Eur. J. Mech.

A/Solids 19 (2000) 547559

2000 ditions scientiques et mdicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved
S0997-7538(00)00165-0/FLA
Wave scattering from an interface crack in multilayered piezoelectric plate
Shengping Shen
a,
*, Zhen-Bang Kuang
a
, Toshihisa Nishioka
b
a
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
b
Department of Ocean Mechanical Engineering, Kobe University of Mercantile Marine, 5-1-1 Fukae Minamimachi Higashinada-Ku,
Kobe, 658-0022, Japan
(Received 30 April 1998; revised and accepted 29 November 1999)
Abstract This paper focuses on the theoretical basis for the study of wave scattering from an interface crack in multilayered piezoelectric media. The
materials are taken to be anisotropic with arbitrary symmetry. Based on the Fourier transform technique together with the aid of the stiffness matrix
approach, the boundary value problem of wave scattering is reduced to solving a system of Cauchy-type singular equations. The intensity factors and
crack opening displacements are dened in terms of the solutions of the corresponding integral equations for any incident frequencies and incident
angles. Numerical results are presented. The effects of incident frequencies and crack location on both the major and coupling intensity factors are
illustrated. The inuence of the piezoelectricity is also shown. 2000 ditions scientiques et mdicales Elsevier SAS
interface crack / piezoelectric / wave scattering
1. Introduction
This paper focuses on the theoretical basis for the study of interface cracks under dynamic loading, and for
the detection of interfacial aws by non-destructive techniques and the efcient utility of piezoelectric structure.
This work intends to shed light on how to interpret the near-tip general displacement and traction elds
of interface cracks in multilayered piezoelectric media, which are shown to have the same structure as the
corresponding static case. Specically, the problem of wave scattering from an interface crack in multilayered
piezoelectric media is considered. The materials are taken to be anisotropic with arbitrary symmetry. The
crack is located between any two layers. The incident wave is assumed to be time harmonic. As an efcient
approach to the analysis of layered media, the stiffness matrix formulation (Chatterjee, 1977), and (Choi and
Thangjitham, 1991) is extended to the current scattering problem. By means of the Fourier technique, the
problem is reduced to solving a system of Cauchy-type singular integral equations for the general dislocation
density on the crack face. Through the Jacobi polynomial method, the general opening displacements and
intensity factors are obtained in terms of the solutions of the corresponding integral equations for any incident
frequencies and incident angles. The wave elds for any given layer can also be obtained numerically. It is
also found that the oscillatory index of the crack-tip singular elds is the same as that for the static case.
Numerical results are presented. The crack-tip responses to the incidence are discussed, showing the inuence
of incident frequencies and crack location on both the major and coupling intensity factors. The inuence of
piezoelectricity is also shown.
In the past two decades there has been a great interest and a large number of publications in interaction
of elastic waves with cracks in homogeneous media (see, e.g., Mal (1970a, b); Datta (1978), Achenbach and
* Correspondence and reprints.
http://www.paper.edu.cn
548 S. Shen et al.
Gautesen (1978)). As to the interaction of elastic waves with interface cracks, Bostrom (1987) investigated
the problem of scattering by a nite interface for antiplane strain deformation using Chebyshef polynomial
technique. The stress intensity factors of an interface crack in a layered half-space under normal incidence
is presented by Yang and Bogy (1985). Qu (1994) studied the two-dimensional problem of a nite crack
along the interface between two dissimilar solids loaded by a plane wave through use of the Fourier transform
technique. All the materials considered in these papers are isotropic. Heitman and van den Berg (1975) studied
the diffraction of electromagnetic waves by a semi-innite screen in a layered medium. Shen and Kuang (1998)
studied the interaction of elastic wave with interface crack in laminated anisotropic materials. Solutions to
interface crack problems of dissimilar piezoelectric half-spaces under static loading can be found in the works
of Suo et al. (1992) and Kuo and Barnett (1991). However, there seems to be little study on the interaction of
elastic wave with interface cracks in multilayered piezoelectric media.
2. Problem statement
Consider a semi-innite piezoelectric medium composed of N layer with the Nth layer modelled as a half-
space, an interface crack of length 2a locates between the jth and (j +1)th layers, as shown in gure 1. Let the
incident wave be a time harmonic wave from x
2
= . With the time factor exp(it ) omitted throughout
this paper, the incident wave may be written as
u
(i)
=
_

