Module

Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Kelompok 2: 1. Khoirinisak 2. Riski Yudatama 3. Harlely Rianavita 4. Seri Dwiwati 5. Tria Yussanti

Competency standards : Describing atoms, molekules and ions

ATOMS
1.1 Basic competencies Explaining the concept of atoms, theori of atoms, structure atoms, mass number atoms, elektron configuration, periodic table unsure 1.2 Indicator Comparing the development of atomic theory Determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons of an element by its atomic number and mass number. Determine the isotope, Isobars and isoton an element Determining the atomic structure based on the periodic table Determine the properties of elements relative atomic mass Determine the valence electron and the electron configuration of elements from the periodic table

ATOMS
1.1. Particle Concept
Sand is one example of the object in the form of granules. However, a grain of sand can still be broken down and keep the sand fractions. Imagine a grain of sand with a mass about 10 mg (regular sand grains) if grains of sand were split into two, you will get two grains of sand, each mass of 5 mg. If each grain is broken up into two more, then 4 grains of sand will be obtained each 2.5 mg mass. Suppose that the cleavage can be carried out continuously, it will obtain a very small grains, but still the same with sand. So is the smallest particle of matter is part of the material still has properties similar to those materials.

Sand sand particles called molecules. Sand molecules composed of one silicon atom bonded with two oxygen atoms. This molecule can also be broken down, but the results are no longer the sand, but two types of atoms, ie atoms of silicon and oxygen atoms. Oxygen atom is the smallest part of the oxygen that still has the same properties with oxygen. Likewise with the silicon atom is the smallest piece of silicon that still has the same properties with silicon. Oxygen and silicon is the substance that was in the form of atomic particles.

1.2 THEORY ATOMS 1.2.1 Democritus

In the fifth century SM, Greek philosopher Democritus expressing his belief that all matter consists of particles of very small and can not be on for longer, which he calls atomos (can not be shared). This opinion is rejected by Aristotle (384-322 BC), who argued that matter is continuous (the material can be cut continuously until no finite). But this theory remained, at that time experimental evidence supports the concept of "atomism" is and gradually produce a modern definition of elements and compounds.

1.2.2 John Dalton (1803)

In 1803, John Dalton expressed the opinion expressed about the atom. Dalton expressed the opinion of the atoms as follows:

1. The element is composed of very small particles, called atoms. all the atoms of certain elements is the identity, which has the size, mass and chemical properties of the same. Certain elements of different atoms with atoms of other elements.

2. compound consists of atoms of two elements or more. In each compound the ratio between the number of atoms of any two elements there can be an integer or simple fraction.

3. chemical reactions that occur in just a separation, merger, or rearrangements of atoms; so that the atoms can not be created or destroyed.

Hypothesis Dalton atomic model as illustrated by solid balls as in shot-put. As the picture below:

1.2.3 Josep John Thomson (1900)

Based on the discovery of a better cathode tube by William Crookers, then JJ Thomson further research on cathode rays and can be ascertained that the cathode rays are particles, because it can turn a propeller that is placed between the cathode and anode. From the results of this experiment, Thomson stated that cathode rays are particles making up atoms (subatomic particles) which are negatively charged and hereinafter referred to as electrons.

Atoms are neutral particles, because negatively charged electrons, then there must be other positively charged particles to neutralize the negative charge of the electron. From these discoveries, Thomson improve weaknesses of daltons atomic theory and atomic theory put forward known as Thomson Atomic Theory. Which states that:

"Atom is a solid ball is positively charged and negatively charged electrons scattered therein" Thomson atomic model analogous to the positive ball solid. Thomson atomic model can be described as follows

1.2.4 Rutherford
Rutherford with two of his disciples (Hans Geigerdan Erners Masreden) conducted an experiment known as the scattering of alpha rays () of thin plates of gold. Previously been found to the alpha particle, the particle is positively charged and move straight, large translucent power so it can penetrate thin sheets of paper. The experiment was actually intended to test the opinion of Thomson, namely whether this atom is a ball really solid when subjected to a positive alpha particles will be reflected or deflected. From their observations, found the fact that when alpha particles were fired at a very thin gold plate, then most of the alpha particles passed (there is a deviation angle of less than 1 ), but from the observations obtained Marsden fact that one in 20,000 alpha particles will turn angle of 90 Even more.

Based on the symptoms that occur, obtained following conclusions: 1. Atom is not a solid ball, because almost all the alpha particles passed 2. If the gold plate is considered as a single layer of atoms of gold, the gold atoms contained in very small particles which are positively charged.

