Bibliography

Primary Sources
Magazines:
Axelsson, Erik et al. The Genomic Signature of Dog Domestication Reveals Adaptation to A Starch-rich Diet. Nature March. 2013: 1-6. In this article a scientist created an experiment of genetic study involving wolves and dogs. He wanted to determine the genetic changes that occurred throughout the domestication process. His work supported the Dumpster Diver Hypothesis and the genetic changed played a significant role in domestication. Figure 2, from Early Canid Domestication: The Farm Fox Experiment. by: Lyudmila N. Trut. American Scientist. Vol. 87. March-April. 1999: pg. 162. The article in American Scientist had a chart that showed the physical characteristics exhibited by the foxes that were bred over generations. Eventually those characteristics changed. On the other side of this chart it showed which animals that had been domesticated also had those same characteristics. For example the foxs tails became curled, much like the dog and the pigs tails we see today. They also had floppy ears, just like the dog, cat, pig, horse ect. Figure 8, from Early Canid Domestication: The Farm Fox Experiment. by: Lyudmila N. Trut. American Scientist. Vol. 87. March-April. 1999: pg. 168. The article in American Scientist had another chart that showed what characteristic the foxes had and how many foxes were documented with that characteristic. The columns are split depending on how the domesticated populations and nondomesticated population, and the increase in frequency in percent for that characteristic or traits. Ruusila, Vesa. et al. Interspecific Cooperation In Human (Homo Sapiens) Hunting: The Benefits of A Barking Dog (Canis Familiaris). Anne. Zool. Fennici 41. Helsiniki 31. August. 2004: 545-549. This article was written by a scientist who had concocted and experiment on people who hunt in groups with dogs, and whether hunting with dogs was more successful than hunting with just people. Trut, Lyudmila N. Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment. American Scientist Vol. 87. March- April. 1999: 160-169. This article was written by Dr. Trut who continued an experiment that Dr. Belyaev had started in 1959. The experiment was created to see what the process of dog domestication might have looked like. In this experiment scientists used silver foxes which are very similar to wolves, but hadnt been domesticated. Eventually, over generations and generations the scientist are just now reaching the fortieth generation of foxes.

vonHoldt, Bridgett M. et al. A Genome-Wide Perspective On the Evolutionary History of Enigmatic Wolf-like Canids. Genome Research Vol. 21. 12.May. 2011: 1294-1305. This magazine article was about understanding the evolution of the wolf and dog. I learned from the article how the genetic research shows that while coyotes, wolves, and jackals are all closely related the domestic dog only has genetic similarities to the wolf. vonHoldt, Bridgett M. et al. Genome-wide SNP and Haplotype Analyses Reveal A Rich History Underlying Dog Domestication. Nature Vol. 464. 8. April. 2010: 898-903. This article explained an experiment conducted to decipher the exact ancestor of the dog. The information I received from the article helped with the section on my website called Wolf To Dog.

Pictures:
Pictures From Web: 2 Dogs Hunting Rabbit, blog.chaukhat.com 9/11 FEMA Dog, www.flickr.com 9/11 Pentagon Dog, hoofcare.blogspot.com Bear Hunt in Estonia, news.softpedia.com Dog 12,000 Years Ago, nytts.org Dogs Hunting Barbary Sheep, farm1.staticflicker.com Dogs Searching In Tunnel, www.nrcdogs.org Fox Cages, redhotrussia.com Fox Sniffing, edaver.wordpress.com Hat and Fox, blogs.scientificamerican.com Orange, www.tumblr.com Painting on Egyptian Sarcophagus, picture provided by Dr. Clive D. L. Wynne (see interview) Prehistoric Painting, maelstorm.itgo.com Sheep Dog Herding, feastbowl.files.wordpress.com Shepherding in Anatolia, www.janedogs.com Silver Fox, www.celtnet.org.uk Silver Fox 2, www.arkinspace.com Wolves Chasing elk, www,greateryellwostone.org