_
u
1
u
2
u
3

_
= u
0
d
()
exp
_
ik
(N)

(x
1
n
1
+x
2
n
2
)

, = 1, 2, 3, (1)
Figure 1. Conguration of a piezoelectric laminate with an interface crack.
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Wave scattering in multilayered piezoelectric plate 549
where
_
n
1
n
2
_
=
_
sin
i
cos
i
_
is the propagating vector, and
i
is the angle of incidence measured clockwise from
the negative x
2
-axis. The wavenumber k
(j)

and d
()
are determined by the Christoffel equation of piezoelectric
media in the half-space. Elastic waves in a piezoelectric medium are governed by the equation (see, e.g., Alshits
et al. (1994))

ij
= C
ijrs
u
r,s
+e
sji

,s
,
D
i
=
is

,s
+e
irs
u
r,s
,
(2)
_
C
ijrs
u
r
+e
sji

_
,si
=

2
u
j
t
2
,
_

is
+e
irs
u
r
_
,si
= 0,
(3)
where C
ijrs
, e
sji
and
is
are the elasticity constants, piezoelectricity constants and permittivity constants,
density, u
i
mechanical displacement,
ij
mechanical stress tensor, and D
i
potential and the induction of the
electrical eld. The indices in equations (2) and (3) range from 13. Attention will be focussed on generalized
two-dimensional problems in (x
1
, x
2
)-plane, i.e. nothing varies with x
3
.
For convenience, we dened t = [
12

22

32
D
2
]
T
. By linear superposition, the total wave eld caused by
the incident wave (1) can be written as
_
u
(t )
, t
(t )
_
= {u
(p)
, t
(p)
} +{u, t}, (4)
where {u
(t )
, t
(t )
} are the total wave elds, {u
(p)
, t
(p)
} the primary elds computed in the absence of the interface
crack, and {u, t} are the scattered elds in the presence of the interface crack. The goal of this paper is to solve
the scattered elds {u, t}.
Just analogous to Yang and Bogy (1985) and Qu (1994), the radiation condition for this problem can be
written as
u(x
1
, x
2
) 0, as |x
1
| +, x
2
. (5)
The boundary and continuity conditions are:
(t)
+
1
= 0; |x
1
| < (free boundary),
(u)

k
= (u)
+
k+1
; |x
1
| < , k = 1, 2, . . . , (j 1), (j +1), . . . , (N 1),
(t)

k
= (t )
+
k+1
; |x
1
| < , k = 1, 2, . . . , (N 1),
(6)
and
(u)

j
= (u)
+
j+1
; a < |x
1
| < ,
(t)
+
j+1
=
_
t
(i)
_
+
j+1
=t
0
(x) =[t
01
t
02
t
03
t
04
]
T
; |x
1
| < a,
_
a
a
d
dx
1
[u] dx
1
= 0,
(7)
where the subscripts k refer to the layer number, the superscripts +/ indicate the corresponding value
evaluated at the upper/lower surface of the layer and t
0
are the traction and electric induction on the crack
surface, u = (u)

j
(u)
+
j+1
. Equation (7)
3
represents the single value of general displacements, which can be
rewritten as
(x
1
) = 0, a < |x
1
| < ,
_
a
a
(x
1
) dx
1
= 0, (8)
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550 S. Shen et al.
where
(x
1
) =
d
dx
1
_
u(x
1
)

