Design of Beams

Grade of concrete = M 25 = F1 - Modification Factor for Tension Reinforcement F2 - Modification Factor for Compression Reinforcement
Clear Cover (cc) =32 mm = 3.1 N/mm
2
Grade of Steel =Fe 415 pt & pc,max =
Moment Shear t
v t
c
Mu Vu Leff bw D bf Df d Pt Pc Pt Pc
N/ N/ dia Spacing
kN m kN mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm kN m % % No dia No dia No dia No dia No dia No dia % % mm2 mm2 mm mm F1 F2 F3
200.00
Size of beam
Factors
1.383
450 750
Actual < Allowable, Hence Safe 2 300 c/c
1 B1 Simply 10000
Support 750.00 230.00
800.00
1.048 0.071 0.72 0.65 OK 8 0 12 0 16 2 16 0 16 2 12 1.127 0.000 6 25 32 40.0 710.0 782.62 Singly 3.306
16 3 16 0 25 4 20 0 12 0 16 1.315
0.992 6 25 2 12 0.071 OK 8 0.64 0.63 14.08 0.80 1.01
t
c,max =
Dia
of
bar
cc
pt,min
Type of
Section
Mu,lim
Mu/bd
2
N/mm
2
% of Steel
Provided
16
16 1200 100
450
16
pt,limit
450 100
% of Steel
Requried
Tension
Reinforcement Details
Compression
Reinforcement Details
S.
No
Beam Section
Design Forces
Type of
Beam
Type3
40.0 710.0 0.981 3.527 0 16 Singly
215.00 100 Support
Span
900.00
Type2
6 40.0 Doubly 3.967
0.000
1.346 0.160
32
32 710.0
1339.49
782.62 2 200 c/c 0.67 0.71 OK 8 0.189
Leff/d
Allowa
ble
Actual
2
Actual < Allowable, Hence Safe
200 c/c 22.33
Check for Deflection
Leg
Stirrups
Check for Shear
check
2 12
Type1 Type2
0 12 0 16
TITLE
DOC. NO.
Type3
1.194%
0.205%
4.000%
d'
Eff.
depth
Type1
PREPARED
CHECKED
DATE
DATE
PROJECT
REVISION DESIGN OF T & RECTANGULAR BEAMS
1.0 Example 1 :
Design the T-Beam for the following parameters :
b
f
= D
f
=
b
w
= d =
f
ck
=
N/mm
2
f
y
=
N/mm
2
M
u =
D
f
/d
= 100/300 =
3x
umax
/7d < < x
umax
/d
M
ulim
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
w
x
umax
(d - 0.416x
umax
) + 0.4467 f
ck
(b
f
- b
w
) y
f
(d - y
f
/2 )
x
umax = 0.5313 d = 0.5313 x 300 = mm
y
f
= 0.15 x
umax
+ 0.65 D
f
= 88.9085 mm
M
ulim = kNm
M
u
< M
ulim Hence designed as singly reinforced section.
Location of N.A
When x
u
= D
f
, Moment of Resistance M
u1
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
f
D
f
(d -0.416 D
f
)
M
u1 = kNm
M
u
< M
u1
, N.A lies within the flange .( x
u
< D
f
)
Hence designed as a rectangular beam of width b =b
f
Method - 1 :
Area of tension reinforcement ( A
st
)
A
st
= =
mm
2
Method - 2 :
Depth of N.A (x
u
) M
u
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
f
x
u
(d - 0.416x
u
)
x
u
= = 87.33 mm < D
f
A
st
= 0.3616 x f
ck
x b
f
x x
u
x 1.15 =
mm
2
2.0
Example 2 :
Design the T-Beam for the following parameters
0.2277
3489.45
CL. NO. T - BEAM DESIGN CALCULATIONS
250
kNm
200
mm 100 mm
300 mm
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
Yugasoft
PROJECT
TITLE REVISION
DESIGNED
MP
DOCUMENT. NO.
1200
20
200
mm
DATE
0.33
Df/d
f
y
0.5313
3488.26
256.8583
224.2498
159.39
(
(

