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33
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- 1-

46
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- 2-

87
.88
..................................................... 89
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106
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- 3-

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136
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- 4-

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182
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- 5-

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......217
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...................................... 221
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..... 230
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235
237

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..........................244
......................245
- 6-

............................ 247
...................................... 248
..............248
..250
............252
.................................. 253
..................254
..................258
....................261
................264
................270
.............................. 272
....................272
....................273
....................274

............................275
..................277
......278
............279

........................281
..........................283
- 7-

......................285
.......................................... 287
.............................. 290
..............290
..............291
..............294
......... 295
..................296
.......................... 298
............298
..... 300
......................301
303
..........305
..........................305
..................306
......... 312
..........314
..........................316
......................317
............. 318
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................................................... 323
- 8-

....................324
............325
......... 328
......329
......... 330
................................................... 332
..................333

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..........336
339

........................342
......... 344
..........................346
......................347
................................ 349
.............................. 351
......................352
..................358
............................................... 361
......................362

- 9-

........................................................... 363
......................364
........366
............368
........................369
............................................... 370
......................371
..................372
............. 374
............. 377
............379
............. 380
.......................... 381
....384
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............................................... 388
..........389
............390
....391
............392
............................................... 393
......................394
- 10 -

........396
...................................... 398
............400
............401
..............403
................406
...................................... 410
..........................412
......................413
................... 414
.................................. 416
....................416
................417
..... 420
......420
..423
........425

....................................................... 428
......... 429
430
432
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- 11 -

..........434
........435

................437
............438
440
..........................442
......................443
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.................................. 447
......................447
....448
................449
......................450
......... 452
....................453
..................454
....................458
461
....................462
463
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......................466
- 12 -

..469
.................................. 470
..........471
..........................472
.......474
........................476
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................................................... 481
............481
................484
..................485
................487
.......489
............494
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.......................... 499
...................... 501
....................502
............503
....................505
......508
510
- 13 -

......511
.............................. 514
................515
........517
............519
........521
......525
..........526
..528
.............................. 530
..........530
................. 531
........533
537
..........................539
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.................................. 544
..........544
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............547
............550

- 14 -

..............................552
........................................................... 553
................554
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............557
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............. 561
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- 15 -

..........586
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.................... 591
..........................592
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......... 598
..............600
.......................... 602
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605
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613
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- 16 -

..............617
............621
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............637
639
....................643
.......................... 644
......................645
......................647
..................650
...................................... 652
....................653
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1996 ....656
..................660
- 17 -

..........661
.......................... 663
..........................666
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................. 669
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......679
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682
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................................................... 693
694
........696
..... 700
700
- 18 -

........701

..........................705
......707
......................708

- 19 -

- 20 -

- 21 -

- 22 -

- 23 -

- 24 -

- 25 -

200
10

10 200
500
500

10
300

500

- 26 -

50

60
(Ralph Nader

- 27 -

- 28 -

Sam
Peltzman 1975

- 29 -

- 30 -

- 31 -

Adam Smith 1776

- 32 -

- 33 -

- 34 -

1993
2.5
7000
1500

- 35 -

35
20
10

- 36 -

10

1921 1 0.3
1922 11
7000
- 37 -

20 20

70
drald Rord
90
3 20

20
3 3

70
90

- 38 -

- 39 -

11

- 40 -

1-1
1
2

3
4
5
6

10

- 41 -

- 42 -

- 43 -

- 44 -

- 45 -

Albert Einstein

17
Isaac Newton

- 46 -

- 47 -

10

- 48 -

- 49 -

- 50 -

2-1

2l

- 51 -

- 52 -

- 53 -

2-2

1000
3000

A 700 2000
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- 54 -

300 1000
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A 700
2000

A C

A C 200
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200 l00
22

- 55 -

2
3
A E

2-3
- 56 -

- 57 -

- 58 -

Polly
Norma

- 59 -

- 60 -

Harry Truman)

1946
- 61 -

John Maynard
Keynes

- 62 -

1935

George Bernard
Shaw

Ronald Reagan
Trivial Pursuit
100 3000

- 63 -

- 64 -

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5 5000
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- 65 -

fad diets

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80

- 66 -

1980
George Bush

Voodoo economics
1980 80

- 67 -

2-l 10

1993

- 68 -

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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2-1

93%

93%

90%
(,()
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(90%)

(85%)

(84%)

83%

79%

- 69 -

79%

10
78%
Richard M.AlstonJ.R.kearl

Michael B. Vaughn:Is There

Consensus among Economists in the
1990s?,American
Economic
Review
May,l992,203209

- 70 -

- 71 -

- 72 -

- 73 -

- 74 -

40

- 75 -

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- 115 -

- 116 -

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- 117 -

1994 2540

Edward Rosenblm

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Virgil Horion
14 3
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80

