--

CHAPTER 22 ELECTRIC FORCE AND ELECTRIC CHARGE

22-1. According to Coulomb's law, the magnitude of the electrostatic force one charged object exerts
on another is given by F = k ql?'- , where ql and q2are the magnitudes of the two charges, r is the

distance between them, and k is the Coulomb constant. In this particular problem, we have
( N 0 "I ('40 C) (-40C)
F = k = I 8.99 x 10" , ' =5.8 X 10
5
N
I r'
I
C ) (5000 m]"
22-5. The magnitude of the electric force between these two quarks is given by Coulomb's law. Since
the two particles have the same sign, they will repel each oth er with a force
lil
t i o
F = ik = 8.99 x N J" ,', , 1=51 N
i r: 1\
1
C' (1.0 x 10- " rn):
22-7. Each electron carries a charge of 1.60 x 10-
19
C. To determine how many electrons, divide the
total charge by the charge on an individual electron,
-25 C I 6 zo I
N = , = .o x IO" e cctrons
-1.60 x 10-1" C
22- 11. Although the gravi tational and ele ctric forces have simi lar formulas, the magnitudes of these
forces are very different. The electric force is a much stronger force that that of gravity.
m.m If Nom2 \ (1.0 xlO ,ll kg) (1.0 x lO-il kg) '
F = G -----!-...2. = 667 X 10-
11
- - . , - .
. kg" ) (1.0 X \0- 1(1 m)'
=6.7 x 10-
1
: 1\
f
N \1(t1. 60 x C: )( +1.60 X 10-
10
C)
F. =k =l S.99 io'
, r"
C" ) (J.O x 10-!0 m)"
=2.3 x IO-R"\:
22- 13. The electric charge on a proton is ..,... 1.60 x 10-
19
C. One mole contains Avogadro's number of
particles, iVA = 6.02 x 10
23
particles. Therefore, the total charge of mole mole of protons is
Faraday constant = ( +1.60 x 10- 1' 1 C/proton) ( 6.02 x 10
23
protons) = 9.63 x I0
4

12-15 . If there are 7.5 x 10-
6
C of excess electrons on the sphere; and each electron carries a charge of
1.602 x lO-H C, then
-7.5 x 10-'; C ,
l-/ = ,, = 4.7 x 10
L
electrons
n-17 . The number of moles of copper is
2.7 g - 0" 1
11 = =4.2) x I - mo es
63.5 gimol
Each copper atom has 29 el ectrons (see the periodic table). so the tot al number of electrons is
;V= 29n,\/" = 29(4.25 x 10'-2 1110 1)(6.022 x 10
23
atoms/mol) = 7.42 x 10
23
electrons
The total charge for these electrons is
q, = 0 .42 X 102' electrons)(-1.60 x 10-!YC) = - 1. 19 x 10;; C
163
CHAPTER 22
An equal quantity of positive charge exists due to the protons in the remaining nuclei i,