2
6 . 4
1 1 202 . 1
d b f
M
d
f ck
u
d b
d b f
M 4.6
1 1
f
f 0.5
f
2
f ck
u
y
ck

(
(

CL. NO. T - BEAM DESIGN CALCULATIONS

DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
Yugasoft
PROJECT
TITLE REVISION
DESIGNED
MP
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE
b
f
= mm D
f
=
b
w
= mm d = mm
f
ck
=
N/mm
2
f
y
=
N/mm
2
M
u = kNm d' = mm
D
f
/d = 100/200 = 0.5 > x
umax
/d
M
ulim
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
f
x
umax
(d - 0.416x
umax
) x
umax
= 0.456 d
= kNm =
M
u
> M
ulim Hence designed as doubly reinforced section.
Depth & location of N.A :
x
u
= x
umax
= 91.2 mm < D
f
N.A lies within the flange.
Area of tension reinforcement ( A
st
)
= +
f
y
(d-d')
= mm
2
Area of compression reinforcement ( A
sc
)
= c
sc
= 0.0035 ( 1 - d'/x
umax
)
= 0.0035 ( 1 - 30/91.2 )
=
=
mm
2
f
sc
=
N/mm
2
f
cc
=
N/mm
2
3.0
Example 3 :
Design the T-Beam for the following parameters
b
f
= D
f
=
b
w
= d =
f
ck
=
N/mm
2
f
y
=
N/mm
2
M
u =
1200 100
310 kNm
500 20
200 200
30 135
1200 mm 100
(M
u
- M
ulim
) x 1.15
(0.456)
91.2mm
M
u
- M
ulim
(f
sc
-f
cc
)(d-d')
25 415
A
st
1911.48
0.3616 x f
ck
x b
f
x x
umax
x 1.15
f
y
102.56
200 mm
A
sc
395.13
8.92
0.00235
mm
300 mm
mm
128.266
CL. NO. T - BEAM DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
Yugasoft
PROJECT
TITLE REVISION
DESIGNED
MP
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE
D
f
/d
= 100/300 =
3x
umax
/7d < Df/d < x
umax
/d
M
ulim
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
w
x
umax
(d - 0.416x
umax
) + 0.4467 f
ck
(b
f
- b
w
) y
f
(d - y
f
/2 )
x
umax = 0.4791 d = 0.4719 x 300 = mm
y
f
= 0.15 x
umax
+ 0.65 D
f
= mm
M
ulim = kNm
M
u
< M
ulim Hence designed as singly reinforced section.
Location of N.A
When x
u
= D
f
, Moment of Resistance M
u1
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
f
D
f
(d -0.416 D
f
)
M
u1 = kNm
M
u
> M
u1
, N.A lies outside the flange . x
u
> D
f
When x
u
= 7D
f
/ 3 ,
Moment of Resistance M
u2
= 0.3616 fck bf (7Df/3) d-0.416 (7Df/3)
M
u2 = kNm > 310 kNm
Mu < Mu2 Non Uniform stress block in flange. x
u
< 7D
f
/3
( Rectangular cum parabolic stress block )
Depth of N.A ( X
u
)
M
u
= 0.3616 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
u
x (d-0.416x
u
)

+ 0.4467 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w
) x y
f
x (d - y
f
/ 2)
a = 0.416 + 0.0225 k k = (21/34) * ((b
f
/b
w
) -1) = 3.088
b = - (1+ 0.3 k - 0.195 (D
f
/d) )
c = M_k + 0.4225 k (D
f
/d)
2
- 1.3 k (D
f
/d)
M_k = =
x
u
/d = =
x
u = 142.8956 mm < 143.73 mm
(x
umax
)
y
f
= 0.15 x
u
+ 0.65 D
f
= mm < D
f
Hence O.K
Area of tension reinforcement ( A
st
)
= ( 0.3616 f
ck
b
w
x
u
+ 0.4467 f
ck
(b
f
- b
w
)

y
f
) 1.15
= mm
2
4.0
Example 4 :
Design the T-Beam for the following parameters
b
f
= mm D
f
=
b
w
= mm d = mm
f
ck
=
N/mm
2
f
y
=
N/mm
2
M
u = kNm d' = mm
D
f
/d
= 100/300 =
0.33
(0.4791)
310.581
86.5595
0.3616 x f
ck
x b
w
x d
2
1.905 Mu
A
st
86.434
(0.2053)
1200 100
50
200 300
20 250
258
0.33
mm
143.73
364.798
280.3123
0.476319
f
y
3390.729
a
ac b b
2
4
2