1990 1991

20 9.5

1993 445
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- 119 -

1 552 3 600
5 1 675
Boton Globe,March,20.1995p.37

- 120 -

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- 123 -

- 124 -

20%
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- 125 -

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- 142 -

c 1

d 1

56

- 143 -

5-6

3 4
100 200
100% 33%
1
12 15
500 525 5%
25%

OPEC
- 144 -

57
S1 S2 100
110 3 2
- 145 -

P Q

Q
P

S1 S2

100 l10 3
2 300 (3
100 220 (2 110)
- 146 -

57

300 220

- 147 -

1948
2400
17% 1993 500
2%

80%
1993
1948 2

- 148 -

70
OPEC

1973 1974

50%
1979 14% 1980
34%1981 34%
1982
1985 10%
1986
45%
1990
1970 90

- 149 -

59a
S1 S2
P1 P2

59b

- 150 -

59
a S1 S2
,
, 59(b
S1 S2

- 151 -

510a
S1 S2
P1 P2
Q1 Q2

- 152 -

510b
D1 D2
Q1 Q2 P1 P2

- 153 -

- 154 -

- 155 -

- 156 -

- 157 -

- 158 -

3

3

- 159 -

61(a)
61 (b)

6l
a 4

- 160 -

6l0(b)

2 3

125 75

- 161 -

1973
OPEC

- 162 -

62 a

P1

b S1
S2
P1 P2

- 163 -

63a

- 164 -

63b

- 165 -

1994

- 166 -

Les Katz
27

1200

Paul Haberman

5000
350

23 20

- 167 -

Mia Farrrow
Cicely Tyson
Ingrid Thyssen
Sidney Biddle Barrows

Manfred Ohrenstein
Todd Goodwin

5%
3.4%
?
Farrow
2900

Maureen Osullivan
40

(David Dinkins)
- 168 -

(Robert Morgenthau)
Rudin

Barbara Fife

(Brian
Edwards)

The Wall Street journal

march21,1994p.A1.

3
- 169 -

2 64a

46b
4

120 80

- 170 -

1938

1996
4.75

6-5a

- 171 -

65b

- 172 -

10% 1%3%
10%
10%

1%3%

1994
- 173 -

4.25 40

17680

- 174 -

- 175 -

0.5

- 176 -

0.5

(1)
(2)
(3)

- 177 -

, 0.5
0.5

2 .
2.5

0.5

0.5
66
D1 D2
0.5

- 178 -

3 2.8 100
90

3 2.8
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2.8

3
3.3
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0.5
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- 179 -

0.5
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0.5
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S1 S2
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- 180 -

3 3.3 100
90

0.3
3 2.8
66 67

- 181 -

0.5

0.5

0.5 0.5

FICA
FICA

FICA
1995 FICA
15.3%

- 182 -

68

68

- 183 -

69

- 184 -

69a

69b

69

- 185 -

1990

- 186 -

1993

1000

1000

- 187 -

- 188 -

- 189 -

- 190 -

71

7-1

- 191 -

100
80
70
50

10
4
80

80
80

100
80 20

20 10O
80

- 192 -

70 (
),

30
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40

72 71
1
80
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7080
- 193 -

72

100

80100

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5070

50

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- 194 -

3
4

71

50
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- 195 -

7-2
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- 196 -

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30 10 .
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- 197 -

- 198 -

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CEF

4
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- 200 -

7-3

600
.

500 6

7-3

900

800

600

500

- 201 -

500 600
100

800

800 300
200
500

74 73
500
- 202 -

500-600
1 600-800

74

900

800
900
600
800
500
600
500

73

- 203 -

74

4
900

800

7-5
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600 1

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- 204 -

75b 800

500

- 205 -

76

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- 206 -

- 207 -

=-

=-

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- 208 -

=-

- 209 -

77

- 210 -

EB

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2.
- 211 -

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7-8

- 212 -

- 213 -

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Kevin Thomas

7 4 26 7.5

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- 214 -

C.V
William JBaumol

TKTS
1973
TKTS

- 215 -

2050
12.5

10 15
H.
Richard H. Thaler

100

10
- 216 -

16

The
Times,December,26,1992,p.A1

New

York

- 217 -

- 218 -

- 219 -

1776

200
8
70% 28%1992
- 220 -

1988

- 221 -

8l

- 222 -

T Q
TQ

- 223 -

82
T
Q
TQ

8
- 224 -

3 A F

P1 Q1

ABC

DEF

ABCDEF

8l

P PB
A

PI Ps
F
- 225 -

Q
Q
BD

ABDF 81

81
BC
DE B
D

CE

CE

- 226 -

100
80
120
20 40

50

120
70 80
80 130
120

40

- 227 -

40

C+E

8
4

PB

PS
Q1 Q2

- 228 -

85

a
b

85

(c
(d

- 229 -

- 230 -

50%

- 231 -

Henry George 19
1879

1886
- 232 -

- 233 -

100
Mition Fiedman

- 234 -

86

a
bc

- 235 -

4 3
3 9

86
a
ab
b
- 236 -

87 a

1974 Arthur
Laffer

87 b

- 237 -

David Stockman
- 238 -

[]

