1923 Ford Dealers Data Book

Every Ford Dealer was furnished with a small booklet which detailed the features and type of construction of the various assemblies of the Model T, the TT and the Fordson Tractor. Included were the prices and work sheets for the dealer to add the freight and taxes to the factory price, as well as hints and suggestions on methods of selling the Ford line. There are many details on the design, size, materials used, and other hard-to-find data on the Model T as it was made in 1922-23. Note, however, that some of the "improvements" listed appeared some time before 1923[ some dating back serveral years. Check the Encyclopedia pages of this Web site for more detailed information on when changes were made. Following is what was contained in the Ford car section of the 1923 issue of this booklet. Click on the following menu items to go directly to their location. General Description Weights Prices, 1903-1923 Ignition Chassis Springs 1923 Dealer Prices "Recent Improvements" Fuel Tanks Motor Lubrication Rear Axle Steering Trucks Ease of Operation Closed Cars Transmission Radiator Front Axle Brakes

Ford, The Universal Car

QUANTITY PRODUCTION Depends on absolute accuracy in the manufacture of each individual part that goes into Ford Products. Each part-whether it is made of steel, cloth, or rubber must conform to definite specifications in both minute measurements and standard quality. A staff of expert chemists and metallurgists, working with modern equipment, delicate testing devices and elaborate machinery provides those specifications. As parts go through the many stages of manufacture in the Ford shops, from raw material to completed units, they are closely inspected and tested after each major operation. So that when a Ford Product passes into the possession of the user, he is assured of a product which is as near mechanical perfection as highly trained men can make it.

Important Sale Factors

Following are the important factors which will show the prospective purchaser how the Ford car will meet his requirements best. Power The engine develops 20 H.P.---as much as ever needed, and is always efficient and durable. The Ford engine is driving nearly half of all the cars in the world today. Endurance Four out of five Fords built in the last fourteen years are still in operation. Over five million owners throughout the world are proving its endurance. This, and its ease of operation, is evidenced by its ability in every day use to give constant and uninterrupted service under every condition of load, road, and weather. Simplicity The control and operation is so simple that anyone can learn to drive a Ford in a short time. The simplicity of the engine design and running parts means fewer parts out of order; hence fewer repair costs. The design can be quickly understood by anyone and permits ease of adjustment. Economy A Ford weighs several hundred pounds less than an ordinary car with equal power and carrying capacity, which reduces wear and tear on tires. The simplicity of the engine means economy in manufacture and low up-keep and repair cost. The total number of all parts in the Ford Chassis retail at approximately 15% more than the price of the complete chassis, and official figures show less than 15 cents per car for parts replaced under the factory guarantee of defective parts. Service Thirty-three thousand dealers and service stations throughout the world give Ford owners international service. A $50,000,000.00 stock of parts in the hands of dealers and branches insures Ford owners against any hold-up for lack of replacement parts. Flat rate labor charges are used by Ford dealers. Better Cars at Lower Prices Ford cars are always low in price. Ford cars are always high in quality. The present selling prices of Ford cars have been made possible through: 1. Sales of a million cars yearly, which permits quantity production on the most economical basis. 2. Standardizing on one model over a period of years has made it possible to develop automatic machinery for producing parts in quantifies at a great saving in labor costs. 3. The consumption of raw and finished products at a cost of approximately one million dollars per day, makes their purchase contracts most attractive to manufacturing concerns, and insures their obtaining the best quality in materials at the lowest possible cost. 4. The financial strength of the Ford Motor company not only greatly increases buying power, but also permits taking full advantage of market conditions. The company has no bonded indebtedness to meet and its resources are always available for use in the development of the business.

Recent Improvements
Front License Bracket A new design front license tag bracket has been made standard on all cars. These brackets, together with the standard rear brackets, are in locations convenient for attaching license tags for any state and reasonably protected from splash and mud in service. New Jack-Ford Design The new Ford design jack gives to the owner at once a simple, powerful jack at a reasonable cost. The jack is of an improved screw type, combining those features which have been in service and proved themselves to be entirely satisfactory. The action is simple, the design is rugged, and there are few parts to get out of order. Crankcase Front Bearing Crankcase front end bearing has been re-designed, making it simpler and at the same time providing greater flexibility for the front spring, with improved riding qualities. Spring Hangers The new one-piece spring hangers are a decided improvement. Being in one piece they cannot loosen or rattle in service and their permanent alignment means better spring action and better riding qualities. Ford Design Cut-out The new Ford cut-out has been designed with special reference to: 1. Reliability 2. Simplicity It is very compact, of comparatively few parts, and with ample insulators. Ford "H" Headlamp Lenses The new Ford "H" Headlamp Lenses give to Ford owners a lighting equipment second to none on the road. Equipped with the special design refracting type lens, and a new 21-candle-power, gas-filled, double-filament bulb, these headlamps afford at once ample and well-distributed road light and no glare. Steering Wheel The steering wheel has been increased to sixteen-inch diameter, making steering and driving in general easier, more positive and more comfortable. Spare Tire Carrier An improved design which combines light weight with increased strength and rigidity. Wiring System The wiring system has been completely re-designed, making it practically proof against short circuits and fire. Moreover, the new design has been approved by the fire insurance underwriters and all Ford cars equipped with the new wiring system obtain a remarkably low fire insurance rate. 1. All wires of No. 16 gauge or heavier insuring freedom from breakage and ample mechanical strength. 2. All rubber or braid insulation of standard National Electrical Code specifications approved by the underwriters. 3. Improved dash and frame clips for carrying wires. Re-designed for rigidity and strength, without danger of shorts. 4. Special insulator looms and frame brackets for heavy duty starting cables. 5. Special tail light wire suspension with tension spring and frame insulators. 6. New design dash terminal block of Fordite insulation. 7. All wires in black glazed cotton looms, giving strength and good appearance. 8 Special brackets for supporting gasoline tank to prevent contact with wiring system or abrasion on frame. 9. Special loom extension on commutator wires and fiber insulators on commutator case. The new wiring at once insures the Ford owner against breakage, short circuits or other trouble in his electrical system and affords him a fire insurance rate as low as many high priced cars on the market. Pressed Steel Muffler The present muffler is of full, pressed steel design. Its muffling action is the equal of, and its freedom from breakage and extra weight far superior to that of the conventional type with cast ends and brackets. Mounted directly upon the exhaust pipe, a very compact, light and rigid construction is obtained. The new muffler has been approved by the engineers of the fire insurance underwriters, which means that it is free from possibility of breakage, leaks or other fire hazards. Pistons and Connecting Rods Pistons and connecting rods have been re-designed, providing lighter structures, without decrease in strength or wearing qualities. This reduction in reciprocating weight has produced a smoother running motor with reduced vibration and with quicker, snappier pick-up. Moreover, careful weight selection of these parts in the shop before assembling into any given motor further insures deceased vibration and increased efficiency, under all conditions of operation. One-Piece Running Board Brackets The new design running board brackets are of channel section and in one piece, extending completely across the chassis. This design insures the owner exceptional rigidity. Fan Assembly The new fan assembly provides the following features: 1. Large diameter pulleys preventing slippage, and increasing life of belt. 2. Bronze bushings running in self-contained bath of oil. 3. Dustproof enclosure. Starting Switch The new Ford design starting switch combines all the best features of manufacture and operation of the previous types. It is simple, direct acting, of few parts, and exceptionally easy of assembling and repair. Although there is practically nothing to get out of order in this simple switch, still disassembling is easily accomplished by the removal of two screws, when the top lifts off and the entire inner switch is exposed. The new switch is water, dust and rust proof, and in addition it is located in a protected position under the floor boards. Dash Weather Trough Prevention of rainy weather trouble due to water on the dash and coil terminals has been effected by application of the new design dash weather trough. This trough catches any water, which in severe rains may work under the hood at the dash, and carries it to either side, eliminating danger of shorts, hard starting or irregular firing, due to possible water shorts on the coil terminals or dash wiring. Radiator Mounting The radiator is now mounted upon springs whereby it is afforded a limited flexibility. This Increases the life of the radiator, prevents possible breakage due to weaving of the frame, and relieves the radiator from sudden shocks and vibration. Front Radius Rods Fastening of the front radius rods has been improved by the use of tapered nuts in tapered seats. This construction insures an absolutely tight initial fit and the wedging effect obtained prevents loosening under even the most severe service conditions of load and vibration.

Summary of Improvements in the Ford Chassis

New crankcase bearings and front spring clip, strengthens spring and makes spring more resilient Drop forged drive shaft roller housing with Timken ball thrust bearing. New head lamp lens. Bright and dim two-filament headlight bulbs. Timer insulator. Improved brushes in starter motor Protected insulated terminal block for all wiring on dash board. Heavy loom protection on battery wiring. Timken roller bearings in front wheels---Demountable only. Stronger radius rod, holds front axle rigid in exact position required. New style fan with oil reservoir in hub. Protected cut-out wire. Improved Ford carburetor. Dash weather strip. Improved dash shield. Gasoline line support Larger steering wheel, 16 in. New style ammeter. New crank case support and ball socket for radius rod. Improved piston rings. Running board supports. Note The above list is only a partial list of Recent Improvements. Ease of Operation One of the outstanding features of the Ford car and a contributing cause of its deserved popularity is the ease and facility with which the average driver can control and successfully operate it under the most trying conditions. This is due to the proportioning and design of several features as follows: 1. Wheel base. 2. Gear change by means of foot pedal action instead of with foot operated clutch and hand operated gear shift lever. 3. Short turning radius. 4. Direct acting steering mechanism. 5. Possibility of quick shift from low speed ahead to reverse and back again without shifting of gears. 6. Impossibility of failure to accomplish gear shifts. 7. Ample and positive brakes. Traffic Control The combination of these features gives the driver of the Ford car unequaled control in traffic, in sand and mud, and in all places where matter of control of an automobile is most critical and all important. Quick Shift The possibility of quick shift from low speed ahead to reverse and back again permits "rocking the car" forward and back as can be done with no other automobile. This is usually sufficient to extricate the Ford from the heaviest sand and mud. No Gear Clash Another outstanding feature is the impossibility of failure to accomplish gear shift as with the Ford transmission there is no chance to clash gears, and the driver need not worry about not getting into gear and thereby being caught in traffic with his engine disengaged. Wheelbase The short wheel base and small turning radius is a source of convenience many times daily in going in and out of the garage and in maneuvering into a parking position at the curb. In turning corners, they permit the driver to keep to his right-of-way and to avoid possible inconvenience in traffic or even accidents. The design of the Ford steering mechanism is such that turning is accomplished without excessive motion of the steering wheel. Further, being direct acting, less effort is required to steer the car in and out of parking places. Foot-Control One of the greatest control advantages of the Ford car is the facility with which gear changes are made and the ability to control its speeds, through foot pedals and brake band action. Gear shifts are readily made without removing the hands from the steering wheel and by automatic action of the feet, allowing the driver's attention to be concentrated on the road ahead, on traffic, steering or road conditions, as the case may require. Light Weight The light weight of the Ford car and the fact that the low speed ratio is high in proportion to the car's weight gives particular advantages in pick-up and negotiating heavy roads. Service Brake The Ford service brake operated by pedal and acting direct on the driving shaft through which the power is transmitted from motor to rear wheels gives the Ford owner a powerful positive brake which permits quick stopping of the car. Emergency Brake In addition, there is an emergency brake operated by hand lever and acting on the drums of the rear wheels. This simple effective dual system of brakes requires little or no adjusting as compared with many other designs, yet gives the Ford car a high factor of safety that is universally recognized.