, |x
1
| < , (9)
is the general dislocation density. In this case, the crack is always opening. However, due to the oscillations of
the interface crack there will be penetration of the crack.
3. The singular integral equations
In this section, the Fourier transform technique is employed to solve the scattered elds. For clarity, we
use the overbar to denote the transformed quantity, s is the transform variable. Let x
1
= x, y = isx
2
,
equations (3) transform to

y
=N (10)
in which
=
_

_
u
_
R
T
+T

y
_
u
_

_, N=
_
T
1
R T
1
RT
1
R
T
Q
1
RT
1
_
,
Q
1
(s) =
_

_
Q
0

2
s
2
I e
11
e
T
11

11
_

_, R=
_
_
R
0
e
21
e
T
12

12
_
_
, T =
_
_
T
0
e
22
e
T
22

22
_
_
and
(Q
0
)
ik
= C
i1k1
, (R
0
)
ik
= C
i1k2
, (T
0
)
ik
= C
i2k2
(i, k = 1, 2, 3),
e

= [e
1
e
2
e
3
]
T
(, =1, 2).
Matrices Q
1
() and T are symmetric and positive denite, I is the 33 unit matrix. Then, the general solution
can also given as
=
4

i=1
_
C
i
(s)
i
(s, y) e
yp
i
(s)
+F
i
(s)
i+4
(s, y) e
yp
i+4
(s)

, (11)
where
i
(s, y),
i+4
(s, y) and p
i
(s), p
i+4
(s) are the general eigenvector and eigenvalue of N, respectively. It
is noted that, whether p
i
(s) is distinct or not, has no effect on the solution procedure, i.e. the piezoelectric
material considered in this paper may be arbitrary symmetry. When s , equations (10) is reduced to the
static case.
Analogous to Shen et al. (1999), the general displacement and traction vectors for any given layer can be
readily obtained as
u =A
1
E
1
C+A
2
E
2
F, (12)

t = is[B
1
E
1
C+B
2
E
2
F], (13)
where
_
a
i
(s, y)
b
i
(s, y)
_
=
i
(s, y),
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Wave scattering in multilayered piezoelectric plate 551
A
1
= [a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
], A
2
= [a
5
a
6
a
7
a
8
], C= [C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4
]
T
,
F = [F
1
F
2
F
3
F
4
]
T
, E
1
= diag[e
isp
i
x
2
], E
2
= diag[e
isp
i+4
x
2
] (i = 1, 2, 3, 4).
By the radiation conditions, for the half-space i.e. the Nth layer, it is obviously that
C
(N)
i
(s) = 0 for s <0; F
(N)
i
(s) = 0 for s > 0. (14)
For any layer (except the Nth layer), such as the Kth layer, vector (

t)

k
can be expressed in terms of the
corresponding vector ( u)

k
, such that
_
_

t
+

_
_
= is
_
_
B
1
E
+
1
B
2
E
+
2
B
1
E

1
B
2
E

2
_
_
_
_
A
1
E
+
1
A
2
E
+
2
A
1
E

1
A
2
E

2
_
_
1
_
_
u
+
u

_
_
=k
(k)
_
_
u
+
u

_
_
, (15)
where the superscripts +/ indicate the corresponding value evaluated at the upper/lower surface of the layer.
For the Nth layer (the half-space), it is simple to obtain
k
(N)
=
_
isB
1
A
1
1
, s > 0,
isB
2
A
1
2
, s < 0,
(16)
i.e. for the Nth layer, there only exists k
N
11
.
To be concise, we introduce