90%

1980

1980 1984
9%
4%

- 239 -

80

80
80%

1993
40%

Bob Dole 1996

28%
28%
- 240 -

- 241 -

Jeffrey Sachs

Daniel Kauflmann 1989

- 242 -

52%

Leonid Kuchlma

Viktor Pynzenyk

52%
15%
- 243 -

10%

1996 3
3 40%
6 40%

The
Times,November14.1996,p.D2.

New

York

Oliver Wended
Holmes

- 244 -

- 245 -

- 246 -

- 247 -

()

- 248 -

91

9-1

- 249 -

()
()
(
)

- 250 -

1000 200
10000
1000

l
5
10 (
)

15
l 1/10
()

- 251 -

- 252 -

3
2

- 253 -

92

- 254 -

9-2

9-2

9-3 9-1

- 255 -

AB
C
ABC

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) BCD(
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9-3

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9-1

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A
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C
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D
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93
- 257 -

94

9-4

- 258 -

9-5

( A ABD)
( BC C)
D

9-2

A
ABD +(B+D)

BC
C
B

AB ABC
D
- 259 -

C
D

95

()
(
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95 92
A BC
ABC AB
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- 260 -

- 261 -

96

9-6

Qd1
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- 262 -

93

A
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CG
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- 263 -

( Qs1 Qs2)

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9
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- 264 -

97

)
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- 265 -

94

ABCDEEF
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9-7

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- 266 -

9-4

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EE

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- 267 -

9-7

A
B CG

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()()
()
DF

97 96

( 96 E)
( 97 E
E)

- 268 -

(E
E)

- 269 -

(D)(F)
(EE)

- 270 -

- 271 -

3 2

- 272 -

- 273 -

(Roger Smith)

- 274 -

1993
(NAFTA)

1996

- 275 -

(Mickey Kantor) 1992

- 276 -

25
The New York TimesOctober 12
1996pA1

- 277 -

- 278 -

3 19
- 279 -

40%
- 280 -

The New York Times February 24

1996pp3334

19

(GATT)
- 281 -

30

40%
5%

- 282 -

1993

- 283 -

- 284 -

- 285 -

- 286 -

dioxin

- 287 -

- 288 -

- 289 -

10l

- 290 -

10l

- 291 -

102

- 292 -

- 293 -

10
3

- 294 -

- 295 -

- 296 -

104

- 297 -

- 298 -

Sierra Club

- 299 -

- 300 -

Ronald Coase

- 301 -

500 800
600

1000 800

1000
800

- 302 -

- 303 -

500
800

750
550

- 304 -

- 305 -

EPA

Arthur
Pigou18771959

500

- 306 -

300

- 307 -

300

300

100
500
- 308 -

- 309 -

105

- 310 -

600

600
- 311 -

Mobil
900

300

1985

70
- 312 -

A.C.

1975
- 313 -

15
184
2010
5%

The Wall Street Journal,April

14,1992pA1

Edmund Muskie 1971

- 314 -

- 315 -

- 316 -

- 317 -

- 318 -

- 319 -

- 320 -

11l
1

4
- 321 -

111

. .

.
.
.

. .

.
.
.
.

- 322 -

(1)

(2)

- 323 -

7 4
500
10 1000
5000 1000
7 4

- 324 -

7 4
2
8
10 2

7 4

1995
2720
- 325 -

1035

- 326 -

AFDC

- 327 -

19

- 328 -

- 329 -

1.6% 1.l%

- 330 -

- 331 -

1000

0.5%
0.0051000
5

- 332 -

- 333 -

17

- 334 -

- 335 -

- 336 -

- 337 -

- 338 -

Lester Thurow

- 339 -

- 340 -

- 341 -

Boston GlobeFebruary 281995

p.40

- 342 -

1916 5
7.5
10
1916 1995
120

1
20

- 343 -

20

(Patagonia

The New York Time September

30,1995,p.19

6000 19
1900
- 344 -

400

- 345 -

- 346 -

- 347 -

- 348 -

20
Al Capone

Ben
Franklin

- 349 -

1789
5% 100
20

35%

- 350 -

12-l

1959
27%1995 34%

- 351 -

12-1 1995

10

(%)