3. Such particles are particles that make up an atomic nucleus, based on the fact that 1 in 20,000 alpha particles will be deflected. When the ratio of 1:20,000 is a comparison of the diameter, the size of the nuclei obtained approximately 10,000 smaller than the overall size of the atom. Based on the facts obtained from this experiment, Rutherford proposed a model of the atom, known as Rutherford Atom Model which states that the Atomic nuclei are composed of very small and positively charged, surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Rutherford assumed that the particles contained in the nuclei of neutral particles binding function of positive order not to repel each other.

Rutherford atomic model can be described as follows:

1.2.5 Neils Bohr

1913, Danish physicist named Neils Bohr atom Rutherford repair failures through experiments on the hydrogen atom spectrum. Bohr on atomic hydrogen involves a combination of the classical theory of Rutherford and of Planck's quantum theory, expressed by four postulates, as follows:

1. There are only a certain set of orbits are allowed for one electron in a hydrogen atom. Orbit is known as a state of stationary motion (settling) of electrons and is a

circular path around the core. 2. As long as the electrons are in stationary trajectory, the electron energy remains so there is no energy in the form of radiation emitted or absorbed. 3. Electrons can only move from one stationary trajectory into another stationary trajectory. In this transition, a certain amount of energy involved, the amount in accordance with Planck equation, E = hv. 4. Stationary trajectory is allowed to have the scale with certain properties, especially a property called angular momentum. The amount of angular momentum is a multiple of h/2 or nh/2, where n is an integer and h Planck constant. According to Bohr's atomic model, the electrons surrounding the nucleus in certain paths called electron shells or energy levels. Lowest energy level is the electron shell which is located in, getting out of her skin and the greater the number the higher the energy level.

EXERCISE

1. How the atomic theory by John Dalton,? 2. Describe the atomic model according to what jj thomson.dan particles arranged? 3. What is the difference borhdan atomic theory atomic theory of quantum mechanics?

Quiz
In this section you have mastered the competencies is to know the type and model type of atomic theory and structure of an atom. based on the description of the various experiments the scientists in search of something that make up atoms. complete the following table!

Summary of events and personalities involved John dalton atomic theory put forward Gold plate experiment -

The results obtained

Use of the term atomic The mass of the electron Bohr's atomic model The discovery of the neutron

1.3 ATOMS STRUCTURE

massa (kg) Proton Neutron Electron 1,67262310-27 1,67492910-27 9,10939010-31 Massa relatif 1836 1839 1 Muatan listrik (C) 1,60218910-19 0 -1,60218910-19

1.3.1 Elektron
Electrons are found through the cathode tube experiment was first performed by William Crookes. Joseph John Thomson (1897) continue the experiments of William Crookes that the influence of electric field and magnetic field in the cathode ray tube.

In the experiment, when the two metal plates connected by a high voltage source, negatively charged plate called the cathode, which emits invisible light. cathode ray is attracted to the positively charged plate, called the anode, where the rays iti going through a hole and climb on to the other end of the tube. When these rays hit the surface that has been coated in particular, the cathode ray luminescence yield strong or bright light.

Because the cathode ray is attracted by positively charged plate and was rejected by the negatively charged plate, the ray must consist of particles are negatively charged. These negatively charged particles that is what we know as electrons.

1.3.2 Proton and nucleus

The discovery of the proton beam is a continuation of the cathode ray tube (CRT). Its positive pole away from those found by Goldstein in 1886. And supported by the Rutherford prediction. Rutherford conducted experiments using -rays to determine the atomic structure, rays by firing a very thin gold leaf. Then he observed that most of the particles penetrate the sheet without turning or only slightly banked. He also observed that there is a waste of particles (or dibelokan) with a large angle. On several occasions, returned towards the coming of particles.

To explain the results of light scattering experiment, Rutherford made a new model for the structure of atoms, assuming that most of the atom must be empty space. He also predicted that the positive charge accumulated in the nucleus of all atoms b (nucleus), which is a dense central core of which lies within the atom. The particles are positively charged protons in the nucleus is called. In a separate experiment, found that the proton has a charge yiap magnitude (large) the electron and its mass equal to 1.67262 10 ^ (-24).

1.3.3. Neutron
Rutherford atomic model leaves important issues unresolved. when comparing the mass of hydrogen that has one proton with a mass of helium has 2 protons. So the ratio of the mass of hydrogen atoms with helium atoms is 2:1. But in reality its mass ratio of hydrogen atoms with helium atoms is 4:1.