1
(s) = u
+
1
(s),

N
(s) = u

N1
(s),

k+1
(s) = u

k
(s) = u
+
k+1
(s); k = j, k <N.
Then combining (6) and (15) the traction continuity condition on the crack plane can be written as
k
j
21

j
+k
j
22
u

j
+k
j+1
11
u
+
j+1
+k
j+1
12

j+2
= 0. (17)
From equations (9) and (8), one can obtain
u
j+1
= u

j
(s) u
+
j+1
(s) =
i
s
_
a
a
(x) e
isx
dx. (18)
Let
u

j
=

j+1
+C
1
u
j+1
, u
+
j+1
=

j+1
+C
2
u
j+1
, (19)
where

j+1
is a vector with four components representing the interfacial displacements between the jth and
(j + 1)th layers without crack and C
i
, i = 1, 2, are the 4 4 unknown constant matrices yet to be evaluated
with C
2
C
1
=I.
We can derive the asymptotic nature of the matrix s
1
k
(k)
(s) as (Shen and Kuang, 1998)
lim
s+
1
s
k
(k)
(s) =
_
_
Y
1
k
0
0 Y
1
k
_
_
,
lim
s
1
s
k
(k)
(s) =
_
_
Y
1
k
0
0 Y
1
k
_
_
,
(20)
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552 S. Shen et al.
where Y
k
= (iA
1
B
1
1
)
static
, is Hermitian (see, e.g., Suo et al. (1992); Yang et al. (1997)). So, the asymptotic
behaviour of s
1
k
(k)
(s) and vector

k
(s) can be expressed as
lim
|s|
1
s
_
_
k
k
11
(s) k
k
12
(s)
k
k
21
(s) k
k
22
(s)
_
_
=
_
_
k
k
11
0
0 k
k
22
_
_
, (21)
lim
|s|

k
(s) =0, k = 1, 2, . . . , N.
Combining equations (17) and (21), C
i
(i = 1, 2) are readily evaluated as
C
1
=k

k
j+1
11
, C
2
= k

k
j
22
(22)
in which the matrix k

is dened as
k

= [k
j+1
11
+k
j
22
]
1
. (23)
Through successive applications of equations (6) to the layer local stiffness matrix equation (18), together
with (17), (19) and (22), a global stiffness matrix equation for an N-layer medium containing an interface crack
between the jth and (j +1)th layers is constructed as
k
1
11

1
+k
1
12

2
= 0,
k
k
21

k
+
_
k
k
22
+k
k+1
11
_

k+1
+k
k+1
12

k+2
= 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , (j 2), (j +2), . . . , (N 2), j 3,
k
j1
21

j1
+
_
k
j1
22
+k
j
11
_

j
+k
j
12

j+1
= k
j
12
k

k
j+1
11
u
j+1
,
k
j
21

j
+
_
k
j
22
+k
j+1
11
_

j+1
+k
j+1
12

j+1
=
_
k
j+1
11
k

k
j
22
k
j
22
k

k
j+1
11
_
u
j+1
,
k
j+1
21

j+1
+
_
k
j+1
22
+k
j+2
11
_

j+2
+k
j+2
12

j+3
= k
j+1
21
k

k
j
22
u
j+1
,
k
N1
21

N1
+
_
k
N1
22
+k
N
11
_

N
= 0
(24)
which can be expressed in matrix notation as
K

=G u, (25)
where K(s) is the 4N 4N banded and Hermitian global stiffness matrix with half band width 8,

(s) is the
vector of length 4N-component column for the unknown interfacial displacements, G(s) is the 4N 4N matrix
containing the geometry and material properties of the jth and (j +1)th layers, and u(s) is a 4N-component
column representing the crack surface displacements. Equation (25) also depends on the incident frequency.
Combining (15), (19) and (22) and taking the inverse Fourier transform, a system of integral equations for
is obtained as
t
+
j+1
=
i
2
_
a
a
_
_
+

