GPS World

www.gpsworld.
com December 2012 | GPS World 3

December 2012
VOL. 23, NUMBER 12
gpsworld.com
COVER STORY
Plans Set in Motion for GPS 14
GPS Directorate: Receivers Will Operate in Environments Impossible
Today
By Col. Bernie Gruber
GLONASS Today and Tomorrow 16
Fully Operational System Modernizes for the Multi-GNSS World
By Vitaly Davydov and Sergey Revnivykh
Galileo and GNSS to the Fore 18
Activities of the European Navigation Support Office
By Werner Enderle
Dealing with Interference 30
A Proactive Approach for More Efficient Spectrum Use
By Javad Ashjaee
Doing More with Less 32
Affordability, Capability, and Back-to-Basics Acquisition
By Keoki Jackson
The Future of GNSS Security 34
Threat Development Parallels Information/Communication
Technology
By Oscar Pozzobon
DIRECTIONS 2013
Key experts on the major GNSSs assess where we stand, and look to the future.
Out in Front 6
If We Only Know Then What We Dont Know Now
By Alan Cameron
THE SYSTEM 8
Patent Attempt on GPS, Galileo Signals Appears Done;
Lockheed Martin Logs Enviro OK on GPS III Sat; Galileo
IOV Satellites in Position; Our First Mistake
THE BUSINESS 10
Hemisphere Cuts Non-Agriculture Business; u-blox
Acquires Fastrax; Trimbles Yuma 2 Tablet; Jammer
Hotline; National Instruments Launches Module; Nokia to
Acquire earthmine 3-D; Tablets, Cameras Big; and more
NEWSLETTER EXCERPT 50
OCX Still Viable
By Don Jewell
OPINIONS & DEPARTMENTS
THE ALMANAC
Constellation Charts 47
Orbit Data and Resources
on Active GNSS Satellites
THE ALMANAC
Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems
SBAS SATELLITE ORBIT LONGITUDE PRN NO. NOTES
EGNOS Inmarsat-3-F2/AOR-E 15.5 W Artemis
1. The first GLONASS satellite was launched
October 12, 1982. 2. The GLONASS numbering scheme used
in this table includes the eight dummy
satellites orbited as ballast along with real satellites on the first seven GLONASS
launches. The second number (in parentheses) in the GLONASS Number
column is that assigned by the Russian
Space Forces. 3. The Russian Federation designated the
Kosmos Number. 4. GLONASS numbers 194 have been withdrawn from service. 5. All operational satellites are GLONASS-M
satellites, except GLONASS 125, which is a
GLONASS-K1 satellite. 6. All launch and usable dates are based on
Moscow Time (Universal Time + 3 hours).
7. Almanac/slot numbers in parentheses indicate the physical orbital slot of reserve/
test satellites or those in maintenance and
not in the almanac.
8. Channel number k indicates L1 and L2
carrier frequencies: L1 = 1,602 + 0.5625 k
(MHz); L2 = 1,246 + 0.4375 k (MHz). 9. All GLONASS satellites use cesium atomic
clocks. 10. Twenty-four GLONASS satellites are set
healthy. 11. The latest GLONASS launch (of a single
satellite) was on November 28, 2011. The
next launch is scheduled for 2012. 12. New GLONASS channel allocations were
introduced September 1993 to reduce interference to radio astronomy. Note the use of the same channel on pairs of
antipodal satellites. 13. GPS World believes this information to be
correct as of press time. However, because
of the satellite constellations evolving nature, we encourage readers to contact the
GLONASS sources listed on these pages for
more current information. 14. Information compiled by Richard Langley. A. GLONASS 95 was switched from a reserve to an
active satellite on October 23, 2012. B. GLONASS 100 is a reserve satellite. C. GLONASS 108 is a reserve satellite. D. GLONASS 112 remains in maintenance mode.
E. GLONASS 113 remains in maintenance mode.
F. GLONASS 115 was switched to maintenance
mode on September 9, 2012.
G. GLONASS 125 ceased transmissions on its
assigned channel on November 30, 2011
and was removed from the almanac. It was
reactivated by early April 2012 but does not
appear in the almanac. It identifies itself as
satellite 26 in its broadcast ephemeris. H. GLONASS 127 was set healthy between September 20, 2012 and O t b using l
General Notes:
Performance Notes:
GLONASS
NUMBER
KOSMOS
NUMBER LAUNCHED USABLE
ALMANAC/
SLOT CHANNEL
ORBIT
PLANE NOTES
95 (712) 2413 12-26-04 10-23-12 8 6 1 A
100 (714) 2419 12-25-05
(17)
3 B
101 (715) 2424 12-25-06 4-3-07 14 -7 2
102 (716) 2425 12-25-06 10-12-07 15 0 2
103 (717) 2426 12-25-06 4-3-07 10 -7 2
105 (719) 2432 10-26-07 11-27-07 20 2 3
106 (720) 2433 10-26-07 11-25-07 19 3 3
107 (721) 2434 12-25-07 2-8-08 13 -2 2
108 (722) 2435 12-25-07
(14)
2 C
109 (723) 2436 12-25-07 1-22-08 11 0 2
110 (724) 2442 9-25-08 10-26-08 18 -3 3
111 (725) 2443 9-25-08 11-5-08 21 4 3
112 (726) 2444 9-25-08
(22)
3 D
113 (727) 2447 12-25-08
(3)
1 E
114 (728) 2448 12-25-08 1-20-09 2 -4 1
115 (729) 2449 12-25-08 2-12-09 (8) 6 1 F
GLONASS
NUMBER
KOSMOS
ALMANAC/
SLOT CHANNEL
ORBIT
PLANE NOTES
116(730) 2456 12-14-09 1-30-10 1 1 1
117(733) 2457 12-14-09 1-24-10 6 -4 1
118(734) 2458 12-14-09 1-10-10 5 1 1
119(731) 2459 3-1-10 3-28-10 22 -3 3
120(732) 2460 3-1-10 3-28-10 23 3 3
121(735) 2461 3-1-10 3-28-10 24 2 3
122(736) 2464 9-2-10 10-4-10 9 -2 2
123(737) 2465 9-2-10 10-12-10 12 -1 2
124(738) 2466 9-2-10 10-11-10 16 -1 2
125(701) 2471 2-26-11
(21) -5 3 G
126 (742) 2474 10-2-11 10-25-11 4 6 1
127 (743) 2475 11-4-11
(2)
1 H
128 (744) 2476 11-4-11 12-8-11 3 5 1
129 (745) 2477 11-4-11 12-23-11 7 5 1
130 (746) 2478 11-28-11 12-23-11 17 4 3
GLONASS Constellation
GLONASS Satellite & System Information
InformationAnalytical Center (IAC) www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/ The InformationAnalytical Center (IAC) of the Russian Space Agency publishes official information
about GLONASS status and plans as well as consultation, information, and scientific-method
services to increase GLONASS applications efficiency. It provides current constellations, Earth maps
of the current and daily navigation availabilities, results of GNSS navigation field monitoring in the
Moscow area in a real-time mode, and other data. For more information: IAC, Mission Control
Center, e-mail glonass-ianc@mcc.rsa.ru.
THE GLONASS-K Satellite.
Orbit Data and Resources on Active GNSS Satellites
A
LM
A
N
A
C
THE
1. SV Number refers to space vehicle number.
PRN Number refers to the satellites unique
pseudorandom noise code. 2. Clock: Rb = rubidium; Cs = cesium. 3. Launched and Usable dates are based on
Universal Time. 4. The current GPS constellation consists of 9
usable Block IIA satellites, 12 Block IIRs, 7 Block
IIR-Ms, and 3 Block IIF for a total of 31 satellites
and is under FOC (Full Operational Capability).
The constellation is in the 24+3 (or Expandable
24) configuration with satellites occupying
the fore and aft bifuracted slots in the B, D,
and F planes. There are currently four reserve
satellites, SVNs 27, 32, 37, and 49 near slots A1,
F1, C1, and B1-F, respectively. SVN49 resumed
transmitting signals, this time as PRN27, on
October 18, 2012, but is not set healthy and not
included in broadcast almanacs. 5. SVN35 and 36 carry onboard corner-cube
reflectors for satellite laser ranging (SLR). SLR
tracking of the satellites permits analysts to
differentiate between onboard clock errors and
satellite ephemeris errors in GPS tracking. 6. Selective availability (SA) was set to zero on all
satellites by presidential order on May 2, 2000
at approximately 4:00 UT. Previous Almanacs
provide a history of SA status. 7. Antispoofing (AS) was activated on January 31,
1994, on all Block IIs. AS is occasionally off for
testing and other purposes. Previous Almanacs
provide a history of AS status. 8. The design life and mean-mission duration
goals of the Block IIA, IIR, and IIF satellites are
7.5 and 6 years, 10 and 7.5 years, and 12 and
9.9 years, respectively. 9. GPS World believes this information to be cor-
rect as of press time. However, because of the
satellite constellations evolving nature, readers
should contact GPS information services listed
on these pages for more current data. 10. Dr. Richard Langley of the University of New
Brunswick provided the GPS satellite status
information and compiled th
General Notes:
Perform A. SVN27/PRN27 d
GPS Satellite & System Information
International GNSS Service (IGS) www.igs.org; ftp://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov; http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/organization/centers.html
The foundation of IGS is a global network of more than 350 permanent, continuously
operating, geodetic-quality GPS and GPS/GLONASS sites. Ten analysis centers regularly
process the data and contribute products to the analysis center coordinator, who
produces the ofcial IGS combined orbit and clock products. For more information:
Contact International GNSS Service Central Bureau, Jet Propulsion Lab MS 238-540, Pas-
adena, CA 91109 USA; phone (818) 354-2077, fax (818) 393-6686, email cb@igs.org.
National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation & Timing
www.pnt.gov
The EXCOM advises senior national government leadership and coordinates with
federal agencies about policy matters concerning GPS, its augmentations, and related
systems. The deputy secretaries of Defense and Transportation jointly chair the EXCOM.
The National Space-Based PNT Advisory Board operates in an independent advisory
capacity for the EXCOM as directed by the National PNT Policy and in accordance with
the Federal Advisory Committee Act. For information contact: National Coordination
Ofce for Space-Based PNT, Herbert C. Hoover Building, Rm. 2518, 1401 Constitution
Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20230, phone: 202-482-5809, fax: 202-482-4429, e-mail:
pnt.ofce@pnt.gov. DoD GPS Operations Center and 2SOPS Constellation Status
https://gps.afspc.af.mil/gpsoc/; https://gps.afspc.af mil/gps/
The U.S. Department of Defe tion S
SV # PRN # CLOCK LAUNCHED USABLE PLANE/SLOT NOTES
TYPE: Block IIA
23 32 Rb 11-26-90 2-26-08 E5
26 26 Rb 7-7-92 7-23-92 F2-F
27 27
9-9-92
A
39 09 Cs 6-26-93 7-20-93 A1
35 30 Rb 8-30-93 8-16-11 B1-F
34 04 Rb 10-26-93 11-22-93 D4
36 06 Rb 3-10-94 3-28-94 C5
33 03 Cs 3-28-96 4-9-96 C2
40 10 Cs 7-16-96 8-15-96 E6
38 08 Cs 11-6-97 12-18-97 A3
TYPE: Block IIR
43 13 Rb 7-23-97 1-31-98 F3
46 11 Rb 10-7-99 1-3-00 D2-F
51 20 Rb 5-11-00 6-1-00 E1
44 28 Rb 7-16-00 8-17-00 B3
41 14 Rb 11-10-00 12-10-00 F1
54 18 Rb 1-30-01 2-15-01 E4
GPS Constellation
56 16 Rb 1-29-03 2-18-03 B1-A
45 21 Rb 3-31-03 4-12-03 D3
47 22 Rb 12-21-03 12-1-04 E2
59 19 Rb 3-20-04 4-5-04 C3
60 23 Rb 6-23-04 7-9-04 F4
61 02 Rb 11-6-04 11-22-04 D1
TYPE: Block IIR-M
53 17 Rb 9-26-05 12-16-05 C4
52 31 Rb 9-25-06 10-12-06 A2
58 12 Rb 11-17-06 12-13-06 B4
55 15 Rb 10-17-07 10-31-07 F2-A
57 29 Rb 12-20-07 1-2-08 C1
48 07 Rb 3-15-08 3-24-08 A4
50 05 Rb 8-17-09 8-27-09 E3
TYPE: Block IIF
62 25 Rb 5-28-10 8-27-10 B2
63 01 Rb 7-16-11 10-14-11 D2-A
65 24 Rb 10-4-12 11-14-12 A5 B
LEADERSHIP AWARDS
2012
Recipients of GPS Worlds GNSS
Oscar share their thoughts.
Signals Todd Humphreys
Real-Time Kinematic in
Your Palm 38
Technology to Be Cheap and Pervasive
by 2020
Satellites Martin Unwin
Pairing LEOs with GNSS Birds 40
CYGNSS, Others Deliver Now and in Future for Global Weather Forecast
Services Waldemar Kunys
Terrestrial-Based Signals 42
A GPS Look-Alike to Compensate for Poor Indoor, Urban Availability
Products Robert Lutwak
At the Frontiers of Time 44
New Advances in Receiver Performance and Reliability
GPS World | December 2012 www.gpsworld.com 4
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Published monthly
S
ome of you have been asking
questions, and while it is
generally our business to
provide answers, in this case I simply
show these questions back to you, for
instructive purposes.
They come from the 2012 State
of the Industry Survey, reported in
the September issue. In that survey,
we posed one question whose results
were not reflected in that report. It was
What questions do you think it would
be interesting and illuminating to ask in
the 2013 State of the Industry Survey?
Herewith those questioning answers
er, those answering questions:
What effect will the aging satellite
system have, and what are you doing to
plan for an alternative?
Which industry is the most powerful
to impose its technology standard? For
example, it seems that any technology
not compatible with mobiles or tablets
is not alive anymore.
What is the estimated financial
impact that GNSS have, and how
would it affect your life if we didnt
have them?
With the technology of the GNSS
equipment constantly improving, how
important is it that the end user be a
licensed professional?
The prices of Chinese products
are they directly affecting your
sales, or are your customers taking
these low prices as a starting point for
negotiation?
Should precision and accuracy be
government regulated?
What will be the next game
changer for positioning? Will it be
all encompassing like GPS? Or will
there be multiple positioning options
depending on your need? (indoors,
urban corridor, dense vegetation,
accuracy needs, and so on).
How can the cost of modern survey
equipment be subsidized for developing
countries?
How long will multichip solutions
maintain dominance compared to
separated solutions where technological
development and cost reduction is even
faster?
How far away is a smart phone with
differential gps ability? [See page 38
for answer Ed.]
What alternative tracking
methodology will replace GPS/GNSS
as the most common?
What are the cost and practical
barriers to innovating new consumer
and business products? Are you willing
to throw away existing products to
distribute new products?
How accurate is good enough?
Is replacement of staff with technical
skills a concern?
Should the recent demonstration of
commandeer-via-spoofing have been
so widely publicized or should that
development have been classified?
Have your customers expressed
concern about GPS tracking and their
privacy?
What will it take to get RTK
GNSS receiver manufacturers to
standardize on one correction data
format? What portion of revenues is
invested in GNSS-related research and
development at your company?
What is the status of the National
PNT Architecture jointly developed by
the US DoD and DOT? Is it viable, or
is it dead?
The FCC director was on drugs
the day they granted LightSquared
bandwith true or false?
What would be the effect of a 1-hour,
If We Only Know Then
What We Dont Know Now
Inquiring minds . . . .
See If We Only Know, page 8
GPS | Galileo | GLONASS | Compass
SYSTEM
THE
O
ne of the GNSS controversies of
the past year ended, not with
a bang nor with a whimper,
but like the fog, silently creeping away
on its little cat feet. The UK patent
applications against the interoperative
GPS/Galileo signal design appear to
have been dropped.
Vague rumblings emerged
throughout spring and summer this
year that two British technologists,
backed by the U.K. Ministry Defense,
had filed patents on the future
interoperable GPS and Galileo binary-
offset carrier signal designs. If granted
and enforced, the patents would have
severely disrupted modernization
plans for both systems and levied
unexpected costs upon receiver
manufacturers. A company called
Ploughshare Innovations Ltd. started
contacting manufacturers and asking
for payment of royalties, based on the
patent filings.
After significant uproar and
negotiations before and behind
the scenes, it now appears that the
initiative has been quietly scuttled. The
U.S. Patent Office file on application
number 11/774,412, Modulation
Signals for a Satellite Navigation
System, on the Patent Offices website,
now reads Expressly Abandoned
During Examination. The status is
dated September 16, 2012, some time
ago, but none of the parties involved,
whether as filers or negotiators, has
made any public announcement
about it.
Both Sides Now. Checking the European
Patent Office and its registry which
is no trivial task of website navigation
turns up a note, dated September
24, under the docket for EP1830199,
Modulations Signals for a Satellite
Navigation System. The note states
Patent surrendered. A few days later,
Patent Attempt on GPS, Galileo Signals Appears Done
The Lockheed Martin team developing
the U.S. Air Forces GPS III satellites has
completed thermal vacuum testing
for the Navigation Payload Element
(NPE) of the GPS III Non-Flight Satellite
Testbed (GNST). The milestone is
one of several environmental tests
verifying the navigation payloads
quality of workmanship and increased
performance compared to the current
generation of satellites.
During thermal vacuum testing, the
navigation payloads performance was
proven in a vacuum environment at
the extreme hot and cold temperatures
it will experience on orbit to ensure it
will operate as planned once in space.
Following the test, the NPE will now be
integrated with the GNST for final satel-
lite level testing.
The GNST is a full-sized prototype of a
GPS III satellite used to identify and solve
development issues prior to integration
and test of the first space vehicle. The
approach significantly reduces risk,
improves production predictability,
increases mission assurance and lowers
overall program costs. Following
integration and test at Lockheed Martins
GPS Processing Facility (GPF) near
Denver, the GNST will be shipped to
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., for
risk reduction activities at the launch site.
Lockheed Martin is on contract to
deliver the first four GPS III satellites for
launch. The Air Force plans to purchase
up to 32 GPS III satellites.
Lockheed Martin Logs
Enviro OK on GPS III Sat
1-day, or 1-week disruption in GPS be
on your product? What is your backup
system?
What will be the long-term conse-
quences of the CBOC patent issue?
[Note that while a story on this page
give a short-term answer, long-term
consequences of intellectual property
concepts are far from settled. Ed.]
Is there still room for a Light-
Squared type technology in the current
broadband and spectrum governance
environment?
What kind of disaster will be re-
quired to get the U.S. government off
the dime on an uncorrelated-failure
alternative PNT system?
Are commercial manufacturers
considering offering more flexibility
in their receiver designs (open-source
GNSS). Open hardware is an interest-
ing trend.
Whats next after GPS III?
Will the COMPASS system gain
general acceptance in 2013-2014?
Tell us more about the future.
[That last was my favorite ques-
tion, one after my own heart. For any
other questions you may have, or any
answers for that matter, or if you have
even a clue, please wrtie to me at the
address on page 6.
Im listening. Ed.]
Continued from page 6.
If We Only Know
another note: Lapsed in a contracting
state announced via postgrant inform.
From Nat. Office to EPO, with further
information to the effect of lapse
because of failure to submit a translation
or the description or to pay the fee
within the prescribed time limit.
For good measure, a final docket
note on October 3: Lapsed due to
resignation by the proprietor.
www.gpsworld.com December 2012 | GPS World 9
THE SYSTEM
The Galileo In-orbit Validation (IOV)
satellites launched on October 12
(Flight Model 3 and 4), have now been
positioned in their designated orbits,
according to tracking data from the
U.S. Joint Space Operations Center. A
plot of the IOV constellation is now
available at http://gge.unb.ca/test/
Galileo.argper.690.432000.pdf.
The four IOV satellites are in two
orbital planes separated by about
120 degrees. Within each plane, the
satellites are separated by about 40
degrees. This orbital arrangement
will allow the four satellites to be
simultaneously tracked for periods
of time by GNSS monitoring stations,
permitting positioning tests using
only IOV data to be carried out.
However, no signals from FM3 or FM4
have yet been detected by stations of
the International GNSS Service.
News courtesy of CANSPACE
listserv.
Our first mistake is to presume an
environment of perfection and security.
Nothing is foolproof and spoof-free.
Every product or service is an envelope
of packaging that can be opened,
peeled back, reversed engineered,
and replicated. I have seen ultimate
security defeated repeatedly.
GPS is no exception, of course. We
put our signatures and seals on these
things; enterprising competitors,
adversaries, and curious people find
a way to steam open our envelopes,
create seals indistinguishable from the
original, or simply use products in ways
unexpected.
We exist in a world headed pell-mell
toward the product consumerization,
as GPS World tells us, as if this is new. We
BYOD [bring your own device, a business
policy of employees bringing personally
owned mobile devices to their place of
work and using those devices to access
privileged company resources such as
email, file servers, and databases, as well
as their personal applications and data.
Ed.] to work with its purchase by
credit card and reimbursement by petty
cash. This is nothing new than a newer
terminology for mass-merchandizing.
Wars will be fought that way too, as
if they always werent. Soldiers built
their own grenades, brought their own
weapons, horses, uniforms, and food to
the contested game always. Patton
had his own pair of pearl-handled Colt
sidearms.
The pressure for encrypted GPS and
inconvenient milspec devices misses
this reality. Our every weapon will
fail unintentionally, get repurposed
by knowledgeable adversaries, and
be turned intentionally against us.
We cannot engineer away these
consequences. We can only be
better readers. We must be flexible
competitors. We have to be open to the
reality that everything fails in ways we
will not anticipate but should expect.
War is not fought in rows with toy
soldiers equal and alike arrayed with
fair rules. Fourth generation warfare
is here. War is an expediency when
diplomacy, economics, and reason fail
with adversaries and friends alike. It is
fought with a dangerous expediency.
Marty Nemzow
Miami, Florida
Our First Mistake
Galileo IOV Satellites in Position
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
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Industry news and developments | GPS | Galileo | GLONASS
BUSINESS
THE
Hemisphere Cuts Non-Agriculture Business
Hemisphere GPS, Inc., has announced
a new corporate strategy that focuses
exclusively on the agriculture business.
The company, which appointed Rick
Heiniger chief executive in September,
said it expects to save $7 million annually
from the restructuring. The workforce
will be reduced from 273 to about 170,
and the headquarters will be moved
from Calgary, Alberta, Canada, to
Hiawatha, Kansas, where Hemisphere
GPSs agricultural operations are located.
Hemisphere GPS said diversification
into marine, construction, and other
industries had increased costs, absorbed
cash, and distracted management focus
from its core agriculture business. The
agriculture business contributed 81
percent of the companys revenue in the
first nine months of 2012. Hemispheres
agriculture products include the
Outback line, OEM boards and antennas,
and precision agriculture systems.
The company has hired an
investment banking firm to pursue
strategic alternatives for the Precision
Products (non-agriculture) business.
Given the agricultural focus of the
company, the board believes that
the Precision Products business can
grow more quickly with another
organization that is more strategically
aligned, the company stated.
The agricultural industry is
entering a period of exceptional
opportunity. Were in the early stages
of transformational adoption of
high-definition production practices,
said Hemisphere GPS new CEO, Rick
Heiniger.
We are a data driven society, and
agriculture is no different, Heiniger
said. Agronomic specialized data-
management and cloud information
services, combined with a new
generation of connected devices
and machines, will not only enable
emerging technologies, but will
simplify existing workflows and deliver
productivity gains for the industry. We
will be wholly focused on the essential
core technologies while at the same
time assisting the industry in its
adoption.