590
2243
44

- 352 -

485
1842
36

157
597
12

58
219
4

61
233
4

1351
5134
100
Economic Report of the
president,1996,Table B77
12-l 1995
13510

1995 2.63

5134 4 20528

4 15

- 353 -

12-2
1

12-2

39000
15.0
39000-94250
28.0
94250-143600
31.0
143600-256500
36.0
256500
39.6

12-l

- 354 -

12-1 1995 1842

12-l 5%

12-3 1995
15140 5757

12-3

1995
22%

- 355 -

12-3 1995
10

%

336
1277
22

272
1035
18

232
883
15

220
837
14

160
608
11

115
436
8

179
682
12

1514
5757
100
Economic Report of the
president,1996,Table B77

- 356 -

AFDC

12-3

12-3

12-3
12-l 1630

- 357 -

40%

12-4
1992 9730 1992
2.55 3811

12-4 1992

10

(%)

196
769
20

178
698
18

116
453
12

24
93
2

179
702
18

280
1096
29
- 358 -

973
3811
100
Economic Report of the
president,1996,Table B82

40%

12-4

- 359 -

12-5 1992

12-5 1992
10

326
1278
33

158
619
16

67
261
7

425
1663
44

976
3820
100
Economic Report of the
president,1996,Table B82

1992

- 360 -

12-5

- 361 -

8
6

3
1 4
2
7
- 362 -

2
3 4 1

25 100
8%
65 2172

6% 6% 40 100
1029

- 363 -

1995

Bill Archer

Keogh
401K

4 15

- 364 -

- 365 -

10

D.
1

Lewis
Kamin

W4 19

10
- 366 -

Jimmy Carter

11.5 70
70

1992 2.1
30

P.
Arthur P.Hall
100
90% 100
390 1990
41
1120 1120S 159

- 367 -

1981 10

Edward Koos

(Harold Apolinsky 1981

9371

:The
New
York
Times,January30,l994,Business section,p.4

- 368 -

1
5 20%
5 50%
6 1.5
=0.250000 0.5l0000

15000 /60000
25% 50%
1 0.5

4000

2 4000
- 369 -

20% 4
10%
1

(Russell Long)

- 370 -

- 371 -

1000 1

- 372 -

12-6

12-6

(
(
(

%
%
50000 12500 25 15000 30
100000 25000 25 25000 25
200000 50000 25 40000 20
- 373 -

%
10000 20
25000 25
60000 30

12-7

7386
99197
5
3.7%
1.4%
sl.4% 58.2%

8.9%
25.5%
- 374 -

12-7

12-7

%
%
% %

7386 3.7
1.4
8.9
-29.8

8380 9.2
6.4 15.8
-2.l

29849 14.5 12.5 19.5

9.5

43363 21.7 21.2 22.1

16.2

99197 5l.4 58.2 25.5

23.l

:1993 Greenbook,Committeen 0n
Ways and Means , U.S.House of
Representatives, July 7,1993,
- 375 -

1990

29.8%

5
2
4
3

- 376 -

1
25% 1

10 9

10 1 25%
22500

5 1
- 377 -

4 25%
2
10 9
25% 22500
2500

1
2

2
2500

- 378 -

22500
2

- 379 -

- 380 -

80
Robert Hall
Alvin Rabushka

- 381 -

19% 19%

=0.1910000

- 382 -

- 383 -

1980
50%
70%

- 384 -

1981
1986
1989
28%
4 31%
1992

1993 40%

- 385 -

- 386 -

- 387 -

- 388 -

- 389 -

1 1 2
2

1000
l000
1000

100
100

- 390 -

100 500

30
5%
1.5
1.5
- 391 -

1.5

1.5

1.5

30
10
5% 20
1

1.5
1
5000

- 392 -

131

20
10
100

200

- 393 -

13l

50 2 90

13-1

(


+


)
( (
)
()
) )
0
0
30 0
30
1
50
50 30 10
40
2
90
40 30 20
50
3
120
30 30 30
60
4
140
20 30 40
70
- 394 -

150

10

30

50

80

132

1 2
50 90
40 2 3
- 395 -

90 120
30

40
30
20

132

13-1
30
10
40
50

- 396 -

131

133

13
2

- 397 -

3 2 5
3 6
100

132

13-2

( ( ( (
) ) )

( )
- 398 -

)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

3.00
3.30
3.80
4.50
5.40
6.50
7.80
9.30
11.00
12.90
15.00

3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00

0.00
0.30
0.80
1.50
2.40
3.50
4.80
6.30
8.00
9.90
12.00

(
)

(
)

3.00
1.50
1.00
0.75
0.60
0.50
0.43
0.38
0.33
0.30

0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20

3.30
1.90
1.50
1.35
1.30
1.30
1.33
1.38
1.43
1.50

0.30
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10
1.30
1.50
1.70
1.90
2.10