CL. NO. T - BEAM DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
Yugasoft
PROJECT
TITLE REVISION
DESIGNED
MP
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE
3x
umax
/7d < Df/d < x
umax
/d
Limiting Moment of Resistance : ( M
ulim
)
M
ulim
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
w
x
umax
(d - 0.416x
umax
) + 0.4467 f
ck
(b
f
- b
w
) y
f
(d - y
f
/2)
x
umax = 0.5313 d = 0.5313 x 200 = mm
y
f
= 0.15 x
umax
+ 0.65 D
f
= mm
= kNm
M
u
> M
ulim
Hence designed as doubly reinforced section.
Depth of N.A location
x
u
= x
umax
= 159.39 mm > D
f
N.A lies outside the flange. ( x
u,max
< 7D
f
/3 )
Area of tension reinforcement ( A
st
)
= ( 0.3616 f
ck
b
w
x
u,max
+ 0.4467 f
ck
(b
f
- b
w
)

y
f
) 1.15
= mm
2
Area of compression reinforcement ( A
sc
)
= c
sc
= 0.0035 ( 1 - d' /x
umax
)
= 0.0035 ( 1 - 50/159.39 )
=
=
mm
2
f
sc
=
N/mm
2
f
cc
=
N/mm
2
5.0
Example 5 :
Design the T-Beam for the following parameters
b
f
= D
f
=
b
w
= d =
f
ck
=
N/mm
2
f
y
=
N/mm
2
M
u =
D
f
/d
= 90/450 = <
3x
umax
/ 7d
Limiting Moment of Resistance : ( M
ulim
)
A
st
4735.32
A
sc
M
u
- M
ulim
1200 mm
8.92
0.2277 0.5313
253.858
f
y
(f
sc
-f
cc
)(d-d')
0.0024
21.906 217.39
90 mm
200 mm 450 mm
(0.2053 )
30 415
654.5 kNm
0.2
88.9085
159.39
CL. NO. T - BEAM DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
Yugasoft
PROJECT
TITLE REVISION
DESIGNED
MP
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE
M
ulim
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
w
x
umax
(d - 0.416x
umax
) + 0.4467 f
ck
(b
f
- b
w
) D
f
(d - D
f
/2)
x
umax = 0.4791 d = 0.4719 x 450 = mm
M
ulim = kNm
M
u
< M
ulim Hence designed as singly reinforced section.
Location of N.A
When x
u
= D
f
, Moment of Resistance M
u1
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
f
D
f
(d -0.416 D
f
)
M
u1 = kNm
M
u
> M
u1
, N.A lies outside the flange . x
u
> D
f
When x
u
= 7D
f
/3 ,
Moment of Resistance M
u2
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
w
(7D
f
/3) x

(d - 0.416 (7D
f
/3)

)
+ 0.4467 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w
) x D
f
x (d - D
f
/2)
= kNm > 654.5 kNm ( M
u
)
Mu > Mu2 Uniform stress block in the flange. x
u
> 7D
f
/3
Area of tension reinforcement ( A
st
)
Method - 1:
A
st
=
= mm
2
Method - 2:
M
u,flange
= 0.4467 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w
) x D
f
x (d - D
f
/ 2)
= kNm
M
u,web
= M
u
- M
uflange
= kNm
A
st
=
= mm
2
Method - 3:
653.69
483.35
4612.731
657
488.467
166.034
215.6
4612.7308
) 2 / (
15 . 1
6 . 4
1 1
5 . 0
2
f y
uflange
w
w
uweb
ck y
ck
D d f
M
d b
d b
M
f f
f

+
(
(

y
f w f ck
w
f f
w
f
w
u
ck y
ck
f
D b b f
d b
d
D
d
D
b
b
f
d b
M
f f
f
ck
15 . 1 ) ( 4467 . 0
2 1
2
4467 . 0 6 . 4
1 1
5 . 0
2

+
(
(

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

CL. NO. T - BEAM DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
Yugasoft
PROJECT
TITLE REVISION
DESIGNED
MP
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE
Depth of N.A ( X
u
)
M
u
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
w
x
u
(d - 0.416x
u
)