PRECISION AGRICULTURE

PROFESSIONAL OEM
u-blox has acquired privately owned,
Finnish-based Fastrax Oy, a company
that specializes in a broad range of GNSS
positioning and antenna modules.
The company adds to u-blox portfolio
software GNSS solutions used for
consumer and industrial applications,
and advanced GNSS modules that
include an integrated antenna.
Fastrax modules exploit the best
features of four leading GNSS chip
vendors and include advanced antenna
modules, said Thomas Seiler, u-blox CEO.
Fastrax has been in business since 1999,
has 27 employees, and is based in Espoo,
Finland. The acquisition entails purchase
of 100% of the shares of Fastrax Oy at a
price of 13.0 million Euros. The company
expects revenue of about CHF 2 million
and an EBIT of CHF 0.1 million for the
remainder of 2012, and revenue of CHF
13 to 15 million with an accretive EBIT
margin of 15-20% for 2013.
Trimbles Yuma 2 Tablet Provides Full Office Capabilities
Trimble has introduced the Yuma 2
rugged tablet computer, which it says is
a powerful mobile computing solution
that provides full office capabilities in
the field for construction, transportation,
public safety, field service, forestry,
utilities, mapping, insurance and other
outdoor or service-related industries.
The Yuma 2 has a seven-inch
capacitive multi-touchscreen, measures
6.3 x 9.6 inches, and weighs less than
three pounds. It features new display
technology for clearer readability
in direct sunlight. The 3.75G dual-
mode cellular data capability enables
connectivity anywhere GSM or CDMA
cellular networks are available.
The GPS receiver provides 2 to 4
meter accuracy, and is designed for
data collection in applications such as
distributed asset management, work
order management, and fleet logistics.
With the Microsoft Windows7
Professional operating system, the
Yuma 2 is a fully functional field
computer with a 1.6-GHz Intel Atom
dual-core processor, 4 GB of DDR3
DRAM, a 64-GB solid state drive (SSD),
and a dual battery with eight hours of
typical run-time.
With the multi-touch capacitive
touchscreen, users can type with fingers,
stylus, or capacitive gloves and can
control the size of the keyboard on the
display for ease of use. Controlled zoom
can optimize the user experience with
maps and detailed information. The
5-megapixel camera provides video and
photo capture with geotagging.

UTILITIES / CONSTRUCTION
u-blox Acquires Fastrax
THE BUSINESS
earthmine, Inc., has entered into an agreement to be
acquired by Nokia. earthmine, based in Berkeley, California,
is a privately owned company that develops a powerful
end-to-end 3D street level imaging solution from
collection hardware to processing workflows, cloud
hosting
and client
software.
The
earthmine
team is
expected to
join the Nokia
location and
commerce
business,
and Berkeley
will become a key site for the development of 3D reality
capture technology. The transaction is expected to close
by the end of 2012. The terms of the transaction are
confidential.
Nokia to Acquire earthmine 3D

GPS SECURITY
Hotline Opens for Jamming Alerts
The Federal Communications Commissions (FCCs)
Enforcement Bureau has launched a dedicated jammer tip
line 1-855-55-NOJAM (or 1-855-556-6526) to make it
easier for the public to report the use or sale of illegal GPS,
cell phone or other signal jammers. It is against the law for
consumers to use, import, advertise, sell or ship a GPS or
cell jammer or any other type of device that blocks, jams or
interferes with authorized communications, whether on
private or public property.
The FCC asks people to call the toll-free Jammer Tip Line
immediately if they know of a jammer being used; if their
employer operates a jammer in their workplace; or if they
observe a jammer in operation, see an advertisement for a
jammer at a local store, or see a jammer being operated on a
mass transit system.
Calls to the Jammer Tip Line will be handled by experienced
Enforcement Bureau staff. Callers are encouraged to provide
as much detail as possible, including the time and location of
the incident, a description of the jamming device (if available),
and the name and contact information of the individual or
business using or selling the device.

MAPPING
National Instruments Launches GPS
Time-Stamping, Sync Module
National Instruments has announced the NI 9467 GPS
synchronization module, which accurately synchronizes a
large-scale CompactRIO system with features such as data
time-stamping and system clock
setting.
The NI 9467 is one of six new
C Series modules designed for NI
CompactRIO embedded control
systems and NI CompactDAQ
modular data acquisition
systems. By expanding the C Series platform, NI provides
engineers and scientists with new and improved options for
a wide variety of embedded control, monitoring and data
acquisition applications, the company said. Channel counts
on the individual modules range from three to 32 channels to
accommodate a wide range of system requirements, and the
majority of C Series modules work in both the NI CompactDAQ
and CompactRIO measurement platforms with no
modification. Features include pulse per second (PPS) accuracy
of 100 ns, >99 percent typical; SMA female antenna connector
type (antenna sold separately); +5 VDC (up to 30 mA) for active
GPS antenna; returns stationary global position after self-
survey (module does not work for mobile applications).

WIRELESS / TIMING
THE BUSINESS
Tablets, Cameras Big for GPS and LBS by 2017
LOCATION-BASED SERVICES
Despite relatively stunted growth thus far, the tablet and
camera markets are forecast to be the next major market for
location-based services and GPS IC penetration.
ABI Researchs latest Report, Location Applications for
Tablets, eReaders, Digital Cameras & Handheld Gaming,
forecasts the uptake of LBS and how it will affect the adoption
of location technologies. The tablet market has largely been
dominated by Apple and its GPS/Modem strategy. GPS
shipments are forecast to reach 37 million in 2012, yet it is still
much less than had been previously anticipated. There has
been mixed news of late, with the launch of Googles Nexus
7 and Apples iPad mini. Wi-Fi location is a standard feature
across all major tablets and while it is complementary, it does
act as a barrier to GPS integration.
Senior analyst Patrick Connolly said, When we look at the
adoption of applications on tablets, it is forecast to largely
mirror that of smartphones, with a focus on local search,
social, enterprise, navigation, and ambient intelligence.
Android will lead the way, as ubiquitous location becomes a
necessary component.
Geotagging. The camera market has huge potential,
with geotagging a clear driver. With more than 30 GPS-
enabled cameras on
the market, shipments
are expected to break
10 million in 2013, and
a second wave of new
applications emerging
around tracking, maps
and points of interest,
and dead-reckoning. As an industry, there needs to be a
complete overhaul of how cameras are designed, to find a
way to leverage the photography revolution occurring on
smartphones. ABI Research has forecast that this will open the
door to GPS, alternative location, and LBS in future.
Location-Based Gaming. The launch of the Sony Vita was
expected to kick-start the location-based gaming (LBG)
industry, featuring Wi-Fi location as standard, and an optional
GPS/modem module. Practice director Dominique Bonte said,
Irrespective of limited device sales, location-based gaming
and community applications still have fundamental barriers
concerning critical mass and where and how the device is used.
As a result, LBG is expected to initially flourish on smartphones,
with GPS forecast to remain subdued on gaming devices.