Therefore, the magnitude of the electric force on the electrons due to the nucleii is
qlq' l 1/ N.m
2
\\(- 1.1 9 x 10
5
C)(+1.19 X lOS C) I . 'J !9
F = k-, = 8.99 X ] O --_- - _. . - - , =3.2 x 10 N
I
r: \ C / (2.0 m) : I
22-19. One mole of sodium chloride, NaCI. has a mass which is the sum of the molar masses orNa and
C1. (22.99 g Na/mol) - (35.45 g Cl/mol) 0:: 5R.44 g !\aClimo1. The number of moles to be
disolved in Ino g of water is
n - 36 g - a6') n101 -vr
"'Ci - _ . - . .. t.:'>
. . ::>8.44 g/mol
Each sodium atom has 11 electrons and 11 protons and each chlorine atom has 17 electrons and
17 protons. The total number of electrons or protons added to the water will be
=6.022 x 1Cr' i atoms/mol [(0.62 mol Na)( 11) -;- (0.62 mol Cl)( 17)
= 1.0 :< 10
2
! electrons or protons
The number of electrons or protons in the 100 g ofwater is found in similar manner. One mole of
water, H
20.
bas a mass which is the sum of the molar masses of two hydrogen atoms (2 x 1.01 g
Himol) and one oxygen atom (16,0 gO/mol) = 18.0 g H
20
/mol. The number of moles in 100 g of
water is
100 >! _
nlJ,o = -. =) .6 moles
- 18.0g./mol
Each hydrogen atom has I electron and 1 proton and each oxygen atom has 8 electrons and 8
protons. The total number of electrons or protons in the water will be
= 6.022 x ](f' atoms/moll2(5 .6 mol H)(l) ':'" (5.6 mol 0)(8)] N
lf20
10
15
=3.3 x electrons or protons
Therefore, the factor by which the number of electrons or protons increases is
,v + .A T . .., 3 x I -'- 1 (J x 10
25
"H::O "'\, CI_
J
. .
- - ' .' - ..)
,71./
11
::
0
3.3 x 10"
22-23. Through the ionization, an atom at one end has one excess electron, giving it a -(! net negative
charge: and an atom at the other end has lost an electron, giving it a -(! net positive charge. The
electric force then compresses the chain molecule by 6.L "" (-0.012)( 1.9 x 10 (; m). The molecule
is to be modeled like a spring. The electric force compresses the spring until the electric force and
the spring force are equal in magnitude. but oppositely directed , Applying Hooke's law . we find
F- F
1. _ _ e
" ---
6.L !:J.L
(
Nom
2
) _ _ (-1.60 X 10-
1
.> x
t8 .99 x 10
2
C r (J.9 x 10-
6
m) + (-0.012)(1.9 x 10-" m)J
0=
. - . =2,9 ; 10-
Y
Nzm
(- 0.012)(1 .9 x 10-
0
m)
164
')'"')
CHAPTER .... ,<"
Charge 1 is located atxy corrcdinare (2.0 1l1: 0 m) and charge 2 is located at (0 m, -3.0 m). Since
the charges have the same sign , the force on charge 2 due to charge I will be directed away from
charge 1 in the direction given by
(-2.0 m)i + (-3.0 mjj -2.0. -3.0.
r= - =--I+----=-J
)(-2.0 m):' + (-3.0 m):' J13 ..)13
The force exerted on charge 2 due to charge 1 is then
qlq,
Fe = F
I2
r =
r
( 2 \ ( 2 0 x 10-:; C) ( 3 0 x 10-
6
C) ( \
_ 9 N om I - . . -_. I -2.0. -3.0 'I
= 8.99 ' 10 -- 1-1+-J
I
1\ C
e
/ (-2.0 tl1)2 + (-3.0 m):' '. vB .../13 ./
=(-2.3 x 10-
5
N)i -'- (-3.5 x 10--\ N)j
Similarly, the force exerted on charge 1 due to charge 2 is
" lJq... .
F
el
=
F
'I r =k ----'-f'- r
r:
_ (/ x 9 N.m
2
\j (-2.0
X
lO-R. C)(-3.0
X
10-(' C)l
f
2.0 - ; 3.0 , ')
- 8.99 10. , , ,-;::;Y ,
, C (-2.0mt+(-3.0m)" v v'13 v13)
=(2.3 x 10) N)x --'--- (3.5 x 10-
5
:--J)y
22-27. Let Qrepresent the amount of charge on the Earth. The charge on the moon will be
q == Q
If the magnitude of the electric force is to be equal to that of the gravitational force, then
F =F
-: g
k CJ !IJ" =G /11
1
me
e
r r:'.
kQq =GMm
( .
kl1.74 )0:'. = GMII1
\ 6.38 j
11
1
6
.
38
( 6.67 x 10.- X 10
14
kg)(7.35 X kg)
Q = i6.38GAlm = \ kg- )
/
V 1.74k 1.74(8.99 x 10'
== 1.09 X 10'" C
The number of electrons in this amount of charge is
lO
i 4
. 0 -1.09 X C ;"
NL.,tl' == =- = I' == 6.81 x 10 - electrons
ann e -1.60 x 10- \. C
q ;:;; 1.74 Q = 1.74 (1.09 x 10'4 C) =2.97 X 101) C
6.38 6.38 .
V 2.97 x lOP C 0" I
j ' = 1.60 x 10-10) C ;:;; 1.86 x 1 - e ectrons 111 0.0"
165
CHAPTER 22
ql'h e-r 1rc,
F .
c n-od
=
r:
=e
_ 1',' ,.
II
I
__
'
_-_
22-29.
k qlq2_ 1;)
r-
F.
,

The fractional deviation at ,. = 1.0 m is
,. == 1.0 r;- == 1.0 X 10-
9
lei 1.0 x 10 rn
The fractional deviation at ,. = 1.0 x 10
4
m is
': == 1.0 x 19.1 m == 1.0 x 10-'
1
0
1.0 X 10
9
III --
22-31. Linder normal circumstances, an oxygen atom with 8 electrons, 8 protons, and 8 neutrons would
be electrically neutral. However, if each of these particles has a slight differential charge. the
maximum amount of charge the oxygen atom due to a charge differential between the 8 protons
and electrons as well as the 8 neutrons is
q = (8 ";- 8 +8)(1 .0 x 10-.'1)( 1.60 x 10-
19
C) = 3.8 x 10-';9C
Assuming there are two such oxygen atoms . the ratio of the electric force to the graviational force
IS
k
F kq
_t =_
--'-'-
Gm:

F"
1"
where m is the mass of the electrons, protons, and neutrons in each oxygen atom. Inserting the
values of the parameters gives:
F: _ kc/
F,. - Gm.'
e
( 8.99 x 10 1(3.8x /0- ,9 C):
, C .J
- (
l 6.67 X i o"
x 10 '1 k-g) +8(1.673 x kg)+8(1.675 x kg) !"
. . .
::::
== 2.8 X 10-1" The net force is attractive.
----. .
166
CHAPTER 22
22-33, The situation is similar to example 6,
except that the negative charge on the y
axis has been replaced by a positive charge
Q. Study thc drawing. The repulsive
electric force on the positive charge q due
to the upper charge Q is F 1; and that due to
the lower charge Qis F:. The net force is
the sum of these t\VO forces . The)'
components of these forces are equal in
magnitude, but oppositely directed, so the y
component of the net electric force on q is
zero newtons. The x components of the two
forces add together to give a net force F =
F
I
+ F
2
which is directed along the positive
x axis with a magnitude
+Q 1
r-- F,
O.5d i .:. ... F ".F

I 2
O.5d > F
1
+Q
Qq ()o x
F == 2k , cos B == Zk: --,====
(1r + x
2
(1f +x
2
The net force is directed in the +x direction.
2kqxQ
[
,{ + x
2
T
.J
22-35. The two electric forces exerted on the electron due to the
hydrogen nucleusta proton) F
H
and the chlorine nucleus
y
...
e
(I7 protons) F
CI
are both attractive because the charges
have opposite signs. Because each of these forces point in
different directions. vector methods must be used to
determine the net force on the electron. Consider the

--- !d]
':::::' .,/(J __,F .. x
d
,
drawi ng. To determine the x and components of F(I, the
Cl H
angle must be determined from the distances d, and d2,.
which are given.
r 1 \ ( < 0. 1i -,
LJ -llC;I I '.11 s.o : mJ
[7 =tan - tan = .., v
d
2
J \ 1.2R X 10-
10
m
The x component of the net force is the slim of the horizontal components of the forces FHand
Fe:.
F =F. . + F.
,'I' I t CI.:c
( 1( -1.60 x10-
1
') C)(17)(+1.60 X1O-19 .C)1 ]
" . v cos 21.3
c:- _{ (5.0 x J0-
11
m) " + (1.28 x 10-
10
m)"
== 1.9 x 10-
7
)J
This component actually points in the -x direction as may be seen on the drawing.
Similarly, the y component of the net force is
167
CHAPTER 22
F, =r. +
!I(-1.60 x 10-
1
') C)( +1.60 X lO-l') C )1 1
( .. N. m
1
\ j '
=l 8.99 x 10 . - "- 1'
. C il i(- 1.60 x 10 I;o C)( 17)( +1.60x l O-19 C)I . . " 0
L' "'" I" - I ) , - sin 21..J .
(5.0 x 10- , m): + (1.2g )0; 10- I m): J
= 1.7 X 10-
7
N
This component is directed in the - y direction.
Therefore, the net elect ric force is
F =-(1.9 x 10-
7
N)i - (1.7 X 10 .
7
N)j
I -.
22-37. Each ball has three forces acting on it: the
gravitational force of the Earth, the tension in the
thread . and the electric force due to the other ball.
Since each ball is in equi librium, the slim of these
forces is equal to zero newto ns. The slim of forces in
the vertical direction may be used to find the tension:
L F. =T cos 20 - II/g = 0
T = mg
cos 20
The sum of forces in the horizontal direction is
L F, = T sin 20 - k = 0
r
2
0= !r T5in 20 = !r" m
g
sin 20
Q
= !r' mg tan 20.
- k V k cos 20 k
The distance between the balls is r = (25 em) -:- 2( 10 cm)(sin 2(0 ) = 31.84 em =0.3184 m.
Q = /,.2I11g tan2 0 = /(0.3184 111/ (2.5 x kg)(9.R I m.: :/ )'tan20
k Y 8.99 x 10
9