+ 0.4467 f
ck
(b
f
- b
w
) D
f
(d - D
f
/ 2)
x
u
=
x
u
= mm > 7D
f
/3 ( 210mm )
Uniform stress block in the flange & xu > 7Df/3
= + 0.4467 f
ck
(b
f
- b
w)
D
f
) 1.15
= mm
2
6.0
Example 6 :
Design the T-Beam for the following parameters
b
f
= mm D
f
= mm
b
w
= mm d = mm
f
ck
=
N/mm
2
f
y
=
N/mm
2
M
u = kNm d' = mm
D
f
/d
= 90/450 = <
3x
umax
/7d
Limiting Moment of Resistance : ( M
ulim
)
M
ulim
= 0.3616 f
ck
b
w
x
umax
(d - 0.416x
umax
)

+ 0.4467 f
ck
(b
f
- b
w
) D
f
(d - D
f
/2 )
x
umax = 0.479 d = 0.479 x 200 = mm
M
ulim = kNm
M
u
> M
ulim Hence designed as doubly reinforced section.
(0.2053)
215.6
700 50
0.2
90
200 450
30 415
211.403
A
st
4613.16
657.01
f
y
( 0.3616 f
ck
b
w
x
u
1200
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

d
D
d
D
b
b
d b f
M
d
f f
w
f
w ck
u
2 1
34
21
3616 . 0
664 . 1 1 1 202 . 1
2
CL. NO. T - BEAM DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
Yugasoft
PROJECT
TITLE REVISION
DESIGNED
MP
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE
Depth of N.A location
x
u
= x
umax
= 215.6 mm > D
f
N.A lies outside the flange. ( x
u,max
> 7D
f
/3 )
Area of tension reinforcement ( A
st
)
= ( 0.3616f
ck
b
w
x
umax
+ 0.4467 f
ck
(b
f
- b
w
)

D
f
) 1.15
+
=
mm
2
Area of compression reinforcement ( A
sc
)
= c
sc
= 0.0035 ( 1 - d'/x
umax
)
= 0.0035 ( 1 - 50/215.6 )
=
=
mm
2
f
sc
=
N/mm
2
f
cc
=
N/mm
2
A
sc
4936.236 A
st
A
st
f
y
0.002688
319.32 349.95
13.38
A
sc
M
u
-M
ulim
(f
sc
-f
cc
)(d-d')
(M
u
-M
ulim
) X 1.15
fy(d-d')
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
DESIGNED
06-Oct-09
DATE
MP
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
DESIGNED
06-Oct-09
DATE
MP
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
DESIGNED
06-Oct-09
DATE
MP
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
DESIGNED
06-Oct-09
DATE
MP
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
DESIGNED
06-Oct-09
DATE
MP
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
DESIGNED
06-Oct-09
DATE
MP
DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
DESIGNED
06-Oct-09
DATE
MP
General
The slab portion deforming with the rectangular portion of the beam increases the moment
resisting capacity of the beam where it is in compression.where it is in tension along with
the beam,such as at supports in continuous beams,it cracks and only tensile reinforcement
provided are effective in tension and compressive force is taken by web(rectangular portion)
reducing the beam to a rectangular one.
Structurally,flanged beams may be of two types- T beams & L beams.If slab is
extending on both sides of a beam it is called a T-beam;but if the slab is only on one side
it is an L-beam.
Which portion of the slab will work with the beam depends on span of beam,
width of slab on adjacent sides,breadth of beam,thickness of slab and slab reinforcement at the
junction of beam and slab.
For ready reference the code defines the effective width of flange (slab) as follows:
a)
i) For T-beam, b
f
= l
0
+ b
w
+ 6D
f
6
ii) For L-beam, b
f
= l
0
+ b
w
+ 3D
f
12
b
f
= Effective width of flange for T or L-beam
l
0
= distance between sections of zero moments in a beam
b
w
= breadth of web,and
D
f
= Thickness of slab
b) If the beam is an isolated one,i.e,only one beam has been provided in the floor/roof
system,the effectve width of flange shall be as follows:
i) For T-beam, b
f
= + b
w
ii) For L-beam, b
f
= + b
w
Note: l
o
= 0.7 l
eff
In case,if the main reinforcement of a slab is parallel to the beam,the transverse reinforcement
of slab at the junction shall not be less than 60% of the main reinforcement at midspan of the
slab extending into it upto atleast quarter span of beam,to have monolithic behaviour.
Location of Neutral Axis
For a Singly Reinforced Section: (Mu<Mulim)
Case 1: x
u
D
f
(Neutral Axis lies within the Flange)
When x
u
= D
f ,
the moment of resistance is given by
M
u1
= 0.3616 x f
ck
x b
f
x D
f
(d - 0.416 D
f
)
M
u
M
u1
Case 2: Assume x
u
=7D
f
/3 : x
u
<7D
f
/3
The Moment of Resistance is given by
M
u2
= 0.3616 x f
ck
x b
w
x (7D
f
/3) x