Video Clips:
Dogs Evolution Contradicts Darwin. Rate My Science. Clip One. <http//www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ZEOjlsUd7j8>

This video shows information and clips from the research by Dr. Trut and Dr. Belyaev. It describes how the silver foxes were chosen by tameness,a nd from there bred over generations and generations till eventually they became as tame as the dogs living in our houses today. This video was a great contribution to my website because it showed clips from the actual research that was going on at that specific time. Dogs Evolution Contradicts Darwin. Rate My Science. Clip Two. <http//www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ZEOjlsUd7j8 This is the second video I chose and it shows more recent clips of the research that Dr. trut has continued on after Dr. Belyaev. It explained how the foxs coats changed colors, their ears became floppy, and their tails started to curl. Many people think that the domestication of the silver fox could give us an idea and picture of what the domestication of the dog might have looked like.

Secondary Sources
Books: Bidner, Jen. Dog Heroes. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2002. This book was extremely helpful in my research. It proved most helpful for my page called Rescue and Police Dogs.It gave me information about the dogs that helped rescue people on September 11 and how the FEMA dogs are trained to rescue and look for people trapped or injured under the rubble. Clutton-Brock, Juliet. Eyewitness Dog, DK Publishing Inc, New York: 2004. This book was very helpful because it showed dog collars that were German and from Ancient Greece. The book stated that dog collars were worn in Egyptian times. Fox, Michael W. Effects of Domestication in Animals: A Review. The Dog Its Domestication and Behavior. United States: Garland STPM Press, 1978. This book was very helpful with learning the scientific words and charts. It told me that the word taming is not the same as domestication; it is the process in which animals learn to not flee from man. Michener, James A. The Bee Eater. The Source. New York: Random House Publishing Group, 1965. The particular part of this book, The Bee Eater, was helpful when doing my research. It gave me an example of how Dog and Woman became friends, because Urs daughter took a risk and fed a wild dog. Even though this is fiction it gave me a sense of how taming could have happened. Zeaman, John.How the Wolf Became the Dog. Danbury, Connecticut: Franklin Watts, 1998. This book was very helpful because it was my first book source and it was easy to understand. It gave me information about how people learned to hunt from observing dogs.

Documents:
Clutton-Brock, Juliet. Map. Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Pg. 47. Published: University of Texas Press, Austin, 1989.

This map was based on research by Lee and de Vere, in 1968. I used this map on my turning Point page to represent a time span of how less people were nomadic and more began to settle down and stay in one place.

Magazines:
Cohn, Jeffrey. How Wild Wolves Became Domestic Dogs. BioScience Vol. 47. No. 11. December 1997: 725-728. This article described the wolf as the ancestor of the dog. I learned that dogs have different physical characteristics from wolves and these characteristics come from genetic changed to the dogs hormonal system, which occurred thousands of years ago. Diamond, Jared. Evolution, Consequences and Future of Plant and Animal Domestication. Nature Vol. 418. 8. August. 2002: 700-707. This article described how the climate change which happened 15,000 to 30,000 years ago forced nomadic people to settle down and create settlements. They realized that since they had much success with domesticating the dog that it was possible to domesticate other animals. Hayner, Lynn M. Dog Fancy. The Amazing Human-Animal Bond. January. 2013: 30. I found this magazine very helpful when doing my research, because it told me about how dog and humans benefit from each other. They will benefit from exercise and the bond between the two because it can relieve stress. Lobell, Jarret A. and Powell, Eric. More Than Mans Best Friend. Archaeology. Vol. 63. No. 5. September/October. 2010. Cover picture by Araldo De Luca. 2100-1750 B.C. Picture on Egyptian Sarcophagus, Khuy walking his dg IUPU. This article tells a story of how humans have loved dogs for over thousands and thousands of years. Humans and dogs such a strong relationship that humans have gone out of their way to bury their companions carefully and respectfully. Humans have even placed food in the graves of dogs to ensure food in the afterlife. Mans Best Friend. The Economist. 30. June. 2012: 82. This article talked about an experiment conducted by Deborah Custance and Jennifer Mayer. The experiment was conducted to discover if dogs feel empathy or are just curious when they react to human emotion. In the end these studies suggest that dogs do have the ability to express empathetic concern.