Rutherford and his colleagues postulated that there must be other types of subatomic particles in atomic nuclei; proof is given by James Chadwik, in 1932. When Chadwik particles fired into a thin sheet of beryllium, the metal emits a very high-energy radiation similar -ray view. Subsequent experiments showed that the light is actually composed of neutral particles that have a mass slightly larger than the proton

mass. Chadwik named this particle the neutron. Mystery of the mass ratio of hydrogen atoms with an atomic mass of helium can already be described. In the helium nucleus has two protons and two neutrons, whereas in the hydrogen nucleus there is only one proton only. So that the mass ratio of hydrogen atoms into helium atoms with a mass of 4:1

1.4 Number of atoms and Number of mass

The number of protons in an atom is called the atomic number or proton number. The number of protons are characteristic of an element. This means that the atoms of a particular element has an atomic number that distinguishes it from atoms of other elements. Given the symbol Z. The atomic number For neutral atoms the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of electrons so the atomic number is also the number of electrons that orbit around the atomic nucleus. The number of protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei is called the mass number, which given the symbol A. So, if the atomic symbol is X then the writing of an atom is:

Description: X = the atomic symbol Z = atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons A = mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons.

Number of mass (A) =total of protons + total of neutron

or
Total of neutron = number of mass number of atoms Atoms having the same atomic number but have different mass numbers called isotopes. Examples of isotopes:

Each isotope of an element have the same chemical properties as the number of electrons equal. These isotopes can be used to determine the relative atomic mass (Ar), the atom is based on isotopic abundance and atomic masses of all isotopes. Isobars are elements that have the same mass number. The existence of isotopes that make the Isobars.

Isoton are atoms that have equal numbers of neutrons but different number of protons. As we have learned before, that the neutron is the difference between the number of atomic mass number; then isoton can not occur for the same element.

EXAMPLE 1. How many protons, electrons, neutrons, atoms following the a.

12 6c

b. 23 11 N+

2. An atom has 19 protons 20 neutrons and 19 electrons. What the numbers and atomic numbers? What is the cargo?

Solution : 1. a. Atom 12 6 C
Number of atoms : total proton : total elektron : 6 Number of mass : 12 Number of neutron : 12-6 :6 So,total proton : 6, Total elektron : 6 , Total neutron,:12 b.Atom 23 11 N+ Number of atoms : total proton :total elektron : 11 Number of mass : 23 Total of neutron : 12 Total elektron :Z-muatan :11-1:10 So, ,total proton : 11, Total elektron : 12 Total ,neutron,:10 2. Number of mass : total proton + total Neutron :19 + 20 :39 Number of atoms : total proton : total elektron : 19

1.5 Periodic Table

Periodic systems have evolved along with the increasing number of elements that are found. Making periodic table preceded by Dobereiner proposed system triads. Then further developed by Newland with oktafnya system. Further preparation of the periodic table is done by Lothar Meyer and Mendeleev. Mendeleev who first suggested the periodic table, then he is regarded as the inventor of the periodic table is often referred to as shortperiodic system of elements. Moseley managed to find errors in the Mendeleev periodic table there is an inverse element is located.

Modern periodic system can be regarded as Mendeleev periodic system improvements. Modern periodic system, also known as long-form periodic system, composed of increasing atomic number and similarity of properties. In the modern periodic system, there are horizontal rows called periods and vertical columns called groups. Periodic system has to do with the electron configuration. Group together with the valence electrons and period equal to the amount of skin atom.Unsur elements that make up the periodic system have kelogaman properties. In general, these elements exist that have the

properties of metals, non metals, and metalloids. If we look at the periodic table, metal elements located on the left, and non-metallic elements located on the right. The properties of the periodic system, among others, atomic radii, which have a tendency in one group is getting bigger and smaller in one period. This is the opposite of ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity that have a tendency in one group gets smaller and in a period greater

EXERCISE 1. periodic structure based on modern a. chemical properties of elements b. the atoms of the element c. physical properties of elements d. electron configuration e. atomic weight of element 2. atom consists of positively charged material that was scattered electrons in electron bagaiakan raisins in bread kismis.model atoms was presented by a. R. Milikan b. jj Thomson c. N, Borh d. Goldsten e. E, Rutherford 3. atomic nuclei proposed by a. jj Thomson b. E, Rutherford c. Goldsten

d. H. Begruerel e. marie curie 4. elements are elements that the said group how a. 1A b. 11A c. 111A d. 1VA e. VA 5. what is the atomic number elements of potassium a. 4 b. 8 c. 19 d. 38 e. 58 6. the number of atoms of element X that its nucleus contains 20 neutrons while the X + ion contains 18 electrons a. 18 b. 20 c. 38 d. 39 e. 40 7. known 6530Zn Zn 2 + ions mengndung a. 28 electrons in the core b. 28 protons in the nucleus c. 28 protons around the core d. 8 electrons around the nucleus e. 30 protons around the core Electron configuration and valence electron

8.

