LECTURE 2 MARCH 2013

1. . (GPS) . ? change the way we live; change our lives ? . are products of decades of basic research Decades of research is behind ? . Lets consider location tracking.; One example is location tracking. ? (GPS) Smartphones have GPS receivers that Smartphones come with GPS receivers that ? . can pinpoint the exact location/ position of the user ? 24 GPS 3 receive signals from three of the 24 GPS satellites orbiting Earth ? . Exact locations can be determined thanks to atomic clocks that are because every GPS satellite is equipped with an atomic clock. ? 60 It took more than 60 years for atomic clock technology to give birth to Atomic clock technology could be applied to over 60 years after its invention. ? . The process usually requires large amounts of scientific and engineering efforts that link A and B. The process involves numerous intermediate research efforts. 1. < VERSION 1 > Smartphone applications are becoming increasingly convenient. They are even chan ging our lives. Such powerful features are products of decades of basic research . Lets consider location tracking. Smartphones have GPS receivers that can pinpoint the exact position of the user. The GPS receiver determines its position by receiving signals from three of the 24 GPS satellites orbiting Earth. Locations can be determined with precision th anks to the atomic clocks installed in every GPS satellite. It took more than 60 years for atomic clock technology to give birth to the location tracking featur e of smartphones. It takes a long time for basic research to produce practical b enefits because the results of basic science are not directly applicable to ever yday problems. The process usually requires large amounts of scientific and engi neering efforts that link basic research and real-life applications.

< VERSION 2 > Increasingly convenient smartphone apps are changing our lives. Decades of resea rch is behind those powerful features. One example is location tracking. Smartphones come with GPS receivers that determine their locations by using sign als from three of the 24 GPS satellites orbiting Earth. Precise pinpointing is p ossible because every GPS satellite is equipped with an atomic clock. More than 60 years intervened between the invention of the atomic clock and location track ing smartphones. It takes so long to translate basic research into real-life ben efits because the process involves numerous intermediate research efforts and in novations.

2. . . ? What has made German education a success story is German education has been so successful because ? doesnt focus only on high-performing students ? . Rather than , German education tries to . It is more important to than to ? 1% help the top 1% of students do even better ? make sure that struggling students are not left behind help struggling students keep up ? . The kind of competition we commonly see in Korean schools is rare in Germany. ? dont produce many exceptionally talented students ? a large pool of above-average workers with mid to high levels of education ? The existence of a large pool of workers with basic skills ? is proving especially valuable ? Germany is an exception ? 30 7.9% was 7.9%, the third lowest among the 30 OECD member countries was 7.9%, the third lowest in the 30-member OECD 2. < VERSION 1 > What has made German education a success story is the fact that it doesnt focus on ly on high-performing students. Rather than trying to help the top 1% do even be tter, German education tries to make sure that struggling students are not left behind. Schools show no favoritism toward high-performing students. The kind of competition we commonly see in Korean schools is rare in Germany. There are no s chool rankings, which are common in South Korea. The result is that, although Ge rman schools dont produce many exceptionally talented students, they have created a large pool of people with above average ability. The existence of a large pool of workers with basic skills is proving especially valuable in this crisis. While most European countries are struggling with high youth unemployment, Germany is an exception. In March last year, Germany record ed a youth unemployment rate of 7.9%, the third lowest among the 30 OECD member countries. The two countries with lower figures were Switzerland (7.5%), which h as a similar education system, and Norway (7.6%), which has a small economy. Fra

nce and the U.K, the rivals of Germany, recorded 21.8% and 21.9%, respectively. < VERSION 2 > German education has been so successful because it doesnt focus only on high-achie ving students. It is more important to help struggling students keep up than to help the top 1% do even better. Schools dont play favorites with students based on academic performance. Competition, a big part of school life in Korea, is almos t absent among German students. There are no school rankings like the ones that are familiar to Koreans. As a result, Germany doesnt produce many exceptionally ta lented people, but it has a large pool of above-average workers with mid to high levels of education. The large pool of workers with basic skills is proving especially valuable in th is crisis, shielding Germany from high youth unemployment, which has been plagui ng most European nations. Youth unemployment stood at 7.9% in Germany in March l ast year, the third lowest rate in the 30-member OECD. Only two countries fared better: Switzerland (7.5%), which has a similar education system, and Norway (7. 6%), which has a small economy. France and the U.K., Germanys key rivals, recorded 21.8% and 21.9%, respectively