(d - 0.416 (7D
f
/3)

)
+ 0.446 x f
ck
x (b
f
-b
w)
x D
f
) x (d - D
f
/2)
Case 3: Assume x
u
=7D
f
/3 : x
u
<7D
f
/3
< M
u2
Non Uniform stress block in the Flange.(N.A lies outside the Flange) (3/7 ) x
u
< Df
M
u2
Uniform rectangular stress block in the Flange.(N.A lies outside the Flange) (3/7 ) x
u
Df
0.5 l
0
(l
0
/ b) + 4
l
0
(l
0
/ b) + 4
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE DESIGNED DATE
MP
Yugasoft
PROJECT
Design of T- Beam Technical Notes TITLE REVISION
CL. NO. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
M
u
M
u
Page 16 of 23
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE DESIGNED DATE
MP
Yugasoft
PROJECT
Design of T- Beam Technical Notes TITLE REVISION
CL. NO. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
415
x
umax
(TABLE B of SP16)
Case 1: When the Neutral Axis (N.A) lies within the flange (x
u
<=D
f
)

In this case Flanged beam can be considered as a rectangular beam of width b =bf and
experssion for x
u
,M
UR
and A
st
for singly reinforced beam can be used by replacing b by b
f
m = 0.416 x
umax
Z = d - 0.416 x
umax
C
u
= 0.3616 x f
ck
x b
f
x x
umax
T
u
= 0.87 x f
y
x A
st,lim
M
ulim
= C
u
x z or T
u
x z
M
ulim
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
f
x x
umax
(d - 0.416 x
umax
)
= 0.3616

x (x
umax
/d)

x

(1 - 0.416 (x
umax
/d)) x (b
f
/b
w
)
f
ck
x b
w
x d
2
= 0.87 x f
y
x A
stlim
x

(d - 0.416 x
umax
)
=
At Limiting condition Equating T
u
= C
u
0.87 x f
y
x A
stlim
= 0.3616 x f
ck
x b
f
x x
umax
= 0.3616 x f
ck
x b
f
x x
umax
0.87 x f
y
= 0.3616 x f
ck
x b
f
x x
u
(d - 0.416 x
u
)
=
=
=
0.87 x f
y
= 0.87 x f
y
x A
st
x

(d - 0.416 x
u )
M
UR
0.479 0.456
d d
x
umax
500
M
ulim
A
st,lim
M
ulim
0.87 x f
y
x

(d - 0.416 x
umax
)
Df
M
ulim
X
u
d
A
st
A
st,lim
d
f
y
250
0.531
A
st
M
UR
0.361 x f
ck
x b
f
x x
u
(
(

2
f
u
d b fck
M 4.6
1 1 1.202
d b
d b f
M 4.6
1 1
f
f 0.5
f
2
f ck
u
y
ck

(
(

Page 17 of 23
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE DESIGNED DATE
MP
Yugasoft
PROJECT
Design of T- Beam Technical Notes TITLE REVISION
CL. NO. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
=
= Pt,lim x bf x d +
100
=
415
3 x x
umax
Case 2: When the Neutral Axis (N.A) lies outside the flange
& 3/7 xu lies within the flange
Rectangular cum Parabolic portion of stress block is acting on the flange.Non Uniform
stress block is acting on the flange.
3 x x
umax
=
+
C
uw
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
umax
y
fmax
= 0.15 x
umax
+0.65 D
f
C
uf
= 0.446 x f
ck
x (bf - b
w)
x y
f
C
u
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
umax
+ 0.446 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w)
x y
f
T
u
= 0.87 x f
y
x A
st,w
+ 0.87 x f
y
x A
st,f
M
ulim
= M
uw
+ M
uw
M
ulim
= C
uw
x z
w
+ C
uf
x

z
f
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
umax
x (d-0.446x
umax
)