1
s
M(s) e
is(t x)
ds
_
(t ) dt, |x| < , (26)
where
M= k
j+1
11
k

k
j
22
+
2

n=1
k
j+1
1n
H
n
, (27)
H
n
= L
(j+n)j
k
j
12
k

k
j+1
11
+L
(j+n)(j+1)
_
k
j+1
11
k

k
j
22
k
j
22
k

k
j+1
11
_
+L
(j+n)(j+2)
k
j+1
21
k

k
j
22
(28)
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Wave scattering in multilayered piezoelectric plate 553
and L
ij
(s) are the 4 4 submatrices of L(s) =K
1
(s).
For the purpose of examining the singular behaviour of the integral equations, the asymptotic behaviour of
the matrix s
1
M(s) must rst be investigated. From equations (21) and (27), the corresponding asymptotic
expressions are obtained as
lim
|s|
1
s
M(s) = k
j+1
11
k

k
j
22
= M

. (29)
By employing equation (20) as s > 0, we have
M
1
+
=
_
Y
j+1
+Y
j
_
(30)
which means M
+
is Hermitian. To make further progress, write M
+
in its real and imaginary parts:
M
+
=D

+iW

, (31)
where D

is real and symmetric and W

is real and antisymmetric.

Similarly, for s > 0, from equation (20) we can obtain
M

= D

+iW

. (32)
From equations (31) and (32) it follows that
M

=
s
|s|
D

+iW

. (33)
Obviously, the singularities of the integral equations are attributable to the asymptotic values of the matrix
s
1
M(s) as s . By separating the singular part M and using the integral formulae (Friedman, 1969)
_
+

s
|s|
e
is(t x)
ds =
2i
t x
,
_
+

e
is(t x)
ds =2(t x). (34)
Equations (26) may be expressed as
D
1

(x) +
1

_
a
a
(t )
t x
dt +D
1

i
2
_
a
a
_
_
+

_
1
s
M(s) +M

_
e
is(t x)
ds
_
(t ) dt
=D
1

t
0
, |x| < a. (35)
There exists a matrix
1
which is composed of eigenvectors of D
1

to make D
1

diagonal, i.e.
D
1

1
=diag[
i
], (36)
where
i
is the eigenvalue of D
1

. Let
(x) = [
1

2

3

4
]
T
=

(x), D
1

t
0
(s) =v(s).
Thus, equations (35) can be decoupled as

i
(x) +
1

_
a
a

i
(t )
t x
dt +
_
a
a
4

n=1
F
in

i
(t ) dt =
i
(x), |x| < a, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, (37)
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554 S. Shen et al.
where [F
ij
], whose elements are the bounded Fredholm kernels, is a 4 4 matrix dened as
[F
ij
] =D
1

i
2
_
+

_
1
s
M(s) +M

_
e
is(t x)
ds
1
. (38)
The analytic solution of equations (37) has been extensively studied (see, e.g., Muskhelishvilli (1953)) by
using the regularization method, which in this case becomes cumbersome. In the next section an approximation
method described by Erdogan (1969) will be employed to solve this integral equation system.
4. Numerical solution of the integral equation
In the normalize interval of = x/a and = t /a, it can be shown that the fundamental functions of the
dominant part of the integral equations are the weight function of the Jacobi polynomials. In order to preserve
the correct nature of singularities of the problem, the solutions of equation (37) may be expressed as (see, e.g.,
Erdogan (1984))

i
() = g
i
()w
i
(), g
i
() =

n=0
C
i
n
P
(
i
,
i
)
n
(), || < 1, (39)
where
w
i
() = (1 )

i
(1 +)

i
,
k
=
1
2
ln
1
k
i
1 +
k
i

1
2
,
k
=
1
2
ln
1
k
i
1 +
k
i

1
2
(40)
and P
(
i
,
i
)
n
() is the Jacobi polynomial, C
k
n
are the unknown constant yet to be evaluated.
By considering the orthogonality relations of Jacobi polynomials (Gradshteyn and Ryzhik, 1980)
_
1
1
P
(,)
n
(t )P
(,)
k
(t )w(t ) dt =
_
_
_
0, n = k,

(,)
k
, n = k,
(41)

