INSTRUMENTATION NOTES Flow

Flow Principles: Since all flow involves some form of energy change, we need to review the concept of energy or work. Work can be expressed in many different forms, including thermal, chemical, and electrical energy. However, in flow measurement we encounter two types of energy: potential and kinetic. Potential Energy = Force X Distance = F X d Kinetic Energy = (mass) (velocity)= mv Potential Energy : Is usually applied to the work required to raise a mass against gravity. F = mg m = mass, g = Time acceleration Energy in terms of height = mgh Energy in terms of velocity = mv/2. Kinetic Energy : Any object that falls through a height (h) under the influence of gravity is said to gain kinetic energy at the expense of its potential energy. Velocity (v) = Acceleration X Time = gdt = gt Distance h = (velocity) (Time) = vdt = (gt) dt so that h = gt/2g but v = gt therefore h = v/2g or v = 2gh which is the velocity of a falling mass. If we multiply h = v2g by mg, we obtain. v =2gh mv/2 = mgh v/2g = h mv = mgh (mg)v/2g =mgh Bernoulli Theorem : We can also use the principle of conservation of energy to obtain the Bernoulli Theorem for fluid flow in a pipe. Shows a typical energy flow diagram. flow
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The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of internal energy and energies due to pressure ,velocity, and position . In the direction of flow, the conservation of energy principle can be summarized by the following energy equation:

Flow principles : Energy In (E) + Energy Added (EA) Energy Lost (EL) = Energy Out (E2) The equation, for steady flow of incompressible fluid in which the change in internal energy is negligible, is called the Bernoulli Theorem and simplifies to the following form P1 V g P2 V2 g 2ge ge 2ge ge 2 (8) Where z = elevation above a datum of pipe centerline, ft(m) P = static pressure, absolute, lb/t (pa) = fluid density, (lb/ft kg) v = average fluid velocity, ft/sec (m/sec) ge = conversion constant, 32.2ft/sec (1kgm/N sec) g = local acceleration due to gravity, ft/sec (m/sec) 1,2= upstream and downstream measurement points Orifice Plate Equation :
The basic flow equation was developed based on the assumption that internal energy (pipe, losses, molecular-energy losses, etc.)was zero. Since these losses are not zero and there is no direct way of measuring them, empirical correction factors, based on flow experiments with various pipes sizes, are tabulated in the literature. These factors are called flow coefficients or discharge coefficients. Following is a list of correction factors required to obtain accurate flow reading from orifice plates:

Specify gravity (Fg) Base pressure (Fpg) Flowing temperature (Ftf) Base temperature (Ftb) Super compressibility Fpv (For gases only) Expansion factor Y (for gases only) Reynolds number (Fr) Basic orifice flow factor (Fb)
By combining all the correction factors into a single factor called the orifice flow constant ( C ),we obtain a practical method for computing flow through an orifice plate :

V = C P /

(10)

Or V = C 2gz (11) Where C = Fg X Ftf X Ftb X Fpb X Fpv X Y X Fr X Fb. Example:

Problem: An incompressible fluid is flowing through an orifice plate with a flow coefficient of 0.6 causing a pressure drop of 16 inches. calculate the fluid velocity.

Solution: The fluid velocity measured by an orifice is given by ,Equation 8 11 V = C 2gz Since g = 32.2ft/secz = (16 in.) (1 ft/12 in.) = 1.33 ft, and C =0.6, we obtain

V = 0.6 2(32.2 ft / sec) (1.33 ft ) V = 5.55 ft / sec -------- x ---------Volume = Velocity x Area Met / sec x m Met /sec (or) hour. Velocity : Shearing force between the molecules. Density Temperature Density = mass / Volume. Specific Gravity = Density of liquid / Density of water. QUESTIONS & ANSWERES: 1. What is a Flow ?
Motion of the any fluid in a pipe line. The liquid one end to another end though the pipe line .It is called flow.

(Fluid means Gas, Steam, liquid any one you can used.) 2.What are the types of Flow? Laminar flow Turbulent flow. 3.Types of flow Measurements? Rate of flow. Quantity Flow or Total flow. Mass Flow. 4.What is the Rate of Flow? The time rate of motion of fluid quantity per unit time. (OR)
Which is the amount of fluid that flows past a given point at any given instant.

