Biology Study Guide

Name:______________________________

Unit 12: The Human Body

GOAL: The learner will develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life.

Before each set of questions, you will see the state's objectives for the information from Unit 12:
The Human Body. It will help you get a better feel for this unit if you read the objective and
understand what you are supposed to be able to know and do at the end of this unit!

4.02 Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following groups
accomplish essential life functions including:
a) Unicellular protists, annelid worms, insects, amphibians, mammals, non vascular plants,
gymnosperms and angiosperms.
b) Transport, excretion, respiration, regulation, nutrition, synthesis, reproduction, and growth and
development.

Muscular and Skeletal Systems

1. What are the main organs of the muscular system?

2. What is the function of the muscular system?

3. What is the main organ of the skeletal system?

4. What is the function of the skeletal system?

5. What are the three types of muscle?

6. _______________ bind muscle to bone. _____________________ bind bone to bone.

7. Do humans have an endoskeleton or an exoskeleton? (Circle one.)

8. Bones store minerals, such as __________________.

9. Bones create ______________ cells for the circulatory system and ______________ cells for
the immune system.

10. There are five categories of joints, the point of connection between two bones or parts of a
skeleton. Where is each located in the body?
 a) Ball and socket:
b) Hinge:
c) Pivot:
d) Gliding:
e) Immovable:

Excretory System
11. What are the main organs of the excretory system?

12. What is the function of the excretory system?

13. List the following steps in how the excretory system works in their correct order.
____ a. blood flows into the kidney
____ b. urine flows from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
____ c. water, urea, glucose, and other materials removed from
the blood
____ d. urine is eliminated
____ e. urine forms in the kidney
____ f. urine stretches the cell walls, telling the brain the bladder
is full

Respiratory System
14. What are the main organs of the respiratory system?

15. What is the function of the respiratory system?

16. What is the purpose of the little hairs inside the nose and the mucous membranes in the
throat?

17. How does oxygen move from the lungs into the bloodstream?

18. The trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi, which branch into smaller and
smaller passageways until they terminate in tiny air sacs called ________________.

19. The respiratory system is responsible for bringing the gas ________________ to the lungs to
be transported into blood cells, and carrying _______________ away from them.

20. Explain why, during exercise, breathing rate increases.

Digestive System
21. What are the main organs of the digestive system?

22. What is the function of the digestive system?

23. Amylase, an enzyme, is responsible for breaking down ___________ in the mouth.

24. What food would provide a good source of:

a) fats? ___________________
b) carbohydrates? ___________________
c) proteins? ___________________
d) fiber? ___________________

25. Put the following in order of their role in the digestive system.
Small Intestine, Mouth, Stomach, Esophagus, Large Intestine

Circulatory System
26. What are the main organs of the circulatory system?

27. What is the function of the circulatory system?

28. Red blood cells carry ________________ to different parts of the body from the lungs, and
_________________ away from them as a result of cellular respiration.

29. What is hemoglobin?

30. Put the pathway of blood in order, starting with the blood returning to the heart from the
body.
___1___ Deoxygenated, returns to the heart from the body
______ Is pumped out to the lungs
______ Flows into the left atrium
______ Flows into the right ventricle
______ Oxygenated, returns to the heart from the lungs through the pulmonary veins
______ Flows into the left ventricle
______ Flows into the right atrium
______ Blood goes out to the body through the arteries
31. Complete the chart below, using a checkmark to show whether the blood type has the
antigen or antibody.

A antigen B antigen A antibody B antibody

Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O

32. What would happen if a person with type A blood is given type AB?

Nervous System
33. What are the main organs of the nervous system?

34. What is the function of the nervous system?

35. What is the purpose of each of the following:

a) Brain stem: ___________________________________________________________
b) Cerebellum: ___________________________________________________________
c) Cerebrum: ____________________________________________________________

36. The nervous system is relatively fast/slow. (Circle one.)

Endocrine System
37. What are the main organs of the endocrine system?

38. What is the function of the endocrine system?

39. What is the primary hormone is controlled by the testes in males?

40. What is the primary hormone controlled by the ovaries in females?

4.03 Assess, describe and explain adaptations affecting survival and reproductive success.
a) Structural adaptations in plants and animals (form to function).
b) Disease-causing viruses and microorganisms.
c) Co-evolution.

Reproductive System
41. What are the main organs of the reproductive system?
42. What is the function of the reproductive system?

43. Spermatogenesis (sperm formation) and oogenesis (egg formation) differ from mitosis
because the resulting cells have ________ the number of chromosomes as the original cell.
a) twice as many b) only half c) three times d) only a quarter of

4.04 Analyze and explain the interactive role of internal and external factors in health and
disease:
a) Genetics.
b) Immune response.
c) Nutrition.
d) Parasites.
e) Toxins.

Immune System
44. What are the main organs of the immune system?

45. What is the function of the immune system?

46. Match the immune system term with its definition.

1. ____ Pathogen a. white blood cell
2. ____ Lymphocyte b. a lymphocyte that identifies a pathogen
3. ____ T-cell c. organism that causes a disease
4. ____ B-cell d. a lymphocyte that makes chemicals that help
destroy a pathogen
5. ____ Antibody e. protein made by B-cells that locks onto specific
antigens

47. What role do white blood cells play?

48. How does a vaccine work?

49. What does an antigen do to the immune system?