(,)
0
=
2
(++1)
( +1)( +1)
( + +2)
,

(,)
k
=
2
(++1)
(k + +1)(k + +1)
(2k + + +1)k!(k + + +1)
, k = 1, 2, . . . ,
(42)
together with P
(,)
0
(t ) = 1 it can be concluded that the condition (9) is identically satised provided that
C
k
0
= 0.
Using the following relation (Karpenko, 1966):

k
P
(
k
,
k
)
n
(x)w
k
(x) +
1

_
1
1
P
(
k
,
k
)
n
(t )
w
k
(t )
t x
dt
=
_
_
_
(1+
2
k
)
1/2
2
P
(
k
,
k
)
n1
(x), |x| < 1,
(1+
2
k
)
1/2
2
_
(x 1)

k
(x 1)

k
P
(
k
,
k
)
n
(x) +G

kn
(x), |x| > 1,
(43)
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Wave scattering in multilayered piezoelectric plate 555
where G

kn
(x) is the principal part of w
k
(x)P
(
k
,
k
)
n
(x) at innity, then together with the orthogonality relations
(41) again the following algebraic equations for C
k
n
are obtained as
(1 +
2
l
)
1/2
2

(
i
,
i
)
k1
C
l
k
+

n=1
4

m=1
Y
lm
kn
C
m
n
=q
kl
, l = 1, 2, 3, 4; k =1, 2, . . . , (44)
where
q
kl
=
_
1
1

l
( )P
(
l
,
l
)
k1
( )w
l
( ) d,
Y
lm
kn
=
_
1
1
H
lm
n
P
(
l
,
l
)
k1
( )w
l
( ) d, (45)
H
km
n
( ) = a
_
1
1
F
lm
(, )P
(
l
,
l
)
n
()w
l
() d.
In fact, the series in equation (44) is truncated after the rst N terms leading to a system of 4N simultaneous
linear algebraic equations for the constants C
k
n
. The number N must be large enough to yield the results that are
within a specied degree of accuracy. After the constants C
k
n
are evaluated from (44), the traction and electric
induction components
22
,
12
,
32
, D
2
for | | > 1 on the plane containing the crack can be obtained in terms
of the solutions of equations (37) as
t(, 0) =D

1
N

n=1
_

_
(1 +
2
1
)
1/2
2
( 1)

1
( +1)

1
P
(
1
,
1
)
n
( )C
1
n
(1 +
2
2
)
1/2
2
( 1)

2
( +1)

2
P
(
2
,
2
)
n
( )C
2
n
(1 +
2
3
)
1/2
2
( 1)

3
( +1)

3
P
(
3
,
3
)
n
( )C
3
n
(1 +
2
4
)
1/2
2
( 1)

4
( +1)

4
P
(
4
,
4
)
n
( )C
4
n
_

_
+O(1), (46)
where O( ) represents the higher order terms. The intensity factor (at the right-hand side crack tip) may be
dened as
k = [k
II
k
I
k
III
k
D
]
T
= lim
x1
+

2a diag
_
(x 1)

t(x, 0)

. (47)
Note that G

kn
(x), the principal part of w
k
( )P
(
k
,
k
)
n
( ), is bounded at x = 1. Therefore, the intensity factor
can be written as
_

_
k
II
k
I
k
III
k
D
_

_
=

1
N

n=1
_

_
(1 +
2
1
)
1/2

2
2

1
P
(
1
,
1
)
n
(1)C
1
n
.
.
.
(1 +
2
4
)
1/2

2
2

4
P
(
4
,
4
)
n
(1)C
4
n
_

. (48)
It is seen that the crack-tip singular elds are oscillatory, as in the corresponding static case. The oscillatory
index is only dependent on the two media layers above and below the crack plane, which is the same as that for
an interface crack between two innite dissimilar media (Suo et al., 1992). Equation (48) also shows that the
fracture modes are always coupled.
http://www.paper.edu.cn
556 S. Shen et al.
Then, from equations (8) and (39), the crack opening general displacement can be obtained as
u(a) = a
1
N

n=1
_

_
_

1
w
1
(s)P
(
1
,
1
)
n
(s) dsC
1
n
.
.
.
_

1
w
4
(s)P
(
4
,
4
)
n
(s) dsC
4
n
_

_
. (49)
5. Numerical results and discussions
In this section, numerical examples are given to illustrate the method of solution outlined in this paper. The
numerical results are obtained for a 6-layer semi-innite medium. The incident angle is taken to be 0.01