A period of 31 numbered element has the electron configuration as follows

K 2

L 8

M 5

Each atomic element has a. 15 electrons 15 neutrons b. 15 protons 15 neutrons c. 15 protons 16 neutrons d. 15 electrons 31 neutrons e. 31 electrons 31 protons 9. Here is the symbol of an element 20A Electron configuration for the A2 + ion is a. 2 8 8 2 b. 2 8 10 c. 2 8 8 d. 2 8 8 4 e. 2 8 12 10. The number of valence electrons in the 54X is a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7 e. 8

ESAI
1. explain the Rutherford atomic model. particles of what is found Rutherford 2. specify the period and class of each element below

a. 8o b. 10Ne c. 17Cl d. 20Ca e. 11Na 3. A third of an atom has an atomic number 53 and number 129 times a. Make the filling electron configuration then draw each skin electron b. How many valence electrons c. Berapakan isotopes, Isobars, and isoton atom A is!

1.6

Electron Configuration
Persebaran elektron dalam atom disebut konfigurasi elektron. Persebaran elektron pada kulit-kulit atom mengikuti pola tertentu. Pengisian elektron dimulai dari kulit K, L, dan M

1.6.1 Relationship between the electron configuration with Period

In the periodic system, the period shows the number of skin that has been filled electron in an atom. So according to the amount of skin that is K, L, M, N, O, P, Q then the periodic system has seven periods. 1,6,2 Relationships Between Group With Electron Configuration Element which is located on one group has chemical properties that are similar (almost identical). The elements of class A is called the primary group, while the elements of group B is called a transition element (transition), all elements of the transition given the symbol B triads except for iron, palladium and platinum are called "class VIII''

1.6.3 SYMBOL ELEMENTS OF GROUP A

Coat Type
I-A II - A III - A IV - A V-A VI - A VII - A VIII - A NAME TYPE Alkali Alkali tanah Boron Karbon Silikon Nitogen Posphor Oksigen Halogen Gas mulia Configuration Elektron outer Orbital ns1 ns2 2 ns - np1 ns2 - np2 ns2 - np3 ns2 - np4 ns2 - np5 ns2 - np6

SYMBOL ELEMENTS OF GROUP B

Elektron Configuration (n - 1) d1 ns2 (n - 1) d2 ns2 (n - 1) d3 ns2 (n - 1) d4 ns2 (n - 1) d5 ns2 (n - 1) d6-8 ns2 (n - 1) d9 ns2 (n - 1) d10 ns2

Coat Type III - B IV - B V-B VI - B VII - B VIII I-B II - B

1.6.4 Determination Period And How To Type A Elements 1. The element with atomic number 11, the configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 - N = 3, means a period of 3 (skin M). - Valence electrons (outermost) 3s as much as an electron, means including class IA.

2. Ga elements with atomic number 31, the configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1

- N = 4, means the period 4 (skin N). - Elektronvalensi 4s2 4p1, meaning class IIIA.

3. Sc element with atomic number 21, the configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 - N = 4, means the period 4 (skin N). - 3d1 4s2 means the group IIIB.

4. Fe element with atomic number 26, the configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 - N = 4, means the period 4 (skin N). - 3d6 4s2, means the group VIII.

EXERCISE A. Choose one correct answer! 1. Nucleus of an atom consists of ....... a. protons and neutrons b. protons and electrons c. protons, electrons and neutrons d. neutrons and electrons

2. Atom will become positive ions or cations when ....... a. receiving proton b. accept electrons c. loss of proton d. loss of electrons

3. Atom consists of positively charged material and the electrons are scattered Inside. This is a model of the atom by ....... a. John Dalton b. Rutherford c. Thomson J.J d. Niels Bohr

4. An atom has three orbits of the electrons with the number of electrons in the

outermost orbit 2 electrons. Element's atomic number is ....... a. 8 b. 12 c. 14 d. 16

5. What is meant by the atomic number is ....... a. the number of protons in the nucleus b. the number of electrons in atomic nuclei c. number of neutrons in atomic nuclei d. the number of protons and neutrons 6. The number of neutrons contained in the atom 2311Na is ....... a. 6 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12 7. Distribution of electrons in an atom is called ....... a. elektronisasi b. ionization c. electron configuration d. isotope

8. Ion consisting of two or more atoms is called ....... a. cation b. anion c. polyatomic d. single ion

9. These particles are not electrically charged is ....... a. protons b. atom c. electron d. ion

10. Of the following chemical formula that considered the molecular compound is .......a. H2 b. O3 c. CO d. P4

B. Answer the questions below with a brief and clear! 1. According to Democritus, the material is discontinuous, explain what it means! Answer: ...................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................

2. Atom consists of protons, electrons and neutrons. How does the layout of the subatomic particles in atoms? Answer:: ..................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................. 3. Write the electron configuration of elements with atomic numbers a. 7 b. 14 c. 18

Answer: .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................

Standard Competens : 3. Discribing about Ions Indicator : Distinguish between the anion and cation charge

IONS
Ion is an atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative net charge. The number of positively charged protons remain the same preformance of an atom, but the number of negative charged electrons can be increased or decreased. Neutral atom loses one or more of its electrons will produce a cation, ion with a positive total charge. For example, atoms (Na) can easily lose its one electron to become kationn sodium, which recorded for Na +.

