Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
plant
PAOLO CARETTI Voith Simens Hydro S.p.A. Milano NINO FROSIO Studio Frosio
Studio Frosio
Main characteristics
Mella 205 km
3 3 3 2
Penstocks
Surge tank
Section A: open channel (202,8 m) Section A: siphoned channel (321,1 m) Section A: cast iron penstock (254,5 m)
Section B,C,D1: GRP penstock (768,4 m) Section D2,E: steel & concrete penstock (357,1 m) Section E: tail race (358 m)
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Weir
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Siphon intake
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Siphon intake
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Second bid
Not significant
Significant
Dramatic
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Surge tank
Studio Frosio
Surge tank
Tower net height Diameter: Material: Thickness : 23,60 m 4,00 m steel S275JR 11 mm
Studio Frosio
CONCLUSIONS
1. 2. 3. Nowadays long penstocks are very often preferred to the traditional scheme open channel/penstock, because those are cheaper, quickly installed, and easier to maintain Lot of care is needed when long penstocks are connected to low inertia units as this causes significant waterhammer phenomenon, most of all where supply open channels dont exist Waterhammer phenomenon doesnt mean only overpressure but negative pressure too, caused by the very quick increase of the flow rate during the shutoff transients, which could be more dangerous for the pipes Typically the waterhammer phenomenon causes negative pressure with low inertia Kaplan turbines or dissipation valves at the end of the penstock If faced in the preliminary designing phase, the waterhammer phenomenon isnt a dramatic problem Good simulation model is necessary to find out the worst working situations of the plant and to design the best solutions: the turbine manufacturers contribution is essential to get suitable results Accurate field tests are essential as well, in order to obtain the actual penstock and units parameters, mainly the wave reflection time and the flow rate gradient during the overspeed time (closing transient) The most suitable solution is the surge tank, where possible The total plant investment was 3.600.000 ; the cost of the mathematical simulation and of the field tests was 20.000 (0,6%); the surge tank cost 130.000 (3,6%)
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