10
134

- 399 -

132

- 400 -

0.30 2
0.80

132

2 3.8
- 401 -

3.8 /2 1.9

132

2
3 3.8 4.5
4.5 3.8
0.7
Q
TC ATC MC

ATC=/=TC/Q

MC=()/()
=TC/Q

- 402 -

135 13
2

ATCAFC
AVCMC

- 403 -

- 404 -

U
U

1 2

1.3 6

5 6

1.3

135 132

- 405 -

- 406 -

133
136
(a)TC
(b)ATC
AFCAVCMC
4
5

U
133

( ( (

( ( (
) ) )
(
) ) )

- 407 -

(
)

)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

2.00
3.00
3.80
4.40
4.80
5.20
5.80
6.60
7.60
8.80
10.20
11.80
13.60
15.60
17.80

2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00

0.00
1.00
1.80
2.40
2.80
3.20
3.80
4.60
5.60
6.80
8.20
9.80
11.60
13.60
15.80

- 408 -

2.00
1.00
0.67
0.50
0.40
0.33
0.29
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.14

1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.64
0.63
0.66
0.70
0.76
0.82
0.89
0.97
1.05
1.13

3.00
1.90
1.47
1.20
1.04
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.98
1.02
1.07
1.14
1.20
1.27

1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20

- 409 -

4
22.5 5 25
5

137

- 410 -

1000
1200

1 1.2

1
137
U

- 411 -

9
900
10 950

- 412 -

- 413 -

- 414 -

20

20

- 415 -

- 416 -

- 417 -

Q P
PQ
6 1000
6000

141

6 6

14-1

(
)
Q

(
()
()
()
)
P (TR=PQ) (AR=TR/Q) MR=TR/Q
- 418 -

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

14-1

141 6

- 419 -

PQ
PQQ

141
6

PQP
Q P

142

6
- 420 -

14-2

(
() ( ()
()
()
)
)
Q (TR=PQ) (TC) (TR-TC) MR=TR/Q MC=TC/Q
0
0
3
-3
1
6
5
1
6
2
2
12
8
4
6
3
3
18
12
6
6
4
4
24
17
7
6
5
5
30
23
7
6
6
6
36
30
6
6
7
7
42
38
4
6
8
8
48
47
1
6
9

3 1
2 4

4 5
- 421 -

142

6
2
4 -3 1
6 3
3
1 4

5 6
6 7
1 7
6 5

l2 3
6
7 8

- 422 -

14-1

MCATC
U

(P)
ARMR

14-1
Q1

MR1
MC1

Q
Q2

MC2
MR2
Q2

- 423 -

Q1
Q2
QMAX

14
1 QMAX

- 424 -

142
P1 Q1Q1
P2

Q2

- 425 -

TR VC

TRVC

- 426 -

Q
TR/QVC/Q

TR/Q

PVC/Q AVC

PAVC

143

- 427 -

- 428 -

80
1992
4.75 5.65
- 429 -

6.01

10
7

14
10
7 7

- 430 -

TR
TC
TRTC

Q
TR/QTC/Q
TR/Q
TC/Q ATC

PATC

PATC

- 431 -

144

TRTC
TRTC
Q

=(TR/QTC/Q)Q
- 432 -

TR/Q P
TC/Q ATC
=PATCQ

145(a)

P-ATC
QPATC
Q
(b)

- 433 -

ATCP QATCPQ

1000

146b

- 434 -

146o
1000

- 435 -

PATCQ

14-7a
P MC
- 436 -

ATC

147b

- 437 -

100
2
10
2

- 438 -

148
a A
Q1 P1

D1 D2
b A B
Q1 Q2 P1 P2

S1 S2
(c)

C P1
Q3
- 439 -

- 440 -

- 441 -

- 442 -

- 443 -

Windows

- 444 -

100

- 445 -

1000 2000

1994

Quicken

- 446 -

- 447 -

80
100

- 448 -

17

- 449 -

15-l

- 450 -

- 451 -

- 452 -

15-2a

15-2(b)

- 453 -

(
)

15-l

- 454 -

15-1

MR=TR/Q

TR=PQAR=TRQ
P
Q
0
11
0

1
10
10
10
10
2
9
18
9
8
3
8
24
8
6
4
7
28
7
4
5
6
30
6
2
6
5
30
5
0
7
4
28
4
-2
8
3
24
3
-4

