Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
own power
Idealism assumes countries want to work together Strong international institutions Isolationism argues that a country stays out of
international affairs
CONCEPT MAP
Election outcomes In making The resulting foreign also influence policy, policies leaders include must foreign policy by is respond diplomacy, to which world determining which events decided mainly that are on party and whichof usually by the president outside and ideology are such as their the executive control, dominant in the actions branch, as well of foreign as government. governments. defense policy and trade policy, which are determined by both the president and Congress. Foreign aid is normally determined by Congress.
much like domestic policy attitudes are shaped by values and predispositions, not self-interest.
Peoples attitudes towards foreign policy are more the product of existing beliefs about how the world should work than they are of how the policy will effect them personally.
Almond 1950
Foreign policy attitudes amongst most Americans lack intellectual structure and factual content. Under normal circumstances the American public has tended to be indifferent to questions of foreign policy because their remoteness from every day interests and activitiesForeign policy, save moments of great crisis, has to labor under a handicap; it has to shout loudly to be heard even a little.
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Foreign policy attitudes are structured by core values, which influence general postures, which influence specific issue preferences.
Core Values
General Postures
Core Values
Morality of Warfare Beliefs about the morality of killing in warfare. Ethnocentrism A belief that ones country is superior to all others.
General Postures
Anticommunism Beliefs about the appropriate posture of the United States toward Communist-bloc countries. Isolationism A general desire that the government avoid any ties or entanglements with other countries, whatever the nature of the relationship. Militarism A desire that the government assume an assertive, militant foreign-policy posture through military strength.
Supports increased trade barriers to protect U.S. jobs and increased military spending.
troops overseas.
Opposes any policies that would lead to the US reducing it nuclear arsenal.
Those who support the death penalty were more likely to support both of the invasions of Iraq in 1991 and 2003. Framing military action as a battle of good vs. evil leads to greater support from those who support policies, such as the death penalty.
Axis of Evil
Globalization
The intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away
High skilled workers perceive trade openness as a benefit, while unskilled or workers with no skills perceive trade openness as a burden and threat. Those with higher levels of education and training, such as the college educated, are more supportive of globalization than those with lower levels of education.
Education increases information about economic theory, which leads to increased support for globalization. Education decreases nationalistic attitudes
For any choice of foreign policy, there will be winners and losers at the domestic level; what one player values, another may discount (Bates 1997). Foreign policy tools thus have a domestic political component.
Hypotheses
H1. Presidential influence and foreign policy concerns:
Legislators should be more likely to support economic aid and trade liberalization if the policy has the endorsement of the president who shares their party affiliation human (or physical) capital in a district, the higher the probability that the legislator votes in favor of trade liberalization and foreign aid. district are, the greater the probability that the legislator votes in favor of trade liberalization but the less likely the legislator votes in favor of foreign aid
Findings
When the president voices support for trade liberalization,
Groups well endowed with capital support international engagement through trade and aid; they are perhaps the core of the internationalist coalition that allows greater substitution among foreign economic policies.
substantial changes in the probability of voting. For trade, the influence of the president is much more sizeable.
Democratic presidents are more effective at convincing Democratic legislators to vote in favor of trade, while Republican presidents are more effective at convincing Republican legislators to vote for aid.