CHAPTER 17 HOW DO ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS WORK? TERMS AND DEFINITIONS.

Electronics- It deals with utilizing the flow of electrons for devices or systems, specifically in telecommunications and computers Resistors- are electronic components that keep current and voltage at the level that other electronic components need to function properly. Capacitor- is a device that stores electric charge. Doping- the process of deliberately adding very small amounts of impurities or foreign substances to an otherwise pure substance Dopants- the impurities in doping Diodes- are the simplest semiconductor device. It allows a current to pass through it in only one direction. Integrated Circuit- combines transistors and diodes with resistors and capacitors on one silicon chip. Logic gates- Logic Circuits make use of these to represent switch conditions. These are represented by different symbols. Transistor- looks like two diodes joined back to back. Dielectric- these are two conducting plates separated by a thin insulating layer LAWS/ PRINCIPLES Resistors. A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickelchrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits. Capacitors. A capacitor is a device that stores charge and energy. It consists of two conductors or plates that are near one another, but not touching. The insulating material included between the plates of a capacitor is called a dielectric. Logic Gates. A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and generally does, change often, as the circuit processes data. In most logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V). There are six basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND and NOR. The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called "true," the gate acts in the same way as the logical "and" operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.) The output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "false." The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion of the logical inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or both of the inputs are "true." If both inputs are "false," then the output is "false." The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as the logical "either/or." The output is "true" if either, but not both, of the inputs are "true." The output is "false" if both inputs are "false" or if

both inputs are "true." Another way of looking at this circuit is to observe that the output is 1 if the inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs are the same. A logical inverter , sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from other types of electronic inverter devices, has only one input. It reverses the logic state. The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the manner of the logical operation "and" followed by negation. The output is "false" if both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "true." The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if both inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output is "false." APPLICATIONS The physics of heart pacemakers. The charging/discharging of a capacitor has many applications. Heart pacemakers, for instance, incorporate RC circuits to control the timing of voltage pulses that are delivered to a malfunctioning heart to regulate its beating cycle. The pulses are delivered by electrodes attached externally to the chest or located internally near the heart when the pacemaker is implanted surgically. A voltage pulse is delivered when the capacitor discharges to a preset level, following which the capacitor is recharged rapidly and the cycle repeats. The value of the time constant RC controls the pulsing rate, which is about once per second. The physics of windshield wipers. The charging/discharging of a capacitor is also used in automobiles that have windshield wipers equipped for intermittent operation during a light drizzle. In this mode of operation, the wipers remain off for a while and then turn on briefly. The timing of the on off cycle is determined by the time constant of a resistor capacitor combination. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A device that stores electric charge. a. Capacitor b. resistor

c. inductor

d. diode

2. The following describes the OR gate except: a. If A is 1 OR B is 1, then Q is 1. b. The circuit involved is in series. c. The mathematical equation for an OR gate is Q = A + B d. None of these. 3. The following describes the AND gate except: a. If A and B are both 1, then Q is 1. b. The circuit involved is in series. c. The mathematical equation for AND gate is Q = A + B d. None of these. 4. It combines transistors and diodes with resistors on one silicon chip. a. Capacitor b. logic circuits c. inductor

d. integrated circuit

5. Which of the following is not correct? a. Resistors with the gold band are the best. b. The number 0 is assigned to black. c. Tolerance is given by the extra letter at the end of a resistor. d. To read the color code of a resistor, start at the rightmost part and read it from right to left.