MCR 3U0

UNIT 1: FUNCTIONS LESSON: Relations, Functions, and Function Notation

RELATIONS
A RELATION is a set of ordered pairs. Each ordered pair has an x-coordinate (independent variable) and a y-coordinate (dependent variable), and is written as (x, y). Set brackets

A relation can be represented in various ways: 1. A set of ordered pairs. E.g. { (1, 2), (3, 0), ( 4, 3)} 2. An equation. E.g. y = 2 x + 4 3. A graph.

4. A table of values.

x 2 1 0 1 2

y 8 1 0 1 8

5. A mapping or arrow diagram, which shows the x-values producing the y-values. From the set { (0, 5), (2, 10), (5, 3), (2, 6)} , the following diagram would be created: 0 2 5 3 5 6 10

For relations, the set of all possible x-values forms the DOMAIN and the set of all possible y-values forms the RANGE.

FUNCTIONS
A FUNCTION is a special type of relation where for every x-value, there is only ONE y-value. For example, the relation { (3, 1), (2, 0), (1, 2), (3, 4)} is NOT a function... ...because for x = 3, there are two different y-values However, the relation { (2, 5), (3, 9), (1, 1), (2, 5)} IS a function, because every x-value has a different/distinct y-value. To determine whether a relation is a function when given a graph, we can use the VERTICAL LINE TEST. If a vertical line drawn ANYWHERE on the graph hits the

relation more than once, the relation is NOT a function (since the relation would have two y-values for that x-value). Example 1: Determine if each of the following relations are functions: a) b) c) d)
6 5 4 3 2 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 1 2 3 4 5 6

NOT A FUNCTION

FUNCTION

NOT A FUNCTION

NOT A FUNCTION

FUNCTION NOTATION

Equations can be written in FUNCTION NOTATION, where y = f ( x ) . f ( x) is read as f of x or f at x and means the value of the function when x equals the value given. Letters other than f may be used (g, h, etc.)

Example 2: Convert the following equations to function notation. a) y = t 2 + 6 h(t ) = t 2 + 6 c) y = 2 x 2 f ( x ) = 2 x 2 Example 3: If f ( x ) = 2 x + 1 , find f ( 5) . Example 4: If f ( x) = x + 5 and g ( x) = 10 x 6 , find: 2 a) f ( x ) + g ( x ) b) 2 f ( x ) g ( x ) b) y =

b 6 g (b) = b 6

f ( x) = 2 x + 1 f (5) = 2(5) + 1 = 10 + 1 = 9
Example 5: If p (t ) = 3t 2 2t + 1 , find p (t + 2) .

= ( x + 5) + (10 x 6) = 11x 1

= [ 2( x + 5)] 10( x 2 ) 6 = 2 x + 10 10 x 2 + 6 = 10 x 2 + 2 x + 16

Example 6: Find x, if f ( x) = 2 x 18 , given that f ( x ) = 6 .

p (t + 2) = 3(t + 2) 2 2(t + 2) + 1 = 3(t 2 + 4t + 4) 2t 4 + 1 = 3t 2 + 12t + 12 2t 4 + 1 = 3t 2 + 10t + 9

f ( x ) = 2 x 18 6 = 2 x 18 6 + 18 = 2 x 24 = 2 x 12 = x