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t hurt let put shut bet cost cut hit hurt let put shut Simple Past Past Participle bet cost cut hit hurt let put shut
Group 2 The 2nd and 3rd forms of the verb are the same Base Form lose lost Simple Past Past Participle lost shot got lit sat kept
keep kept
sleep slept slept feel felt felt left met brought bought
fight foughtfought think thought catch caught teach taught sell tell pay sold told paid sold told paid thought caught taught
make made made stand stood stood understand understood understood lend lent lent sent
send sent
have had
hear heard heard hold read say held held read (pronounced red)
Group 3 All three forms of the verb are different Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
rise
rose
risen
speak spoke spoken wake woke woken blow blew blown grow grew grown know knew known fly flew flown
draw drew drawn show showed wear wore worn tear tore torn shown
begin began begun drink drank drunk swim swam swum ring sing eat fall rang rung sang sung ate fell eaten fallen
take
took
taken
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How to Study Irregular Verbs Table Most verbs in English are regular verbs, meaning that they add the ed ending to form both the simple past and the past participle forms, which are identical, such as play-played-played. However, there is a considerable number of irregular verbs (about 450, but only about 200 are in common use) that form their simple past and past participle forms with a vowel change, such as in see-saw-seen (see table below). Some irregular verbs do not change form at all (let-let-let). Irregular verbs originate mostly from Old English, while any new verb coined in later periods tends to be regular. Still, the ten most used verbs in English are irregular.
Another distinction is between weak and strong verbs. In weak verbs, the simple past and past participle forms are identical, bearing a d or t ending (buy-boughtbought). In strong verbs the simple past and past participle are usually distinct, with the past participle having an en ending (speak-spoke-spoken). The classification of verbs to weak and strong in Modern English is less important for learners, so you can suffice with the regular-irregular distinction. A user-friendly way to study English irregular verbs:
Regardless of the linguistic distinctions and classifications, which tend to be too complicated for learners, we suggest that you use the following tables, clustering together irregular verbs with similar change patterns in small groups. This kind of clustering aids your memory, which will strengthen with practice. Read through the tables and make note of the verbs you find useful for your purposes. You could also read the table headings if it helps you, or simply focus on the verbs themselves. You may consider creating flash cards with the different groups and study them, as explained on our vocabulary strategies pages. Remember that for looking up irregulars verbs after you have learned them, you have an alphabetical list in any dictionary for easy referencing.
You may notice that in some verb parts there are two correct forms. A general rule of thumb here is that the regular verb option (with ed, no vowel change) is more commonly used in American English, whereas the irregular option (vowel change) is
still in use in British English. Moreover, there may also be finer nuances in meaning pertaining to the usage of the former or the latter. In any case, consult your dictionary if you are not sure about the exact usage.
The following irregular verb tables are sorted according to V1,V2, and V3 forms. Here is a quick reminder for these verb forms:
Uses of the 3 main verb forms: V1=base form Present Simple I write in English every day.
Future Simple
I will write an English essay tomorrow. V2=Past Simple V3=Past participle passive forms passive adjective I have already written my English paper. Past Simple only! perfect tenses Yesterday, I wrote 2 poems in English.
This novel was written by Charles Dickens. This story is well-written. Category 1: irregular ending with no vowel change, V2=V3 group 1: d ending changes to t, ent changes to end bend build lend send spend creep feed feel bent built lent sent spent crept fed felt fed felt bent built lent sent spent crept
kept
knelt \ kneeled met slept swept wept left met slept swept wept left
group 2: the verbs have and make have \ has make had had made
made
group 3: regular (V2, V3) in US English, irregular in UK English learn burn dwell smell spell spill spoil dream lean learned \ learnt burned \ burnt dwelled \ dwelt smelled \ smelt spelled \ spelt spilled \ spilt spoiled \ spoilt learned \ learnt burned \ burnt dwelled \ dwelt smelled \ smelt spelled \ spelt spilled \ spilt spoiled \ spoilt dreamed \ dreamt
leaned \ leant
(the table, clothes, eggs) pay say paid *said *said laid laid
paid
(/sed/) (/sed/)
group 6: different pronunciation of the same vowel d or t ending deal leap mean read hear dealt leapt dealt leapt meant read (/red/)
meant
heard
group 7: ell turns to old sell tell sold told sold told
group 8: vowel change with ought (or *aught) ending d or t ending bring buy fight seek think brought bought fought sought thought brought bought fought sought thought
*catch *teach
caught taught
caught taught
group 9: Verbs that do not change d or t ending bet bet bet bid bid
bid (to offer) broadcast broadcasted broadcasted burst cost cut fit burst cost cut fit
broadcast \ broadcast \
burst cost
cut
(was the right size) fitted (tailored, changed size) (was the right size) fitted (tailored, changed size) hit hurt let put hit hurt let put hit hurt let put fit
set shut
set shut
spread quit
Category 4: Vowel change, V3 ending with (e)n group 10: V2 and V3 with long /o / sound break choose freeze speak steal awake wake weave broke chose froze spoke stole broken chosen frozen spoken stolen awoken \ awaked
woken \ waked
group 11: V2 long o sound, V3 shirt /i/ sound arise rise *ride drive *write arose rose rode drove wrote arisen risen *ridden driven *written
group 12: The following verbs: *bite *hide bit hid *bitten *hidden
eat give
ate gave
forgave forbad(e)
( to command, farewell) * forget get shake take see beat fall lie ( down to rest) lay got forgot
bade
*bidden
*forgotten
lain
Pay attention! Do not confuse lie (tell a lie, regular), lie (down to rest, irregular), and lay (the table, irregular).
*lie (tell a lie) lie (down to rest) lay (the table, eggs) laid laid lay lain lied lied
group 13: the ear-ore-orn pattern bear swear tear wear bore born sworn
worn
group 14: V1 with ow, V2 with ew, V3 with own blow blew blown
grow
grew
grown
know
knew
known
throw
threw
thrown
fly draw
flew drew
flown *drawn
Category 5: regular V2, regular or irregular V3 group 15 show sow mow swell sew *shine showed sowed mowed swelled sewed showed \ shown sowed \ sown mowed \ mown swelled \ swollen sewed \ sewn
shined
shined
shone
shone
Category 6: vowel change, no ending, V2=V3 group 16: vowel change pattern, no ending dig stick spin sting strike swing *hang (a man) *hang (a picture) slide light shoot slid hung slid lighted \ lit hung hanged hanged dug stuck spun stung struck swung dug stuck spun stung struck swung
group 17: vowel change pattern i - ou - ou bind find grind wind bound found ground wound bound found ground wound
group 18: vowel change ee - e - e bleed feed flee *lead *speed bled fed fled led bled fed fled led speeded \ sped
speeded \ sped
Category 7: The craziest verbs! group 19: vowel change pattern i - a - u begin drink ring shrink sing sink spin spring swim began drank rang begun drunk rung shrunk
group 20: vowel change, V1=V3 come become run ran came come become
became run
am is are was were go *dive (jumped head first) *dive (scuba-diving) do can may hold stand did dived dived dove dived been went gone was
done
could might held stood held stood understood sat babysat won lost babysat understood
won lost
Summary