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THE BUSINESS
Munich Navigation Satellite Summit
February 2628, 2013, Munich, Germany
www.munich-satellite-navigation-summit.org
The summit will be held in the
Residenz Mnchen. It has been
established as a top European and
International conference with global
impact, featuring invited high-ranking
worldwide speakers from industry,
science, and governments dealing with
the directions of satellite navigation
now and in the future.
European Navigation Conference
Apil 2315, 2013, Vienna Austria; www.enc2013.org
Sponsored by Austrian Institute of
Navigation, ENC 2013 will focus on
the present status as well as on future
developments in navigation systems,
with special emphasis on Galileo. It
will be a showcase for state of the
art and innovations in the fields of
terrestrial and satellite navigation. The
implementation of new technologies
in navigation will be illustrated by the
industry exhibition, running in parallel
to the conference.
China Satellite Navigation
Conference
May 1517, 2013, Wuhan, China
www.beidou.org/english/paper/
The theme of CSNC 2013 is BeiDou
Application Opportunities and
Challenges. The event will include an
academic exchange and a commercial
exhibition and technical forum. Deadline
for submitting abstracts is October 31.
InfoAg 2013
July 1618 , 2012; Springfield, Illinois
www.infoag.org
The 11th International Conference
on Precision Agriculture is a gathering
place for researchers and agribusiness
innovators. More than 200 research
presentations will cover the application
of new technologies as well as the
theoretical studies. An A to Z track
focuses on practical application of
technologies and presentations by
leading precision ag vendors.
IGNSS Society 2013 Conference
July 1618, 2013, Queensland, Australia
www.ignss.org
The IGNSS Society will be holding the
2013 conference and exhibition at the
Outrigger Hotel, Gold Coast. The call for
abstracts closes Februay 4; early bird
registrations close May 17.
INTERGEO Eurasia
Spring 2014, Istanbul , Turkey
www.intergeo.de/en/
The new INTERGEO Eurasia
conference trade fair, which will take
place in Istanbul on the Bosphorus in
spring 2014, will cater specifically to the
needs of this economic area. It is aimed
at Turkey, south-eastern Europe, the
Middle East and the stan countries.
INTERGEO Eurasia is a collaboration
between HINTE Messe and Messe
Mnchen International.

EVENTS
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DIRECTIONS 2013
I
believe the future of global
navigation satellite systems
(GNSS) and particularly GPS will
only be limited by our ingenuity and
imagination. In terms of economic
benefit, GPS contributes $60 billion
to our economy, and thats no stretch
considering the positive and real
advantages GPS affords us every day
through fuel savings, transportation
optimization, banking transactions,
recreational activities, and certainly
the defense of our great nation.
GPS consists of three segments
space, ground and user equipment
all contributing synchronistically to
provide the world positioning, naviga-
tion, and timing (PNT). Having joined
the GPS program office (for the first
time) in 1992, I was privileged to lead
the very first Foreign Military Sales
contracts and the development of the
Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing
module (SAASM) both focused
within the realm of user equipment.
As program director of GPS reflecting
back on the monumental change of the
past 20 years, I am encouraged and look
forward to seeing the fruition of the
projects and plans we have already set in
motion for the next 20. This is why:
Space Segment. The launch and
handover of the third GPS IIF satellite
on October 4 proves once again our
commitment to mission success.
We have exceeded our published
worldwide accuracy standard
since 1993, and the NavStar GPS
constellation remains robust with 31
satellites currently available.
In regards to the satellite systems,
next-generation Block IIF and III sat-
ellites are in various states of test, in-
tegration, or production in an effort to
improve the average user range error
(URE) from 0.9 meters, achieved and
maintained for the last 3 years, to a
root-mean-squared URE of 0.5 meters
by 2016. Along with increased civil
and military signals, I also envision
digital waveform generation (that is,
the ability to change on-orbit signals
in space via software) as an integral
part of our architecture. Digital wave-
form generation coupled with an aug-
mentation of the GPS III constellation
for affordability and resiliency will
pave our way to the future.
Ground Segment. Along with a host
of additional satellite capabilities
and signals, we will correspondingly
modernize our ground segment. Our
Next-Generation Operational Control
System (OCX) is designed to com-
mand and control our modernized sec-
ondary civil signal L2C, safety-of-life
signal L5, and the internationally com-
patible signal L1C. In fact, users such
as John Deere and NavCom are already
accessing the currently broadcast L1
C/A and L2C (with a default code) for
dual-frequency ionospheric correction
to improve upon accuracy. As the mod-
ernized signals become operational,
users will see faster signal acquisition,
enhanced reliability, and a greater oper-
Plans Set in Motion for GPS
GPS Directorate: Receivers Will Operate in Environments Impossible Today
With more signal power,
almost every aspect of
GPS is better. More power
complements anti-jam
techniques.
Col. Bernie Gruber
DIRECTIONS 2013
ating range. The information assurance,
expandability, and service-oriented ar-
chitecture will afford users and opera-
tors with security and information they
simply dont have today.
User Segment. All that said, I am
thrilled to look at the future of user
equipment. We need to take advantage
of the use of civil GPS. Apple and
Android have shown the way to
interface with and use applications,
displays, and packaging; Google Map
overlays, smart phone apps, time-
to-first-fix augmentations from cell
towers, and multi-GNSS international
coverage are already in use, with the
growth of apps, users will only get
smarter and more sophisticated in
their GPS expectations.
To that end, the Air Force is
augmenting its pilots with digital
maps and starting to integrate GPS
with the digi-maps beginning with the
C-130J. The Army is paving the way
with an app store for military use and
beginning to integrate GPS with its
equipment, such as the use of a GPS
integrated wind app for calibrating
bullet trajectories.
Security, authentication, integrity,
and the ability to operate in almost
any environment is vital to our
warfighters. The Department of
Defense is posturing to operate in
an anti-access area denial (A2AD)
environment. Make no mistake;
the list of potential adversaries also
includes a list of known attacks on
GPS along with use of GPS and
other GNSS systems against us. For
that purpose, the modernized GPS is
working on better and improved items
like key management, M-Code power
and cryptography, and Blue Force
Electronic Attack (BFEA). In this
area too, I see the commercial market
burgeoning with new ideas to protect
the calculation of GPS PNT solutions.
In the selective-availability anti-
spoofing module, we introduced
positive control and resiliency to the
military GPS receivers. Now with
M-Code we are taking it one step
further. M-code will leverage the
National Security Agency (NSA)
Key Management Infrastructure and
augment it with more tools to ensure
only authorized users have access
to M-Code. This provides greater
protection from spoofing, ensures
that keys are readily available to
the United States and her Coalition
partners, and that security cost drives
for our user equipment are minimized.
With more signal power, almost
every aspect of GPS is better. While the
610 dB of additional power in GPS III
will not in itself defeat known threats,
more power complements anti-jam
techniques as well as improves opera-
tion under foliage and in the presence
of pervasive unintentional interference.
Were going to see receivers that oper-
ate in navwar environments that would
be impossible today. Similarly, I see us
having the flexibility to operate with
other GNSS systems in benign envi-
ronments, but the ability to also operate
in hostile or contested environments.
Blue Force Electronic Attack was
always a principle driver for GPS
modernization. It is embodied in the
White House Directives and Title 10
U.S.C [Title 10 of the United States
Code outlines the role of armed
forces in the U.S. Code, a compilation
and codification of the general and
permanent federal laws of the United
States Ed.] Todays Block II systems
do not have enough spectral separation
for effective BFEA. As M-Code
becomes readily available, along with
the additional filtering available in
military GPS user equipment (MGUE),
we are providing Joint Task Force
Commanders with options to deny GPS;
options that they dont have today.
The future of GPS is bright
indeed! From the originators of
GPS to present day men and women
who work tirelessly to deliver and
operate it, we are all striving to
improve and enhance this magnificent
capability. The economic benefits
of a system that, in reality, pays for
itself guarantees the worlds desire to
see improvements and growth in the
overall GPS system. The Air Force is a
proud steward of the GPS system, but
it is our collective job to proliferate
new ideas to use it and secure it.
COLONEL BERNIE J. GRUBER is Director,
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Directorate,
Space and Missile Systems Center, Air Force
Space Command, Los Angeles Air Force Base,
California. He is responsible for a multiservice,
multinational systems directorate which
conducts development, acquisition, fielding and
sustainment of all GPS space segment, satellite
command and control (ground) and military
user equipment. The $32 billion GPS program,
with a $1 billion annual budget, maintains the
largest satellite constellation and the largest
avionics integration and installation program in
the Department of Defense. He has served in key
positions at Major Command, Air Staff, Joint Staff
and Defense Agency levels. Prior to assuming his
current position, Colonel Gruber was Chief, Space
Superiority and Global Integrated Intelligence,
Surveillance and Reconnaissance Division,
Directorate of Programs, Deputy Chief of Staff,
Strategic Plans and Programs, Headquarters,
United States Air Force, Washington, D.C.
DIRECTIONS 2013
S
ince December 2011, the
GLONASS system has been
fully operational, providing
worldwide service with 100 percent
global availability and acceptable
accuracy for most users. The system
is globally accepted by many users,
and most leading manufacturers
include GLONASS in their devices.
This fact became a reality due
to the successful completion in
December 2011 of the Russian
Federal Mission Oriented Program
dedicated to GLONASS restoration,
under the under permanent
supervision and control of the
President of the Russian Federation
and Russian Government, Vladimir
Putin.
It may have seemed back in
2002 that very few people outside
the GLONASS team believed in
the success of the Program, when
the constellation was composed
of six operational satellites with
only a 3-year lifetime. But now the
GLONASS constellation consists
of 24 modernized operational
Glonass-M satellites and in-orbit
spares. Further, the new generation
Glonass-K satellite flight tests have
begun.
The GLONASS Program
obtained significant support in
May, 2007 when the famous
Decree of the President of the
Russian Federation was issued.
The President made commitments
to sustain the GLONASS system
and provide its open service free of
charge and available for all users
worldwide without any restrictions.
At the same time, the President
charged the Government to prepare
and approve the new GLONASS
Program for 2020. The new
Federal Mission Oriented Program
,designated GLONASS maintenance,
development and use for 20122020,
was approved by the Government of
the Russian Federation on March 3,
2012 with a dedicated article in the
State Budget Law. That means that
the Presidents commitments are
supported by real financial resources
for the next decade, and the situation
of the mid-1990s will never occur to
GLONASS again.
The new Program has three major
tasks:
To keep GLONASS in full
operational mode.
To significantly improve
GLONASS performance and
service quality.
To provide conditions for
worldwide use.
The tasks to make GLONASS
an integral component of the global
GNSS infrastructure, providing
worldwide service for all users, are
challenging. At the same time, the
primary goal of GLONASS as a
dual-use system is to serve national
security interests.
What the Future Brings
GLONASS development in the
near future is foreseen in a few key
directions.
Space Segment. Modernization of
the GLONASS core, called the Space
Complex, undertakes the development
of new spacecraft with enhanced
performance. This means more stable
on-board clocks, new code-division
multiple-access (CDMA) signals,
and intersatellite link for orbit, clock
update, and range measurements. The
GLONASS-K satellite will be the
GLONASS Today and Tomorrow
Fully Operational System Modernizes for the Multi-GNSS World
The tasks to make GLONASS
an integral component
of the global GNSS
infrastructure, providing
worldwide service for all
users, are challenging.
Vitaly Davydov and
Sergey Revnivykh
DIRECTIONS 2013
new generation spacecraft, applying
advanced technologies.
The first-phase GLONASS-K
satellite is already passing flight tests,
transmitting new CDMA signal in L3
band in addition to the existing set of
FDMA signals. The GLONASS-K of
the second modernization phase will
transmit the full set of new CDMA
signals in L1, L2 and L3 bands.
At the same time, all new
GLONASS satellites will continue
transmitting the existing set of
frequency-division multiple-access
(FDMA) signals, providing backward
compatibility with existing user
equipment. Implementation of the
CDMA signals in L5 and in L1
(1575.42 MHz) bands is also in
line with the Signal Modernization
Concept. This task is undergoing study
to optimize the power and mass budget
of future satellites and to consider
benefits for users. Finally, new CDMA
signals will provide better accuracy,
better protection to interference and
better service for users.
GLONASS modernization foresees
extending the number of operational
satellites in constellation available for
users. Presently navigation message
enables maximum 24 satellites for
users. Activities in order to get more
operation satellites available, assumes
modernization of the existing FDMA
almanac. New almanac of CDMA
signals has no limitations.
Ground Segment. Ground-control
segment modernization will produce
a monitoring-station network
extension to provide global coverage,
extension of the uplink-station
network to provide more frequent
updates of orbit and clock, and
system clock modernization to make
the system time scale more stable and
better synchronized with UTC.
The new geodesy reference PZ-
90.11 is already coordinated with the
International Terrestrial Reference
Frame (ITRF) at the centimeter level
and shall be introduced soon.
Augmentation. The System
for Differential Correction and
Monitoring (SDCM) space-based
augmentation system is dedicated
to improving navigation services,
providing integrity data and better
accuracy for users. As a first phase,
the service area of SDCM is over the
Russian territory. For SBAS signal
re-transmission, the three GEO
communication satellites of the Luch
system are equipped with navigation
transponders. The first Luch-5A is
already in orbit. The other two are
scheduled for launch. Eventually the
SDCM system will provide a global
navigation service, transmitting
precise orbit and clock data to
users and introducing precise-point
positioning (PPP) technique.
Performance Improvements. The
GLONASS modernization plan
foresees step-by-step performance
improvement of all system
components. By 2020, the GLONASS
system in stand-alone mode will
provide sub-meter accuracy for users
with an open signal. Augmented by
SBAS, the GLONASS system will
provide user positioning accuracy at
the decimeter level and better.
In the coming Multi-GNSS World,
the GLONASS system must be one
of the key components to benefit
all users with reliable and accurate
navigation, positioning, and timing
services. To reach that goal, the
international cooperation between
system providers with feedback from
all group of users is a mandatory
condition. All global and regional
navigation satellite systems must
be compatible and interoperable.
The International Committee on
GNSS, established according to UN
recommendation, plays a significant
role for international cooperation
aimed at achieving synergy in the
navigation environment.
2013 is very important for
GLONASS to demonstrate stability
with improvement for all users around
the world. All the necessary resources
to achieve this are available, based
on the long-term Federal Mission
Oriented Program supported by the
President and the Government of the
Russian Federation.
VITALY DAVYDOV is currently the Deputy
Head of the Federal Space Agency, Coordinator
of the Program for GLONASS Sustainment,
Development, and Use. He graduated from
the Dzerzhinsky Military Academy and from
the Russian Presidential Academy of National
Economy and Public Administration with
a Masters degree in Public and Municipal
Administration. From 1997 to 2004 Vitaly
Davydov supported the Russian Federation
Security Councils Office. Prior to that from
1975 to 1997 he occupied various positions in
Russian Department of Defenses Space Forces.

