MINE480 MineWasteManagement MINE590Q AdvancedMineWaste Management

Term2 2013 Lecture1,Part2 WaterDamsandTailingsManagement Facilities

DirkvanZyl NormanB.KeevilInstituteofMiningEngineering dvanzyl@mining.ubc.ca (604)8273462

Outline
Characteristicsofwaterdams Comparisonbetweenwaterdamsandtailings managementfacilities Regulatoryaspects Codesofpractice Riskassessmentandmanagement

CharacteristicsofWaterDams
Containwaterforoneormorepurposes:
Hydropower Irrigation Watersupplytocities

Siteselectionanddesigncantakealongtime,very carefulsiteinvestigations,etc. Constructioniscompletedinafewyearsandwateris thenimpounded Firstfillingisacriticalperiod Expectedlifeoffacility50+,100+years? Maintenanceonanongoingbasisasnecessary

WaterDamsvs.TailingsManagement Facilities(TMF)
WaterDams Designandconstructovera relativelyshortperiod Typicallyonedesignerand contractor Constructioncompleted beforefulloperations Lifeofstructure50+,100+ years Storecleanwater TMF Designandconstructed overthelifeofthemine Canhavemultipledesigners andcontractors Constructionongoing duringfulloperations Lifeofstructureisoperating lifeofmineplusclosure Storewaterimpactedby reagentsandminerals

RegulatoryAspects
Damsafetyregulationsestablishedalongtime beforethatfortailingsmanagement Damsafetyregulationsadministeredbyaspecial branchofajurisdictiondealingwithallaspectsof water,e.g.theWaterStewardshipDivisionofthe BCMinistryofEnvironmentortheSate EngineersofficeinmanyUSStates. Regulationsfocusedondamheightandcapacity, e.g.higherthan10feetandstoringmorethan50 acrefeetofwater

RegulatoryAspects(2)
InsomejurisdictionsaTMFisconsidereda damandthiscanresultindifficultieswith interpretations:
TheheightofaTMF(measuredfromwhere?) Theamountofwaterstored(ortheamountof slurrystored) Whathappenstothepermitafterclosure(water covervs.nowatercover)?

DamSafetyGuidelines
CanadianDamSafetyAssociation FederalEmergencyManagementAssociation intheUS InternationalCommissiononLargeDams manyusefulpublications

WhatisRisk?
Whatcangowrong? Howcanitgowrong? Whataretheconsequences?

MakingitMoreAnalytical
Risk=hazardandpathwayxconsequences

Risk=likelihoodofoccurrencexconsequences

Example
Evaluatetheriskofaninjurywhencrossinganice packedroad:
Definethehazards Considerthepathway howwillthehazardresultina failureandhowwillthatdevelop(thecomponentsofthe failure)? Estimatethelikelihoodofthefailure Whataretheconsequencesofthefailure? Howdoesthattranslateintorisk?

UsingDescriptive/Qualitative Methods

FailureModesandEffectsAnalysis(FMEA)
Performedbyateamofexperts Definetheboundariesoftheproject
Physical
Limittoareathatwillimpactspecificfailures,e.g.atailings impoundmentwithallassociatedfacilities

Temporal
Lifecyclestageoffacility,e.g.operationsandclosure

Agreeonthedefinitionsoflikelihood,consequences andconfidencelimits Identifythefailuremodes CompletetheFMEAmatrix

FMEA(2)
CanperformtheFMEAassumingonlythe availabilityfailuremitigationsinplace CanalsoperformFMEAafterfurtherrisk management,i.e.obtaintheresidualrisk

Likelihood of Event Occurring

Consequence Matrix
Le vel
1

Rating Estimated Cost

Insignificant > $1,000

Health & Safety

First Aid Injury Nuisance value

Environmental
No or very low environmental impact. Impact confined to small area.

Community
Isolated complaint. No media inquiry.

Operational
Loss equivalent to 1 hour of production interruption. Routine wear and tear of screen panels at crusher requires change out. Loss equivalent to 6 hours of production interruption. Metal tooth on loader bucket comes loose while feeding crusher. Crusher plugged and tooth has to be cut out of crusher. Loss equivalent to 12 hours of production interruption. The pressure oxidation vessel develops a small leak in the brick liner.

Security
Infractions: Violations of internal policies and procedures. No personal injury of property damage.

Legal Compliance
Minor technical/legal compliance issue unlikely to attract a regulatory response.

