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A computer network is a system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices. It is the association or interconnection among different computers in order to share the several resources like files, data, information, storage medias, printers etc.
Communication:
Communication is the term about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver. Communication is an act of transmitting messages.
Network Architectures:
Network architecture is the overall design of the computer network that describes how a computer network is configured and what strategies are being used. The architecture mainly focuses on the functions of the networks. The network architecture is also known as network model and network design. The major two types of computer network architecture are: Client/Server and Peer-to-peer architectures.
Modulation Techniques
Modulation techniques are methods that are used to encode digital information in an analog world. The 3 basic modulation techniques are as follows: o AM (amplitude modulation)
o o
All 3 modulation techniques employ a carrier signal. A carrier signal is a single frequency that is used to carry the intelligence (data). For digital, the intelligence is either a 1 or 0. When we modulate the carrier, we are changing its characteristics to correspond to either a 1 or 0. AM - Amplitude Modulation Amplitude Modulation modifies the amplitude of the carrier to represent 1s or 0s.In the above example, a 1 is represented by the presence of the carrier for a predefined period of 3 cycles of carrier. Absence--or no carrier--indicates a 0. Advantages: Simple to design. Disadvantages: Noise spikes on transmission medium interfere with the carrier signal. Loss of connection is read as 0s. FM - Frequency Modulation Frequency Modulation modifies the frequency of the carrier to represent the 1s or 0s. In the above example, a 0 is represented by the original carrier frequency, and a 1 by a much higher frequency (the cycles are spaced closer together). Advantages: Immunity to noise on transmission medium. Always a signal present. Loss of signal easily detected Disadvantages: Requires 2 frequencies Detection circuit needs to recognize both frequencies when signal is lost. PM - Phase Modulation Phase Modulation modifies the phase of the carrier to represent a 1 or 0. The carrier phase is switched at every occurrence of a 1 bit, but remains unaffected for a 0 bit. The phase of the signal is measured relative to the phase of the preceding bit. The bits are timed to coincide with a specific number of carrier cycles (3 in this example = 1 bit). Advantage: Only 1 frequency used Easy to detect loss of carrier Disadvantages: Complex circuitry that is required to generate and detect phase changes.