U. S. Ford Weights
Year Aug. 1-July 31 1915-1916 1916-1917 1917-1918 1918-1919 1919-1920 1920-1921 1921-1922 1922-1923

Coupe 1540 1540 1580 1580 1580 1525 1685* 1729*

Sedan 1730 1730 1745 1715 1750 1725 1875* 1900* 1915# Chassis 1200 980 980 980 1060 1020 1070 1082

Runabout 1395 1380 1385 1390 1390 1400 1380 1535

Year 1915-1916 1916-1917 1917-1918 1918-1919 1919-1920 1920-1921 1921-1922 1922-1923

Touring 1510 1500 1480 1500 1500 1500 1485 1477

Truck

1450 1450 1395 1380 1430 1427

* This weight of Coupe and Sedan includes starter and demountables. Other cars equipped with starter, add 95 pounds. 55 pounds additional for demountable rims and tire carrier. # Four Door Sedan

Fuel Tank Capacities

The old "round" gasoline tanks, as used on all Fords for many years, were of approximately 10 gallons capacity. These tanks were used on all touring and roadsters of earlier than 1920 make, and even on some of the 1920 models. With these round tanks, it will be noticed that one gallon, at the bottom of the tank, takes more than twice as much depth as a gallon near the middle. The oval tanks are now used on all types of Ford cars with the exception of the Coupe and two door Sedan. The capacity of this oval tank may be roughly estimated as 1-1/2" for the first gallon, and 3/4" for each additional gallon up to nine. The "square" tank is now used on Ford Coupes and two-door Sedans. With the square tank, each 3/4" represents one gallon. In the United States, the Old English Wine Gallon containing 231 cubic inches is standard. In Canada, the British Imperial gallon of 271.274 cubic inches, is used. This means that an Imperial gallon is equal to practically 1-1/5 U.S. gallons. Since the gallons are different, we are giving a table of gasoline tank measurements, showing number of gallons per inch:

United States
Year Gallons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Square Tank 3/4" 1-1/2" 2-1/4" 3" 3-3/4" 4-1/2" 5-1/4" 6" 6-3/4"

Round Tank 1-17/32" 2-9/16" 3-1/2" 4-11/32" 5-1/8" 5-29/32" 6-3/4" 7-11/16" 8-23/32"

Oval Tank 1-7/16" 2-3/16" 2-15/16" 3-5/8" 4-5/16" 5" 5-11/15" 6-7/16" 7-3/16"

Canada
Gallons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Square Tank 6/7" 1-5/7" 2-4/7" 3-3/7" 4-2/7" 5-1/7" 6" 8-1/8" Round Tank 1-13/16" 2-15/16" 3-15/16" 4-7/8" 5-13/16" 6-7/8" 7/15/16" 9-5/8" (Imperial Gallons) Gallons Inches Gallons Inches Gallons Inches Gallons Inches 1 1-11/64 6 3-43/64 11 5-35/64 16 7-42/64 2 1-51/64 7 4-9/64 12 5-60/64 17 8-8/64 3 2-17/64 8 4-34/64 13 6-21/64 18 8-38/64 4 2-47/64 9 4-59/64 14 6-46/64 19 9-4/64 5 3-13/64 10 5-5/16 15 7-12/64 20 9-44/64 Oval Tank 1-3/8" 2-5/16" 3-3/16" 4" 4-13/16" 5-11/16" 6-19/32" 7-15/16"

Canadian Fordson Tractor Fuel Gauge

Improvements in Ford Two-Door Sedan and Coupe Bodies

Several changes in design, as well as interior refinements, have recently been made in Sedan and Coupe bodies, which add greatly to their comfort, convenience and appearance. The more important changes follow: 1. Upholstery for both two-door Sedan and Coupe bodies is now furnished in rich, dark brown, striped wool fabric. 2. Floor carpets in deep brown shades to match the upholstery are furnished with the new bodies. All the lower body trimming covering for such parts as heel board, gas tank box, bottom of Sedan folding seat, door covers, etc., is now furnished in material to match the floor carpets. 3. Design of door and quarter upholstery panels has been improved very much in appearance and to provide ready replacement. 4. The door check straps have been redesigned to provide finish in keeping with new upholstery scheme and also increased strength and security. 5. Window lifters are provided which facilitate opening and closing of windows and provide for holding the windows open at any desired position. Special felt channels and spring retainers for the operating levers insure against looseness and rattle. Finished in black enamel and nickel plate, the new window lifters add materially to the general appearance of the interior of the body. 6. Driver's seat-back in the Sedan has been increased in comfort by slightly increasing size and adding back springs. 7. Improved design of inside door pull handle in nickel plate finish is furnished on all closed body doors, improving the interior appearance and adding much to the convenience of the operation of the door. 8. Inside window finishing strips are now furnished in steel, black enameled, insuring excellent finish and permanency. 9. Outside pillar covers and in fact covers for all exposed wood parts are now furnished in pressed steel design, guaranteeing first-class paint finish on these parts and freedom from checks, blisters and other defects common to even selected wood designs. 10. The instrument board panel is of new design. 11. Outside door handles as now furnished with all enclosed bodies are noticeable for the attractive appearance and convenient leverage in operation. 12. A roof drip moulding of an entirely new two-piece design, providing a much improved appearance and finish, has been adopted. 13. Door bumpers on all closed jobs are of special Ford double-roller design, adapted to eliminate all rattles and squeaks in doors.

Summary of Improvements in the Ford Two-Door Sedan Body

1. New upholstering throughout. 2. New outside door handles. 3. New inside door handles. 4. New window slides with ratchets to hold windows in any position desired. 5. The folding seat is upholstered on the bottom. 6. Higher back for driver's seat. 7. Rear seat slopes down in back, giving more comfort. 8. Upholstered back of rear seat arranged so it gives much more space in car, and, therefore, more leg room. 9. Upholstery extends up to dash board. 10. More room for driver, back of steering wheel. 11. Upholstered weather strips on door openings. 12. Reinforced door stop straps. 13. Steel brackets for back of driver's seat. 14. Roller anti-rattler for doors. 15. Felt anti-rattler for windows. 16. Steel braces on round corner joints of rear window frames.

Features of the Four-Door Sedan

Size The body is approximately three inches longer than the two-door type Sedan, the extra length providing additional leg room for the occupants of the rear seat Panels All body panels are of aluminum with embossed moulding, the metal extending up around the window sills and runways so that there are no wood parts exposed on the entire body. This feature insures a uniform finish and will largely prevent checking or other paint trouble. Height The roof is of the soft type with artificial leather reinforced and padded, making it as durable and substantial as the old fiber board type, and eliminating the possibility of vibration noises. The overall height of the body is one inch less than the two-door design. With the straighter roof line the car has the appearance of greatly increased length. Visor A permanent leather visor above the windshield adds greatly to the appearance of the car while protecting the driver from the glare of the sun. Tire Carrier The tire carrier is of a new and improved design which permits the spare tire to set at an angle that corresponds with the lines of the body. Doors The front door openings are 23-1/2 ins. and the rear door openings 24 ins, or the same width as on the two-door Sedan. All doors are equipped with special Ford design double roller, dove-tail guides at center as well as rubber bumpers top and bottom which tends to eliminate rattles. Locks and Handles Door handles are of the straight bar type made from hard, black rubber with nickel tips and fittings. All doors are equipped with locks. Three of the locks are operated by levers from the interior of the body, while the right front door lock is operated by a key from the outside. Windshield The upper sash of the windshield is adjustable either outwardly or inwardly to provide the proper degree of ventilation. An improved design of clamp permits it to be easily adjusted and securely fastened in any position. The lower section of the windshield is stationary, which is a factor in preventing rain from leaking into the body. Window Regulators The windows in all four doors are operated by means of crank type window regulators, while the rear windows are operated by the lever type used on the two-door Sedan. Fittings All interior body fittings, including window regulators, door pull handles, door latch levers, etc., are finished in oxidized silver. Dome Light A dome light is operated by a switch on the right rear body pillar. Upholstery Upholstery material is of improved design with a fine, dark stripe on a brown background of a shade that will not easily show dust and dirt. Silk window curtains to harmonize are provided for the rear windows. Cushions The rear seat cushion is 46-1/2" x 20" or one inch wider than in the two-door Sedan. The front seat is 42-1/2" x 19" and will accommodate a third person if necessary. The front seat cushion is divided in the center, making it necessary to raise but one-half of the cushion to fill the gasoline tank. Therefore, the driver may have the tank filled without leaving his seat. Seat cushions are held in position by means of dowel pins in place of the covered binding strip used on the two-door Sedan. 6,000,000th Ford Motor Built on May 18th, 1922 "Ford Motor number 6,000,000 was lifted from the assembly line In the Highland Park Ford plant at 9:14 A. M., May 18th," says a report from the Ford Motor Company, which adds that "just 5-1/3 seconds later number 6,000,001 was finished." At the present time the Ford plant is turning out 5,400 motors daily, the assembling line being operated only eight hours a day. On October 1, 1908, the first Model "T" was built; on December 10, 1915, number 1,000,000 left the line, and number 5,000,000 came through May 28, 1921. 4 Out of 5 Ford Cars Still in Operation Out of a total of 5,517,956 Ford Model "T" cars and trucks sold In the United States since 1908, 4,478,248 are still in daily service. "That out of every five Ford cars and trucks sold to retail purchasers In the United States alone during the past fourteen years, four are still in actual daily use, which is really remarkable when the hard service of commercial cars is taken into consideration. This seems to forcibly confirm the popular knowledge of the longevity of Ford cars. "An idea of the important part played by Ford cars and trucks in the daily transportation of goods and persons in the United States can be gained by realization of the fact that with the Ford cars now in operation, averaging a minimum of 5,000 miles per year each, they would pile up a total of twenty-five billion transportation miles---equivalent to more than a million trips around the world."

