Matlab Tutorial

Joseph E. Gonzalez

What Is Matlab?
MATrix LABoratory Interactive Environment Programming Language Invented in Late 1970s Cleve Moler chairman CSD Univ New Mexico Fortran alternative to LINPACK Dynamically Typed, Garbage Collection

Why we use it?

Fast Development Debugging Mathematical Libraries Documentation Tradition Alternatives: Mathematica, R, Java? ML?...

Details
Language Like C and Fortran Garbage Collected Interface Interactive Apple, Windows, Linux (Andrew) Expensive (Free for you)

Matlab Language
Nap Time

Basics
% This is a comment
>> ((1+2)*3 - 2^2 - 1)/2 ans: >> 2

% Use ; to suppress output (scripts and functions)

((1+2)*3 - 2^2 - 1)/2; No output

% You need to use the ... operator to wrap lines

>> 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ... + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 ans: 45

Logic and Assignment

% Assignment with equality
>> a = 5; No Output

% Logical test like >, <, >=, <=, ~=

>> >> a == 6 ans: ans: 0 1 % 0 is false in Matlab (recall C) % 1 is true in Matlab a ~= 6 not( a == 6 ) also works

Logical Operators
% Short Circuited Logic
>> >> true || (slow_function) ans: ans: >> >> 1 1 % Evaluates Quickly % Evaluate slowly true | (slow_function)

% Matrix logic
matrix1 || matrix2 ans: Error Pair wise logic matrix1 | matrix2

Making Arrays
% A simple array
>> >> >> >> >> [1 2 3 4 5] ans: ans: 1:5 ans: ans: ans: 1 1 5 2 3 3 3 5 1 4 5 1:2:5 5:-2:1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 [1,2,3,4,5]

Making Matrices
% All the following are equivalent
>> >> >> >> [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] [1,2,3; 4,5,6; 7,8,9] [[1 2; 4 5; 7 8] [3; 6; 9]] [[1 2 3; 4 5 6]; [7 8 9]] ans: 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

More Making Matrices

% Creating all ones, zeros, or identity matrices
>> >> >> >> >> >> >> zeros( rows, cols ) ones( rows, cols ) eye( rows ) rand( rows, cols ) % Unif[0,1] randn( rows, cols) % N(0, 1) 1 + 2 * randn(3,5) [rows, cols] = size( matrix );

% Creating Random matrices

% Make 3x5 with N(1, 4) entries % Get the size

Accessing Elements 1
% Make a matrix
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] ans: 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

Array and Matrix Indices Start at 1 not 0. (Fortran)

% Access Individual Elements

>> A(2,3) ans: >> 6

% Access 2nd column ( : means all elements)

A(:,2) ans: 2 5 8

Accessing Elements 2
% Make a matrix
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] ans: 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

% Access Individual Elements

>> >> A([1, 3, 5]) ans: ans: 1 2 8 7 3 9 5 A( [1,3], 2:end )

Accessing Elements 3
% Make a matrix
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] ans: 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 >> >> A(:) ans: 1 6 9 ans: 4 7 2 5 8 3 A( mod(A, 2) == 0) = -1 1 -1 -1 5 7 -1 3 -1 9

% Access Individual Elements

>> >> A(1, logical([1,0,1])) ans: ans: 1 4 3 2 8 6 A( mod(A, 2) == 0)

Matrix Math
% Make a matrix
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] ans: 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 3.0000 7.5000 12.0000 1 1 1 4.5000 9.0000 13.5000

>>

A + 2 * (A / 4) ans: 1.5000 6.0000 10.5000 1 1 1 1 1 1

>>

A ./ A ans:

Matrix Math 2
% Make a matrix
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9] ans: 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

% Transpose
>> A ans: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Matrix Math 3
% Matrix Multiplication
>> A*A % Equivalent to A^2 ans: 30 66 102 36 81 126 42 96 150

% Element by Element Multiplcation

>> A .* A % equivalent to A.^2 ans: 1 16 49 4 25 64 9 36 81

Matrix Inversion
% Matrix Multiplication
>> inv(A) % A^(-1) ans: 1.0e+16 * 0.3153 -0.6305 -0.6305 1.2610 0.3153 -0.6305 0.3153 -0.6305 0.3153

% Solving Systems
>> (A + eye(3)) \ [1;2;3] % inv(A + eye(3)) * [1; 2; 3] ans: -1.0000 -0.0000 1.0000

Anonymous Functions (Closure)

% Define some variables and store a function in f
>> >> >> >> >> c = 4; f = @(x) x + c; f(3) ans: f(3) ans: 7 7 c = 5;

% This can be useful when you want to pass a function to a

gradient library with the data already set.