SERGEY REVNIVYKH is Deputy Director
General of the Central Research Institute of
Machine Building, leading institute of Federal
Space Agency, Head of PNT (Positioning,
Navigation and Time) Analysis and Information
Center. He is a member of the management
of the Federal GLONASS Program. He received
his Ph.D. degree from the Moscow Aviation
Institute.
DIRECTIONS 2013
T
he European Space Operations
Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt,
Germany operates spacecraft
on behalf of the European Space
Agency (ESA) and maintains the
ground facilities and expertise for
ESA and other institutional and
commercial customers. ESOC is
composed of two departments: the
Mission Operations Department and
the Ground Systems Engineering
Department, of which the Navigation
Support Office is an integral
part. The main objectives of the
Navigation Support Office (NSO)
are the provision of expertise for
high-accuracy navigation, satellite
geodesy, and the generation of
related products and services for all
ESA missions and for third-party
customers, as well as supporting
the European GNSS Programmes:
Galileo and EGNOS.
In 2013, the NSO will conduct a
number of projects and activities,
described here.
European GNSS
The Navigation Office provides
support in the area of data processing
and analysis, performance analysis.
It performs operational orbit
predictions for the International
Satellite Laser Ranging Service
(ILRS), operational precise/rapid
orbit and clock determination,
computation of antenna patterns, and
provides support to Galileo Sensor
Stations (GSS) site deployment and
to Ranging and Integrity Monitoring
Station (RIMS) deployment. It also
provides consultancy on modeling
and data processing, mission
analysis for the constellation, orbit
validation activities for orbits and
clocks, ionosphere, group delays,
and intersystem biases, and is
involved in the generation of the
Galileo Geodetic Reference Frame.
Furthermore, the Office participated
in European Commission studies for
the Galileo Commercial Service.
Earth Observation Missions
A number of European and
American missions have been
equipped with radar altimeter
instruments that observe the level
of the sea surface from space.
To do this, the height component
of the satellite orbits needs to
be determined with centimeter-
accuracy, matching the accuracy of
the altimeter observations. The NSO
provides support to Precise Orbit
Determination (POD), evaluation,
analysis and improvement of models
and standards, as well as instrument
calibration (radar altimeter and
GNSS antenna).
Examples of missions already
supported include ERS, Envisat,
Cryosat, GOCE and also non-ESA
missions JASON 1&2. Solutions
with multiple simultaneous data
types (GNSS, SLR, DORIS,
Galileo and GNSS to the Fore
Activities of the European Navigation Support Office
Our main objectives are the
provision of expertise for
high-accuracy navigation,
satellite geodesy, and
the generation of related
products and services for all
ESA missions and for third-
party customers, as well as
supporting the European
GNSS Programmes: Galileo
and EGNOS.
Werner Enderle
Lift Lift Tilt Tilt
1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65
FREQ GHz
SQ 10L LSQ 10R
LSQ 10H
GALILEO L1
GPS L1
GLONASS L1
1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1
FDREQ GH
GLONASS L2 GLONASS L3
GALILEO E5
GPS L5 GPS L2
A
l
l

G
NSS

B
a
n
d
s
J-SHIELD
View your target point on the TRIUMPH-VS
screen and walk towards it to stake it.
your GNSS
DIRECTIONS 2013
altimetry, S-band range, Doppler, and angle tracking)
are typically performed, allowing the alignment of
different reference frames and estimation of inter-system
and instrument biases. Based on all these capabilities,
the NSO is one of the leading institutions for low-Earth
orbiting (LEO) satellite POD activities and very well
suited for supporting the upcoming European programme
for Earth Observation, called Global Monitoring for
Environment and Security (GMES) and its related
Sentinel satellite missions.
Automated Transfer Vehicle
The Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) is part of the
European contribution to the International Space Station
(ISS) program. The main tasks of the ATV are to provide
logistics supply, station re-boost and ISS waste retrieval.
The rendezvous of the ATV and ISS is based on a real-
time on-board relative navigation concept, using GPS data
from receivers of ISS and ATV. The NSO conducts in this
context simulations before the flight and also post facto
performance analysis of the relative orbit determination
accuracy to support the ATV missions.
Space Situation Awareness
An important atmospheric application of GNSS data is
the monitoring of ionospheric activity (total electron
content or TEC). Dual-frequency GNSS signals enable
direct measurement of this parameter, and by merging
the data from hundreds of globally distributed GPS
receivers, detailed maps of the TEC and its evolution as
a function of time can be constructed. Such maps have
been computed routinely for many years. FIGURE 1 shows
an example. The importance of these products lies in the
fact that high solar activity leads to high TEC values,
which can seriously disturb satellite communications. The
NSO provides ionospheric TEC maps to the scientific
community.
International GNSS Services
ESA/ESOC was one of the founding members of the IGS,
and at the time the NSO was implemented at ESOC, all
of the IGS activities were transferred to the NSO. ESA
Analysis Centre products are among the best products
available from the individual IGS analysis centres.
Secondly, the ESA products are among the few multi-
constellation GNSS products. ESA was the first IGS
analysis centre to provide a consistent set of orbit and
clock products for all available GNSS satellites. These
products constituted the very first products that have been
used for true GNSS precise point positioning.
The sampling rate of the ESA final GPS+GLONASS
clock product is 30 seconds. FIGURE 2 shows the statistics
of a kinematic PPP analysis using the ESA GNSS clocks
for three different cases. The ESA/ESOC IGS Analysis
centre contributes to all of the core IGS analysis centre
products: Final GNSS (GPS+GLONASS) products
provided weekly based on 24-hour solutions using
150 stations from true GNSS solutions simultaneously
and fully consistently processing GPS and GLONASS

FIGURE 2 Kinematic PPP analysis using ESA GNSS clocks: GLONASS-
only PPP (red); GPS-only, (green), and a truee GNSS-PP (blue).

FIGURE 1 TEC map.
DIRECTIONS 2013
measurements for a total of around 55
satellites, consisting of orbits, clocks,
coordinates, ionosphere, and Earth-
orientation parameters (EOPs). Also
Rapid GNSS (GPS+GLONASS)
products (available within 3 hours
after the end of the observation
day) and Ultra-Rapid GNSS
(GPS+GLONASS) products (4 times
per day, available within 3 hours after
the end of the observation interval)
are provided. These products are
publicly available to the scientific
community, being published at
several data servers, such as the
CDDIS at NASAs Goddard Space
Flight Center. They are also finding
very frequent application in testing
of experimental and commercial
applications, and have become the
standard reference for all high-
precision GNSS applications.
Third Party Activities
Different customers have different
needs. One important customer for
the Navigation Facility is the Metop
mission operated by EUMETSAT.
For the exploitation of its GNSS
Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding
(GRAS) payload, which delivers
atmospheric profiles to the European
Met offices, EUMETSAT requires
GPS products with a guarantee on
accuracy, availability and latency. To
deliver this service, the Navigation
Facility now hosts the operation of
the GRAS Ground Support Network
(GSN), which is a dedicated network
of 45 stations. It has been operating
successfully for five years, delivering
products with a latency of only 45
minutes, and an availability of better
than 99 percent. Based on these,
EUMETSAT delivers a daily set of
more than 500 atmospheric profiles
(and double that number as soon
as Metop-2 will be operational) to
the European Met offices, a data set
that has already become one of the
key elements in numerical weather
prediction.
Real-Time Processing
Over the last 10 years, ESOC
has embarked on a program to
build a Real Time GNSS software
infrastructure. The main justification
for this effort is the realization
that the delivery of precise GNSS
products in real-time processing
will become increasingly more
important for the user community.
ESOC needs to be at the forefront
of these developments, particularly
with respect to products related to
Galileo. The system for REal TIme
NAvigation (RETINA) has been
modelled after ESOCs experience
in real-time satellite control systems
and includes many of the elements
for data processing, archiving,
and visualization that are common
to such systems. In particular, it
implements a specially designed
circular filing system for streaming
data, allowing maintenance-free
operations for processing and
archiving of data and products, and
seamless transitions from historical
to live data processing.
The investment in GNSS software
and receiver infrastructure has enabled
ESOC to participate in the IGS Real
Time Pilot Project, assuming the roles
of Real Time Analysis Centre and
Analysis Centre Coordinator. In the
latter role, ESOC has been generating
and disseminating the IGS Real Time
Combination stream after processing
the real-time solutions from up to ten
analysis centres. Included in these
solutions are two streams generated by
the ESOC Real Time Analysis Centre.

FIGURE 3 ESOC Navigation Facility.
DIRECTIONS 2013
Standardization Activities
Participation in the IGS Real Time
activities has stimulated ESOCs
involvement in the development of
standards and formats for GNSS
data and products. ESOC has been
instrumental in the decision of the
IGS to join the Radio Technical
Commission for Maritime Services
(RTCM), which is the primary
standards setting organisation for
real-time GNSS services. ESOC
is now one of two agencies that
represent the IGS at the RTCM
meetings.
Work with the RTCM focuses on:
development of standards and
formats for transmission of multi-
constellation observations in real
time (RTCM-MSM);
development of standards and
formats for the transmission of
real-time orbit and clock products
(RTCM-SSR);
Further development of the RINEX
standard for generation of multi-
GNSS batch observation files.
Expertise and Areas of Activities
To comply with the main objectives
of the NSO, the main pillars of
expertise and areas of activities can
be summarized as:
Precise orbit determination at
centimeter-level accuracy for
satellites in low-Earth orbits such
as Earth observation missions, and
satellites in medium-Earth orbits,
typically GNSS satellites.
Development of state-of-the-
art models and algorithms for
high-precision orbit and clock
determination, based on the
capability to process all geodetic
data types, namely GNSS,
satellite laser ranging, Doppler
Orbitography and Radiopositioning
Integrated by Satellite (DORIS),
altimetry, and S-band tracking data.
Realization of Geodetic Reference
Frame.
Operation of global distributed real-
time sensor stations and networks,
based on remote control of GNSS
receivers.
The capability to operate complex
navigation software infrastructure
to generate operational products
and services for a wide variety of
applications.
Involvment in several international
organized and coordinated
activities. Besides being an IGS
analysis center, ESOCs NSO is
also an analysis centre for the IDS
and ILRS services.
Operational Facility
ESOCs ESOCs Navigation Facility
(see FIGURE 3) provides a fully
operational environment, compliant
with ESAs ECSS ground segment
standards. The Navigation Facility
consists of a control room including
secure operational LAN (ESACERT
against intruders from outside) with
two physically separated computer
and data centres for redundancy
purposes and a globally distributed
operational real time sensor station
network (see FIGURE4). An operational
system availability of more than 99.9
percent on a 24/7 basis measured
over the last 5 years (products
delivered every 15 minutes) has been
demonstrated.
Currently the sensor station
network consists of 12 sites, but
ESOC is extending the global
network to at least 25 sites.
Negotiations with new sites
are currently ongoing or near
completion. The objective is to
deploy a homogeneous (all sites
will have the same receiver and
same antenna type) sensor station
network by the third quarter of