Minor > $10,000

Medical Treatment Injury Restricted Work Injury Single Lost Time Injury

Low environmental impact. Rapid cleanup by site staff and/or contractors. Impact contained to area currently impacted by operations. Moderate environmental impact. Cleanup by site staff and/or contractors. Impact confined within lease boundary.

Small numbers of sporadic complaints. Local media inquiries.

Minor Criminal Offences. Example: Trespassing, Theft under $5000.00, Minor Property Damage, etc.

Technical/legal compliance issue which may attract a low-level administrative response from regulator. Incident requires reporting in routine reports (e.g. monthly). Breach of regulation with possible prosecution and penalties. Continuing occurrences of minor breaches. Incident requires immediate (within 48 hours) notification. Major breach of regulation resulting in investigation by regulator. Prosecution, penalties or other action likely.

Moderate > $100,000

Serious rate of complaints, repeated complaints from the same area (clustering). Increased local media interest.

Appreciable property damage. Theft over $10,000.00 value. Low intensity civil unrest

Major > $1,000,000

Multiple Lost Time Injuries Admission to intensive care unit or equivalent. Serious, chronic, long term effects. Fatality(s) or permanent disability.

Major environmental impact. Considerable cleanup effort required using site and external resources. Impact may extend beyond the lease boundary.

Increasing rate of complaints, repeated complaints from the same area (clustering). Increased local/ national media interest.

Loss equivalent to 3-7 days of production interruption. A critical piece of environmental control equipment for gas cleaning at the roaster facility fails and requires replacement. Ground fall at the open pit closes of access road and buries equipment.

Significant property damage resulting in operational shut down. Significant Criminal offences committed against persons. High intensity civil unrest. High level fraud or embezzlement

Catastrophic >$10,000,000

Severe environmental impact. Local species destruction and likely long recovery period. Extensive cleanup involving external resources. Impact on a regional scale.

High level of concern or interest from local community. National and/or international media interest.

Loss equivalent to more than a week of production interruption. Pressure oxidation vessel fails and depressurizes. Ground fall at an underground heading causes loss of entire heading.

Major criminal offences. Multiple fatalities. Forced evacuation of all personnel.

Serious breach of regulation resulting in investigation by regulator. Operation suspended, licenses revoked.

Risk Matrix

Level of Confidence

Confidence Level Low

Description Do not have confidence in the estimate or ability to control during operations. Have some confidence in the estimate or ability to control during operations, conceptual level analyses. Have lots of confidence in the estimate or ability to control during operations, detailed analyses following a high standard of care.

Medium

High

ProbabilityofFailure
Forslopestabilityorothersimilaranalyses wheretheresultsareexpressedinafactorof safety(FS): pf =P(FS<1)

Reliability
ProbabilityofFailure(pf)+Reliability(R)=1 Then: R=1 pf

RiskAssessmentandManagementfor WaterDams
Manycasehistoriesonsuccessesandfailures ofwaterdams Statisticalfailurerateofwaterdamsinthe orderof1x104failuresperdamyear DamSafetyRiskAnalysis

http://foboni.wordpress.com/2011/09/

RiskManagement
Inprinciple:managethecomponentsoftherisk:
Managethehazard Managethefailureflowpath,howitoccurs Managetheconsequences

Riskmanagementfordams:
Highqualitysitecharacterizationanddesign Useofreviewpanel Constructiondetails Instrumentationandmonitoring Regularmaintenance

Figure4:ProtectionZoneDistancesforMiningNearaDam

Maximum Offset Distance (All Conditions) 3000 ft. Minimum Offset Distance 2000 ft. Dam

65
Normal Mining Permitted Minimum Offset Distance Incereases with Depth

45

No Mining Permitted To Protect Dam

Mining Permitted Under Guidelines for Dam Offset Distance

Figure3:ProtectionZoneDistancesforMiningNearaDamandUnderA ReservoirRimandFoundation
Maximum Offset Distance (All Conditions) 3000 ft. Minimum Offset Distance 2000 ft.

High Water Mark Impounded Surface Water Mining Permitted Under Guidelines for Extraction Depth

Dam No Mining Permitted Minimum Extraction Depth 30t + 400 ft.

45

65
Minimum Offset Distance Incereases with Depth

Extraction Depth from Lowest Elevation of Reservoir Floor

No Mining Permitted To Protect Dam

Mining Permitted Under Guidelines for Dam Offset Distance and Extraction Depth

Maximum Extraction Depth 60t + 400 ft.

Mining Permitted Under Guidelines for Dam Offset Distance * t = Seam Thickness