Atom Na 11 proton 11 elektron

Ion Na+ 11 proton 10 elektron

On the other hand, the neutral atoms receive electrons will produce an anion, the total negative ion charge due to the addition of the number of its electrons. for example, atomic chlorine (Cl) may receive an additional electron to become ions clorida.

Atom Cl 17 proton 17 proton

Ion Cl17 proton 18 elektron

Atoms can lose or receive more than one electron. For example, Mg2+, Fe3+ and others. These ions also Na+ and Cl- can be called monatomic ions because only composed of one atom. While ion consisting of two or more atoms in the polyatomic + ion called. Such as, OH , NH4 , CN and others.

Ionic Formulas compound

Ionic compound is a compound formed by cations and anions. For example NaCl is composed of ions Na + and Cl-ions. In order for ionic compounds are electrically neutral, the amount of charge on the cations and anions in each unit of the formula must be zero. If the charge on the anions and cations are different, we apply the following rules to create electrically neutral formula: cations subscript numbers equal to the charge on the anion, and the numbers subscript equal to the charge on the anion-cation. EXAMPLE

Potassium Bromide k + cations and the anions Br-ionic compounds combine to form potassium bromide. The amount of the charge is +1 + (-1) = 0, so it is not in need subscript. The formula KBr.

Zinc Iodide Zn2 + cations and anions I-combine to form zinc iodide, the amount of the charge +2 + (-1) = +1, so that the charge be zero we must multiply charge anions-1 by 2 and adding the subscript 2 on iodine. So the formula for ionic zinc iodide is ZnI2.

Aluminum Oxide Al3+ dan anion O2- -joined to form aluminum oxide, the charge +3 + (-2) = +1, in order to charge the non-2 (+3) +3 (-2) = 0 and add subskrit 2 on Al , the subscript 3 on O.

ESAI exercise

1. Among the following properties are not properties of ionic compounds are .... A. fragile B. high melting point C. the solution can deliver electricity D. lelehannya can deliver electricity E. the solid can deliver electricity 2. Among these substances, which have an ionic bond is .... A. ice B. limestone C. silicon D. sugar E. bronze 3. Na atoms with atomic numbers 11 to form the ion ... . A. +1 B. -1 C. +2 D. -2 E. +3 4. An element with atomic number 12 can form ionic bonds with atoms unsurbernomor ... . A. 3 B. 18 C. 11 D. 20 E. 17 5. Electron configuration of element X with 2, 8, 8, one can form ionic bonds with elements Electron configuration ... . A. 2, 8, 1 B. 2, 8, 2 C. 2, 8, 7 D. 2, 8 E. 2 6. Most ionic bond can form between pairs of elements ... . A. K and F B. Li and C.

C. Na and Cl D. Na and Li E. K and Mg 7. Here are the properties of ionic compounds, except ... . A. water-soluble C. soft and fragile B. can conduct electricity of melt D. the solution can conduct electricity E. high melting point 8. The couple elements - elements of the following groups that can form an ionic bond is an element of class .... A. IA & VIIIA B. B. IA & IIA C. C. IIA & VIIA D. VIA & VIIA E. IIIA & IIIA 9. The following pairs of compounds which have an ionic bond is .... A. KCl & CaF2 C. CaF2 & HF E. NH3 & KNO3 B. NaCl & CCl4 D. KCl & CCl4 15. Each element of X & Y - each having 6 & 7 electrons. Formulas & type of the corresponding bond if both element is .... A. XY6, ionic B. X2Y, covalently C. XY2, covalently D. XY2, ionic. E. X2Y, ionic 16. The following pairs of compounds that bind covalently coordinate ion & is .... A. NaCl & CO2 B. SO2 & CCl4 C. NaCl & HCl D. NH4+ & MgCl2 E.. KOH & O2 17. Type of bond that is not likely to occur between non-metallic & non-metal is ... . A. Ionic bond C. Single covalent bond B. Triple covalent bonds D. Coordinate covalent bond E. Double covalent bond 18. Statements are true about an ionic bond is .... . A. Occurs between the elements in group VIIA & VA electron B. Have an electrostatic attraction force

D. Occur with the use of E. Can draw objects -

metal objects C. Having a small electron negativity difference 19. 11Na & 35Br elements can form .... . A. Ionic bonding, the formula Na2Br formula NaBr B. Covalent bonding, the formula NaBr formula Na2Br C. Covalent bonding, the formula NaBr2