Interviews:
Dr. Wynne, Clive D. L. Telaphone Interview. February. 9. 2013. The interview with Dr. Wynne was extremely helpful for my research. He gave me new hypotheses about how the dog was domesticated. The information he gave me was very new to me and I learned there was much more to my topic than I thought there was. I realized how broad my topic is and how much more there was to it.

Pictures:
Pictures From the Web:

9/11 Anniversary Service Dog, www.examiner.com Arab Wolf, www.cosmosmith.com Basenji, animal.discovery.com Black and White Wolf, www.ehow.com Blue Eye Dog, funnystupid.net Cadaver Search Dog, latimesblogs.latimes.com Parts of the Dog, cochise4hblog.blogspot.com Coyote Eating Paper Plate, www.flickr.com Dog Searching In Snow, www.petfinder.com Dog Walking In Snow, istockphoto.com Gray Wolf, www.enchantedlearning.com Gray Wolf In Snow, www.art.com Greek frieze of Dog and Shepherd, people.unt.edu Human Walking Dogs, walk.walgreens.com Labrador Retriever, mylabkennels.com.au Lifeguard Dog, jocosarblog.typepad.com Miacis, miyess.deviantart.com Police dog Jumping, whatafy.com Siberian Husky, www.serbagunamarine.com Smooth Fox Terrier, animal.discovery.com Tamarctus, www.chickensmoothie.com Dog Species Tree, newsroom.ucla.edu Water Rescue, www.awesomefoundation.org

Sound Clips:
Sound Clip. Dog Bark. http//www.soundbilble.com/393-puppy-dog-barking.html This sound clip is of a dog barking and I used it on my Compare/Contrast to show the difference between a wolf howl and a dog bark. Sound Clip. Wolf Howl. http://www.emstechlab.com/library/sound/SoundPak/Forest %20Animals/ wolfhowling2.mp3 This sound clip is of a wolf howling and I used it on my home page, so when you open the home page it will automatically begin to make a howling sound. I also used this sound clip on my page called Compare/Contrast to show the difference between a dog bark and a wolf howl.

Websites:
Ancient Dog Skull Shows Early Pet Domestication. National Geographic. October. 1. 2012. news.nationalgeographic.com/.../110819-dogs-wolves-russia-domestication-animalsscience-evolution/ This article told me that the skull found was very close to the skull of a domesticated dog today; 33,000 years ago dogs were being domesticated. The skull was on the peak of becoming a fully domesticated dog when its breed died out. Clive D. L. Wynne. October. 20. 2012 http://www.psych.ufl.edu/~wynne/psychology/Welcome.html Dr. Wynnes website was very useful because it helped me learn about the research and recent studies Dr. Wynne was doing before I was to interview him. I was able to ask questions about the burial site he had recently seen in Israel, which by coincidence I had chosen to use as part of a page on my website. The Seeing Eye. March. 6. 2013. www.seeingeye.org This website was very helpful when researching about guide dogs. I thought it was very interesting that The Seeing Eye Inc. was the oldest existing guide dog school in the world. I used the information from this website on my page called Guide Dogs. Wolf to Woof The Evolution of Dogs. National Geographic.com. October.2.2012. http:// ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2002/01/01/html/ft_20020101.1.html This article told me two different ways dogs could have been domesticated. Some people say humans adopted pups and natural selection favored dogs who were less aggressive. Others say dogs domesticated themselves by developing a new niche. The article also gave me other references such as,The Early Evolution of the Domestic Dog.

Tertiary Sources
Reference Books:
McGinnis.Dog History. World Book Encyclopedia vol.22.2011. This was the most useful article on my topic from the encyclopedia. I outlined it in order to have a basis for future research.