10
2 2
9 3
8

- 455 -

15-1

3
24 4
28 28 -24
4
15l

3 4
7
4

PQ
- 456 -

Q
P

153

- 457 -

15l

- 458 -

154

153

Q1

Q2

- 459 -

Qmax

154 A

P=MR=MC
PMR=MC

154 B
- 460 -

- 461 -

TRTC
=TRTC

=TR/QTC/QQ
TR/Q P TC/Q
ATC
=(PATC)Q

- 462 -

155 (BC )
P-ATC
(DC ) Qmax

- 463 -

156

- 464 -

- 465 -

157
- 466 -

158

- 467 -

158

- 468 -

1 1

- 469 -

- 470 -

1994

1890

1914

- 471 -

1984
ATT

- 472 -

159

- 473 -

1996

- 474 -

L Robert
LCrandall

AMR

- 475 -

Mark Abels

The New York Times, December l9.

l996, p. D2

- 476 -

George Stigler

- 477 -

41

- 478 -

WWilliam WHogan

- 479 -

ATT

24

50
25
- 480 -

The New York Time, August

4.1996,Week in Review, p.5

- 481 -

200

200

10
30
40
5

10
30 50
5
30
10 300
100 5 50
250 50
30 40

- 482 -

40 5

200

10 30
40 5
300 200
500 300
30
100

- 483 -

- 484 -

30
40

- 485 -

1510

- 486 -

- 487 -

0.5

0.5

- 488 -

0.5 5

Robert Barro

- 489 -

1
2
3
4
5NCAA

- 490 -

1973 80

1973

1986

- 491 -

- 492 -

NBA

- 493 -

The Wall Street Journal,August

27,l99l,p.A12.

- 494 -

- 495 -

- 496 -

- 497 -

- 498 -

- 499 -

CD

161

- 500 -

12

16-1

- 501 -

16l

10 110
20
100

16l

16-1

- 502 -

( (
()
)
)
0
120
0
10
110
1100
20
100
2000
30
90
2700
40
80
3200
50
70
3500
60
60
3600
70
50
3500
80
40
3200
90
30
2700
100
20
2000
110
10
1100
120
0
0

- 503 -

120

16l
60 60

120

60 1 60

- 504 -

60

30 1 60
1800

30

30
60 60
1800 30 60 /

40 70
- 505 -

50
2000 40 50 /

40
80 40

40
40
1600

1600
50
90 30
1500
40
40

- 506 -

40
40 40
40

- 507 -

16l
2
4

- 508 -

- 509 -

OPEC
1960

1973

- 510 -

1973 1985
1972 2.64
1974 11.17 1981
35.10 80

1986 12.52

- 511 -

1996

11

80 5

840 300

1990

300

Amer Mohammad Rashid 10

- 512 -

3 120
70 80

1 3
6

300

The New York TimesJune 7.1996

p.D3

- 513 -

- 514 -

20

162

- 515 -

8 20

- 516 -

- 517 -

163

600
500

400 300

- 518 -

1010
4600

Bud Lalonde

19

- 519 -

CSX

60

3 653

lemming
effect
James Winchester

- 520 -

Theodore Prince

5-10

1000
DRobert DWhite

800

15

the wall Street JournalOctober

291996pA2

- 521 -

164

- 522 -

165

- 523 -

1971

1200
100

500 600
100

- 524 -

600

400
166

- 525 -

164
166

- 526 -

30
40 167
40

30

40

- 527 -

40
40

1800
2000
1600

- 528 -

Robert Axelrod

- 529 -

1890

- 530 -

1914

18

- 531 -

80
1983 2 24
Robert Crandall
Howard
Putnam

20

- 532 -

300
350

350

- 533 -

- 534 -

- 535 -

1.6
5000
1.4 6000

1.4
5000
1.9
2
2

DOS 95

- 536 -

- 537 -

88
20

Michael
Goldstein

The New York Times May 221996

- 538 -

pp.D1D7

- 539 -

- 540 -

- 541 -

John Gisham
Stephen King
Danielle
SteelDennis
Rodman

- 542 -

25
5

CD

- 543 -

- 544 -

17l

a
(b

171
a
,

- 545 -

(b

172

- 546 -

173

- 547 -

173a

17-3b

- 548 -

17b
a

- 549 -

- 550 -

- 551 -

- 552 -

10%-20%

2 1000

- 553 -

- 554 -

- 555 -

Lee Benham 1972

60

33
1963

1963 5
26
20
- 556 -

3
3
1000
100

100

- 557 -

1000 300

1000 3600

- 558 -

300

- 559 -

Edward Chamberlin

- 560 -

Marshall
Goldman 1960

- 561 -

[]

- 562 -

4 5

19961997
5 19951996

Bob Bibb
Lewis Goldstein WB
WB

WB
- 563 -

WB
WB

Alan
Cohen
ABC
ABC
ABC ABC

The New York Times, September

20,l996,p.D1

- 564 -

- 565 -

- 566 -

1995 7
- 567 -

() (
)()
()
- 568 -

()()

- 569 -

181 (a)
(b)

- 570 -

()
()

18-1

181

- 571 -

( (
/
) )
(

(L) (Q) (MPL= Q/ L)(VMPL=PMPL) (W)