D. Ionic bonding, the E. Covalent bonding, the

20. The following group of compounds that have ionic bonds are .... A. H2O, CO2, CH4 D. CO2, CH4, NH3 B. . NaCl, HI, H2O E. K2O, NaBr, MgCl2 C. HCl, H2SO4, NaOH 21. Element with electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 can form ionic bonds with the elements .... A. 1A B. 4B C. 17C D. 19D E. 20E 22. Among the elements below which has a tendency to accept electrons form a configuration electron is stable ... . A. 10X C. 17Z B. 11Y D. 18A E. 19b 23. The following elements are very difficult to chemically bind is .... A. Fe, Au C. Cl, P B. Na, Mg D. H, He E. Ne, Ar 24. The following statement is not a characteristic ionic bond is .... A. Formed between the metal & non-metallic D. There are positive & negative ions ion B. Has a tensile strength - attractive electrostatic C. Handover occurs electron D. There are positive & negative ions ion E. Occurs between the elements of group IVA & VIA 25. The following group of compounds that have ionic bonds are .... A. H2O, CO2, CH4 D. K2O, NaBr, MgCl2 B. NaCl, HI, H2O E. HCl, H2SO4, NaOH C. CO2, CH4, NH3

ESAI

1.. Determine the ionic compounds formed from reactions between these atoms a b.
11Na 13Al

dan

10S

dan 10S dan 2He dan 17Cl dan 8O

2. Choose couples the following elements that can form ionic compounds! a. b. c.
19K 19K 16S

4. Determine the formula of ionic compound element pairs of the following elements a. Na with O b. Ca with N

Standard Competens : 3. 3. Indicator :

Comparing between molekules unsure dan molekules element.

discribing about molekules comparing between molekules and element Distinguishing unsure and element differentiateing molekules unsure and molekules element.

MOLEKULES
Molecule (molecule) has the same meaning as the compound (compound), which is a combination of several elements / atoms. Examples of compounds / molecules that exist in nature such as: water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO2), and others. So, what's different compounds and molecules? In terms of meaning it makes no difference. But its use is different. Molecules including nouns (objective) while the compound is an adjective (adjective). Let us see the following figure: H2O CO2 H2O Sentence / statement can be made based on the picture above are: In the picture there are two types of compounds, namely water (H2O ) and carbon dioxide (CO2). In the picture there are three molecules, namely two molecules of water (H2O) and one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2). Molecule formation occurs from non-metallic elements which reacted with similar non-

metals, non-metallic element with other non-metallic elements or non-metallic elements with metal elements

chemical formulaChemists use chemical formulas to express the composition of the

molecular and ionic compounds in chemical symbols. Here we will discuss about the molecular formula, empirical formulas and formulas of chemical compounds.

molecular formula
Molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance. For example H2 is the formula for the hydrogen molecule, O2 for oxygen, O3 for ozone, H2O for water and others. Subscript numbers mark the number of atoms of an element. Molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance. For example H2 is the formula for the hydrogen molecule, O2 for oxygen, O3 for ozone, H2O for water and others. Subscript numbers mark the number of atoms of an element present in the molecule. For example H2O, no subkrip on O because it only contained one O atom in water molecules, whereas for H subscripts 2 because there are two H atoms in water molecules.

3.1 Diatomic Molecules Diatomic molecule is formed from two similar atoms. Are you able to cite the example of a diatomic molecule? Yes I do. Examples of diatomic molecules is molecular oxygen, molecular hydrogen and molecular nitrogen.

3.2 Tetraatomic molecules

Tetraatomik molecule is formed of four similar atoms. Are you able to cite examples of molecules tetraatomik? Yes I do. Examples tetraatomik molecule is a molecule of phosphorus.

3.3 Oktaatomic molecules Oktaatomik molecule is formed from eight similar atoms. Are you able to cite examples of molecules oktaatomik? Yes I do. Examples tetraatomik molecule is a molecule of sulfur (sulfur).

Quiz
Fill in the blank in the table of molecular elements in the column name and the number of elements, such as number 1. NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unsure name Hidrogen Florida Oksigen Oksigen Nitrogen Klorida Bromide Iodide astatin phosphor sulfur Lambang H F O O N Cl Br I At P S Rumus Molekul H2 F2 O2 O3 N2 Cl2 Br2 I2 At2 P4 S8

Compiler Name and Number of Elements Consists of two atoms of hydrogen

.. . .. . ..