Low Operation Cost

"How much does it cost to operate a Ford car?" This question is asked Ford Dealers many times a year and accurate details are lacking. The Goodman Motor Company of Paris, Ill., had made investigations along this line and had obtained an interesting report on a Ford Roadster driven by one of the salesmen of the Pillsbury Flour Mills, who travels in the central part of Indiana. The figures cover 42 weeks for a total distance of 12,193 miles or an average of 290.3 miles a week. This is probably the average mileage covered by most salesmen. The average weekly expense was found to be $9.75 for all items, and the average cost per mile was .0335. The mileage average cost was distributed as follows: Gasoline and oil .0210 Repairs .0042 The trouble .0006 Storage .0052 Washing .00104 Accessories .00146 Total .03350 (Approximately 3-1/3 cents)

Prices of Ford Products Since 1903

1903-1904 Model A-Runabout Tonneau 1904-1905 Model B Touring Model C-Runabout Tonneau Model F-Touring 1905-1906 Model B-Touring Model F-Touring 1906-1907 Model N-Runabout Model R-Runabout Mode] S-Runabout Roadster October 1, 1907, to September 30, 1908 Model K-Roadster Touring October 1, 1908 Model T-Touring Town car Roadster Coupe Landaulet 1908-to October 1 Model R-Runabout Model S-Runabout Roadster October 1, 1909 Model T-Touring Tourabout Roadster Coupe Laudaulet Town car October 1, 1910 Roadster Tourabout Touring Coupe Town car Laudaulet October 1, 1911 Torp. Runabout Commercial roadster Touring Delivery car Town car October 1, 1912 Model T-Runabout Touring Town car Delivery August 1, 1913 Runabout Touring Town car August 1, 1914 Runabout Touring Town car Sedan Coupe Chassis August 1, 1915 Runabout Touring Coupelet Sedan Town car Chassis August 1, 1916 Runabout Touring Coupelet Sedan Town car Chassis August 1, 1917 Touring Runabout Chassis Truck Chassis. (Effective 7/27/17) Coupelet Sedan Town car October 6, 1917 Coupelet Sedan Town Car February 21, 1918 Touring Runabout Chassis Truck Chassis April 1, 1918 Tractor August 16, 1918 Model T-Touring Runabout Coupelet (Including Starter and Dernountable Rims) Sedan (Including Starter and Demountable Rims) Truck Chassis (With solid tires) Truck Chassis (With pneumatic tires) Chassis Demountable Rims and Spare Rim Carder, 30x3-1/2"Tire all around (Open Type) April 1, 1919 Tractor June 16, 1919 Tractor March 3, 1920 Touring Car Runabout Sedan (Including Starter) Coupe (Including Starter) Chassis Truck (Pneumatic) Truck (Solid) Tractor Demountable Rims (Open Types) Starter (Open Types) September 22, 1920 Touring Runabout Sedan Coupe Chassis Truck chassis (With Pneumatic Tires and Demountable Rims) Tractor Demountable Rims (Open Types) Starter (Open Types) January 26, 1921 Tractor June 7, 1921 Touring Car Runabout Sedan (Start., Dem. Rims) Coupe (Start., Dem. Rims) Chassis Truck Chassis (Pneumatic Tires and Demountable Rims) Tractor September 2, 1921 Touring Runabout Sedan (Start., Dem. Rims) Coupe (Start., Dem. Rims) Chassis Truck Chassis (With Pneumatic Tires and Demountable Rims) Tractor January 16, 1922 Touring Car Runabout Sedan (Start., Dem. Rims) Coupe (Start., Dem. Rims) Chassis Truck Chassis (With Pneumatic Tires and Demountable Rims) Tractor January 27, 1922 Tractor October 17, 1922 Touring Runabout Sedan, 2-door (Start. and Dem. Rims) Sedan, 4-door (Start. and Dem. Rims) Coupe S.S. and D.R. Chassis Truck Chassis (Pneumatic Tires and Demountable Rims) Tractor 600 750 700 750 2800 2800 850 1000 825 950 950 750 700 750 950 950 900 1050 1100 1700 680 725 780 840 960 1100 590 590 690 700 900 $525 600 800 625 500 550 750 440 490 690 975 750 410 390 440 590 740 640 360 345 360 505 645 595 325 360 345 325 600 505 645 595 560 695 645 450 435 400 600 750 $525 500 750 875 550 590 475 $25.00 extra 2000 1000 2000 900 1000 1000 $850 950

885 750 515 550 975 850 525 640 600 850 $25.00 extra $15.00 extra 440 395 795 745 360 545 790 $25.00 extra $10.00 extra $625 415 370 760 695 345 495 625 355 325 660 595 295 445 625 348 319 645 580 285 430 625 395 298 269 595 725 530 235 380 395

INTRODUCTION

THE FORD POWER PLANT

The first model "T" Ford engine was made in 1908. It was the perfected development of Henry Ford's motor inventions dating back sixteen years to 1892 when be built his first little one-cylinder motor. During those sixteen years Ford cars were made in many models, from little two-cylinder "chuggers" to big six-cylinder, high-priced cars. But in 1908 the crystallized result of all those years of experience and study was the model "T," the Ford Power Plant of today. And since 1908, under every condition of use, in peace and war, in every corner of the globe, the Model "T" Power Plant has not shown a weakness necessitating radical change of design. However minor improvements and refinements have constantly been made, adding to its comfort, economy, efficiency and appearance.

Ford Mechanical Facts

Piston 3/4 lbs. lighter due to recent improvements Valve spring exerts 20 lbs. under compression Valve seat 1/4" convex profile Valve port opening 1-5/16" in diameter Connecting rod 7" long All piston rings tapered .002" Piston clearance not less than .003" nor more than .004" Compression in cylinders 60 lbs. Clutch pressure in high, 324 lbs. Magnets on flywheel, 16 in number. Oiling system on Ford known as "Constant Level Circulating Splash System." Radiator contains 95 tubes. Radiator contains 57 fins. Cooling system contains exactly 2 gallons 7-1/2 pints of water. Radiator contains exactly 2 gallons of water. Frame length on Model "T," 100" Frame length on truck, 123-11/16" Front spring contains 7 leaves. Rear spring contains 8 leaves. 2 and 4 Door Sedans, 9 leaves. Motor contains 1 gallon of oil. Differential 1-1/4 lbs. grease. Ford carburetor has only one operating adjustment---the needle valve. The tension on the clutch spring is 90 lbs. Width of connecting rod bearing, 1.248. Firing order, 1-2-4-3. Water pressure test on water jackets on new Ford cylinders is from 40 to 60 lbs. Cylinder head bolts are 15 in number and size 7/16 x 2-9/16" Ford bodies receive 4 coats of paint; closed models, 5 coats. Ford bodies are painted by what is known as "The Flowing System." Each coat is allowed to dry 24 hours and is sandpapered and rubbed down. Fenders, splash pans, hoods, radiator shells and small parts are dipped in enamel and baked in electric ovens at 450 degrees. Ford flywheel is much lighter than found in other motors. Because of the added weight of the transmission it is not necessary to have a heavy flywheel. Rated horsepower of the Ford motor is 22.5., S.A.E. Cooling system is a thermo-siphon. Battery used, 6 volt. The maximum charging rate is 10 to 12 amperes regardless of engine speed. Ford uses a two-unit lighting and starting system. The lighting system is a single wire system. Return circuit is through the metal of the car. The starting motor torque in pounds is from 14 to 16 lbs. Details of Ford Engine Construction The Ford Model "T" motor is a 4-cylinder, 4-cycle, internal combustion, gasoline engine, with 4" stroke and 3-3/4" bore. Valves are of the poppet type, arranged on one side of the cylinders, known as Lhead construction, cylinders are cast en bloc and water jacketed, the upper part of the crankcase containing the crankshaft bearings, being integral with the cylinders. The water jacketed cylinder head containing the combustion chambers is removable from the cylinder case. The engine and transmission are a unit and this unit power plant is supported in the chassis frame on the three-point principle. Cylinder Case The cylinder case is an iron casting containing the four water-jacketed cylinder bores, 8 valve ports with manifold passages, valve guides, camshaft bearing bushing supports and crankshaft bearing supports. The cylinder head containing combustion chamber is cast separately from the case and is bolted thereto by fifteen bolts threaded into the top face of the case. The cylinder bores in which the pistons are to slide, after the boring and reaming operations vary in diameter from 3.748" to 3.749". They are then rolled to a diameter of 3.750 with a special power-driven rolling tool. This tool is a cylindrical block with small hardened steel rollers pivotally fitted around its circumference at an angle of 12 degrees from vertical. In operation, when the tool is revolved within the bore, the small rollers are pressed against the walls with a combination of sliding and rolling motion which produces a hard, smooth and polished surface. Water Jacket Tests In the side of the cylinder case near the manifold ports are three 13/16" countersunk holes in the water jacket, which were necessary to locating and removing the core in making the castings. These holes are plugged with small, cupped, steel discs, peened into the countersink. At this point in the preparation of the case the water jackets are subjected to a hydraulic pressure of 40 to 60 lbs. per square inch to test for possible weakness or leaks in the jacket walls. Valve Seating The valve port hole is 1-5/16" in diameter and the face edge of this hole is milled to form a countersink of 1-23/64" to 1-29/64" in diameter. This countersink is of convex profile of 1/4" radius, which gives a hairline contact with the flat seat of the valve.