+ 0.446 x fck x (bf - bw) x yf
.
A
st
Df
d 7d
f
y
M
u
0.87 x f
y
x

(d - 0.416 x
u
)
A
sc
M
u -
M
ulim
(fsc - f
cc)
x

(d - d')
For Doubly Reinforced Section
A
st
M
u -
M
ulim
0.87 x f
y
x

(d - d')
250 500
0.2276 0.2053 0.1954
7
Page 18 of 23
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE DESIGNED DATE
MP
Yugasoft
PROJECT
Design of T- Beam Technical Notes TITLE REVISION
CL. NO. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
M
ulim
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
u
x (d-0.446x
umax)
+ 0.446 x fck x (bf - bw) x yf
= 0.361 x x
umax
/d x (1- 0.416 x x
umax
/d)
f
ck
x b
w
x d
2
+ 0.223 x (bf/bw-1) x (yf/d) x (2-(yf/d))
M
ur
= C
uw
x z
w
+ C
uf
x

z
f
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
u
x (d-0.446x
umax
)

+ 0.446 x fck x (bf - bw) x yf x (d-yf/2)
Equating T
u
= C
u
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
u
+ 0.446 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w)
x y
f
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
u
+

0.446 fck (bf - bw)yf
0.87 x f
y
0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
umax
+ 0.446 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w)
x y
f
= 0.87 x f
y
0.87 x f
y
+
= 0.87 x f
y
0.87 x f
y
x (d - y
f
/2)
a = 0.416 + 0.0225 k
b = 1+ 0.3 k- 0.195 (D
f
/d)
c = M_k + 0.4225 k (D
f
/d)
2
- 1.3 k (D
f
/d)
x
u
/d =
k = (21/34) * ((b
f
/b
w
) -1)
M_k =
Case3: When the Neutrl Axis (N.A) lies outside the flange
& 3/7 x
u
lies outside the flange
Uniform stress block in flange.
=
M
ulim
A
st,lim
A
st,lim
Mu_flange
Mu
A
st
Mu_web
0.3616 x f
ck
x b
w
x d
2
a
ac b b
2
4
2

Page 19 of 23
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE DESIGNED DATE
MP
Yugasoft
PROJECT
Design of T- Beam Technical Notes TITLE REVISION
CL. NO. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
+
3 x x
umax
C
uw
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
umax
C
uf
= 0.446 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w)
x D
f
C
u
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
umax
+ 0.446 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w)
x D
f
T
u
= 0.87 x f
y
x A
st,w
+ 0.87 x f
y
x A
st,f
Equating C
u
= T
u
ie C
uw
+ C
uf
= T
uw
+ T
uf
xu = 0.87 x fy x Ast- 0.446 x fck(b
f
-b
w
) x Df
0.361 f
ck
b
w
or
xu =
M
ulim
= M
uw
+ M
uw
M
ulim
= C
uw
x z
w
+ C
uf
x

z
f
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
umax
x (d-0.446x
umax
)

+ 0.446 x fck x (bf - bw) x Df
.
M
ulim
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
u
x (d-0.446x
umax)
+ 0.446 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w
) x D
f
= 0.361 x x
umax
/d x (1- 0.416 x x
umax
/d) +
f
ck
x b
w
x d
2
0.223 x (b
f
/b
w
-1) x (D
f
/d) x (2-(D
f
/d))
M
ur
= C
uw
x z
w
+ C
uf
x

z
f
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
u
x (d-0.446x
umax
)