=1.0 .><10 C
22-41. Consider the drawing indicating the forces all the electron. J' F F,
The elect ric force F
1
on the electron due to the positive
- 40 '!I '!V
e

charge is directed toward the posit ive charge. since it has an

f l / i
r
opposite sign . The force }'2 exerted on the electron due to
the negative charge is directed away from the negative
6.0 krn I .:'<....__V.J52 krn
charge , since both charges have the same sign. The net
I
/
i
force on the electron is the vector slim of these two forces .
<' 8 . x
- 30 C e 4.0 km
The magnitude of the x component of the net force is
168
CHAPTER 22
_ - _ k qle . e
F. - r., + F, .. - - , + k - , cos
, . r - ." li- ' 2
l(-1.60 x 10-
19
(')(-,-40 C)I
(4.0 x 10
3
m):'
'" (8.99 :-:
C' I
C)( -30C)1 J \j
+ _. - ' 15) k
\ v _ m
'" -3.1 x 10-:
5
N
The magnitude of the y component of the net for ce is
F = F. + F =0 + k q2
e
sin e
y i. . r.. r:
-l' x / 6.0 kJn I1
- 8.99 10 - -, - , _ ,
C' ) (4.0 X 10
3
my + (6.0 x 10-- m)" l152 km ; _,
=6.9 X 10-
16
N
Therefore. the net force on the electron is
F = F, + Fe = -(3.1 x 10-
15N
)i + (6.9 x 10
' 6
N)j
22-45. The sum of electric forces acting on the charge qo is zero
I
I ,.-q
newtons. Therefore, the x component of the net force must be I ;t\
I / I \
equal to zero. I / I \
I a/ I \ a
I / I \
F = k Qqo , cos 45 - k Qq(l, cos 45= 0
I ! \
I r I \
(''; af t o 1/,60 : 60) \ +Q
I '
I 0.5a : .
Tn the y direction, The dist ance between the -q charge and '10is
I 105a
a ( ;-)
I .
r =- + a cos 30" = a 1+ ",3
I
", " 2 "
qo
=kr (No - Qq(1 .: 4,, 0- Q% . 4';0]
F.. " Sill Sin _
. (4".af ('}a)"
=k[ , qqo ,_ 2 - 12 _ 12]=kr ' qqo ,'0 ? _ lj= 0
La"(1+ \' ) ( a) 2 ( a) 2 (1 4 ( 1+ 'n ,J2a
= 2J2 (t +4-): =9.85
__-.:i5.
The left hand side of the cobalt reaction has charges: 4e + (-l\" e ) or (4 - N)e. The right hand side
shows that the Co atom with a charge +3e. Setting the two sides equal to each other gives N = 1.
169
')')
CHAPTER
"'
22-57.
22-59.
22-61,
22-67.
For every silver ion produced, there must also be an electron produced. To deposit a mole of
silver would require a mole of electrons. For the deposition of 1.0 g of silver , the number of silver
ions produced is
( 1 1 \ .
1110 e ) ' 1 Ions . ' I .
n= (l.Og
)1
6.02 xlO---=5.6
xIO-
Ions
',107.9 s. mole
Therefore,.S.b x 1O:! electrQns flow during the deposition.
If = Fe. then
G = k:
, ,
r: r:
Because the masses of the two grains are equal to l/1 and each has a charge q, we can multiply
both sides by and make the appropriate subtitutions to get
Gm
2
=
i) r-r- I X.99 X 10
9

Ike Ik 160 10-I<)CI C
m = 1- == e 1- =. Y I ,
:;; 1.9 X 10") kg
G G 6.67 X 10-
11

From the geometry of an equilateral triangle of sides of
+Q
.y AI'
length C/, the distance from each of the vertices to the
center is
a
d = = 0.577(1
2 cos 30"
Because all of the charges at the vertices are equal, each
exert? an equal force (in magnitude) on the charge at the
center. The sum of these forces must equal zero, if the
system of charges is to remain in equilibrium. The sum of
thcr components and}, components is
L F, =F
2
cos 30 - F; cos30
c
=0
LF, = F; - F
2
sin 30 - F, sin30" =0
The magnitude of eaeh of these three forces is
F = k Qq = k-g!L
r" {O.577a/
The geometry of this situation is such that 1mv negative Cf
requirement.
-. x / I
a./
/
../ F1
/ , .. ".,. v
/ .-'"
a

+Q

will satisfy the equilibrium
n --7 p + e + ? On the left side the neutron is neutral, therefore, the total charge on the right of
the arrow must add to zero. Because the proton and electron have charges +e and - e, respectively.
the charge on the missing particle must be equal to zero.
fl +- --7 P +7[ 0 + '? The particle on the left has a charge of +-2e. On the right, the proton is +e the
11 particle is neutral. The missing particle must have a charge of+e to give a total charge on the
right equal to that on the left.
fl' --7 n + ? The particle on the left has a charge of -re. On the right the neutron has zero charge ,
so the missing particle must have a charge o1'-e to give a total charge on the right equal to that on
the left.
7[- --7 II + ? The 11 and particles both have a charge -e, so the missing particle must have
zero charge .
170