Steam Holes In the top face of the cylinder case are five 1/4" steam holes entering different portions of the water jacket. When the cylinder head is in place these holes connect with five similar holes in the cylinder head jackets and allow the escape of air or steam which otherwise would form in the lower jacket in pockets, impeding circulation. The water circulates through the three larger passages between cylinder and head jackets. Dimensions of Case Length--- 22-9/16" (outside of cylinder chambers); 21-25/23" (at main bearings) Height--- 10-5/8" (variation 1/32") Width--- 9-1/2" (at base) Valve ports exclusive of seats--- 1-5/16" Manifold ports (6)--- 1-1/8" with 1-1/4" countersink 1/8" deep Cylinder bores are 3.750" dia. and 6.752" long Camshaft bearing support holes--- Dia. of front hole 1.374 to 1.375, center 1.372 to 1.373, rear .9985 to 1.000 Diameter of valve stem guide hole--- .3125 plus Diameter of push rod guide hole--- .437 plus. Cylinder head bolt holes are 7/16" diameter, with No. 14 U. S. standard thread. Valve Assembly The valves are fitted at this point so that the seat will be protected from injury in subsequent assembly operations. Valves are guided by the spindle hole in the case and are held in the seated position by a spring encircling the guide boss in the case at one end and fixed to the valve stem at the other by a collar held by a small pin passing through a hole near the end of the valve stem. The valve spring is 3" long and 1" in diameter, when compressed by the washer and locking pin fixed to the valve stem, it exerts a pressure of about 20 lbs. In holding the valve seated. Dimensions of Valves Material, valve stem is made of cold rolled steel and valve head of cast iron. Diameter of head and upper edge of valve seat, 1-15/32" Diameter of lower edge of valve seat, 1-17/64" to 1-9/32" Width of valve seat, 3/32" ground at an angle of 45 to stem center. Thickness of head, 3/16" Stem diameter, .3105 to .312" Length of upper seat edge to plane through end of stem, 4.974" Spring collar pin hole, .110' to .113' diameter, and 4-19/32" from valve seat line. Rough Bearing Capping The upper half of the main crankshaft bearing supports are cast integral with the cylinder case. These supports are semi-cylindrical and are lined with a bushing of high pressure babbitt metal molded by the aid of a jig bar and held in place by lugs of the babbitt which fit into anchor holes in the casting. Caps of semi-cylindrical shape and lined similarly with the babbitt metal form the complete crank-shaft bearing when bolted in proper positions. Boring Main Crankshaft Bearings The main bearings are bored in large lathes using boring bars, the cylinder case being held in a jig making use of the camshaft bearing holes as locating points. The case is held in this manner during the boring, as any variation of the distance between the crank and camshaft bearing affect the meshing of the timing gears when these are assembled. The bearings are bored to a diameter of 1.248" to 1.249". Boring bars are run through the bearings twice to insure a smooth and accurate job. After the boring edges of the babbitt are filleted to a radius corresponding to that on the crankshaft bearings. The babbitt extends over both ends of the long rear bearing for this bearing must take care of the end thrust of the crankshaft. Hanging Crankshafts The crankshaft of the Ford engine is a drop forging of alloy steel with four crank throws and three main bearings. The crank throws are all in one plane, that is, 180 apart, the two outside throws pointing in the same direction and the two inside throws in the opposite direction. The small gear is keyed to the shaft by means of a Woodruff key: it is made of steel and has 24 spiral cut teeth. The main crank bearings have radius of 3/16" machined at their edges. This takes care of end thrust and makes a stronger shaft than if the edges were cut square. After the cylinder case leaves the boring operation, the bearing caps are removed and the .012" liners taken out The oil boles in the cylinder case bearing are now punched out and countersunk. The edges of the babbitt in the case bearings are now filed with a flat rasp to an angle of 45 with the lower face of the case. The groove thus formed when the cap is assembled acts as an oil lead for the bearing and also as a clearance to take care of the babbitt pressed out during the subsequent "running in" of the bearings. The ends of the bearings are also filed smooth. The center and front bearings have from 1/32" to 1/16" end clearance which allows for expansion and lubrication. The cap is now "rocked" over the round shaft and two or more brass shims of .002" thickness are applied until the rock of the cap shows a .004" or .005" clearance between case and cap edges. The caps are then bolted down and the bearings are "run in" on a belting block at a speed of about 700. R.P.M. for the period of one minute. The bearings during this process are pressed to conform to the shaft and a smooth even contact between shaft and bearing results. Dimensions of Crankshaft Bearings Crankshaft, front 2"; center, 2-3/16" rear 3-1/8" Case, front, 1-15/16"; center, 2-1/8"; rear, 3.118-.3120" Cap, front, 1-15/16"; center, 2-1/16"; rear, 3.118-.3.120" Principal Crankshaft Dimensions Length, 25-5/32" Length of connecting rod bearings, 1.495" to 1.505" on crankshaft. Diameter of all bearings, 1.248", also a standard undersize of .010" for main bearings and .025" for connecting rod bearings. After the belting operation, the rear bearing cap is removed and the bearing surface inspected. If this bearing is in good condition, the cap is oiled, replaced and bolted down with same tension as previous to removing. Camshaft The camshaft is a steel forging with eight ground cam surfaces. and three main bearings. The shaft is driven by means of spiral gearing at half the crankshaft speed. The front and center bearings of the camshaft are assembled on the shaft before insertion in the case. The bearings are split in half and are assembled on the shaft bearings by means of a spring clip snapped around the middle circumference. The center bearing is fitted with a liberal amount of play so that the shaft can line itself up properly. The rear camshaft bearing bushing is of cast iron pressed into the base and reamed with a reamer guided by the two forward bushing supports. The 48-tooth camshaft timing gear is also assembled on the shaft before fitting in the case. The gear is secured to the camshaft by means of two dowel pins driven into dowel holes in the flange of the shaft and the web of the gear. These pins are 7/16" long and have a 5/16" diameter at one end and 3/8" diameter at the other, the small end fitting in the camshaft flange. A 13/16" x 16 U.S.S. thread locknut is screwed on to the shaft till the gear is firmly held against the flange. Push rods are now inserted and the shaft with bearings and gear assembled is forced through the bearing support holes until the bearings are in contact with their respective case holes. Play is within the limits of two and four-thousandths clearance between meshed teeth. Camshaft Dimensions Camshaft length, 22-23/32" Diameter of end bearing, .748"; diameter of middle one same as end Length of end bearing, 1-3/4"; length of middle bearing 2-7/16" Length of front bearing, 1.967" Width of cams, 7/8" Diameter of heel of cam, 13/16" Greatest diameter of cam, 1-1/16" Flange diameter, 1-3/4" Flange width, 1/4" Dowel holes, .3120"-.3125" Thread-big thread, 13/16" x 16 U.S.F.; small thread 9/16" x 18 S.A.E. Push Rods Material, alloy steel heat treated. Length, 2-11/32" over all. Diameter stem, .4355"-.4365" Diameter head, 1" Pistons and Connecting Rod The Model "T" connecting rod is a steel forging of I-beam section with a babbitt bushed bearing box at one end and at the other a clamp to encircle and hold the wrist pin. The Model "T" connecting rod is 7" long between center of bearing to center of clamp hole. The babbitt bushed bearing is made in halves with removable cap held by two bolts with castellated nuts so that it can be assembled about the crank bearing. The cap is assembled on the rod and the bearing broached with .003" paper shims between edges of cap and rod before being assembled in the engine. The width of the crank bearing box is 1.495" to 1.505" and the width of the wrist pin clamp is 63/64" to 1-1/64." The Piston The Model "T" piston is a gray iron casting of softer material than the cylinder bore in which it is to slide so that the piston rather than the cylinder will receive wear, it being more economical to replace pistons than cylinder castings. The piston is made as long as possible in order that it may have a large bearing surface, thus giving longer wear. Long pistons also avoid "cocking" due to angular pressure of connecting rod. The diameter of the piston at the top is about .010" smaller than at the bottom, or skirt. This taper is to compensate for expansion due to the intense heat to which the upper part of the piston is subjected. The top edge of the piston is beveled in order to conform more nearly to the shape of the combustion chamber which is of rounded profile; this bevel also avoids a sharp edge which might overheat causing pre-ignition. The Piston Pin The piston pin is a hollow shaft 3-1/2" in length. It is machined seamless steel tubing with a notch at the middle point of its length, which provides against turning in the connecting rod clamp. The wrist pin is hollow to obtain lightness and heat radiating qualities. Before the wrist pin is inserted in the piston, the brass bushings are reamed to .740" to .741". The wrist pins are then fitted in the piston with a snug fit; this work is held to a half-thousandth of an inch. The piston has three grooves around its circumference in which the rings are fitted. The two rings near the top of the piston are termed the compression rings. Their duty is to prevent the escape of gas between the piston and cylinder wall, the lower ring around the skirt is termed the oil ring, its duty is to keep excessive quantities of oil from working its way into the combustion chamber. Piston Dimensions Length 3.808"-3.817" Diameter at skirt, 3.748"-3.749" Diameter at second ring, 3.743"-3.745" Diameter at top, 3.738"-3.740" Ring grooves 1/4" wide x 13/64" deep Diameter of piston bushings, .740"-.741" Diameter of wrist pin, .740"-.741" Length of pin 3-1/2" Pistons of equal weight must be fitted in each engine. No more than .004" nor less than .003" clearance is allowed between cylinder and skirt of piston, yet the piston must move freely when pushed back and forth in the bore. The piston rings are tapered around the circumference, the small diameter of the taper being the side marked with a small "Ford." When rings are applied to the piston, this punch mark should be toward the top of the piston. The .003" paper shims between connecting rod shank and cap are removed, thus a tension between babbitt and crank bearing is produced when cap is assembled which provides for the subsequent running in process of the bearings. Connecting rod caps are oiled and assembled on their respective connecting rods, clamping around crank bearings. Bolts are tightened and l ocked with cotter pins. The engine is now placed on the belting block and is run at 700 R.P.M. for about 40 seconds. Timing One intake and one exhaust valve are located in the combustion chamber of each cylinder in the Ford engine. When the heel of the cam is in contact with the push rod a clearance of .022" to .032" exists between the end of the push rod and the valve stem end. The lift of the valves in the Ford engine is 7/32". Firing Order The opening and closing of valves with respect to position of pistons is as follows: Exhaust valve opens when the piston reaches 5/16" before bottom center, the distance from the top of the piston head to the top of the cylinder casting measuring 3-3/8". The exhaust valve closes at top center, the piston being 5/16" above the cylinder casting. The intake valve opens 1/16"past top center or when piston is 1/4" above top of cylinder casting, the intake valve closes 9/16" past bottom center, the distance from the top of the piston to the face of the cylinder casting being 3-1/8". Sequence of Valve Operation in Ford Motor Cyl. Valve No. 1 3 4 2 2 1 3 4 4 2 1 3 3 4 2 1 Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust Intake Intake Exhaust Exhaust

Operation

Opens Closes Opens Closes Opens Closes Opens Closes Opens Closes Opens Closes Opens Closes Opens Closes