+ 0.446 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w
) x D
f
x (d-D
f
/2)
A
stf
=
0.87 x f
y
A
stw
=
A
st
=
Equating T
u
= C
u
0.87 x f
y
x A
st
= 0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
u
+ 0.446 x f
ck
x (b
f
- b
w)
x y
f
Df
d d
M
ulim
0.446 f
ck
(b
f
-b
w
)D
f
0.87 x f
y
x A
stw
0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
y
f w f ck
w
f f
w
f
w
u
ck y
ck
xf
D b b f
d b
d
D
d
D
b
b
f
d b
M
f f
f
ck
87 . 0
) ( 446 . 0
2 1 223 . 0
6 . 4
1 1
5 . 0
2

+
(
(

(
(

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

d b
d b f
) M ( 4.6
1 1
f
f 0.5
w 2
ck
u
y
ck

(
(

w
uflange
M
Page 20 of 23
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE DESIGNED DATE
MP
Yugasoft
PROJECT
Design of T- Beam Technical Notes TITLE REVISION
CL. NO. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
0.361 x f
ck
x b
w
x x
umax
+ 0.446 x f
ck
x (bf - b
w)
x D
f
= 0.87 x f
y
0.87 x f
y
+
= 0.87 x f
y
0.87 x f
y
x (d - D
f
/2)
Determination of f
sc
corresponding to strain (
sc
)
<0.00109 < 0.00144 < 0.00174
0.00109 Table A
Note : SP16:1980
0.87 x 250 =
0.8 x 0.87 x 415 = 0.00144
0.8 x 0.87 x 500 = 0.00174
Note:
Linear Interpolation shall be done for intermediate values.
Modulus of Elasticity of steel E
s
(for all grades) = 2 x 10^5 N/mm
2
Determination of f
cc
corresponding to strain
sc
(figure 21,IS 456:2000)
0
sc 0
f
cc
= 0.446f
ck
sc
446f
ck
(
sc
- 250
sc
2
)
0
sc
Note 0.446f
ck
f
cc
= 0.446f
ck
- g
cc
=
=
g
cc
x
f
cc
y

sc
f
sc
(N/mm
2
)
A
st,lim
A
st,lim
Mu_web Mu_flange
288.7 0.00174 347.8
Fe 250 Fe 415 Fe 500

sc
f
sc
(N/mm
2
)
sc
f
sc
(N/mm
2
)
391.3
0.00163 306.7 0.00195 369.6
x Es x Es x Es
217.39 0.00144
0.00109 0.00241 342.8 0.00277
0.00192 324.8 0.00226
0.00380 360.9 0.00417 434.8
413
2 x 10 ^5 0.00276 351.8 0.00312 423.9
0.0035
0.002 -
sc
2 x 10 ^5
2 x 10 ^5
0.002 0.0035
or
0
.
4
4
6
f
c
k

sc
0.002
0.002
0.002
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
002 . 0 002 . 0
2 446 . 0
sc sc
ck
f
c c
| |
2
250 446
sc sc ck
f c c
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

2
002 . 0
1 1 446 . 0
sc
ck
f
c
Page 21 of 23
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE DESIGNED DATE
MP
Yugasoft
PROJECT
Design of T- Beam Technical Notes TITLE REVISION
CL. NO. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
Eqn of Parabola
@ x = 0.002 - c
sc
, y = g
cc
y =
x
2
or
Note
If the amount of tension reinforcement required to resist the Design moment Mu is less
than the minimum reinforcement,then the minimum reinforcement (A
st,min
) is provided for
creep,shrinkage,thermal and other environmental requirements irrespective of the
strength requirement.
More over for singly reinforced sections P
t,provided
< p
t,limit
(under Reinforced Section)
For doubly Reinforced section,the area of tension and compression reinforcement Cl 26.5.1.1 b)
provided should be less than the maximum reinforcement to avoid practical difficulty 26.5.1.2 Note
in placing and compacting concrete. IS 456:2000
3 Transverse or Shear Reinforcement
Nominal Shear Stress t
v
= Cl 40.1
Under no circumstances even with shear reinforcement the nominal shear stress
in beams tv shall exceed maximum shear stress (t
c,max) given in Table 20 of
Cl 40.2.3
IS 456:2000 for different grades of concrete. IS 456:2000
Grade of concrete M15 Table 20
IS 456:2000
a) If t
v
> t
c,max
The section is to be redesigned by changing the value of b and d
b)If t
v
< t
c
given in Table 19 of IS 456:2000
Minimum shear reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with 26.5.1.6
Design shear strength of concrete
1
Table 19 Design Shear Strength of Concrete tc
N/mm
2
M15
0.28
0.35
0.46
0.54
0.6
0.64
0.68
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
M25 M30 M35
0.446f
ck
(0.002)
2
V
u
/ bd (N/mm
2
)
M40
tc,max
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4
N/mm
2
M20
Grade of concrete
pt M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
0.25 0.36 0.36 0.37
0.15 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.3
0.37 0.38
0.5 0.51
0.59 0.6
0.50 0.48
0.75 0.56 0.57 0.59
0.49 0.5
1.25 0.67 0.7 0.71
1.00 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
0.73 0.74
0.78 0.79 1.50 0.72
1.75 0.75 0.78 0.8
0.74 0.76
2.25 0.81 0.85 0.88
0.82 0.84
0.86 0.88
0.9 0.92
0.93 0.95
0.96 0.98
2.50 0.82
2.75 0.82 0.9 0.94
0.88 0.91
0.99 1.01 3.00 0.82 0.92 0.96
2.00 0.79 0.82 0.84
2
2
) 002 . 0 (
) 002 . 0 (
446 . 0
sc
ck
cc
f
g c =
2
002 . 0
1 446 . 0 |
.
|