FIGURE4 Real-time sensor station network.
See Galileo and GNSS, page 46
DIRECTIONS 2013
I
n my vision of the future of GNSS,
I see a pressing need to manage
radio-frequency spectrum more
efficiently. This will drive the creation
of official standards for GNSS
receivers, and better design of those
receivers with better filters at lower
cost, to preotect against out-of-band and
near-band interference. This in turn will
enable user to undertake widespread
monitoring and reporting of in-band
interference, and create the freedom for
many technologies to explore wider and
more productive use of all bands of the
radio-frequency spectrum.
Spectrum Management
As a consequence of unprecedented
technological development on all
fronts and in many fields, the radio-
frequency spectrum is very congested.
All countries, and the United States in
particular, must find ways to use this
spectrum more efficiently. Licenses
for spectrum bands are very expensive,
and special interest groups do all they
can to secure ownership of any part
of the spectrum and to prevent others
from competing with them. There
is an intense struggle going on, both
behind the scenes and in the public
arena; it has been called the spectrum
wars. These involve big companies,
very high stakes, politicians, and
special interest groups. The Federal
Communications Commission (FCC)
seems caught, powerless, in the
crossfire between these powerhouses.
GNSS Interference
GNSS interference exists everywhere
and comes from many different
sources, identified and unidentified,
intentional or unintentional. The
1-dB effect on GNSS of the proposed
LightSquared signal is negligible
compared to what already exists. The
reason that the LightSquared plan
encountered so much opposition was
not because of its effect on GNSS.
It was because of its effect on the
competing business models of large
companies and special interest groups.
With the tools that we have created
and embedded in our receivers,
everyone can easily see that
widespread interference already exists
in most places, especially in cities,
and that interferences can easily be
monitored and automatically reported.
It seems no organization has ownership
of regularly monitoring interferences
on these bands and taking corrective
actions. This is partly because the
tools to easily monitor and report
interferences did not exist earlier.
GNSS Receivers
Current GNSS receivers on the
market and in use around the world
rely on inadequate designs. The
technology does in fact exist to
overcome out-of-band interference
problems such as LightSquared and
many others commonly encountered
in todays congested radio-frequency
environment. There is no reason to
Dealing with Interference
A Proactive Approach for More Efficient Spectrum Use
With the tools embedded in
our receivers, everyone can
easily see that widespread
interference already exists
in most places.
Javad Ashjaee
DIRECTIONS 2013
prohibit others from using bands near
GNSS; this just makes spectrum use
inefficient. Continued shipping of
inadequate, inefficient receivers by
current manufacturers only increases
and compounds the problems
encountered by users.
There are standards for
manufacturing countless industrial
goods for example, something as
ordinary as car tires or but there
is no standard for building GNSS
receivers that will be used in critical
applications.
So far, the FCC has been silent on
this topic, and has not established
guidelines for GNSS receivers that
are used in critical applications. The
civilian users of GNSS, such as the
U.S. National Geodetic Survey, the
U.S. Geological Survey, the Federal
Aviation Administration, and so on,
have criteria for all sorts of little
equipment, but there is no criteria for
GNSS receivers that they claim are so
important for their job.
Instead of taking the proactive
and productive approach of putting
filters into the receivers that they use,
these organizations advocate keeping
spectrum bands adjacent to GNSS off-
limits to other users. Manufacturers
do not see any reason to make better
receivers while such a powerful lobby
protects them.
Interference monitoring and reporting
is strongly desirable for places such as
GNSS reference stations, or for users to
see the interferences before they start a
jog that they are tracking on their GPS-
enabled personal training device just
as pilots check the weather before they
take off.
Special Interest Groups, Politics,
and Blind Followers
The problem that LightSquared
encountered was that its proposal
impacted the business models of
special interest groups. Although
we that is, JAVAD GNSS in
presentations before the FCC in
Washington DC showed that other
interferences exist in cities, the FCC
did not care, and GNSS magazine
editors did not care. They just blindly
followed what the special interest
groups had planned for them.
Brad Parkinson, in his article
PNT for the Nation: Three Key
Attributes and Nine Druthers in the
October issue of GPS World, did not
even hint at guidelines for building
GNSS receivers. This is similar to
formulating guideline on how to build
and clean the roads while having no
guidelines on how to build tires that
are going to ride on the roads.
In Parkinsons long list of
recommendations, there was no
mention at all that we need to build
better GNSS receivers and be able
to monitor interferences. There are
guidelines and standards for how
build every little item, but none for
GNSS receivers that are claimed to
be so essential for our security and
prosperity.
Military GPS receivers do not
have protection against even one
particular type of interference such as
that posed by LightSquared and
the suggested approach was to bomb
such interferences, which most admit
that of course cannot be done. This is
a bad attitude. The cost of a filter in a
receiver is almost nothing. A precision
bomb costs millions if you factor in
development costs, and deployment and
delivery puts the full cost even higher.
The case is similar for GNSS
receivers used in commercial airplanes.
Instead of pushing for a better GNSS
receiver design, the FAA simply hopes
that interference does not happen.
Conclusion
These are my predictions and my
strongest possible recommendations
for the future of GNSS.
The FCC will create standards for
GNSS receivers.
GNSS manufacturers will be forced
to build better receivers.
GNSS users will benefit from better
receivers at a lower cost.
Interference monitoring and
reporting will become a desirable
feature of GNSS receivers.
Bands near the GNSS spectrum will
be freed for more efficient use by
all types of productive technology.
I am proud to be a part of the efforts
to make these happen, against all odds.
JAVAD ASHJAEE received his Ph.D. in electrical
engineering from the University of Iowa. He
was chairman of the Computer Engineering
Department, Tehran University of Technology,
1976-1981. He began his GPS engineering
career at Trimble Navigation, 19811986.
Founder and president of Ashtech Inc., 1986
1995, the company that produced the first
integrated GPS-GLONASS receivers; founder and
CEO of Javad Positioning Systems, 19962000,
which he sold to Topcon Corporation. He
founded JAVAD GNSS in 2007, and is currently
president and CEO. In 2010, the company
introduced the integrated geodetic receiver
TRIUMPH-VS, with a GNSS Interference Analyzer,
capable of tracking current and next-generation
signals of GPS, GLONASS, QZSS, and Galileo
signals. In 2011, the company introduced a
LightSquared-compatible GNSS receiver.
DIRECTIONS 2013
T
he history of GNSS shows each
year has always been more
successful than the year prior,
and in 2013 we expect the trend to
continue. In the United States, the role
of GPS will continue to expand, and
the applications for our technology
will reach sectors we never imagined.
As our international partner countries
continue to launch GNSS satellites,
and user equipment develops further,
our community will increase its
globalization, and international
cooperation will reach new heights.
At the same time, our industry will
see its fair share of challenges. We
anticipate several significant trends to
be further defined next year.
First, in the satellite world,
affordability will be the name of the
game. There is no disputing that the U.S.
government is in austere budget times,
and the Air Force will be asked to do
more in acquiring GPS space, ground,
and military user equipment, with
fewer resources. Industry will partner
with the Air Force in this new reality,
and on the satellite manufacturing
side, industry and government will
need to demonstrate reduced costs,
while sustaining the constellation and
posturing for future demands.
It is no secret that military operations
depend on GPS, and adversaries are
working aggressively to erode the
GPS combat advantage with low-cost
jamming devices, spoofing concepts, or
cyber attacks. On the user demand side,
we expect the need for anti-jamming
capability to become even more critical
for military users. We also expect
users to demand better accuracy and
integrity, both in the military and civil
communities. In 2013, the United States
must secure its critical modernization
efforts to meet these demands and
bolster the space, ground, and user
architecture against potential threats.
For us at Lockheed Martin, the
message is clear. The threats and
demands for enhanced capability
are real, but the budget to meet those
demands is shrinking. This presents
a challenge, but we believe 2013 is
the year we meet the challenge and
position for the future.
GPS III, the Air Forces next
generation GPS satellite system, is a
central part of the modernized solutions
for the challenges laid out above. GPS
III is the most affordable way to meet
the increasing demand from users,
while also prudently posturing the
enterprise for the future. In 2013, we
intend to prove that.
Space acquisition has weathered
painful challenges in the past that
is not news but the Air Force laid
out the GPS III acquisition plan to
reverse the trend and regain acquisition
confidence. Leveraging hard-won
lessons, the Air Force instilled a back-
to-basics acquisition approach to
provide better mission assurance, cost
confidence, and schedule predictability.
The approach emphasizes early
Doing More with Less
Affordability, Capability, and Back-to-Basics Acquisition
The United States
must secure its critical
modernization efforts
to meet user demands
for better accuracy and
integrity, and to bolster
the space, ground, and
user architecture against
potential threats.
Keoki Jackson
DIRECTIONS 2013
investments in rigorous systems
engineering, industry-leading parts
standards, and the development of
a fully functional GPS III satellite
pathfinder to retire risks early and
lower overall program costs. These
investments early in the GPS III
program were designed to prevent the
types of engineering issues discovered
on other programs late in the flight
vehicle manufacturing process or even
on orbit.
Back to Basics
The question in 2013 will be, Is back-
to-basics working? and we intend
to show continued evidence of success
next year. We will complete work on
the GPS III Non-Flight Satellite Testbed
(GNST), our full-sized GPS III satellite
prototype. We will ship it to Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida,
for pathfinding activities at the launch
site as we complete integration of the
first space vehicle in our highly efficient
GPS Processing Facility. The GNST is
used to identify and solve development
issues prior to integration and test of
the first space vehicle. This will be a
major milestone, putting the GNSS
community on the cusp of fielding a
new generation of PNT capabilities
through very efficient and affordable
production for all GPS III satellites.
Further proving out the back-to-
basics acquisition approach, in 2013
we will be converting our options to
build the next eight GPS III satellites to
a fixed price contract structure, rather
than cost-plus. This transition will limit
the governments risk and significantly
contribute to Air Force affordability
goals. The back-to-basics acquisition
strategy and the progress we have
already made on our GPS III prototype
give us high confidence in our ability
to perform efficient and affordable
fixed-price satellite production going
forward.
As the austere budget environment
is amplified in 2013, we will focus
our attention on our GPS III program
performance while aggressively
pursuing affordability and efficiency
initiatives to ensure we are providing
great value to the end user while
being the best possible stewards of the
American publics investment.
User Demands
Affordability is one challenge; the
other is meeting user demands. While
the first GPS III satellites will bring on
significant new capabilities, including
improved accuracy, better anti-jam
power, and a new civil signal to be
interoperable with international GNSS
systems, we do need to continue
planning for technology upgrades in
the future.
The Air Force laid out the GPS
III program from the very beginning
with evolution in mind and the
GPS III satellites have pre-architected
capacity to add new capabilities and
technologies affordably and with low
risk. The acquisition plan calls for
technology insertion beginning on the
ninth satellite. 2013 will be a critical
year in finalizing the production
schedule for the capability insertion
program.
We look at technology insertion in
two ways: technology to reduce costs
and technology to increase capabilities.
To that end, we are developing dual
launch, higher anti-jam signal power
for the military, a new search and
rescue payload, a digital navigation
payload with the capability to
incorporate new signals after launch,
real time command and control cross
links to improve system accuracy and a
host of other innovations.
The timing for when these new
capabilities will be on ramped onto
new satellites will be determined by
user demands and technical maturity. In
2013, we will be working very closely
with the Air Force to implement a low
risk ongoing modernization program to
ensure GPS III meets the needs of users
for decades to come while maintaining
or reducing the per unit cost of a GPS
III satellite.
In the uncertain and challenging
environment of 2013 and beyond,
GNSS technology will certainly
continue to improve. User demand
will increase significantly, while the
resources to meet those demands will
remain stable or decline. It is a tough
challenge, but the GNSS industry has
not disappointed yet, and we do not
expect anything different in 2013 and
beyond.
DANA (KEOKI) JACKSON is vice president of
Navigation Systems in Space Systems Companys
Military Space line of business for Lockheed
Martin Corporation. He is responsible for
leading all aspects of the next-generation GPS
III navigation satellite program for the United
States Air Force, as well as operations and
sustainment of the GPS IIR and IIRM satellites.
Prior to joining Lockheed Martin, he was a NASA
research fellow at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, conducting Space Shuttle flight
experiments in the field of human adaptation
to the space environment. He has a doctoral
degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics fromthe
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
DIRECTIONS 2013
he GNSS interference session
this year at the ION-GNSS
conference in Nashville
was one of the most crowded,
confirming the need of all sectors
of the community to understand the
threats in GNSS and how they can be
mitigated. In that context I received
one of the most challenging questions
of my career: Can we predict the
future of GNSS security? What is the
status of civil and commercial GNSS
security today? Which are the threats
and risks and how they are mitigated?
Where are we going and what shall we
expect from the future?
I decided to tackle this topic
carefully, using as a basis and
inspiration the history of information
and communication technology (ICT)
security: from the first threats and
attacks of the 1980s to a glance at
what technology offers today.
Secondly, to obtain different
perspectives and shift the blame
to someone else if one day these
predictions should prove to be
wrong I solicited the opinions of
three other experts and
colleagues in the domain of GNSS
and security: Logan Scott, Todd
Humphreys, and David Last.
Snapshots from History
The Internet was officially born in
1969 when the U.S. Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
crated the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET). A
short 11 years later, the 414 Gang,
a computer-hacking organization
(the term hacking was coined at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
as early as the 1960s) performed one
of the first attacks and frauds upon
computer systems. In 1983 the first
computer virus was discovered. In 1988
the Computer Emergency Response
Team (CERT) was created to report and
disseminate information on the threats,
and AT&T Bell Labs created the first
concept of firewalls. Some readers may
recall the 1983 movie War Games,
which found Hollywood hard at work
on cyber-attacks, denial, and deception
to computer systems at a time when we
had only six GPS satellites in orbit. One
year later, Steven M. Bellovin published
a paper on the possibility of performing
a transmission control protocol/internet
protocol (TCP/IP) Spoofing attack.
Six years after that paper, in 1995,
the Computer Incident Advisory
Committee (CIAC) reported the first
TCP/IP spoofing attack to a system.
In another four years, the first denial
of service (DoS) attack to computer
networks was reported by the CERT.
A DoS attack consists of several
computer systems sending unsolicited
requests to the target, causing a
saturation of network and computer
resources. In terms of objectives, it
could be compared to what jamming
causes in GNSS systems.
Between 1984 and 1986, Dorothy
Threat Development Parallels Information/Communication Technology
Civil GNSS security seems
to be reliving the early
days of information
and communication
technology in the 1980s:
first publication of
attack concepts, first
publicly known attacks,
no standards, and only
prototype mitigation
strategies.
Oscar Pozzobon
DIRECTIONS 2013
Denning and Peter Neumann
researched and developed the first
model of a real-time intrusion detection
system (IDS). This prototype was
initially a rule-based expert system
trained to detect known malicious
activity. I like to think that this could be
compared to todays jamming detection
and localization systems.
In the 1990s, the need for
guidelines to provide general outlines
as well as specific techniques for
implementing security became a
pressing one for all organizations. The
first standard, originally published
by the British Standards Institution
(BSI) in 1995 was the BS 7799, was
later adopted by the International
Organization for Standardization
(ISO) as the ISO/International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
27000 series.
Information technology today
can be security-evaluated via the
Common Criteria (CC) standard
(ISO/IEC 15408), which allows
computer-systems certification. CC
is a framework in which computer
system users can specify their
security functional and assurance
requirements. The Federal
Information Processing Standard
(FIPS) 140 is an alternative standard
for cryptographic modules, developed
by the U.S. Federal Information
Processing Standards.
The Nessus Project, started by
Renaud Deraison in 1998, set as its
objective the provision of an open-
source vulnerability-assessment tool.
Since 2000, Nessus has become one
of most popular tools for computer-
network security and vulnerability
assessment, used by more than 75,000
organizations worldwide.
ICT security today is assured
in a lifecycle composed by CERT
managing the threats notifications,
ISO/IEC 27000 managing the
processes, and CC/FIPS 140 defining
the security requirements for the
system and vulnerability assessment
tools to certify the robustness.
Now, Where Are We in GNSS?
Radio-frequency interferences (RFI) or
jamming cases can hardly be tracked,
as they are difficult to detect and have
a long history in the military domain.
Recent incidents such the one at
Newark International Airport show that
the threat is increasing and demonstrate
the need for mitigation strategies.
GNSS signal falsification frauds, or
spoofing, seems to as yet have no
evident cases in the civil domain.
The Volpe Report of September 10,
2001 is one of the first government
public announcements of GNSS
threats, including jamming and
spoofing. More than 10 years, later
the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
experiment coordinated by Todd
Humphreys at the University of Texas
proved that such attacks are feasible.
In GNSS, jamming detection (and
sometime mitigation) are nowadays
commercial options for some
professional and mass-market GNSS
receivers. Spoofing detection has been
available in commercial prototype
receivers since 2008 (among others,
the Trusted GNSS Receiver (TIGER)
funded by the European GNSS
Agency. In 2012 we have seen the
presentation of the first civil GNSS
security testbed. For examples of the
latter, see the University of Texas
TEXBAT initiative, mentioned on
page 37, and the GNSS Authentication
and User Protection System Simulator
(GAUPSS) project, which involved
the development of software and
algorithms that were integrated
and tested in the radio navigation
laboratory of the European Space
Agency/ European Space Research
and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC)
in Noordwijk, the Netherlands.
I will make the assertion that
compared to ICT security, civil GNSS
security seems to be reliving the early
days of the 1980s: first publication
of attack concepts, first publicly
known attacks, no standards, and
only prototype mitigation strategies.
With a gap of almost 30 years, at least
four mid-Earth orbit GNSS systems
becoming operational in the next few
years, and an annual 10 percent growth
rate of GNSS applications, the era of
civil GNSS security begins now.
The Question Why
Logan Scott is a consultant
specializing in radio-frequency signal
processing and waveform design for
communications, navigation, radar,
and emitter location. His opinion on
the future threat leaves no doubts:
In assessing security threats, an
important starting question is Why
would someone do that? If there is no
motivation, chances are, there wont
be an attack. Over the last five years
or so, the combination of ubiquitous,
low-cost communications systems and
satellite navigation has moved civil
GNSS positioning and timing into
DIRECTIONS 2013
use domains where there are stronger
motivations for an attack. Specifically,
widespread use in asset monitoring
and tracking encourages jamming
attacks and so, we are seeing more such
attack. As GNSS becomes more deeply
embedded into societal infrastructure,
we can expect to see more attacks of
increasing sophistication. Motivation
will be there.
David Last is a consultant engineer
and expert witness specializing in
radio-navigation and communications
systems. He operates in the domain of
covert tracking and law enforcement,,
an area where interference can be
tempting. As expert in the field,
and to the best of his knowledge, he
believes that although there are some
cases of jamming, we have seen no
events of spoofing so far. To date,
all we have seen from criminals are
crude jamming attacks. Attacks by
technically sophisticated aggressors
who understand GNSS vulnerability
have yet to start. They will be much
more serious.
Furthermore, when the receiver
stops receiving data in a court case,
we cant say its jamming: we can
mention that is one of the things that
stops the signal. Law enforcement is
now beginning to use receivers that
can perform jamming detection.
David Lasts opinion on the
issue of potential low-cost spoofers
appearing in the near future was also
provocative: Criminals dont buy
things, they steal them.
The Time is Right, Now
An ICT security standard arrived
about 10 years after the first
publication and case reports of
attacks. Are we at the right time, now,
to consider security certification of
GNSS receivers?
Logan Scotts opinion is that
receivers should be certified in order
to provide awareness of the attacks:
Today, essentially all houses and
buildings have smoke alarms. Smoke
alarms dont put out fires but they do
alert the occupants to the probability
that there is a problem. Similarly,
GNSS receiver situation awareness
regarding jamming and spoofing is a
first step towards militating against
attacks on GNSS components. As
civil receivers stand today, many dont
discriminate between loss of lock due
to signal attenuation and loss of lock
due to jamming. This needs to change.
Fairly simple algorithms can
detect most types of jamming and
spoofing. Jammers and simple
spoofers almost invariably affect
automatic gain control gain settings.
They are easy to detect. More
sophisticated spoofers have difficulty
covering apparent direction of arrival
and can be detected using some
simple antenna techniques.
The problem for the user
community at large is in knowing
whether or not a receiver maintains
adequate situational awareness. This is
where test-based receiver certification
can play a role.
Awareness is indeed needed to
notify to the application the security
and authentication state. GNSS
authentication integrated in the
system still lies far off. Not only is
implementing authentication without
compromising user cost and simplicity
challenging, but the impact on the
ground and space segment in GNSS to
maintain legacy signals compatibility
is also considerable.
We believe that user-based
authentication will be the Plan B for
the next 510 years. This requires the
development of receiver techniques
and the use of security testbeds as the
baseline for vulnerability assessment,
in the same way the Nessus tool
was used in the 1990s for computer
network assessment.
On the test approach, Logan Scott
stresses that Using a series of canned
scenarios, GNSS receivers can be
tested to determine how well they
maintain situational awareness. Do
well enough, and the receiver can be
stamped as certified, much like an
Underwriters Laboratory (UL) label.
The test process can be automated
and conducted by an independent
third party, similar to the way cellular
equipment is certified.
The problem for the user community at large is in knowing whether
or not a receiver maintains adequate situational awareness. This is
where test-based receiver certification can play a role.
DIRECTIONS 2013
Additional certifications might
include cyber security aspects such
as accepting only digitally-signed
software updates and maps, providing
attestation capabilities, and use of
authenticatable GNSS signals.
The benefit for the non-expert user
community is that they have a basis
for selecting GNSS receivers, secure
in the knowledge that they meet
minimum performance standards.
Testing, Testing
Ringing in my third fellow expert,
I asked Todd Humphreys, assistant
professor in the Department of
Aerospace Engineering at the
University of Texas at Austin, for his
opinion regarding the future of GNSS
security testing.
A testbed capable of simulating
realisticspooQgattacksisQeeded
so that the efficacy of proposed civil
GPS signal authentication techniques
can be experimentally evaluated. A
generic testbed capable of evaluating
all known authentication techniques
would be prohibitively expensive;
for example, it would require a large
anechoic chamber for evaluating
receiver-autonomous antenna-
oriented techniques. But if the scope
of evaluation is limited to receiver-
autonomous signal-processing-
oriented techniques and networked
techniques, then it is possible not only
to develop an inexpensive testbed but
to share the testbeds data component
so that the tests can be replicated in
laboratories across the globe.
In October, we released the Texas
SpooQgTest%atter\TEX%AT
asetoIsi[highdelit\digital
recordings of live static and dynamic
*PSICAspooQgtestscoQducted
by the Radionavigation Laboratory
of the University of Texas at Austin.
National Instruments is hosting
TEX%AToQcloudserYerssothat
anyone can download it.
The battery can be considered
the data component of an evolving
staQdardmeaQttodeQethe
notion of spoof resistance for civil
GPS receivers. According to this
standard, successful detection of or
imperYiousQesstoallspooQgattacks
iQTEX%AToraIutureYersioQ
thereof, could be considered sufficient
to certify a civil GPS receiver as
spoof-resistant.
This is a spoofing-specific version
of the not stupid certification that
Logan Scott has suggested for GNSS
receivers. In my July congressional
testimony, I advocated requiring a
spoof resistance certification for
GNSS devices that are used in critical
infrastructure.
Looking into the Future
Now I turn and attempt to answer the
final question: Can we predict the
future of civil GNSS security?
I believe that we can predict that,
unfortunately, attacks will increase,
and new attacks will be discovered.
For example, we have been talking
aboutdeceptioQjammersalso
known as intelligent, PRN, or gold
codejammersoQl\iQthelastIew
years, as an emerging threat. We will
see certification and standards for
security in GNSS, and we expect
them to come in the next five years.
Tools for GNSS security testing are
already available commercially, for
example the Qascom GNSS Security
testbed*STAsICThasCERTIor
notification of threat, we will also
see the raising of a GNSS emergency
response team possibly called a
GERT.
In conclusion, whether my
predictions turn out to be correct
or not, the good news is that GNSS
security also has a history in
Hollywoods annals: the 1997 James
Bond movie Tomorrow Never Dies
narrates a spoofing attack on the GPS
navigation system of a submarine,
performed via a GPS encoder that
modifies the time.
Again, 007 anticipated the future,
and he did it 15 years before a handful
of world renowned GNSS security
experts.
I have not yet seen the 2012 James
Bond film Skyfall. I wonder what it
portends?
OSCAR POZZOBON is the director and
co-founder of Qascom S.r.l., based in Bassano
del Grappa, Italy. He received a Masters degree
in telecommunication engineering from the
University of Queensland, Australia, and is the
Italian contact for the Civil Global Positioning
System Service Interface Committee (CGSIC).
We believe that user based authentication will be the Plan B
for the next 510 years.
LEADERSHIP AWARDS 2012
I
ts a genuine honor to receive
this award. Id like to thank Alan
Cameron and all the contributors
to GPS World. GPS World plays an
essential role in building our GNSS
community and keeping it together,
providing GNSS news, instruction, and,
indispensably, gossip!
Id also like to thank my
students at the University of Texas
Radionavigation Lab. Much of the
credit for this award goes to them.
The futurist Ray Kurzweil spoke at
a conference I attended back in 2001.
Maybe some of you have heard of Ray.
Hes regarded variously as a prophet,
or a crackpot. Hes taking hundreds
of vitamins every day to keep himself
alive until the singularity arrives, at
which point hell download himself
onto a robot and live forever, or at least
hell have his head cryogenically frozen
so that he can be downloaded and live
forever later on.
In that 2001 talk, Ray made some
bold predictions. One, in particular, I
remember well. Within the decade,
Ray assured us, well all be wearing
special contact lenses that give us a
permanant Internet feed directly to our
eyeballs.
Nonsense, I thought, and indeed it
was nonsense. Here we are in 2012 and
no such contact lenses exist, nevermind
their being in widespread use.
I resolved back then that if I were
ever called on to peer into the future
Real-Time Kinematic in Your Palm
Technology to Be Cheap and Pervasive by 2020
Todd Humphreys, Radionavigation Laboratory
(director), University of Texas at Austin (assistant
professor). Leader of several seminal studies on spoofing
and jamming; testified this summer before Congress on the
subject.
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d

