Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2
Stresses in machine
elements
Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur
Lesson
3
Strain analysis
Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur
Instructional Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the student should learn
2.3.1 Introduction
No matter what stresses are imposed on an elastic body, provided the material
does not rupture, displacement at any point can have only one value. Therefore
the displacement at any point can be completely given by the three single valued
components u, v and w along the three co-ordinate axes x, y and z respectively.
The normal and shear strains may be derived in terms of these displacements.
A B
δx
u A' B'
α is the angle made by the displaced line B′C′ with the vertical and β is the angle
made by the displaced line A′D′ with the horizontal. This gives
∂u ∂v
δy δx
∂y ∂u ∂x ∂v
α= = and β= =
δy ∂y δx ∂x
y
∂u
u+ δy
∂y
∂u
δy
∂y
C'
B'
v+
∂v
δy α
∂y B C
D'
A' β ∂v
v+ δx
v ∂x
A u D x
∂u
u+ δx
∂x
1
ε1 = [ σ1 − ν(σ2 + σ3 )]
E
1
ε 2 = [ σ2 − ν(σ3 + σ1 ) ]
E
1
ε3 = [ σ3 − ν (σ1 + σ 2 ) ]
E
From the point of view of volume change or dilatation resulting from hydrostatic
pressure we also have
σ = KΔ
where σ =
1
3
( σ x +σ y + σ z ) = ( σ 1 +σ 2 + σ3 ) and Δ = (ε x + ε y + ε z ) = (ε1 + ε 2 + ε 3 )
1
3
G=E
2(1 + ν)
Considering now the hydrostatic state of stress and strain we may write
1
( σ 1 +σ2 + σ3 ) = K(ε1 + ε 2 + ε3 ) . Substituting ε1, ε2 and ε3 in terms of σ1 , σ2 and σ3
3
we may write
1
( σ 1 +σ2 + σ3 ) = K [(σ1 + σ 2 + σ3 ) − 2ν (σ1 + σ 2 + σ3 )] and this gives
3
K=E .
3(1 − 2ν)
(1 − 2ν ) ( σ x + σ y + σ z )⎤⎦ + 3αT
1⎡
Δ=
E⎣
Δ=
1
3K
( σx + σ y + σz ) + 3αT .
1
Combining this with εx = ⎡σ x − ν (σ y + σ z ) ⎤⎦ + αT we have
E⎣
Eε x 3νK(Δ − 3αT) EαT
σx = + −
1+ ν 1+ ν 1+ ν
3νK
Substituting G = E and λ = we may write the normal and shear
2(1 + ν) 1+ ν
stresses as
σ x = 2Gε x + λΔ − 3KαT
σ y = 2Gε y + λΔ − 3KαT
σ z = 2Gε z + λΔ − 3KαT
τ xy = Gε xy
τ yz = Gε yz
τzx = Gε zx
These equations are considered to be suitable in thermoelastic situations.
50mm 1 KN /mm
4 KN/mm
100mm
2.3.7.1F
Δt
Now, ε z = where, t is the thickness and Δt is the change in thickness.
t
Therefore, the change in thickness = 7.5 μm.
Q.2: At a point in a loaded member, a state of plane stress exists and the
strains are εx= -90x10-6, εy= -30x10-6 and εxy=120x10-6. If the elastic
constants E , ν and G are 200 GPa , 0.3 and 84 GPa respectively,
determine the normal stresses σx and σy and the shear stress τxy at the
point.
A.3:
250
Axial stress σ x = = 127.3MPa
π
( 0.05 )
2
Δ
Now, lateral strain, ε L = and this gives
D
Δ= 9.5 μm.
In the absence of any applied load, the force developed due to thermal
expansion, F = Eε t A = 848KN