(OR)
The Rate of Flow meter can be defined as one in which the fluid passes through the primary element in a continuous stream. The movement of the fluid has an effect on the primary element according to some physical load, known or unknown, and as a result, the quantity of flow per unit time is defined.

Rate of Flow = Fluid quantity x Time. (Unit :Litters /Hr, Gallons /Hr, Meters /Hr.)

5. What is the Quantity Flow, Volumetric Flow (or) Total Flow ?

Amount of fluid crossing through a particular cross sectional area or per unit area.

(or)

Which is the amount of fluid that flows past given point in a definite period of time. Amount of fluid crossing through a particular cross sectional area or per unit area.
(or) A quantity meter is defined as one in which the fluid passing through a primary element is accurately quantified in terms of the weight or volume of the fluid.

Quantity

Flow = Rate of Flow x Time. (Unit :Litters, Meter, Gallons.) Litter /Hr x Hr 1 Litter / 1 Hr x 5 Hr = 5 Litters.

6. What is the Mass Flow?

The measurement of flow in weight units rather than conventional volumetric unit. (or)

Measurement of the quantity of flowing fluid. Mass Flow = Rate of Flow x Time x Density. 1 Lr / 1Hr x 5Hr x 1.5 =7.5 Kg / Cm (Unit = Tones per day, pounds per hour, etc.) 7.What are a Laminar Flow?
Laminar Flow occurs when the average velocity is slow. The layers are fast moving and become slower on the outer edges of the stream. in the center

Reynolds Number below 2000. 8.What are a Turbulent Flow?

Turbulent flow occurs when the average velocity is fast. The layers disappear And the velocity is more uniform across the stream.

Reynolds number is greater then 4000. Critical flow =2000 4000 9.What is Reynolds Number?
In Flowmetering, the nature of flow can be described by a number- Reynolds Number, Which is the average velocity x density x Internal Diameter of pipe Divided by viscosity. In equation form, this is expressed: R = vD

Where: v = velocity. D = inside diameter of pipe. = fluid density. = viscosity. 10.Why is Flow Measured in Sq.Root?
Flow varies directly as the square root of differential pressure. Since this flow varies as the square root of differential pressure the pen does not directly flow. The flow can be determined by taking the square root of the pen.

11. what are the diff.types of orifice plates and its uses ? Concentric - Liquid, Steam and Gas Service. Eccentric - Viscous and Slurry flow. Segmental - Slurry & colloidal flow. Quadrant - Used for viscous flows.

12. what is tab on an orifice plate ? Indicator of an orifice Plate in a line. Orifice diameter is marked on it. The material of the orifice. Tag number of the orifice plate. The mark of inlet of an orifice. 13. What are the primary elements used for flow measurement ? Orifice plate, Venturi Tube, Flow Nozzle, Pitot Tube, Anubar.
14. Where is integral orifice used ? Integral orifice used to measure small flow rates.

15. How would you identify upstream of an orifice plate ? The marking on the tab is the on upstream side of the orifice. 16. What is the seal liquid used for filling impulse lines on crude and viscous liquids ? Glycol in general. 17. Write 5 parameters most necessary to determine the sizes of an orifice ? Process pipe I.D (size) Pressure. Dp required. Density. Viscosity.
18.Why do you have a small hole some times, above or below the orifice hole ? A small hole at bottom or top of the orifice hole called weep hole (or) Breath hole. Liquid Service : Weep hole will be in top of the orifice hole to pass out any gas (or) vapor present in liquids. Gas Service : Weep hole will be in bottom of the orifice hole to pass out any Condensation or liquid present in the gas. 19.What are the flow Transmitters ? Dp cell Transmitter Rota meter Positive Displacement meter Turbine flow meter Magnetic flow meter Ultrasonic flow meter 20.How do you carryout impulse piping for a Dp transmitter. (On liquids, steam and gas services).

Liquid service: U/S

P.I.V

Gas Service: D/S

Steam Service:

C.P
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