\
|
=
sc
ck cc
f g
c
| | t 6 / ) 1 5 1 ( 8 . 0 85 . 0 + =
ck c
f
t
ck
p
f
89 . 6
8 . 0
= |
Page 22 of 23
DOCUMENT. NO. DATE DESIGNED DATE
MP
Yugasoft
PROJECT
Design of T- Beam Technical Notes TITLE REVISION
CL. NO. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
DATE DATE CHECKED
REFERENCES
c) t
v
> t
c
given in Table 19 of IS 456:2000, Shear reinforcement
shall be provided to carry a stress equal to tv - tc
Spacing of Shear Reinforcement (S
v
)
Cl 26.5.1.6
When t
v
< t
c
S
v = IS 456:2000
t
v
> t
c
S
v = Cl 40.4 a
IS 456:2000
A
sv
- Total Cross Sectional area of stirrup legs(mm
2
)
f
y
- Characteristic strength of the stirrups
415 N/mm
2
Maximum Spacing of Shear Reinforcement (S
v
,
max
)
Cl 26.5.1.5 of IS 456:2000 stipulates that the maximum spacing of Shear reinforcement
measured along the axis of the member shall not be more than 0.75d or 300mm
whichever is less,where d is the effective depth of the section.
Provide Shear Reinforcement at a spacing in such a way that it should not exceed
the minimum of S
v
and S
v,max
4 Deflection Check
The Vertical deflection limits may generally be assumed to be satisfied ,provided Cl 23.2.1
that the span to depth ratio is not greater than the value obtained as below IS 456:2000
Allowable L/d = Basic Value x Span Factor x MF
t
x MF
c
a) Basic Values of L/d
Cantilever Simply Supported Continuous Cl 23.2.1 a
IS 456:2000
b) Span Factor = 1 Cl 23.2.1 b
IS 456:2000
c) Modification factor for Tension Reinforcement (MF
t
)
Cl 23.2.2c
MF
t
= 2 & Fig 4
IS 456:2000
Service stress in steel f
s
= 0.58f
y
Ast-Provided
d) Modification factor for Compression Reinforcement (MF
c
)
MF
c
= 1 + p
c
1.5 Cl 23.2.1 d
3 + p
c
& Fig 5
p
c
- % of Compression Reinforcement IS 456:2000
Note
For Spans (Cantilever ) above 10m the deflection calculation should be made.
e) Reduction factors for ratios of span to effective depth for flanged beams (F3) 0.8
F
3
= 0.8 + 2/7 (b
w
/ b
f
- 0.3)
The final span/depth ratio allowed is (Basic ratio) x (F1) x (F2) x (F3)
7 20 26
Ast-Required
10
Span (m)
1
0.225 + 0.00322 f
s
+ 0.625 log
10
(p
t
)
b
A f
sv y
4 . 0
87 . 0
b
A f
c v
sv y
) (
87 . 0
t t
Page 23 of 23