Typical Cycle of Piston in One Cylinder of Ford Engine Piston moves from top center down on its intake stroke. The intake valve opens 1/16" past top center thus allowing the piston opportunity to reduce the pressure in the combustion chamber caused by the previous exhaust stroke before opening the passage to the intake manifold. The piston travels downward drawing the gas mixture from the carburetor into the cylinder. The intake valve is held open until the piston is 9/16" travel past bottom center on the next up stroke. This lag of intake closure allows a greater volume of gas to force its way into the cylinder than if the valve were closed at bottom center, due to the great inertia of the gas which travels through the opening at 4000 to 5000 feet per minute. On the succeeding up stroke of the piston the gas is compressed to 40 to 60 lbs. pressure, both valves of course being closed and the cylinder head gas tight. At, or slightly before, the top center of this stroke the charge is fired and the piston is forced downward by the expansion of the gas on its power stroke, 5/16" before the bottom center of this downward stroke the gases have practically exhausted their useful energy and the exhaust valve is opened at that point On the succeeding upward stroke the exhaust valve is fully opened and the burnt charge is forced out through the exhaust manifold. At the top center of this stroke the exhaust valve is closed and the piston repeats its cycle. Cylinder Head The head is bolted to the case with 7/16" No. 14 U.S.S. thread bolts, 15 in all. The magneto coil is now bolted to the radius at the rear end of the case. It is shimmed so that the distance from the crankshaft flange to a plane passing through the face of the coil is 27/32". Hanging Transmission The Ford transmission is built with the flywheel as a unit. This weight added to that of the magnets carried on the flywheel makes possible the use of an unusually tight flywheel casting. The distance from the magnet clamp faces to the depression in the center to which the crankshaft flange is bolted should be 13/16"-53/64". The flywheel and transmission assembly is bolted to the crankshaft flange with four l3/16" x 7/16" x 20 thread Cap Screws and is located by two pins .468" in diameter. The clearance between the faces of magnet clamps and coil core faces should be not less than .025" or more than .040". The Manifolds, intake and exhaust, are bolted in position connecting to their proper ports with copper and asbestos gaskets interposed. Studs 3/8" x 24 thread, clamp and nuts are used for this purpose. The magneto contact point is fastened to the transmission cover by three screws and the engine assembly is completed. Block Test The block consists of a support for the assembled power plant, and a 20 H.P. motor with suitable universal joint linkage to connect to the engine to be tested. The engines are run on the block for a period of eleven minutes at a speed of 700 to 1000 R.P.M. The voltage of the magneto is tested by connecting the coil terminals to an alternating current volt meter which should indicate 14 volts or more. Transmission There are four important points to keep in mind at all times: 1. That there are three gears forming the triple gear assembly which are riveted together (at the present time all are cut out of the one piece of steel), and whatever one gear does the other two must do also. 2. That whatever the action of the 27-tooth central or driven gear is the action of t he car; that is, when the car is standing still the driven gear is stationary, when the car is going forward in low the driven gear is revolving in the same direction as the flywheel, but at a lower speed, in high the driven gear turns in the same direction as the flywheel and at the same speed; in reverse the driven gear turns in the opposite direction to the flywheel. 3. That the clutch is used only in direct drive or high speed. 4. That the triple gears are only used to get low and reverse. When the car is standing still and the engine running, the neutral position is obtained in two ways, either: (a) by putting the control lever in the vertical position which causes the quadrant on the control lever shaft to press the set screw upward in the end of the cross shaft of the "T" shaped clutch shift shaft. This in turn presses the clutch shift backwards, compressing the clutch spring. Pressure is thus taken off the clutch discs and the small discs permitted to turn with the engine but not transmitting power to the large discs which are fastened to the brake drum, drive plate, drive plate sleeve, universal joint, drive shaft, and rear axle. (b) By pressing the clutch pedal half way forward, and by so doing the extension on the lower end of the pedal presses the clevis which connects the pedal and clutch shift shaft downward; this turns the clutch shift shaft and depresses the clutch spring the same as when the control lever is pulled back. High When the car is driven in high or direct, the control lever is pushed forward so the quadrant does not come in contact with the clutch shift set screw, and the clutch pedal is allowed to come all the way back; this permits the clutch spring to press against the clutch fingers with a pressure of ninety pounds, which in turn presses the clutch push ring dowel pins, and by the leverage of the fingers increases the pressure from ninety to three hundred and twenty-four pounds. Therefore, the small and large discs are clamped together with a pressure of 324 pounds making a direct connection with the crankshaft, transmission shaft, disc drum, small disc, large disc, brake drum, drive plate, drive plate sleeve, universal joint, drive shaft, and rear axle. Action in Neutral When the operator wishes to stop the car but not the engine, he presses the clutch pedal half way down which permits the small discs to run independently of the large ones. Now recalling Rule 2, that whatever the car is doing, the twenty-seven tooth driven gear is also doing; if the car is standing still the stationary parts are the wheels, rear axle, drive shaft, drive plate, universal joint, brake drum, brake drum sleeve, and driven gear. In mesh with the driven gear are the three triple drive gears which also have 27 teeth. The dowel pins, which are pressed into the flywheel, form the axes of the triple gears, so as the flywheel revolves, it carries the triple gears around with it, and as the drums are free to revolve, the 27 teeth of the drive gear just mesh with the 21 teeth of the driven gear in one revolution of the flywheel; therefore, while the flywheel is making one revolution, the triple gears make one revolution on their own axis, no more and no less. So you may see in order to have the car s tand still while the engine is running, it is necessary that the triple gears make just one revolution while the flywheel makes one revolution. If the triple gear makes more than one revolution, power will be transmitted to the driven gear; if it makes less than a revolution while the flywheel makes one revolution it will transmit power to the driven gear, but in the opposite direction. Reverse Driving the car in reverse is done by pressing the reverse, or central pedal, forward. In doing so the band is tightened around the reverse drum which is the drum nearest the flywheel: fastened to this drum is a 30-tooth reverse drum gear, which is also held stationary. In mesh with the 30-tooth reverse drum gear is the 24-tooth reverse triple gear. The triple gears are all fastened together and what the triple gear does the other two triple gears must do. When the 30-tooth drum gear is held stationary, the 24-tooth triple gear, which is in mesh with it, the axis of which is fastened to the flywheel, revolves around the 30tooth gear. But it is plain to see that while a 24-tooth gear is revolving around a 30-tooth gear, it will turn six teeth, or 1/4 of a revolution more than a revolution, but in order that the car stand still, the triple gear must make just one revolution on its own axis while the flywheel is making one revolution; so, if the 24tooth triple gear makes one-quarter more than a revolution while the flywheel is making a revolution, the 27-tooth drive gear will also make 1-1/4 revolutions, and in doing so will force the 27-tooth driven or central gear 1/4 revolution in the opposite direction, or the difference between the one revolution that the drive gear must make and the 1-1/4 that it does really make. Therefore, if the 27-tooth driven gear makes 1/4 of a revolution in reverse for one revolution of the flywheel, it will make one complete revolution in reverse in four revolutions of the flywheel. If the drive gear makes a revolution, the drive shaft will also. But in order to get the ratio of the engine to the rear wheels there is another ratio in the axle to consider. The drive shaft pinion having 11 teeth and the ring gear 40 teeth, makes a ratio of 40 divided by 11 = 37/11. Now in order to get the total ratio of the engine to rear wheels in reverse the two ratios must be multiplied. 3-7/11 x 4 = 40/11 x 4 = 160/11 or 14-6/11. Low Speed If low speed is desired the clutch pedal or the one to the left is pressed all the way forward. In doing so a band is tightened around the center or low speed drum which is held stationary. The gear attached to this drum has 21 teeth. The triple gear that meshes with this 21-tooth drum gear has 33 teeth. Now remembering the action in neutral, the triple gear makes just one revolution, while the flywheel is making one revolution. In reverse there was action transmitted to the driven gear because the triple gear made more than a revolution while the flywheel was making a revolution, but in the case of low the triple gear makes less than a revolution while the flywheel makes a revolution. The 21-tooth gear being stationary the 33-tooth gear revolving around it only permits 21 of the 33 teeth to be used. In high or direct drive the triple gears are not in action at all, the gears are all meshed together and act as a lock and carry the transmission assembly around as a unit at the same speed as the flywheel. In neutral the 27-tooth drive gear simply idles around the 27-tooth driven gear and there is no action transmitted to the driven gear. These are the two extremes. If the 21-tooth drum gear is held stationary, the 33-tooth triple gear revolves around it, and instead of the triple gear making 1/2 revolution while the flywheel is making a revolution, it makes 21/33 of a revolution, because while it is traveling around the drum gear only 21 teeth of the 33-tooth triple gear are used. If the 33-tooth triple gear makes only 21/33 of a revolution the 27-tooth drive gear makes only 21/33 of a revolution; therefore, the triple gears lack 12/33 or the difference between 21/33 and 33/33 of making a revolution on their own axis while the flywheel is making a revolution. The right hand pedal is the brake pedal, and when this pedal is pressed the band is tightened around the brake drum, and being connected directly to the rear axle, stops the car whenever the drum is stopped.

Ignition System
Parts of the High Tension Jump Spark System The Ford ignition system is known as the High Tension Jump Spark System. It includes the following parts: Magneto---to provide current (alternating) Induction Coil or Coil Units---to transform the primary (magneto) current of 8 to 30 volts into a secondary current of 8000 to 20,000 volts. This is necessary, as a current must be provided which can jump an air gap of at least 1/4 inch. Commutator or Timer---(a) to close primary circuit and produce a spark in the cylinder at the proper time to fire the charge and start the power stroke; (b) to control passage of current through different coils according to the firing order; (c) to advance and retard the spark. Switch---to start or stop current. Spark Plug---to conduct high tension current into combustion chamber and provide a gap across which it can jump so as to ignite the explosive mixture. Wiring---to conduct current from one part to another. The Magneto Type-Flywheel type, rotating magnets, stationary field, alternating low tension current. This magneto is of the inductor type, but unlike the other inductor type magnetos, the magnets themselves serve as inductors. It is designed to be mounted on the flywheel, thereby becoming a part of the power plant. It is protected from mechanical injury and moisture which tends to short circuit and damage it, by the same case that houses the transmission. The coils are stationary to avoid trouble from commutation or moving contacts. Magneto---is composed of 16 "V" shaped permanent magnets, mounted on, but magnetically insulated from the flywheel, and sixteen coils wound of insulated copper tape, one quarter of an inch wide and .015" thick, 25 turns to a coil, mounted on bosses on the magneto frame. The coils are wrapped with cambric, with fiber inserts in the center, and bristol board insulating washers beneath when mounted on the bosses. The coils are connected with the winding of consecutive coils in opposite directions. Magnets---are mounted with similar poles of adjacent magnets together making 16 magnetic poles each, having twice the strength of a single magnet pole, so in each revolution of the flywheel the magnetism in the boss of each coil reverses sixteen times, producing sixteen electrical impulses, which at ordinary engine speed produces a continuous alternating current of a much higher frequency than is used for house lighting. Because of this fact it is possible to operate lights from the magneto. The Coil Unit The coil unit consists of a soft iron core, primary coil, secondary coil, condenser, and the upper and lower bridge. The coil unit is also called an induction coil. Induction is the process by which a current is produced in one wire by another current running in another wire, near the first but not touching it. Construction---The soft iron core is made up of 160 to 170 pieces of No. 20 Swedish soft iron wire and well insulated from the primary coil, which is wound around it, by a heavy paper tube in which the core is packed. Primary Coil---is made up of two layers of No. 19 insulated copper wire, the first layer having 112 turns and the second 110 turns. The primary coil is then impregnated in hot paraffin and rosin for 20 minutes. This cements the pieces of wire in the core together, insulates and holds the windings of the primary in place. Secondary Coil---is composed of 16,400 turns of No. 38 enameled copper wire, and between each two layers are three layers of paper insulation. The coil is wrapped in two spools with forty-one layers on each spool. The reason for building the coil in two spools is because there will not be as many volts difference between the consecutive layers at the same end of the coil as if it was wound in one spool. By wrapping in two spools the difference in voltage between the consecutive layers at the same end is just half as much as if it was wound in one spool, and consequently, the thickness of the insulation between the layers is reduced one-half and the diameter of the coil is reduced proportionately. The secondary coil is then placed in a vacuum tank for twenty minutes at 220 degrees F. to make sure all moisture is drawn out; then it is submerged in hot wax. A heavy piece of wax paper is wrapped around the primary coil and it is placed within the secondary coil, making the induction coil complete. The Condenser---is composed of two pieces of tin-foil 7 ft. long and 3-1/2" wide. One piece of this tinfoil is placed on the other one but 1/8" to one side, with two layers of glassine paper insulation between and one layer on top and one layer on the bottom. It is then rolled up into a roll and placed in a vacuum tank for twenty minutes at 220F. and then boiled in paraffin for twenty minutes, after which it is taken out and pressed, and to each end terminals are attached. The condenser must test from three to four microfarads. The condenser terminals have no electrical connection within the condenser. These terminals are connected in the primary circuit with one terminal on each side of the contact points. The condenser is used to absorb the current of primary windings at the breaking of the contact points and thus prevent it from arcing across the points, which would soon burn them. As soon as the condenser is charged it seeks the path of least resistance to discharge or neutralize itself, which is through the coil in the opposite direction. This causes the magnetic field about the coil to collapse very quickly. The more rapid the fall of the primary current the greater the force of the induced current in the secondary winding. The Upper Bridge---is stamped out of brass and to this at the terminal post end is riveted a cushion spring which is stamped from bronze. The other end of the cushion spring contains a tungsten steel point and this end is held from .003 to .005" from the upper bridge by a spacer rivet. The Lower Bridge---is a copper spring by means of which the amperage can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the tension on the armature which is attached to the lower bridge by means of two screws. The armature is stamped out of Swedish steel and has a tungsten steel point on the free end, directly under and in line with the tungsten steel point on the cushion spring. The parts are placed in coil box, with the exception of the upper and lower bridge, which are placed on top, in their relative positions and tar from 300 to 350F. is poured around them, holding them in place, insulating them from each other, and protecting from dampness. The space between points is adjusted from .029 to .031". Coils are adjusted from 1.2 to 1.4 amperes. The Commutator The commutator effects the make and break in the primary circuit. On it depends the point at which the spark plug will fire. Parts of Commutator or Timer: roller brush or center, segments, shaft, terminals, cover. The roller is attached to the end of the camshaft and revolved with it at half the speed of the crankshaft. The brush or roller makes contact with the insulated contact points, of which there are four in the commutator cover. When roller comes in contact with one of the insulated points, the coil unit connected with it becomes operative. After the roller passes over the point, the coil unit is inoperative. The commutator cover is connected with the spark lever on steering column by a pull rod connection. By this lever the spark is advanced or retarded.