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t
and tell what I see, as Alan has asked me to do tonight, Id be
more modest about it.
So tonight Im going to make a modest prediction, and
only one of them. I predict that by the GPS World dinner in
2020, carrier-phase differential GNSS, or, if you prefer an
adjective for what should be a noun, Real-Time Kinematic,
will be cheap and pervasive. Well have it on our cell phones
and our tablets. There will be app families devoted to
decimeter- and centimeter-level accuracy. The consequences
will be fantastic. And this will be enormously disruptive to
the current precision navigation industry. This will be the
commoditization of centimeter-level GNSS.
Now you may very well object to this prediction. You
might point out that integer ambiguities will be difficult to
resolve in the face of the near-field effects around and poor
placement of the GNSS antenna in handheld units. You
might also argue that the increased power requirements of
carrier-phase techniques will be a dealbreaker for mobile
devices. Thats all fine. I agree that those are hard problems.
My students and I are looking into them, trying to overcome
them.
But please dont make as one of your objections the one
that Ive heard so many times: Why would anyone ever want
centimeter-accurate positioning in their cell phone? Because
Ill object that your objection lacks imagination.
To see one example of what could be done with
commoditized centimeter-accurate GNSS, I invite you all to
a presentation by my students Daniel Shepard, Ken Pesyna,
and Jahshan Bhatti tomorrow in the F5 Session (Millimeter-
accurate Augmented Reality Enabled by Carrier-Phase
Differential GPS). Theyll show off a crude box that weve
built, through which, if you peer, you can see a sandcastle
thats not really there. And you can walk around the
sandcastle and see it from all sides with centimeter accuracy.
Imagine when this technology is in our tablets! Or, better
yet, when its in our glasses or, I suppose, our contact
lenses. Not that Im making any predictions about contact
lenses.

FOR A SHORT VIDEO DEMONSTRATION of the RTK-enabled augmented
reality box built by Todd Humphreys students, go to http://radionavlab.ae.utexas.
edu/publications/precise-augmented-reality-enabled-by-carrier-phase-differential-gps, or to
www.gpsworld.com/webinars, and under Previous Webinars Available for
Download, click on The Future of GNSS Research & Development.
The video plays during Todd Humphreys portion of the webinar.
This article and the three following ones
reproduce the acceptance speeches
given by the winners of GPS Worlds 2012
Leadership Awards, at the Leadership
Dinner in Nashville in September.
The Leadership Dinner was sponsored by
Lockheed Martin and Deimos Space.
I
feel privileged and honored to
receive this award from GPS World,
and I am truly sorry now that I
chose this year not to attend the ION-
GNSS conference to receive it!
With respect to the achievements in
GIOVE-A and Galileo, I cannot claim
this award on behalf of myself, but I will
claim it on behalf of the people in Surrey
Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL)
who made the projects possible, and to
those in the team here who have been
working tirelessly to make the payloads
and satellites happen. We are of course
partnered with others in Europe that
have been laboring equally hard, so it
has been a true team effort.
With respect to the spaceborne GPS
and GNSS activities, my achievements
have only been possible thanks to the
top-class staff we have in the receivers
team, and thanks are also due to the
support we have had from the rest of
SSTL.
In the 20 years I have been in the
company, Surrey Satellite Technology
Ltd has grown from a small university-
based department to a major player in
the international space scene, and I am
immensely proud to have been part of
this story.
A Few Words for The Future
Whilst it cannot quite match the
early heady days of GPS, I still think
nevertheless we are entering an exciting
time in the GNSS world. We have
Pairing LEOs with GNSS Birds
CYGNSS, Others Deliver Now and in Future for Global Weather Forecast
Martin Unwin, Surrey Satellite Technology Limited;
Principal GNSS Engineer. A key member of the team
that built the GIOVE-A satellite (recently retired) and is now
working on the Galileo FOC satellites; and for his work on
space-borne receivers.
two operational systems, and within
a few years, we will be seeing two
more reaching operational capability.
Dual- and even triple-frequency civil
signals will soon become operationally
available, and some very wide
bandwidth signals will be sent down,
in particular, by Galileo. There is
bound to be a steep learning curve in
understanding how to exploit these
new signals, with a few crevasses to be
negotiated during the climb. But these
new signals are bound to lead to an
expanded vista of increased accuracy
and robustness, and undoubtedly some
unexpected destinations.
Taking perhaps the highest
perspective, spaceborne remote sensing
is a good example that has surprising
relevance to the rest of us still on the
ground. In this case, GNSS satellites
are used as radar sources, and all that
is required on a low-Earth orbiting
(LEO) satellite to change the world is a
GNSS receiver. GPS radio-occultation
measurements from low-Earth orbit are
now already the third most important
data source for our global weather
forecasts, thanks to the like of the
COSMIC and MetOp satellites.
Furthermore, a new constellation
of satellites called CYGNSS has
recently announced by NASA that
will be using ocean-reflected GPS
signals to probe inside hurricanes and
typhoons, and for the first time will
enable the sensing of the wide-scale
ocean roughness, leading to improved
global wind and wave knowledge. By
adding to this spaceborne receiver the
ability to accommodate signals from
GLONASS, Galileo, and Compass,
plus any other available GNSS-type
signals, the number of measurements
is instantly quadrupled, and a new
capability in sensing the atmosphere,
waves, and even ice and land is likely
to be seen. Meteorologists already view
GPS as an emerging utility for weather
and climate sensing, but I think this
new role for GNSS will be reinforced
and expanded into yet another area
where GNSS incontrovertibly, if
indirectly, makes such a significant
difference to our daily lives.
As with many other applications
where GNSS has become important or
even critical to our modern world, this
is, at the same time, both a blessing and
a matter for some caution.

LEADERSHIP DINNER guests (top) vie to submit their entries in the What Do You Know?
accuracy and estimation contest. Below, Antje Tucci and Kristina Kudlich (Munich SatNav
Summit) confer with Fabio Dovis (Politecnico di Torino) over their answers. Detailed
account at www.gpsworld.com/wideawake.
I
am much honored to receive this
award and recognition. It means a
lot to me.
I would like to thank the people
who made a difference in my career.
Without them it would not be possible
for me to be here.
First I am grateful to Dr. Maurice
Meyer, former MIT professor. He
taught me the black magic of antenna
engineering. I am quite sure that his
spirit guided me when I invented the
GPS/GNSS Pinwheel antenna when
working at NovAtel, for which I
received six patents.
I also would like to thank Prof.
Gerard Lachapelle and Dr. AJ Van
Dierendock for teaching me GPS
technology and Dr. Phillip Ward for
providing very useful insight on the
subject of interference. That knowledge
saved me countless hours when
troubleshooting some system-level
issues while designing current and past
GPS/GNSS products.
Currently I am working at NextNav
LLC, developing technologies
related to NextNavs new terrestrial
based Wide Area Positioning System
(WAPS).
Founded in 2008 and based in
Sunnyvale, California, NextNav has
designed a new positioning system
that is being initially deployed
across the United States, although
we anticipate taking our technology
to global markets in the future. In its
Terrestrial-Based Signals
A GPS Look-Alike to Compensate for Poor Indoor, Urban Availability
Waldemar Kunysz, NextNav LLC, Senior Staff Engineer.
Work on Wide-Area Positioning System (WAPS) design and
implementation in the continental United States. He spent
the previous 16 years with NovAtel Inc, working on various
research projects and novel antenna designs.
short life, in addition to developing
the technology necessary for a timing-
based, high-accuracy terrestrial
positioning system, NextNav has
already established a network presence
in 40 of the largest U.S. metropolitan
areas. This system allows the reception
of a GPS-like signal in the areas
where satellite coverage is weak or
non-existent, such as indoors or in
dense urban developments, that is,
downtowns, urban canyons, and so
on. We already have completed a
fully-deployed service capability
in the San Francisco Bay area that
enables consistently accurate indoor
and outdoor positioning anywhere
from San Francisco to San Jose, and
we are growing our network footprint
across the United States. We are also
very excited to have developed a
height system that has demonstrated
consistent floor-level accuracy, a
feature that is particularly valuable
indoors.
As we know, all major terrestrial
systems, such as Loran, Omega and
Decca, have been shut down in the past
several years. We have become very
dependent on satellite-based services
such as GPS and GLONASS without
any terrestrially-based back-up. Any
major solar storm in the future could be
very disruptive to this service, so having
a terrestrial-based system that is in sync
with the satellite-based system will fill
that void. And of course, a terrestrial
system can be maintained and improved
on a significantly shorter schedule, with
significantly lower cost, than a space-
based system. NextNav really provides
an excellent complement to GPS.
The future looks very bright for
the positioning service industry. In
my opinion, by 2020 it will become
another ubiquitously-available utility
such as phone or power. Id like to
agree with my other awardee and
predict that in 2020 we will be able
to have a carrier-based positioning
accuracy anywhere and anytime,
available from any devices including
handheld units. You will know where
all your assets are and you wont
need to post a question to your wife:
Honey, did you see where my tie is?
Your personal digital assistant will
locate it for you.
Thanks again.
GPS Signal
NextNav Signal
Urban Rural