. In
this example, the incident wave is taken to be a anti-plane quasi transverse wave from x
2
= . The material
(PVDF) parameters used in the numerical computation are given in the Appendix. The laminate has a stacking
sequence of 90

/0

/90

/0

/90

/0

. All the layers (except the 6th layer) are considered to have the same
thickness h. The Jacobi-type integrals and the improper integrals, were numerically evaluated by employing
the GaussJacobi and GaussLegendre quadrature formulae (Davis and Rabinowitz, 1984), respectively.
The mode III stress intensity factor and coupling induce intensity factor versus wavenumber under different
h/a are plotted in gures 2 and 3, respectively. The intensity factors in all gures were normalized by K
III
at
the wavenumber 2.3, h/a =1 and the interface crack located between the 5th layer and the half-space.
It is observed from these two gures that parameter h/a has little effect on the trend of K
III
versus
wavenumber while it has obvious effect on the trend of the coupling K
D
.
Figures 4 and 5 show that the inuence of the location of the interface crack on the variations of the
major stress intensity factor K
III
and the coupling induce intensity factor K
D
with respect to the wavenumber.
Compared with gures 2 and 3, it is seen that an interface crack located farther towards the half-space would
yield smaller K
III
and K
D
. This may be caused by the decay of the incident wave.
Figure 2. Normalized K
III
versus wavenumber for different h/a (the interface crack located between the 5th and 6th layer).
. . . .
h/a = 1.0;
h/a = 0.25.
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Wave scattering in multilayered piezoelectric plate 557
Figure 3. Normalized K
D
versus wavenumber for different h/a (the interface crack located between the 5th and 6th layer).
. . . .
h/a = 1.0;
h/a = 0.25.
Figure 4. Normalized K
III
versus wavenumber for h/a = 1.0 (the interface crack located between the 4th and 5th layer).
The inuence of piezoelectricity on the wave propagation is represented by the electromechanical coupling
factor, for the anti-plane quasi-transverse wave in this case, K
44
= 0.6621 10
2
. This is a very small value, it
means that the piezoelectricity has little effect on the wave propagation for PVDF. Figure 6 shows the inuence
of piezoelectricity on K
III
. The results support this conclusion. For most of the piezoelectric media, the electro-
http://www.paper.edu.cn
558 S. Shen et al.
Figure 5. Normalized K
D
versus wavenumber for h/a =1.0 (the interface crack located between the 4th and 5th layer).
Figure 6. The inuence of piezoelectricity on K
III
. with regards to piezoelectricity;
. . . .
without regards to piezoelectricity.
mechanical coupling factor does not exceed 2 percent, its inuence on wave propagation can be omitted. But,
for high piezoelectric media, the inuence must be considered.
This conclusion is of practical importance in non-destructive techniques and other elds, it implies that
PVDF used as sensor in an engineering structure will produce an electric wave for detection without changing
the elastic wave propagation.
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Wave scattering in multilayered piezoelectric plate 559
Appendix
PVDF (Varadan et al., 1989):
C=
_

_
3.61 1.61 1.42 0 0 0
3.13 1.31 0 0 0
1.63 0 0 0
0.55 0 0
0.59 0
0.69
_

_
GPa, d
T
=
_

_
0 0 21.0
0 0 1.5
0 0 32.5
0 23 0
27 0 0
0 0 0
_

_
10
12
c/N,

0
=
_
_
6.1 0 0
0 7.5 0
0 0 6.7
_
_
,
e
T
=Cd
T
, = 1800 kg/m
3
.
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