VMPL
W)
0
0
10
1
100
1000
500 500
0
18
2
80
800
500 300
0
24
3
60
600
500 100
0
28
4
40
400
500 -100
0
30
5
20
200
500 -300
0

- 572 -

1
100 2
180
18-2 18-1

18-1

1 2 100
180 80

- 573 -

18-2

()
()
10
80
800

10 18-1

- 574 -

(
)

500
1000
500
800 300
600 100

400
500 100
3

18-3

- 575 -

18-3

- 576 -

(MPL)(MC)
500 50
50 500
500 /50 10
W
MPL
MCW/MPL

(MPL
)

(MC )

(PMPL)

PMPLW
MPL
P=W/MPL
W/MPL MC

- 577 -

P=MC

- 578 -

18-4

18-5 S1 S2
W1

- 579 -

80

1988

- 580 -

50%

18-6 D1
D2 W1 W2
L1 L2

- 581 -

18-2
()
1959 1994
1.8%
40
() 1.2%
- 582 -

182

18-2
1959-1994

1.8
1.2

1973
1959-1973

2.9
2.4

1973-1994

1.0
0.3

Economic Report of the 2.9%

President 1996,Table B45,p.332

1.0%

1.9%

2.1%

1.9%

1973

- 583 -

50%

18-3

183

8.5
7.9

5.5
4.9

5.3
5.0

4.0
4.4

3.6
2.0

3.1
3.4

2.4
2.4

1.7
0.5

0.4
-2.4
- 584 -

-0.2
-3.0

-0.9
-1.3

-1.4
-7.9
World Development
Report of the 1994,Table
1,pp.162-163,

Table
7,pp.174-175
1980-1992

1980-1991

- 585 -

- 586 -

18-7
(a)
(b)

- 587 -

- 588 -

- 589 -

- 590 -

14

(
)

- 591 -

50%

- 592 -

- 593 -

- 594 -

1994
120 17.7
2.2

- 595 -

- 596 -

- 597 -

65%

20

19-1

1976
55%1994
84%

- 598 -

1970
5% 1995 13% 1970
6% 1995 11%

- 599 -

- 600 -

- 601 -

(Mel Gibson)

(Daniel Hamermesh )
(Jeff Biddle)
1994 12

5%
- 602 -

5%10%

- 603 -

4
- 604 -

16
17 18
19701980
- 605 -

17 16 16
18

1991 11

(Joshua Angrist ) (Alan

Krueger)

- 606 -

(Jim
Carrey) 1995 2900

(Shaquille O'Neal)
1700

- 607 -

- 608 -

20%
30%

- 609 -

80%
25%
67%12%

25% 19%

- 610 -

- 611 -

- 612 -

20

1986
(Jennifer Roback)

- 613 -

- 614 -

- 615 -

1988

20%

- 616 -

60

1990

10%
13%

(June
ONeill )

59

- 617 -

60% 60 70

80%

30

40

(
60% 6
1960 19%)
- 618 -

60
30% 35
35 70%

()

35

1960
35% 80
1968 8%
3% MBA 4% 1986
31% MBA
39%

10
- 619 -

1992 25-64
1979 62%
74% 25-34
87%
(Barbara Bergman)

27
33
98%

- 620 -

The Wall Street JournalFriday

October 71994.P.Al0

10 40
10 40

- 621 -

1985

(Anthony Kennedy)

- 622 -

- 623 -

10

- 624 -

- 625 -

Mary Colum
Ernest Hemingway

- 626 -

- 627 -

20
1 7

201 1994
%
10000
8.7
10000-14999
6.9
15000-24999
15.0
25000-34999
14.3
- 628 -

35000-49999
18.0
50000-74999
19.9
75000
17.2
U.S.Bureau of the Census

202

202
202

1994 4.2 10.0 15.7 23.3

1990 4.6 10.8 16.6 23.8
1980 5.2 11.5 17.5 24.3
1970 5.5 12.2 17.6 23.8
1960 4.8 12.2 17.8 24.0
1950 4.5 12.0 17.4 23.4
- 629 -

5%

46.9
44.3
41.5
40.9
41.3
42.7

20.1
17.4
15.3
15.6
15.9
17.3

1935 4.1 9.2 14.1 20.9 51.7 26.5

U.S.Bureau of the Census

5%

(20%)

100%

1994
4.2%
46.9%

10
202
1994 5%
20.1% 5%
40%
202 1935

- 630 -

4%5% 40%
50%
1935 1970
4.1%
5.5% 51.7%
40.9%

1970
1994
5.5%
4.2%
40.9% 46.9%

50 32%
90 54%

- 631 -

50

50

- 632 -

203
6

4
30

203

8.7 13.2 17.5 23.1 37.5

7.4 12.3 16.3 21.8 42.2

6.4 11.0 16.4 24.4 41.8

4.7 11.0 17.4 25.0 41.9

- 633 -

4.6 10.0 16.8 24.3 44.3

4.1 7.8 12.3 19.9 55.9

2.1 4.9 8.9 16.8 67.5

World Development
Report 1994, pp.220-221

4.7%
8.7% 2.1%

3
- 634 -

1994
39000 15141
14.5% 14.5%

201 1959

1959 22.4% 1973 11.1%

50%

F.