Lubrication
The oiling system employed on the Ford Model T car is known as the "constant level circulating splash system." The oil is poured into the breather pipe at the right side of the front of the motor, from which it flows over the connecting rod troughs of the crank case lower cover (leaving them full), and into the lowest part of the crank-ease under the flywheel. When the motor is running the oil in the bottom of the crankcase is carried by the flywheel and magnets near the top of the transmission cover. Here a portion of it drips into the funnel-shaped upper end of the oil pipe where it flows by gravity down to the timing gears, returning once more to its original position under the flywheel. The oil pipe mentioned is the only one used. No pump is required in the Ford system. All moving parts of the motor are kept well oiled by this system. The only opening into the crankcase is the breather pipe. Any oil which may be "pumped" to the top of the pushrods is automatically drained back Into the crankcase by two small holes, just inside the valve door. The Ford oiling system is highly efficient, has proved satisfactory over a long period of years, and is more fool-proof than any other in use today. The only attention required, other than replenishing the oil supply from time to time, is to wash out the crankcase every 750 to 1,000 miles.

Radiation
Radiator It is light in weight, strongly built, an efficient cooler, and is easily repaired. It permits an easy circulation of both air and water. Such is the radiator on the Ford Model "T." The use of a large number of small tubes fitted into a series of flat strips of sheet metal (or fins) makes a core which is more substantial and more efficient than the almost obsolete type of large tubes surrounded by helical fins. The top tank and sides of the Ford radiator are covered by a shell of black enameled sheet steel which enhances the appearance of the car, and has a more durable finish than would be possible were the enamel applied directly to the radiator proper. This is simply slipped on, and held in place by the two bolts which hold the radiator to the car frame's side members. Construction The parts of the Ford radiator are: filler cap, filler cap gasket, filler flange, top tank top, top tank front, top tank back, upper header top tank top reinforcement angles, splash plate upper water connection, overflow pipe, overflow pipe straps, hood rod socket; hood rod socket washer, side walls, fins, tubes, support, lower header, bottom tank, bottom tank brackets, lower water connection. The radiator core or body conists of 95 tubes 1/4" in dia., 17-3/8" long, and 0.005" in thickness), 87 fins, radiator support, and the lower header. When the core has been assembled it is placed on a conveyor which carries it through an oven at 425-450 F. This temperature is sufficient to melt the solder on the various parts bf the core, thus automatically soldering them rigidly in place; Both water connection, hood rod socket, and radiator support are tinned to prevent their rusting when in contact with the water. Efficiency The fins of the latest Model "T" radiator present a combined radiating surface of 54.63 sq. ft. The 95 tubes expose to the air an additional area of 8.94 sq. ft. Thus we find that we have a total radiating surface of 63.57 sq. ft. A better comprehension of this area can be had if we consider it as the area of a plate 8 ft. wide and 8 ft. high. All this is accomplished in a radiator core 19" long, 2-5/8" in breadth, and 17-3/8" high. The 95 tubes of the Ford radiator hold 70.58 cu. in. of water or 17% of the water in the entire radiator. Each cu. in. of water in the tubes has a radiating area of 113.6 sq. in. Of the 3 gallons of water in the Ford cooling system 2 gallons is in the radiator; the remainder is in the water jackets of the motor and the two pipes leading to them.

The Chassis
The Frame Construction and Material Used---the frame is made up of two long straight side members, and front and rear cross members. Side members are made of channel section pressed steel. Front cross member is bent down to form a support for the semi-elliptic transverse spring. Rear cross member is bent upward to fit the arch of the rear cross spring and to add more strength. Dimensions---Length of side members of the Model "T" 100 inches. Length of side members of the Model "TT"--- 123-25/32inches. Width of front cross member of Model "T"--- 23 inches. Width of front cross member of Model "TT"--- 23 inches. Width of rear cross member of Model "T"--- 25-1/8" to center line of bracket holes. Width of rear cross member of Model "TT"--- 32-5/8" to center line of body bracket holes. Method of joining parts---Hot riveting. By this method the rivet contracts as it cools, thus filling the hole in frame. Brackets---These are used to support the body, running boards, truss rods, fenders, lamps, control rod quadrant. They are fastened to the frame by rivets, excepting the fender and lamp brackets, which are bolted. Truss Rods---Purpose---To give added support to the frame. Are used on running board brackets.

The Rear Axle

The most Important parts of the rear axle are: The universal joint. The drive shaft The drive shaft housing. The drive shaft roller bearing housing. The drive shaft pinion. The differential drive gear. The differential assembly. The two axle shafts. The two hub brake camshafts. The two-hub brake pull rods. The two hub brake shoes. Right half rear axle housing. Left half rear axle housing. Universal Joint The universal joint consists of a male and female knuckle joint which are assembled in two rings--riveted together; when assembled this forms a link in the train of power transmission through which power can be sent at any angle not exceeding 45 degrees. The male knuckle has a square end which slips into a square hole in the transmission drive plate assembly. The ball joint acts as a housing for the universal joint and holds it rigid and, at the proper distance from the transmission. The female knuckle of the transmission fits over and Is pinned to the square end of the drive shaft. Drive Shaft The drive shaft is 1.062 to 1.063 inch in diameter x 53-5/8 to 53-3/4" long. On the upper end it is square and tapers at the other end about 1". It runs through the drive shaft housing or torque tube to the differential assembly in the rear axle housing. The drive shaft pinion gear is keyed to the tapered end and drawn up by a 5/8" x 18 thread castellated nut and cotter pinned. There are three bearings on this drive shaft. First, the babbitt bearing at the forward end of the drive shaft, just back of the universal joint. This babbitt bearing is placed there because there is very little wear or bearing strain at this joint. In reality this bearing is simply a guide bearing. Next there is a Hyatt roller bearing at the rear end of the drive shaft just in front of the drive shaft pinion. When the car is in motion there is a tendency for the drive shaft to thrust up toward the front This is due to the fact that the drive shaft pinion is a bevel pinion and meshes with the differential drive gear, which is also bevel. This end thrust pushes the bevel drive shaft pinion forward. Directly in front of this pinion is the drive shaft roller bearing and in front of this the ball bearing which butts against the flange of the drive shaft tubing. The Assembly of the Drive Shaft In assembling these parts on the drive shaft the ball bearing is placed on first; it is prevented from going beyond its proper position by the shoulder which is formed when the end of the drive shaft is finished. A thick washer is next put on the shaft so that the end motion of the roller bearing will not wear into the ball bearings. A hardened sleeve is pressed on to the drive shaft, which is the bearing surface within the roller bearing. The drive shaft roller bearing runs within a hardened sleeve, called the drive shaft roller bearing sleeve. This sleeve is pressed into the drive shaft roller bearing housing, so this roller bearing runs between two hardened surfaces. The new style roller bearing eliminates the outer sleeve. Differential Assembly The axle shaft is in two halves. On the inside end of each of these is keyed a bevel gear placed far enough to allow a short end for a bearing. A short distance from this end a groove is cut around the shaft. After being keyed onto the shaft, the differential gear is pressed far enough back to allow two half rings, or circle keys, called differential lock rings, to be placed in the aforementioned groove around the axle shaft. Then the gear is forced forward and over the lock rings, holding them in place. This keeps the gear from coming off the axle shaft when the wheel is tightened on the other end of the shaft. On the back of the differential gears is left a hub which is ground to a bearing finish for wear on the differential case. After placing the axles with the bevel gears keyed thereto in the proper place in the differential case, the three differential pinions are placed on the arms of the spider, and the spider is placed over the end of one shaft, which fills one-half of the hole in the center of the spider and leaves the other half for the end of the other axle shaft. A fiber washer 1" x 1/32" is placed between the two axle shafts to prevent noise by not allowing the two shafts to butt together. The other half of the differential case is next placed over the gear on the end of the other shaft. The two differential gears are then placed in mesh with the pinions on the spider, and the two halves of the case are then drawn together by three studs 3/8" x 24 threads and 2-1/4" long. Thus the differential proper is assembled with the two axle shafts keyed thereon. The large ring gear or drive gear is bolted to the left half of the differential case. Roller Bearings All roller bearings used in the Ford car are made of a high grade alloy steel of rectangular cross section and wound in spiral form. The rollers are held in place in the races by the "cage," which is composed of a flat ring at each end of the bearing; these rings are held together by bars. In the case of the drive shaft bearing, there is a bar between every two rollers, known as the high duty type. The races are made of a high carbon steel on account of the high rate of speed as compared with the races on the axle shaft bearings, which are made of low carbon steel, carbonized and case hardened. The rollers are assembled in the "cage" so that the spiral runs in the opposite direction on every other one. This condition assists greatly in the lubrication, as the oil will run to the left on one roller and to the right on the next one, keeping the rollers and races perfectly lubricated. The bearings used on the rear axle run inside of a split race or lining; the slot is "V" shape to cause a continuous contact when in operation; there are projections on the lining used to locate it in the housing and the hole in the one on the outer end of the axle is used for lubricating purposes. When the cages are assembled the bars are welded in place.

Dimensions "T" Rear Axle

Drive Shaft Assembly Length and diameter of drive shaft--- 53-5/8 to 53-3/4 x 1" Drive shaft sleeve---inside diameter 1" x 3-1/16" long Drive shaft roller bearing---length---2-5/8" Thread on end of drive shaft--- 5/8" x 18 Drive shaft tubing---50-1/2" long Drive shaft tube is 49-5/16" from face to center of universal joint ball. Drive shaft bushing---1" bore x 1-3/4"long Differential Assembly Hub diameter of differential gear---1.808"-1.809" Gear case diameter---5.248"-5.249" Diameter of gear end of axle shaft---1.062" to 1.063" Bearing end of axle shaft--- 1.062" to 1.063" Length of axle shaft--- 31-1/32"-31-3/32" Babbitt thrust plates and steel thrust plates are all 3-3/4" outside diameter. Babbitt .l98"-.202" Steel thickness--- .0875'-.0883" New .085"-.087" Diameter of center hole in thrust plates 2.250" Fiber washer--- 1 x 1/32" Height of assembled differential case--- 3.623"-3.625" Housing Axle housings--- 26-3/4" Housing diameter for roller bearing sleeves--- 2.208 to 2.211" Diameter of bell 8.752"-8.754" inside of 9-1/4"outside. From center of ring gear in housing to the face of housing for drive shaft tubing is 4.592"-4.595" Brake pull rod clips are 18" from center of clips to center of radius rod bolt holes.