3.4 UNSURE The element is a single substance that can not be described again into other substances are much simpler with ordinary chemical reactions. The universe contains countless elements. It turned out that all substances are composed of basic substances called elements. Inspired by the many elements that exist in the universe is Jons Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848) who came from Sweden states that any given element symbol in the form of letters of the name element in the Latin language with the

following provisions: 1. The emblem consists of a single element must use uppercase letters 2. Coat terdir elements of the two letters should be put on the first letter uppercase and lowercase letters in the second letter

Some element name and symbol

NAMA NAMA INDONESIA LATIN Perak Argentum Aluminium Aluminium Argon Argon Arsen Arsenicum Emas Aurum Boron Borium Barium Barium Bismut Bismuthum Bromin Bromium Karbon Carbonium Kalsium Calsium Klorin Chlorium Kobal Cobaltum Kromium Chromium Tembaga Cuprum Fluorin Fluorium Besi Ferrum Hydrogen Hydrogenium Helium Helium LAMBANG Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Bi Br C Ca Cl Co Cr Cu F Fe H He

Symbols of the elements listed above is only a small fraction of the elements contained in this universe.

3.5 Compounds

Compounds are substances that emerged from two or more elements through chemical reactions. Each compound has unique properties, different from the properties of its constituent elements. Examples of Hydrogen and Oxygen is a gas, are the combined results of the second element is the clear liquid, colorless, and no sense that we know as water. The compound is a substance that can be used to chemically decompose into substances that are more modest. Compound composed of two or more elements of different types with a fixed and certain comparisons with the incorporation of chemically Compound name and formula of compounds

NAMA SENYAWA Glukosa Sukrosa Garam Dapur Asam Cuka Urea Asam Sulfat Soda Kue Amoniak Aseton

RUMUS SENYAWA C6H12O6 C11H22O11 NaCl CH3COOH CO(NH2)2 H2SO4 NaHCO3 NH3 CH3COCH3

The molecule is a particle consisting of two or more atoms, either type of atom or different atoms. The molecule consists of molecules of elements and molecular compounds, to distinguish the molecular elements and molecular compounds are as follows.

3.7 Moleculas unsure

Molecular elements are generally formed from non-metallic elements. Some nonmetallic element found naturally as molecules, atoms rather than as a stand-alone. One example is oxygen. Oxygen gas contained in the air consists of molecules of O2. This happens because the more stable form of oxygen molecules from the atoms as a stand-

alone. When heated at high temperatures, the molecules will break down into oxygen atoms. Some examples of elements (non metallic) which exist as molecules are as follows: Elements that exist as molecules and molecular formula.

Nama Unsur Hidrogen Nitrogen Oksigen Fluorin Klorin Bromin Iodin Fosforus Belerang

Lambang Unsur H N O F Cl Br I P S

Rumus Molekul H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 P4 S8

The formula states melekol arrangement of molecules, O2 stated that each molecule consists of two atoms, P4 means that each molecule consists of four requi

3.8 Compound molecules

Molecules of compounds consisting of two or more kinds of atoms. Examples of water molecules that have been mentioned in the previous section. Another example of a molecule of ammonia (NH3) and methane molecule (CH4). Various types of molecules we have seen in the discussion above. All the examples given is a simple molecule, composed of two atua are three types of elements and consists of only a few atoms only. Many also include a very complex molecule is a molecule compounds found in living things, such as vitamin B2, Protein, and DNA. Many of the molecules of compounds that play a role in living systems that are used to address various health issues, including genetic engineering.

Quiz
. Below is a few pictures of molecules. for these molecules is by filling in the blanks available with the molecule compound or molecular elements.

exercise Choose one correct answer! 1. Substances that can not be described again into other substances by ordinary chemical reaction called ....... a. element b. d. compoun c. molecule d ion

2. Substances that are composed of multiple elements with a fixed ratio is called ....... a. solution of b.combine 3. The lightest element is ....... a. . hydrogen b.. oxygen c. carbon d uranium c. compound d. mixture element

4. The most serious element is ....... a. uranium b. hydrogen c. oxygen d. carbon

5. The symbol of the element zinc is ....... a. Al b.Cu. C. Zn D Fe

6. The person who first gave the letter symbols on each element is ....... a. John Dalton b. Jons Jakob Berzelius c. Thomson d. Rutherford

7. Substances that may decompose through chemical reactions used to be the substances that are more sedehana called ....... a. element b. molecules c. atom d. compound

8.

Below that is not an element molecule is ....... a.. N2 B. Br2 c. Cl 2 d. HNO

9. Known molecular formula of alcohol is C2H5OH, Means in 2 molecules of alcohol are ....... a. 2 atom b. 8 atoms c. 9 atom d. 18 atom

10. Here is a molecule-molecule compounds, except ....... a. O2 b.H2SO4 C.NaNO3 d. HNO3

3.9 Empirical formula Empirical formula shows us that there are elements and the simplest integer ratio of the atoms, but do not always have to show the true value in a molecule. For example, hydrogen peroxide has the molecular formula of H2O2. This formula indicates that the ratio of hydrogen atoms with oxygen atoms in the molecule is 2:2 or 1:1, so the empirical formula HO.

example
An analysis of the ionic compound indicates that the compound contains 2.82 g of sodium, 4.35 g of chlorine, 7.83 g of oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of the compound