Cells
% Like arrays but can have different types
>> >> >> >> >> x = {hello, 2, 3}; x{1} ans: x{2} ans: ans: ans: 2 'hello' 3 [2] [3] [] @(x)x+1 x{5} = @(x) x+1 x{5}(2) hello

Structures
% Provide a convenient tool to organize variables % Create Structs on the fly
>> >> >> point.x = 3; point.y = 4; point ans: point = x: 3 y: 4

Objects
You can make objects but ... you wont need them. I dont know how to make them. most people dont use them

If statements
% If Statements
>> >> c = rand(); if (c > .5) %% conditional disp(Greater than); elseif (c < .5) disp(Less Than); else disp(Equal to); end

for statements
% If Statements
>> >> count = 0; for i = 1:length(data) count = count + (data(i,1) == 4 && data(i,3) == 2); end count = sum( data(:,1) == 4 & data(:,3) == 2 ) repmat(x, length(x), 1) .* repmat(x, 1,length(x)) Outer Product of row vector x

% Avoid using for loops

>> >>

% How would you compute the outer product of a row vector?

Scripts vs Functions
Scripts List of commands that operate on the current workspace Functions List of commands that operate in a separate workspace Takes in values from current workspace and returns values Function name = lename Can have additional (hidden) functions

Files: Scripts and Functions

my_script.m disp([x^2, num2str(x^2)]); y = x^2 my_fun.m function [y, x] = my_fun(x) disp([x^2, num2str(x^2)]); y=x^2 % return; end

Functions must have same name as le.

Pass by Value
my_script.m y = x^2; x = x + 3;
>> >> >> x=2; x ans: y ans: 4 >> >> 5 my_script;

my_fun.m function [y, x] = my_fun(x) y=x^2; x = x + 3; % return; end

>> >> x=2; [y, xp] = my_fun(x); x ans: y ans: xp ans: 5 4 2

Things to Know
Useful operators >, <, >=, <=, ==, &, |, &&, ||, +, -, /, *, ^, , ./, , .*, .^, \ Useful Functions sum, mean, var, not, min, max, nd, exists, clear, clc, pause, exp, sqrt, sin, cos, reshape, sort, sortrows, length, size, length, setdiff, ismember, isempty, intersect, plot, hist, title, xlabel, ylabel, legend, rand, randn, zeros, ones, eye, inv, diag, ind2sub, sub2ind, nd, logical, repmat, num2str, disp, ...

Current Directory / Workspace Command Window Interactive Shell Recent Commands

THE INTERFACE

Command Console
Like a linux shell Folder Based Native Directories ls, cd, pwd Use tab key to auto complete Use up arrow for last command
>> ls README.txt example3 tutorial.m example1 my_function.m tutorial1.m example2 next.m tutorial2.m >> pwd ans = /Users/jegonzal/tutorial >> cd ..

ls : List Directory Contents

pwd : View Current directory cd : Change Directory

>> pwd ans = /Users/jegonzal

Other Commands
% Get help on a function
>> >> >> >> >> help <function name> whos clear edit <filename> open <filename>

% List names of variables in the environment % Clear the environment % Edit functions and scripts % Open anything with the default tool

Folders
Help organize your programs Can only call functions and scripts in: The present working directory (pwd) The Matlab path (path) Call functions and scripts by typing name
>> my_script >> y = my_function(x)

GO PLAY WITH THE COMMAND WINDOW

EDITOR

Debugging
Insert break points Click to the left of the line (Red Circle) Use interactive shell

K>> K>> beta beta = 1 -5 6

Walk Through Interface