Front Axle
There is three inches difference in the top and bottom measurements between the front wheels of the Ford. Because of the inclination of the wheels they have a tendency to roll outwardly and pull away from each other. To counteract this tendency the wheels are "toed" in slightly from the true parallel position; about 1/8" to 1/4" is the Ford setting. Since the wheels, therefore, flare outward at the top their ability to withstand a side blow which is nearly always applied at the lower part as in resisting a turn, is reduced. However, this is circumvented by dishing the wheel; that is, by slanting the spokes outward at the rim. Thus the declination of the wheel is offset by the inclination of the spokes, and the weight of the car is supported more vertically and the strains on the wheels are reduced. By tilting the axle backwards the axle is in a more favorable position to resist jolts and shocks. Any shifting of the wheels from the straight ahead position works directly against the weight of the car so the tendency is for the wheels to swing back to their original position. The Ford axle is tilted backward at the top spring perches at an angle of five and one-half degrees or 1/4 to 5/16" along the length of the spindle body. The material used is Ford alloy steel. This type steel is also used in the spindles and spring perches. Under test the Ford axle has been twisted, cold, several times without fracturing. Heat Treating Heat at 1650 F for 1-1/4 hours; cooled to atmospheric temperature. Heat again to 1540 F for 1-1/4 hours and quenched in soda water. Annealed to 1020 F for 2-1/2 hours and allowed to cool. The tensile strength after hardening process is about 76,000 lbs. and after the drawing process runs up to 125,000 to 145,000 lbs. per square inch. If the axle is bent it is straightened cold. Spindles The wheel axles or spindle assemblies are set between bosses integral with the main axle body. A hardened steel bolt holds each in place. These bolts are drilled at their heads and provided with small dust, caps, thus each is a combined oil cup and bolt. The spindle assembly consists of the wheel axle, steering arm, inner or stationary cone, also called the ring cone, the outer cone, the steel washer and hex nut. The steering arm and ring cone are tight fits and must be pressed into place; the arm is held by a hex castle nut and cotter pinned. In order that the bolt may not slip easily through the tie bar yoke and steering arm, the hole on the arm for this purpose is lined up carefully after the arm is secured. The right spindle is threaded left hand and the left hand spindle the opposite way. Heat treating of all cones 1450 F. for 20 minutes. Ring cones are quenched in soda water and then drawn in oil at 400 F. for 20 minutes. The adjustable cones are dipped in the soda water, then quickly immerse4 in the drawing oil. This results in a tougher and more substantial cone. Being adjustable they must fit more or less loosely on the spindles, so do not have the solid backing that the larger ring cone has. Radius Rods These rods, or tubes, are pressed cold from sheet steel and the seam brazed, so if bent the original strength cannot be restored by straightening. The point of fastening of the radius rods to the car is a ball and socket joint brazed to the lower crank case. Prom a ball on the tie rod, a rod is led to the ball arm of the steering gear. This connecting rod is called the drag link, and it is through this rod that the spindle assemblies are controlled by the steering gear. Formerly one of the sockets at the end of the rod was forged from the rod itself while the other was made and brazed. Now both are forged directly from the rod. They are set at an angle of 40 to each other. Construction and Heat Treating of Springs The leaves are heated separately at 1560 F. for 12 minutes and each is then placed in a special machine which bends it to the required arc and is then immediately quenched in oil. The leaf is held between two jaws shaped to the necessary arc and while thus held is immersed in the oil. Each machine has four such jaws and the operation is continuous. As the jaws return, bringing the leaf to the surface, they open automatically, the leaf sliding to a container. After being shaped they are drawn in sodium nitrate at 850 F. Sodium nitrate is used since it is not volatile at that high temperature. After cooling they are bolted together through their centers and the clips set in position. The clips hold the bands together and in alignment so that on a rebound, the whole spring assembly will act as a unit and not throw the strain entirely on the first or eye leaf. Spring Tests for Load and Endurance The Ford spring will stand a load of 2000 lbs. before it is straightened out, and around 100,000 continuous vibrations before it will break. At 2000 lbs. each leaf is practically a straight line and therefore rests firmly on its neighbor, supporting it along the whole length at the same weight. The test for endurance is performed on a special machine for that purpose. The spring is held by its ends and the center forced down and back again at the rate of 120 times per minute. Some springs have stood as high as 130,000 vibrations, but the average is about 100,000. The point of breaking varies from the center to practically any point of the length. Although being pierced in the center by the drilled hole, only about one third of the test springs break at this point. Steering Gear The parts of the steering gear which are fastened directly to the front axle are the spindle assemblies which are set between bosses integral with the main axle body. A hardened steel bolt holds each in place. These bolts are drilled at their heads and provided with small dust caps, thus each is a combined oil cup and bolt. Spindle Assembly The spindle assembly consists of the wheel axle steering arm, inner or stationary cone, also called the ring cone, the outer cone, the steel washer and hex castle nut. The steering arms of this assembly extend towards the rear of the car and these arms are fastened together by a transverse rod called a tie rod. This tie rod is moved crosswise by a drag link. One end attaches to the right hand end of the tie rod whose other end is attached to the ball arm at the lower end of the steering column. Movement of this ball arm pulls the steering link one way or the other, and through the tie rod and spindles the front wheels are turned. The tie rod is of such length that when one of the front wheels is turned the other turns also, but to either a greater or less degree than the first one. Regardless of the amount that either wheel is turned, it will be found that lines through their spindles point to one and the same point and that this point lies in a line drawn through the rear axle. However, a stop device located on the inside of the gear case allows the spider assembly to revolve only a limited distance in either direction. The construction of that part of the steering gear which is directly acted upon by the hand wheel consists of a shell on the inside surface of which are gear teeth (36 in number). This shell is fastened to the upper end of the steering gear column housing and remains stationary. In mesh with the teeth in this shell are three small pinions, (12 teeth cut on each) which are mounted on a triangular plate fastened to the upper end of the shaft extending down through the center of the steering column. The steering wheel carries another small pinion which meshes with all three of the pinions which are attached to the steering column shaft. When the steering wheel is turned by hand it revolves the central pinion, and in doing so causes the three steering shaft pinions to roll around the inside of the toothed shell. In traveling around the inside. of this shell the three pinions carry with them the triangular piece on which they are mounted, and the steering shaft is thus caused to go through part of a revolution. It will be realized that if it were possible it would require several revolutions of the steering wheel and its gear to cause the three pinions to travel all the way around inside of the shell. It therefore requires a considerable part of a revolution of the steering wheel to effect any great change in position of the steering shaft. This seduction of motion increases the force applied by the driver to the road wheels and gives better control of the direction in which the car travels. Steering Gear Material Toughness is more desired than hardness, for the whole mechanism is forced to undergo, generally, sudden and severe shocks and any brittleness, of the parts would result in sudden breakage, the only heattreated parts of the steering assembly being the ball arm and gear studs and the bushing for the driving gear shaft. The bracket which holds the column firmly to the frame of the car is of malleable iron. The metal absorbs shocks and vibration readily, and being ductile, resists breaking to a very great extent. The gears and main driven shaft are of cold rolled steel. The gear case or internal gear is of bronze, bronze used not only for the formerly mentioned reasons but because it is easily and accurately machined. Steering wheel rims are solid rubber 16" in diameter. Steering ball arm---H.R. steel; planetary pinion gears, driving pinion gear, and drive shaft-cold rolled steel; gear case---bronze. Overall length of driven shaft 54-5/16". Angle to dash 39 degrees 45". Distance of steering wheel to dash 29-27/32". Steering post case-pressed steel. Brakes Two separate and distinct brakes are provided. One of these brakes acts on a drum carried with the transmission gearing and is called the service brake; it is of the external contracting type and is operated by the right hand foot pedal. The other brake acts directly on the rear wheel hubs through drums fastened to the hubs and into which brake shoes are expanded when a pull is exerted on rods which attach to the controller shaft. This wheel brake is called the emergency brake and is of the internal expanding type. The principal parts of the emergency brake consist of the steel drums, which are solidly fastened to the rear wheels, and two shoes which expand inside of each of these drums. The service brake is carried in the transmission and consists of a band which encircles the brake drum and of a foot pedal which acts to contract the band through linkage drawn tight when the pedal is pressed. The service brake retards the motion of the car through its effect first on the brake drum and sleeve, then on the universal joint and the drive shaft, then through the rear axle driving gears and differential to the axle shaft and to the wheels. The differential serves to divide the braking effect equally between the rear wheels and in this way serves the purpose of what would be called a brake equalizer were such a device built as a separate part of the braking system. The division between the rear wheels of the braking effect exerted by pulling on the hand lever is not determined by any equalizing device, but depends for equal action on maintenance of correct length of the pull rods.

U.S FORD PASSENGER CAR PRICES

Date Oct. 17, 1922, at a dealer in Conder, S.D. Type Chassis Reg. RW Reg. DW SS RW SS DW Runabout Reg. RW Reg. DW SS RW SS DW Touring Reg. RW Reg. DW SS RW SS DW Coupe Sedan 2 Door 4 Door List 235 260 305 330 269 294 339 364 298 323 368 393 530 595 725 Frt/Del 62.80 62.80 62.80 62.80 62.80 62.80 62.80 62.80 62.80 62.80 62.80 62.80 62.80 Tax 6.84 7.44 8.52 9.12 12.96 13.76 15.56 16.56 13.92 14.92 16.72 17.72 23.20 Del. Price 304.64 330.24 376.32 401.92 344.56 370.56 422.36 443.36 374.72 400.72 447.52 473.52 616.00

NOTE: The above prices are for immediate delivery, but if the price should be increased or decreased by the manufacturer before a car has been delivered to a purchaser, it is understood that the price prevailing at time of delivery will apply. NEW FORD BODY PRICES Type List Frt./Del. Tax Price Runabout 60 .25 85.00 Touring 80 .25 115.00 Coupe 235 2 Door Sedan 300 NOTE: Ford Sedan and Coupe bodies are equipped with gas tanks, floor boards, cushions and mats. Touring and Runabout Bodies are equipped with floor boards, rubber mats and cushions. No tops or windshields are included. Body Prices are F.0.B. Detroit. Orders are filled from nearest assembly plant. An extra charge will be made to cover freight from Detroit to assembly plant filling the order. If body is shipped from assembly plant a crating charge of $10.00 each will be made on Touring and Runabouts and $20.00 on closed bodies.

Ford Truck Logic

Expert Construction on Scientific Principle. Ford engineers, in planning the construction of the truck, knew from large experience the essential features to incorporate in order to make it a success. Reduced to the simplest terms, these essentials were simplicity, strength, economy, service. To such an extraordinary degree were these qualities incorporated that the popularity of the truck was assured from the time the first model appeared on the market. Power and Strength The builders designed it with more than sufficient power to carry a ton. The frame, the axle, every bolt, nut and screw, in fact the entire mechanism throughout, is built for strength. Economy of Upkeep In the matter of gasoline and oil consumption, tire upkeep and general repair, it is the last word in economy. Simplicity All owners of Ford cars are agreed that there is nothing complicated in the mechanical details. The truck possesses this same simplicity.