Solution
Determine the time of each element of Na 1.82 Numbers with each Ar Comparative smallest So the empirical formula 0.123 1 0,123 1 0,489 2 Cl 4.35 O 7.83

then in may NaClO2

RELATION BETWEEN ATOM, MOLECULES and IONS IN LIVE A. The relationship between atoms, ions and molecules In the foregoing discussion has known how the concept of atoms, ions and molecules are all interconnected as one example in this case the production of sugar. We imagine that one tablespoon of granulated sugar is composed of tiny grains of sugar. If one spoon of sugar is dissolved in water it will dissolve the sugar, the sugar particles dispersed into the water with a very small size so can not be filtered even can not be seen by the eye. Though transformed into particles whose size is very small nature of the sugar is not lost. Small particles of sugar still has the same properties with granulated sugar molecule called glucose. The smallest particle of matter can be shaped constituent atoms, ions and molecules. So we can conclude that the atom is the smallest part of an element, and the molecule is the smallest particle of a compound composed of two atoms or more. Molecules composed of atoms called molecules of different compounds. Molecules are composed of atoms called molecules of the same element. While the ion is a collection of atoms that are electrically charged, positively charged ions can (cations) and negatively charged (anions)

B. The material is composed of atoms, ions and molecules Basically molekules theories of physics to explain the change, but not necessarily able to explain the chemical changes, because it developed the atomic theory which states that all matter consists of particles of very small particles called atoms. In 1803, John Dalton a British propose a theory which states that matter consists of atoms. Dalton's atomic theory can be summarized as follows: 1. Each is composed of the smallest particles of matter called atoms

2. Atom can not be broken down into smaller particles with similar properties 3. The atoms of certain elements have identical properties and mass. Different elements have atoms of different mass. 4. Compounds are formed from two or more kinds of atoms are different. 5. Chemical reactions are merging and splitting the atoms of the element or compound in the reaction. So a material composed of several molecules, the molecules are composed of several atoms of the same or different, for example: Oxygen (O2) is composed of two oxygen atoms, water molecules (H2O) is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, molecule of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is composed of two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom and four oxygen atoms. Likewise with other chemical products as an example: The production of urea fertilizer with chemical composition NH2CONH2, NH4NO3, NH4 H2 PO3 dan KCl . Aspirin C9 Ha O4 NH2CONH2, NPK fertilizer / fertilizer compound with the composition of the mixture of NH4NO3, NH4 H2 PO3 and KCl. Acetic acid CH3COOH is used as food vinegar. C11 22 O11 sucrose is used as a sweetener. Ha C9 O4 Aspirin is used to reduce pain. Compounds of the formula is a combination of symbol element that shows the type of compound-forming elements and the number of atoms of each element, such as sucrose with the formula C12H22O11 formula shows that sucrose is composed of 12 carbon, 22 hydrogen and 11 oxygen .
Table. Examples of that can be consumed by humans directly

exercise Answer the question below correctly! 1. Name the following compound-forming elements and determine the amount Of insur, the atoms in each molecule: a. Baking soda ( Na HCO3) a. Caffeine ( C8 H10 N4 O2) b. Asam cuka ( C2 H2 O4)

2. Explain the relationship between atoms, ions and molecules. 3. Make a concept map classification of the material by completing the following chart with the concepts that have been provided. - Concepts: Homogeneous elements of compound. Heterogeneous mixture of single substances - Chart:

MATERI

REFERENSI
Chang, Raymond. Tanpa tahun. Kimia Dasar: Konsep-konsep inti. Terjemahan Lemeda Simarta. 2004. Jakarta: Erlangga. Sudarmo, Unggul.2004. Kimia SMA. Jakarta: Erlangga. Sudarmo, Unggul.2006i.Kimia SMA untuk Kelas X . Jakarta: Phieta. Takeuchi, Yoshito. 2008. Penemuan Elektron.(Online), (http://www.chem-istry.org/materi_kimia/kimia_dasar/struktur_atom1/penemuan-elektron/, diakses 16 Desember 2011). Utami, Budi.2011. Penemuan Partikel Dasar : Penemuan Elektron. (Online),( http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-sma-ma/tabel-periodik-unsurdan-struktur-atom/penemuan-partikel-dasar-penemuan-elektron/, diakses 16 Desember 2011). Utami, Budi.2011. Penemuan Partikel Dasar: Penemuan Proton dan Neutron. (Online), (http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-sma-ma/tabelperiodik-unsur-dan-struktur-atom/penemuan-partikel-dasar-penemuan-protondan-neutron/, diakses 16 Desember 2011). Kimiamifkho.2009. Perkrmbangan Teori Atom. (Online), (http://kimiamifkho.wordpress.com/2009/07/22/perkembangan-teori-atom/, diakses 16 Desember 2011).