70

202

- 635 -

204

14.5

11.7

30.6

30.7

18
21.8

64
11.7

38.6

U.S.Bureau of the
Census1994
- 636 -

204

- 637 -

10%

50
65

- 638 -

- 639 -

27

(Rebecca Blank)

- 640 -

Daniel Weinberg

1963
?1988
13 100
5 500

Douglas Besharov

1963
Mollie
Orshansky

- 641 -

The Wall Street JournalOctober

51995P.B1

- 642 -

10 4

3% 8

- 643 -

20%
8%

1996 270
100
2.8%

- 644 -

Jeremy
Benthan,1748 1832)
(John Stuart Mill18061873

- 645 -

8 2

10

- 646 -

(John Rawls)
1971

- 647 -

- 648 -

- 649 -

Robert Nozick
1974

- 650 -

- 651 -

- 652 -

- 653 -

(AFDC)
AFDC

1996
AFDC

SSI

- 654 -

70

- 655 -

1/3 10000

1996

1996

Gary Becker

.S.

40%
2

- 656 -

5
20%

50%
50%

50
5 1970
800 90 1500

- 657 -

10

- 658 -

Business WeekSeptember 23
1996.p.220
6
1 9 2
3 1.5
-5000
5000

- 659 -

- 660 -

15000

15000

15000
1
1
100% 100%

- 661 -

100%

1 30
30%

1996
- 662 -

1992

L.

36

67
39
5
- 663 -

19.99
1.89

79 3.18

4
3000

440 60

15545

1985
1000
- 664 -

Robert Davis

40

B.Charles B. Schudson )

(Sohia Partipilo
- 665 -

1000
The Wall Street JournalFebruary
6, 1990, pp.111

- 666 -

10

- 667 -

- 668 -

- 669 -

- 670 -

1000

2
10
211
- 671 -

100
90
50
1000
211

(
(
()
) () ()
)
0
100 0
1000 1000
50 90
100
900
1000
100 80
200
800
1000
150 70
300
700
1000
200 60
400
600
1000
250 50
500
500
1000
300 40
600
400
1000
350 30
700
300
1000
400 20
800
200
1000
450 10
900
100
1000
500 0
1000 0
1000
21-1

- 672 -

3 A
100 B
500 C
50 250 C AB

500
3
AB

A
- 673 -

B 500 100
5

5
5
50

5
10 1000

- 674 -

21-2
AB C

A B

B C

- 675 -

(MRS)

21-2

- 676 -

D A D
A
D
D
C D
D C

21-2

2
- 677 -

3
21-3
A B
B
C
C
A C

- 678 -

MRS

21-4 A

6 6
B

- 679 -

10
5

10
2 5
10 5
1 10 2 5
10 5
2
21-5(a)
10 5

- 680 -

5
7 5

21-5(b)
5
5 5 7
7 5

10 5

- 681 -

- 682 -

- 683 -

21-6

I2

- 684 -

21-7

- 685 -

21-7

21-7

21-8

21-8

- 686 -

2 1 1 1

21-9
1000

A
- 687 -

1000
1000 500

B D

2
1 10
10 5 1

- 688 -

212

- 689 -

21-2

2110

A C
- 690 -

I1, A B
B

I2 B C B
C
B I1,

C I2
B

A B

B C
A B
- 691 -

B C

21-11
(a) 1 2
1
50
150 (b)

- 692 -

- 693 -

2112

A B C
A
D E

- 694 -

19

- 695 -

100

50

50

21-13
100
100 5000

- 696 -

40 60 2000

21-13

50

I2
50
60 21-14

BC1 BC2

- 697 -

(a)
(b)

J
21-14
a)

b)
- 698 -

- 699 -

6
5

- 700 -

5 25%
9%
100
40%

1993
5

15 2.5
4 19
Andrew Carnegie

- 701 -

10

10% 1
1.1

21-15
10

11

21-15
- 702 -

5 5.5

10% 20%
21-16

(a)
(b)
- 703 -

(a)
(b)

(b)

- 704 -

1000
1000

21-17

1000
- 705 -

1000

(a)
1000

A B

- 706 -

b
1000

B
1000
C

- 707 -

- 708 -

- 709 -

- 710 -