Exclusive Features and Specifications

Axles Front axle of I-beam construction, especially drop-forged from Ford steel, insuring the highest quality of axle strength obtainable. Rear axle also of Ford steel, and enclosed in a tubular steel housing. The differential is of two-pinion type; all gears are drop-forgings made of Ford steel. Brakes Dual system. Service brake operates on the transmission and is controlled by foot pedal. Expanding brake in rear wheel drums serves as emergency brake. It is controlled by hand lever on left side of car. Carburetor Float feed automatic with dash adjustment. Specially designed to give maximum power, flexibility and easy starting, with economy of fuel consumption. Clutch Multiple steel disc, operating in oil. Control On the left side of car. Three foot-pedal controls, low and high speeds, reverse, and brake on the transmission. Hand levers for neutral and emergency brake on left side of car. Spark and throttle levers

directly under steering wheel. Cooling By Thermo-Siphon water system. Extra large water jackets and a special Ford vertical tube radiator to permit of a continuous flow of water and prevent excessive heating. A belt-driven fan is also used in connection with the cooling system. ,br> Final Drive Is of the worm type, enclosed in a dust and oil-proof housing. Direct shaft drive to the center of chassis; only one universal joint is necessary. A ball socket arrangement in the universal joint reduces shocks and strains caused by the unevenness of the road. Gasoline Capacity Tank of 8 Imperial or 9-1/2 U.S. gallons capacity mounted directly on frame. Lubrication--combination gravity and splash system. Oil is poured into crank case through the breather pipe on the front cylinder cover. All moving parts of motor work in oil and distribute it to all parts of the power plant. Magneto Special Ford design, built in and made a part of the motor. Only two parts to the Ford magneto, a rotary part attached to the flywheel and a stationary part attached to the cylinder casting. No brushes, no commutators, no moving wires to cause annoyance on the Ford Magneto. Motor Four-cylinder, four cycle. Cylinders are cast in one block with water jackets and upper half of crank case integral. Cylinder bore is three and three-quarter inches. The Ford motor develops full twenty horsepower. Special Ford removable cylinder head permits easy access to pistons, cylinders and valves. Lower half of crank case, one-piece pressed steel extended so as to form bottom housing for entire power plant; air-proof, oil-proof, dust-proof. All interior parts of motor may be reached by removing plate on bottom of crank case---no "tearing down" of motor to reach crank shaft, cam shaft, pistons, connecting rods, etc. Ford steel is used on all Ford crank and cam shafts and connecting rods. Springs Both front and rear springs are semi-elliptical transverse, all made of specially Ford heat-treated steel. Ford springs are the strongest and most flexible that can be made. Steering By Ford planetary reduction gear system. Steering knuckles and spindles are forged from special Ford heat-treated steel, and are placed behind front axle. Three Point Suspension Each of the Ford units is suspended at three points of the chassis. This method of suspension insures absolute freedom from the strain on the moving parts. Transmission Ford spur planetary type, combining ease of operation and smooth, silent running qualities. Clutch is so designed as to grip smoothly and positively, and when disengaged to spring clear away from the drums, thus assuring positive action and maximum power. Unit Construction There are four complete units in the construction of a Ford car--- the power plant, the front running gear, the rear running gear and the frame. Valves Extra large, all on right side of motor and enclosed by a small steel plate. Wheel Base Model T Truck has a wheelbase of one hundred twenty-four inches. The standard tread for all cars is fifty-six inches. Model T truck will turn in a forty-six foot circle. Wheels and Tires Wooden wheels of the artillery type with extra heavy hubs. Only tires of the highest grade are used on Ford cars. Front pneumatic, 30 x 3-1/2", rear wheels, solid rubber tires 32 x 3-1/2" or pneumatic cord 32 x 4-1/2 inches. Carrying Capacity One ton. Lubricant For Worm An A-1 heavy fluid or semi-fluid is used to lubricate differential in Model T Truck. Speed With standard gearing, a speed of not more than 15 m.p.h. is recommended, and with special gearing, a speed of not more than 22 m.p.h. is recommended.

Utility of the Ford Truck for the Farmer

One Motor Truck Replaces From Six to Eight Horses While the truck is being introduced largely because it offers cheaper hauling than horses, a factor equally as important is its ability to do things entirely beyond the horse. It will carry twice the load in half the time. Many trucks are carrying raw materials to factories. The absence of this service rendered would often mean that thousands of men would go idle for lack of the material on which they work. It Takes a Five-Acre Crop to Feed One Horse For One Year For every horse supplanted with a Ford Truck, five acres is added to the farm. The truck will make available for raising food stuffs the land whose yearly crop is otherwise required to feed a horse. The Ford Truck Assists the Farmer Through the Rush Season Where there is a shortage of labor, Ford trucks conserve by hauling grain, hay and corn. It is as essential on the farm as the binder. The Ford Truck Gives the Farmer More Time For Cultivation of Crops Many farmers have been inclined to decrease the production of perishable foodstuffs, owing to the time required for hauling to market and the shortage of labor. Lots of fruit, vegetables and other produce which could be marketed are left on the farm to rot. The use of the truck in Rural Motor Express Lines, offers the best possible medium through which Farmers, Truck Growers, and Dairymen may go to market; thus increasing the local food supply of perishables. The Ford Truck "Eats" Only When It is Working The Ford truck has no expense for food during idle hours. It never goes lame, gets the colic or dies. The Ford Truck Gives the Farmer Top-Notch Produce Prices The Farmer depends as much on rapid access to market as on the productivity of his farm. The prices obtained for many classes of produce depends to a large extent upon placing them on the market at the right time in good condition. The Ford Truck Saves Shrinkage in Hauling Live Stock The truck has many uses in farm work, one of which is the hauling of live stock to market. A certain live stock farmer, being at first skeptical regarding the adaptability of a truck to his work, finally did purchase one and discovered that the increased revenue obtained for his stock, because of the reduced shrinkage in hauling them to market by truck, as against his old method, more than paid for the cost of each trip. The Ford Truck Hauls Cheaper than a Team The expense of operating a truck is about one-half or less than that of a team. The total cost of operation for gasoline, oil, grease and tires will range from 6 to 10 cents per mile. Modern farmers know enough about mechanics to operate and maintain trucks economically, and two or more farmers with not enough use for a truck apiece can buy and operate one together. The Ford Truck Will Give the Farmer Two Hours More Working Time Each Day The farmer living twenty miles from town and using a truck, is just as near as one five miles away who depends on team hauling. The truck saves two hours or more each day that would otherwise be spent in harnessing, feeding and watering a team. Trucks shorten the miles.

Farm Uses for Ford Trucks

Fence repairing and building. Hauling implements to and from fields. Pulling hay loaders. Hauling seed, grain and fertilizer to the seeder. Hauling wood. Hauling manure to the field. Hauling bundle grain to the thresher. Hauling threshed grain to the bin. Hauling fuel, water and lubricating oil to the tractor. Hauling baled hay to the barn. Hauling corn bundles to the silage cutter. Hauling corn to the corn-crib, or corn-shocks to the husker-shredder. Hauling ear corn from the corn picket to the crib. Hauling stones from the field. Hauling drain tile. Hauling water to live stock. Hauling supplies to the farm. Hauling products to the market.

Trucks for Consolidated Schools in Rural Districts

The advantages of consolidation can be summed up as follows: 1. Better classification in grading. 2. Teachers devote their time to one grade instead of six or seven. 3. Pupils get all the teacher's time instead of one-sixth or one-seventh. 4. It is possible to extend the curriculum to include manual training, domestic science and agriculture. 5. Better buildings and better equipment. 6. Better teachers, because of higher salaries. 7. The school spirit developed more by games and other activities of a large school. 8. Better protection from the weather, better attendance and better progress. 9. Pupils stay at school longer and more get into high school. 10. Gives them pride in such a school. It can be made a community center. The Ford truck for this service is inexpensive, light as to weight, and capable of negotiating roads at any time of the year.

Fighting Fire With the Ford Truck

The combination Chemical and Hose Truck is in itself almost a complete small-town Fire Department. Its use by small cities and villages will reduce the fire loss to a minimum. It may more than pay for itself on a single fire. The truck being equipped with a Chemical Tank, Ladders, Axe and Hand Extinguishers, as well as being fitted to carry Fire Hose and other Fire-Fighting Appliances, the firemen are prepared to cope with any emergency that may arise. By combining all the elements of fire protection and all the weapons used by the modern fire fighter with remarkable dependability of the Ford Truck and its ability to "get there" under any and all conditions of road or weather, it is the most powerful, economical and efficient machine on the market for the price, and it is easily within the reach of even the smallest communities.

Prospects for Ford Truck

Wholesale and retail fruit dealers Wholesalers Municipalities Express companies Merchants and grocers Truck growers Wholesale news dealers Hotels Contractors Florists Prisons Car dealers Traveling orchestras & show companies Scrap iron dealers Military and naval organizations Caterers Manufacturers Cigar merchants Department stores Hardware men Dairy farmers Newspapers Coal. merchants Dealers in building supplies Police forces Taxi drivers and bus companies Traveling photographers Caravan dwellers Junk and paper dealers Sign painters Furniture men Movers Dairy men Retail dry goods Mixed farmers Fruit growers Transfer companies Lumber dealers Funeral directors Hospitals Tractor dealers Forest rangers and game wardens Garbage collectors Consolidated schools

Modern Paving With the Ford Truck

The old method of using teams for hauling sand, gravel, stone and cement to the job, and shovelers and wheelbarrow men at the job, is obsolete. The new method of using Ford 1-ton trucks equipped with a special dump body for getting material to the job, and eliminating shovelers and barrow men, has come into its own. There are two methods in use, dry and wet. The Dry Aggregate Method The material to be used is stored in a central storage plant, preferably half way along the stretch of road, if on rural paving operations. If a city street, as close to the street in question as possible, or on a siding or team track. To determine number of trucks required, it is necessary to know the longest haul. Assuming a 2-mile haul, with 1-ton trucks carrying a dumping body, and charging the mixer every 2 minutes, it would take 16 trucks based on following time studies: Measuring and loading sand, stone and cement at storage yard Running 2 miles at 12 miles per hour Dumping into mixer skip Returning 2 miles at 12 miles per hour Total Time Round Trip 4 minutes 10 minutes 1 minute 10 minutes 25 minutes

Horses over same distance will make 4 round trips per day and will pull 2 tons on the average each load, thus to keep the mixer busy it will require 48 teams. Both are based on following calculations: Road 16ft.wide 6 in thick at sides 8 in thick in center Have 4 miles round trip Paver 4-bag capacity Mix 1:2:3 If complete batches are turned out every 2 min. in a 10 hour day there will be 300 batches; one equals 15.6 cubic feet which multiplied by 300, equals 4,680 cubic feet per day, or 479 lineal feet. Engineers' figures for weights of material required to build above amount of pavement are: td> Cement Sand Stone Tons per day required 58 tons 142 tons 180 tons 380

Each team 4 trips 2 tons each, hauling 8 tons per day--- 380 8 = 48 teams Each truck 24 trips 1 ton each---380 24 = 16 trucks.

Assembly drawing of the truck chassis with the principal dimensions for body designing. These dimensions apply regardless of the type of body the purchaser intends installing. This diagram is of considerable value in explaining to purchasers the dimensions, etc., of bodies that can be used to advantage on the truck chassis.