WHAT DO YOU KNOW? Elliott Kaplan (MITRE), Mark Psiaki (Cornell), Grace Gao (University of Illinois), David De Lorenzo (Stanford), and John
Studenny (CMC Electronics) calculate their answer. Right, Vytas Kezys (Research In Motion) conducts a scientific experiment. Detailed
account of the accuracy and estimation game at www.gpsworld.com/wideawake.
T
hank you to the awards
committee and especially to the
individual who nominated me.
I would be remiss if anyone left
here with the impression that the
development of the chip-scale atomic
clock was in any way a solo effort.
On the contrary, while I have had
the privilege of being the front man,
the success of this program can be
attributed entirely to the fantastic
collaboration between three highly
disparate groups, from very different
industries and cultures: our Research
Group at Symmetricoms Technology
Realization Center, in Beverly,
Massachusetts; the MEMS group at the
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, led
by Mark Mescher and Matt Varghese;
and the optoelectronics group at Sandia
National Laboratories, led by Darwin
Serkland. If any of these groups and
people had been anything less than
extraordinary, both technically and
personally, I would not be standing
here this evening.
With this introduction I can say,
with little loss of humility, that the
chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC)
is a really cool device. Depending
on where youre coming from, its
either 100 times lower size, weight,
and power (SWAP) than traditional
atomic clocks or its 100 times more
accurate than quartz oscillators with
comparable SWAP. Regardless of your
perspective, it clearly represents a
At the Frontiers of Time
New Advances in Receiver Performance and Reliability
Robert Lutwak, Symmetricom; Chief Scientist.
Practical advances to overcome the intrinsic physical barriers
to affordable chip-scale atomic clocks, enabling precision
time and time transfer in mobile GNSS and communications
systems.
disruptive technology and a paradigm
shift for portable battery-powered
navigation, communication, and
timing applications. For comparison,
the CSAC can run for a day on a full
cellphone battery charge, whereas the
next lowest power clock of comparable
performance will run down a car
battery in an hour. The CSAC is not
an evolutionary improvement in
SWAP, it is revolutionary in that it
enables previously untenable system
architectures, mission scenarios, and
network topologies.
Since Symmetricom introduced the
first commercial CSAC, roughly two
years ago, the market response has
been overwhelming. Despite having
done our due diligence to predict the
market demand and despite having
nearly doubled our manufacturing
output every quarter, our shipment
backlog remains strong, and I am
frequently surprised by innovative
customer applications that we had not
envisioned at the product launch. We
have to date shipped many thousands
of CSACs to more than a hundred
different customers, representing vastly
different markets and applications.
While many of the novel applications
are still in the early stages of prototype
development and evaluation, it is clear
that CSACs will be ubiquitous across
diverse applications within the decade.
I am fortunate, in my position, to
interact directly with the technical
integrators of the CSAC and learn the
details of many of the applications. My
general impression is that the timing
and frequency stability performance
of the CSAC is adequate for most of
the emerging applications. The most
common requests that I hear from
customers are for reduced cost, power
consumption, and size, in that order. It is
not surprising that size is at the bottom
of the list. In most applications, the
batteries are still larger and heavier than
the CSAC, so small improvements in
power consumption are generally more
valuable to reducing system SWAP than
size reduction of the CSAC itself.
As in any new technology, the
cost will come down naturally with
increased volume and improved
manufacturing efficiencies, both at
Symmetricom and at our vendors.
While it is unlikely that you will get a
CSAC in your next free cellphone, I do
expect that the cost will progressively
decrease over the next several years, and
the technology will become cost-viable
to an exponentially increasing spectrum
of applications. Similarly, we continue
to evolve our electronics and algorithms
for improved power consumption, aided
by external advancements in microwave
and microprocessor electronics driven
by the smart-phone industry. It is
my expectation that a factor of 2X
improvement in power consumption is
likely within the next three to five years.
To date, most of the commercial
products that have emerged, based on
CSAC technology, have been in the
timing and frequency calibration space.
It is not surprising to me that the time
and frequency community was the first
to adopt and exploit the technology,
as many of them have been closely
monitoring the development program
and had the internal expertise and
experience to rapidly exploit it.
I admit, though, that I am a bit
disappointed to see that there are no
papers with CSAC in their titles
at the 2012 ION-GNSS, but I am
confident that this will change in the
years to come. Adoption of CSAC by
the navigation community has lagged
behind the timing community in large
part, I believe, because the technology
has caught the community somewhat
off-guard, and the benefits of the
CSAC to INS and GNSS are just now
beginning to be realized.
The most obvious and straight-
forward application of CSAC to
GNSS is rapid P(Y) acquisition; we
have demonstrated 15-second time-
to-subsequent-fix (TTSF) after two
hours of GPS denial. This was a fairly
simple demonstration that consisted
of jamming time into an unmodified
GPS receiver, but I believe that this is
just the tip of the iceberg. With access
to the core navigation algorithms
within the receiver, precise knowledge
of time could improve the receiver
performance and reliability on other
levels, including (at least):
Improved uncertainty of the
navigation solution
Navigation with less than four (or
less than three) satellites
Anti-spoof and anti-jam detection
Seamless co-integration of GNSS
and INS systems
Another navigation area that I
believe is ripe to benefit from CSAC
technology is in self-assembling
navigation systems, such as a local
ad hoc GNSS-like network which
self-assembles from handheld
timing beacons/receivers. Such a
system would have value for safety-
of-life applications in GPS-denied
environments, such as indoor
firefighting and mine safety.
Thank you again for the recognition
and opportunity of this award.
2013. The deployment of new
equipment on existing sites began
in April 2012, and first results are
very promising. The new type of
geodetic quality GNSS receiver has
been chosen, based on an internal
selection process, and deployment
is under way. Each receiver has 264
physical channels, is capable of
multi-signal, multi-frequency and
multi-constellation tracking and
will be remotely controlled from the
Navigation Facility at ESOC.
Software Packages
The NSO develops, maintains
and operates a range of software
packages and tools for high-precision
orbit- and clock determination and
prediction. The software capability
also includes the estimation of
station coordinates, Earth-orientation
parameters, model parameters
(radiation pressure, drag, and so
on), ionosphere, troposphere,
instrument biases, intersystem biases,
ambiguities and antenna phase-centre
variations based on state-of-the-art
models and standards (for example,
IERS, ITRF).
The main software packages used
within the NSO are:
NAPEOS, which is the ESOC
standard for high-precision
navigation tasks. NAPEOS is
used for almost all projects and is
compliant with the highest navigation
accuracy requirements, based on
batch processing techniques with the
capability to process different types
of geodetic observations.
RETINA, the NSOs real time
software package for GNSS based
precise navigation. This software is
based on Kalman Filter techniques
and has a closely coordinated
interface to NAPEOS.
IONMON, processing GNSS data and
producing ionosphere information
and TEC map predictions.
In this context it is important
to mention that ESA owns all
the intellectual property rights to
these software packages and that
licences for operationally qualified
software can be released on request
to European companies, universities
and R&D 0rganisations (currently
only NAPEOS).
Summary and Outlook
The Navigation Support Office
offers a combination of different
capabilities, namely highest quality
software, tools for real-time and
batch processing ( the Office is
the only analysis centre capable of
processing three different geodetic
techniques within a single software
package), operation of own global
GNSS sensor station network and
demonstrated operational experience
for mission support and provision of
services. Operations are conducted
in a controlled environment, fully
in accordance with ESA safety and
security standards.
The Navigation Support Office
is ready for multi-frequency, multi-
signal and multi constellation
GNSS data processing. The Office
is involved and strongly committed
to support Galileo and EGNOS. In
this context, the Office will soon
become the consortium leader for
the provision of the Galileo Geodetic
Reference Frame.
Concerning the participation to
international GNSS activities like
IGS, ICG and GNSS standardisation
aspects, the Navigation Support
Office intends to continue its support
for the foreseeable future.
In the area of LEO POD, the
Navigation Support Office offers
POD capability for all types of LEO
satellites. For this reason, the Office
intends to play a major role in the
precise orbit determination activities
for the European GMES Sentinel
satellite missions.
Finally, the Navigation Support
Office also intends to increase its
capabilities related to navigation
concepts for high-precision satellite
formation flying and satellite
constellations, via specific research
and development activities. The
aim is to maintain and expand its
capabilities as a very attractive
partner with cutting edge know-
how and technology for the support
of ESA activities and European
industry.
WERNER ENDERLE is the Head of the
Navigation Support Office at ESA\ESOC.
Previously, he worked at the European
GNSS Authority (GSA) as the Head of System
Evolutions. He also worked for the European
Commission, in charge of the procurement for
the Galileo Ground Control Segment. He holds
a doctoral degree in aerospace engineering
from the Technical University of Berlin,
Germany.
Co- Authors: RENE ZANDBERGEN, TIM
SPRINGER, and LOUKIS AGROTIS.
Galileo and GNSS
Continued from page 29.
DIRECTIONS 2013
Orbit Data and Resources on Active GNSS Satellites
ALMANAC
THE
1. SV Numberrefers to space vehicle number.
PRN Numberrefers to the satellites unique
pseudorandom noise code.
2. Clock: Rb = rubidium; Cs = cesium.
3. Launchedand Usabledates are based on
Universal Time.
4. The current GPS constellation consists of 9
usable Block IIA satellites, 12 Block IIRs, 7 Block
IIR-Ms, and 3 Block IIF for a total of 31 satellites
and is under FOC (Full Operational Capability).
The constellation is in the 24+3 (or Expandable
24) configuration with satellites occupying
the fore and aft bifuracted slots in the B, D,
and F planes. There are currently four reserve
satellites, SVNs 27, 32, 37, and 49 near slots A1,
F1, C1, and B1-F, respectively. SVN49 resumed
transmitting signals, this time as PRN27, on
October 18, 2012, but is not set healthy and not
included in broadcast almanacs.
5. SVN35 and 36 carry onboard corner-cube
reflectors for satellite laser ranging (SLR). SLR
tracking of the satellites permits analysts to
differentiate between onboard clock errors and
satellite ephemeris errors in GPS tracking.
6. Selective availability (SA) was set to zero on all
satellites by presidential order on May 2, 2000
at approximately 4:00 UT. Previous Almanacs
provide a history of SA status.
7. Antispoofing (AS) was activated on January 31,
1994, on all Block IIs. AS is occasionally off for
testing and other purposes. Previous Almanacs
provide a history of AS status.
8. The design life and mean-mission duration
goals of the Block IIA, IIR, and IIF satellites are
7.5 and 6 years, 10 and 7.5 years, and 12 and
9.9 years, respectively.
9. GPS World believes this information to be cor-
rect as of press time. However, because of the
satellite constellations evolving nature, readers
should contact GPS information services listed
on these pages for more current data.
10. Dr. Richard Langley of the University of New
Brunswick provided the GPS satellite status
information and compiled the notes.
General Notes:
Performance Notes:
A. SVN27/PRN27 decommissioned from active
service on October 6, 2012.
B. SVN65/PRN24 launched on October 4, 2012,
at 12:10 UTC and setusable on November 14,
2012, at 00:33 UTC. Currently sited nearSVN39/
PRN09 at slot A1.
GPS Satellite & System Information
International GNSS Service (IGS)
www.igs.org; ftp://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov; http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/organization/centers.html
The foundation of IGS is a global network of more than 350 permanent, continuously
operating, geodetic-quality GPS and GPS/GLONASS sites. Ten analysis centers regularly
process the data and contribute products to the analysis center coordinator, who
produces the ofcial IGS combined orbit and clock products. For more information:
Contact International GNSS Service Central Bureau, Jet Propulsion Lab MS 238-540, Pas-
adena, CA 91109 USA; phone (818) 354-2077, fax (818) 393-6686, email cb@igs.org.
National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation & Timing
www.pnt.gov
The EXCOM advises senior national government leadership and coordinates with
federal agencies about policy matters concerning GPS, its augmentations, and related
systems. The deputy secretaries of Defense and Transportation jointly chair the EXCOM.
The National Space-Based PNT Advisory Board operates in an independent advisory
capacity for the EXCOM as directed by the National PNT Policy and in accordance with
the Federal Advisory Committee Act. For information contact: National Coordination
Ofce for Space-Based PNT, Herbert C. Hoover Building, Rm. 2518, 1401 Constitution
Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20230, phone: 202-482-5809, fax: 202-482-4429, e-mail:
pnt.ofce@pnt.gov.
DoD GPS Operations Center and 2SOPS Constellation Status
https://gps.afspc.af.mil/gpsoc/; https://gps.afspc.af.mil/gps/
The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) GPS Operations Center and the 2nd Space Opera-
tions Squadron (2SOPS), U.S. Air Force, maintain Internet sites for military and DoD
users. The GPS Operations Center provides DOP predictions, performance assessments,
anomaly impact analysis, FAQs, and other services for GPS users in the feld. 2SOPS op-
erates a GPS Constellation Status site with scheduled outages, user advisories, almanac
data, electronic mail, and downloadable fles. For more information: DOD-associated
activities only, e-mail gps_support@schriever.af.mil.
U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center Navigation Information Service (NIS)
www.navcen.uscg.gov
This site ofers GPS constellation status, scheduled outage updates, user advisories,
and almanac data as well as Diferential GPS and Coast Guard Local Notice to Mariners
information. Voice recording for GPS constellation status: (703) 313-5907. For more
information: Contact the NIS Watchstander, 24 hours a day, at phone (703) 313-5900,
fax (703) 313-5920, or e-mail tis-pf-nisws@uscg.mil.
TYPE: Block IIA
23 32 Rb 11-26-90 2-26-08 E5
26 26 Rb 7-7-92 7-23-92 F2-F
27 27 9-9-92 A
39 09 Cs 6-26-93 7-20-93 A1
35 30 Rb 8-30-93 8-16-11 B1-F
34 04 Rb 10-26-93 11-22-93 D4
36 06 Rb 3-10-94 3-28-94 C5
33 03 Cs 3-28-96 4-9-96 C2
40 10 Cs 7-16-96 8-15-96 E6
38 08 Cs 11-6-97 12-18-97 A3
TYPE: Block IIR
43 13 Rb 7-23-97 1-31-98 F3
46 11 Rb 10-7-99 1-3-00 D2-F
51 20 Rb 5-11-00 6-1-00 E1
44 28 Rb 7-16-00 8-17-00 B3
41 14 Rb 11-10-00 12-10-00 F1
54 18 Rb 1-30-01 2-15-01 E4
GPS Constellation
56 16 Rb 1-29-03 2-18-03 B1-A
45 21 Rb 3-31-03 4-12-03 D3
47 22 Rb 12-21-03 12-1-04 E2
59 19 Rb 3-20-04 4-5-04 C3
60 23 Rb 6-23-04 7-9-04 F4
61 02 Rb 11-6-04 11-22-04 D1
TYPE: Block IIR-M
53 17 Rb 9-26-05 12-16-05 C4
52 31 Rb 9-25-06 10-12-06 A2
58 12 Rb 11-17-06 12-13-06 B4
55 15 Rb 10-17-07 10-31-07 F2-A
57 29 Rb 12-20-07 1-2-08 C1
48 07 Rb 3-15-08 3-24-08 A4
50 05 Rb 8-17-09 8-27-09 E3
TYPE: Block IIF
62 25 Rb 5-28-10 8-27-10 B2
63 01 Rb 7-16-11 10-14-11 D2-A
65 24 Rb 10-4-12 11-14-12 A5 B

