
Architecture,
2002
R.
Binnekamp,
L.
A.
van
Gunsteren,
P.
van
Loon,
Open
Design,
a
Stakeholder-oriented
Approach
in
Architecture,
Urban
Design
and
Project
Management,
2006
L.
Lesniewski,
E.
Krygiel,
B.
Berkebile,
Report
on
Integrated
Practice,
Roadmap
for
Integration,
2006
The
American
Institute
of
Architects,
California
Council,
Integrated
project
delivery,
a
guide,
2007
Autodesk
BIM
Curriculum,
Instructor
Guide,
2011
38
Autodesk Whitepaper, Improving Building Industry Results through Integrated Delivery and Building Information Modeling, 2008 AIA California Council whitepaper, Integrated Project Delivery, Frequently Asked Questions, 2006
39
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