THE GPS IIF Satellite.
THE ALMANAC
A. Inmarsat 3-F2 began Safety-of-Life Service on March 2,
2011, and is transmitting message type 2.
B. Artemis switched roles with Inmarsat-4-F2 on March 22/23,
2012. Now transmitting message type 0/0 for industry tests.
C. Inmarsat-4-F2 began Safety-of-Life Service on March 22,
2012, and is transmitting message type 2.
D. SES-5 (also known as Sirius 5 and Astra 4B) was launched on
July 9,2012. Not yet active.
E. GSAT-8 was launched on May 20, 2011. Satellite is
transmitting test signals.
F. GSAT-10 was launched on September 28, 2012. Satellite
istransmitting test signals.
G. MSAS commissioned for aviation use on September 27,
2007. Either satellite can transmit both PRN signals if
necessary.
H. QZS-1 (nicknamed Michibiki) transmits an L1 augmentation
signal using PRN code 183. That signal is in test mode.
I. Luch-5A was launched on December 11, 2011. Initially
positioned at 58.5 E, it was shifted to 95 E between about May 30
and June 28, 2012. Transmissions as PRN 140 began on July 12, 2012.
Currently transmitting occasional, non-coherent code/carrier test
signals.
J. Luch-5B was launched on November 2, 2012. Expected to be
positionedat 16 W and use PRN code 125. Not yet active.
K. Galaxy 15 ranging supports enroute through precision
approach modes. Switched to backup satellite oscillator on
January 6, 2012.
L. Anik F1R ranging supports enroute through precision
approach modes.
M. The Galaxy 15 and and Anik F1R payloads, operated by
Lockhhed Martin for the FAA, are known as LMPRS-1 and
LMPRS-2, respectively.
N. Inmarsat-4-F3 supports non-precision approach ranging
service.
Notes:
Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems
SBAS SATELLITE ORBIT LONGITUDE PRN NO. NOTES
EGNOS Inmarsat-3-F2/AOR-E 15.5 W 120 A
Artemis 21.5 E 124 B
Inmarsat-4-F2 25 E 126 C
SES-5 5 E 136 D
GAGAN GSAT-8 55 E 127 E
GSAT-10 83 E 128 F
MSAS MTSAT-1R 140 E 129 G
MTSAT-2 145 E 137 G
QZSS QZS-1 135 E 183 H
SDCM Luch-5A 95 E 140 I
Luch-5B J
WAAS Intelsat Galaxy 15 (CRW) 133 W 135 K, M
TeleSat Anik F1R (CRE) 107.3 W 138 L, M
Inmarsat-4-F3 (AMR) 98 W 133 N
1. The first GLONASS satellite was launched
October 12, 1982.
2. The GLONASS numbering scheme used
in this table includes the eight dummy
satellites orbited as ballast along with
real satellites on the first seven GLONASS
launches. The second number (in
parentheses) in the GLONASS Number
column is that assigned by the Russian
Space Forces.
3. The Russian Federation designated the
Kosmos Number.
4. GLONASS numbers 194 have been
withdrawn from service.
5. All operational satellites are GLONASS-M
satellites, except GLONASS 125, which is a
GLONASS-K1 satellite.
6. All launch and usable dates are based on
Moscow Time (Universal Time + 3 hours).
7. Almanac/slot numbers in parentheses
indicate the physical orbital slot of reserve/
test satellites or those in maintenance and
not in the almanac.
8. Channel number k indicates L1 and L2
carrier frequencies: L1 = 1,602 + 0.5625 k
(MHz); L2 = 1,246 + 0.4375 k (MHz).
9. All GLONASS satellites use cesium atomic
clocks.
10. Twenty-four GLONASS satellites are set
healthy.
11. The latest GLONASS launch (of a single
satellite) was on November 28, 2011. The
next launch is scheduled for December 2012.
12. New GLONASS channel allocations were
introduced September 1993 to reduce
interference to radio astronomy. Note
the use of the same channel on pairs of
antipodal satellites.
13. GPS World believes this information to be
correct as of press time. However, because
of the satellite constellations evolving
nature, we encourage readers to contact the
GLONASS sources listed on these pages for
more current information.
14. Information compiled by Richard Langley.
A. GLONASS 95 was switched from a reserve to an
active satellite on October 23, 2012.
B. GLONASS 100 is a reserve satellite.
C. GLONASS 108 is a reserve satellite.
D. GLONASS 112 remains in maintenance mode.
E. GLONASS 113 remains in maintenance mode.
F. GLONASS 115 was switched to maintenance
mode on September 9, 2012.
G. GLONASS 125 ceased transmissions on its
assigned channel on November 30, 2011
and was removed from the almanac. It was
reactivated by early April 2012 but does not
appear in the almanac. It identifies itself as
satellite 26 in its broadcast ephemeris.
H. GLONASS 127 was set healthy between
September 20, 2012, and October18, 2012,
using almanac slot 8. Now a reserve satellite.
General Notes:
Performance Notes:
GLONASS
NUMBER
KOSMOS
ALMANAC/
SLOT CHANNEL
ORBIT
PLANE NOTES
95 (712) 2413 12-26-04 10-23-12 8 6 1 A
100 (714) 2419 12-25-05 (17) 3 B
101 (715) 2424 12-25-06 4-3-07 14 -7 2
102 (716) 2425 12-25-06 10-12-07 15 0 2
103 (717) 2426 12-25-06 4-3-07 10 -7 2
105 (719) 2432 10-26-07 11-27-07 20 2 3
106 (720) 2433 10-26-07 11-25-07 19 3 3
107 (721) 2434 12-25-07 2-8-08 13 -2 2
108 (722) 2435 12-25-07 (14) 2 C
109 (723) 2436 12-25-07 1-22-08 11 0 2
110 (724) 2442 9-25-08 10-26-08 18 -3 3
111 (725) 2443 9-25-08 11-5-08 21 4 3
112 (726) 2444 9-25-08 (22) 3 D
113 (727) 2447 12-25-08 (3) 1 E
114 (728) 2448 12-25-08 1-20-09 2 -4 1
115 (729) 2449 12-25-08 2-12-09 (8) 1 F
GLONASS
NUMBER
KOSMOS
ALMANAC/
SLOT CHANNEL
ORBIT
PLANE NOTES
116(730) 2456 12-14-09 1-30-10 1 1 1
117(733) 2457 12-14-09 1-24-10 6 -4 1
118(734) 2458 12-14-09 1-10-10 5 1 1
119(731) 2459 3-1-10 3-28-10 22 -3 3
120(732) 2460 3-1-10 3-28-10 23 3 3
121(735) 2461 3-1-10 3-28-10 24 2 3
122(736) 2464 9-2-10 10-4-10 9 -2 2
123(737) 2465 9-2-10 10-12-10 12 -1 2
124(738) 2466 9-2-10 10-11-10 16 -1 2
125(701) 2471 2-26-11 (21) -5 3 G
126 (742) 2474 10-2-11 10-25-11 4 6 1
127 (743) 2475 11-4-11 (2) 1 H
128 (744) 2476 11-4-11 12-8-11 3 5 1
129 (745) 2477 11-4-11 12-23-11 7 5 1
130 (746) 2478 11-28-11 12-23-11 17 4 3
GLONASS Constellation
GLONASS Satellite & System Information
InformationAnalytical Center (IAC)
www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/
The InformationAnalytical Center (IAC) of the Russian Space Agency publishes official information
about GLONASS status and plans as well as consultation, information, and scientific-method
services to increase GLONASS applications efficiency. It provides current constellations, Earth maps
of the current and daily navigation availabilities, results of GNSS navigation field monitoring in the
Moscow area in a real-time mode, and other data. For more information: IAC, Mission Control
Center, e-mail glonass-ianc@mcc.rsa.ru.

THE GLONASS-K Satellite.
THE ALMANAC
SATELLITE NORAD ID LAUNCHED ORBIT NOTES
Beidou-1
Beidou 1A 26599 10-30-00 Disposal A
Beidou 1B 26643 12-20-00 Disposal B
Beidou 1C 27813 5-24-03 GEO 85 E C
Beidou 1D 30323 2-2-07 Disposal D
Beidou-2/Compass
Beidou M1 31115 4-13-07 MEO period 12.89 hours E
Beidou G2 34779 4-14-09 GEO drifting F
Beidou G1 36287 1-16-10 GEO 140 E G
Beidou G3 36590 6-2-10 GEO 84 E H
Beidou IGSO1 36828 7-31-10 IGSO 118 E, 55.0 incl.
Beidou G4 37210 10-31-10 GEO 160.0 E
Beidou G5 38091 2-24-12 GEO 58.75 E
Beidou M3 38250 4-29-12 MEO period 12.89 hours
Beidou G6 38953 10-25-12 GEO 80 E
A. GEO, formerly at 58.75E, placed in disposal orbit on or about November 21, 2011.
B. GEO, formerly at 80.5E, placed in disposal orbit on or about November 23, 2011.
C. GEO, formerly at 110.5E, shifted to 85E between about June 2 and July 7, 2012.
D. GEO, formerly at 145E, placed in disposal orbit on or about February 18, 2009.
E. Flight-test satellite.
F. Initially achieved geostationary orbit at a longitude of about 84.5E, but appears to have become
uncontrollable shortly thereafter. Librating about the 75E libration point.
G. GEO, formerly at 144.5E, shifted to 140E between about June 30 and July 9, 2011.
H. It appears that the obit of G3 is being shifted. The sub-satellite longitude is currently about 97E.
Notes:
Beidou/Compass System Information
China fielded a demonstration regional satellite-based navigation system known as Beidou (Chinese for the Big
Dipper asterism) following a program of research and development that began in 1980. The initial constellation
of three geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites was completed in 2003. A fourth GEO satellite was launched in
2007. The initial regional Beidou system (Beidou-1) is being expanded, in stages, into a global system known as
Beidou-2 or Compass. It will include five GEO satellites, 27 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites, and five inclined
geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites. The system will cover the Asia-Pacific region by 2012 with the global
system expected to be fully completed by 2020. Beidou-2/Compass was declared operational for use in China and
surrounding areas on December 27, 2011.
For more information:
www.dragoninspace.com/navigation/beidou.aspx
www.dragoninspace.com/navigation/compass-beidou2.aspx
www.beidou.gov.cn

TWO BEIDOU-2/COMPASS MEO satellites were launched September 18.
SATELLITE NORAD ID LAUNCHED OPERATIONAL SIGNALS CLOCK NOTES
GIOVE-A 28922 12-28-05 A
GIOVE-B 32781 4-27-08 B
PFM (GSAT0101) 37846 10-21-11 12-10-11 E1-CBOC, E5, E6 Rb C
FM2 (GSAT0102) 37847 10-21-11 1-16-12 E1-CBOC, E5, E6 H D
FM3 (GSAT0103) 38857 10-12-12 E
FM4 (GSAT0104) 38858 10-12-12 E
A. Navigation signals from GIOVE-A were
switched off on June 30, 2012, and the
satellite decommissioned for ESA use.
B. Navigation signals from GIOVE-B were
switched off on July 23, 2012, and the
satellite decommissioned for ESA use.
C. ProtoFlight Model uses PRN code 11.
Switched from hydrogen maser to rubidium
atomic clock on November 1, 2012.
D. Flight Model 2 uses PRN code 12. Switched
from rubidium atomic clock to hydrogen
maser on July 23, 2012.
E. Designated orbits achieved. Initial
transmissions expected in late 2012.
Notes:
Galileo System Information
Galileo is a joint initiative of the European Commission (EC, ec.europa.eu) and the European Space Agency (ESA,
www.esa.int). Initially, they formed the Galileo Joint Undertaking (GJU) to manage Galileos development phase.
The European GNSS Supervisory Authority (GSA, www.gsa.europa.eu), headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, took
over Galileo responsibility from GJU on January 1, 2007. The GSAs tasks include management of the first series of
satellites to ensure the large-scale demonstration of the capabilities and reliability of the Galileo system. The first
two Galileo satellites will secure the systems frequency allocation and validate key technologies for the full Galileo
constellation. Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL, www.sstl.co.uk) in Guildford, United Kingdom, constructed the
first test satellite. Formerly known as the Galileo System Test Bed (GSTB) V2/A satellite, it has been christened Galileo
In-Orbit Validation Element-A (GIOVE-A) and was launched on December 28, 2005. The second test satellite, GSTB
V2/B or GIOVE-B, constructed by a team led by Astrium GmbH (www.astrium.eads.net/) in Ottobrunn near Munich,
Germany, was launched on April 26, 2008. The first two in-orbit validation (IOV) satellites, provided by Astrium, were
launched on October 21, 2011, and are transmitting test signals. The third and fourth IOV satellites were launched on
October 12, 2012. They are not yet operational.
Galileo Constellation
Beidou/Compass Constellation

ARTISTS rendering of the growing Galileo constellation.
For a more detailed list of resources on GNSS with hotlinks,
visit gpsworld.com/the-almanac.
MORE ALMANAC ONLINE
DEFENSE E-NEWSLETTER
Ray Kolibaba, Raytheon vice president
and program manager for OCX,
engaged in a candid conversation
with Don Jewell, our defense editor
at GPS World. Kolibaba gives us an
unprecedented look at the GPS ground
control segment, warts and all, as it
exists today. His updates about a viable
program are good news because at one
time the OCX program was close to
being terminated. Join us now for a look
at OCX today and the way ahead for the
GPS ground control segment.
DJ: Ray since you took over, there
have been several programmatic
changes. Capabilities have been
modified, deleted, and moved to the
right in some cases. Talk about what
Raytheon originally hoped to achieve
on OCX and how the contract changes
and modifications have affected those
original goals and if they are even
achievable today.
RK: Don, part of what we originally
wanted to achieve with OCX goes back
to my earlier comments about expertise.
We demonstrated that separating the
ground from the space segment and
making the ground segment agnostic
from the space segment is important
that is really objective one as we get into
working with different GPS vehicles.
Particularly as we look at the future and
installation options, one of the abilities
we have, here at Raytheon, is that we
continue to build that agnostic mindset,
and lets say an expandable ground
system. So if we come in with different
kinds of smaller vehicles, different kinds
of obits with different capabilities, we
are in a position to build architectures
that are able to accommodate those.
We are not tethered to a given hardcore
set of requirement. I think that gives
the government a lot of capability in
the future to transform GPS operations
and really make it a much more active
and dynamic kind of environment that
provides the necessary data for both
civil and military users.
We truly need to look at how we
automate and allow easier access for the
end user to some of the navigation data.
We are looking at this as part of our CIP
team or Capability Insertion Program.
We are looking at future enhancements
to expedite the process rather than
requiring everyone to go to a central
node to get things taken care of.
A little bit more on CIP: Today all
major developments, on a back-to-
basics approach, have a CIP to help
mature technologies for on-ramping
new capabilities in the program. In fact,
Don, if you remember, you actually saw
the outcome of one of our CIP demos
at the National Space Symposium last
year.
The key is getting data to the
user faster and helping them in their
situational awareness and planning
activities. These are the keys we have in
place and now we need to perform and
demonstrate that the concepts we had up
front make sense for the Air Force and
the civil community.
DJ: Ray, just where are we today in the
OCX program?
RK: One of the highlights is success-
fully passing Milestone B which,
while it is not an official contractor
event, it is a government event and it is
certainly a strong message that we do
have an executable program. We now
better understand what it is going to take
to get us there. The government has the
FYDP [ed. Future Years Defense Pro-
gram] budget dollars to make it happen.
I think that message, especially given
the concerns we had with the program
less than a year ago, is a substantial
highlight for the whole program.
DJ: Ray, did you read the tea leaves as
many of us did had Raytheon failed
to successfully negotiate Milestone B,
recognized official pivotal event or not,
it could have spelled the end of the OCX
program?
RK: Yep, we understood that and so
there was pressure. And I will once
again say that I really admire the work
accomplished by the program office to
prepare and get us there. They busted
their tails in making sure they responded
to all the requests from the Office of the
Secretary of Defense.
Excerpted. Read more at
gpsworld.com/category/opinions.
OCX Still Viable
Don Jewell
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