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1. 2. Basis Columns in building frames 2 2
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1.
Basis
The buckling length Lcr of a compression member is the length of an otherwise similar member with pinned ends (ends restrained against lateral movement but free to rotate in the plane of buckling) which has the same elastic critical buckling load. In the absence of more accurate information, the theoretical buckling length for elastic critical buckling may conservatively be adopted. An equivalent buckling length may be used to relate the critical load of a member subject to non-uniform loading to that of an otherwise similar member subject to uniform loading. An equivalent buckling length may also be used to relate the critical load of a non-uniform member to that of a uniform member under similar conditions of loading and restraint.
2.
Created on Wednesday, February 11, 2009 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
The buckling length Lcr of a column in a non-sway mode may be obtained from Figure 2.1.
Pinned
Fixed
Fixed
Pinned
Figure 2.1
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The buckling length Lcr of a column in a sway mode may be obtained from Figure 2.2.
Pinned
Created on Wednesday, February 11, 2009 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
Fixed
Fixed
Pinned
Figure 2.2
The following empirical expressions may be used as conservative approximations instead of reading values from Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2: a) non-sway mode (Figure 2.1)
(2.1)
(2.2)
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For the theoretical models shown in Figure 2.3 the distribution factors 1 and 2 are obtained from:
1 =
Kc K c + K 11 + K 12
(2.3)
2 =
where and Kc
Kc K c + K 21 + K 22
is the column stiffness coefficient I/L is the effective beam stiffness coefficient
(2.4)
Kij
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Figure 2.3
These models may be adapted to the design of continuous column, by assuming that each length of column is loaded to the same value ratio (N/Ncr). In the general case where (N/Ncr) varies, this leads to a conservative value of Lcr/L for the most critical length of column. For each length of a continuous column the assumption made above may be introduced by using the model shown in Figure 2.4 and obtaining the distribution factors 1 and 2 from:
1 = 2 =
where
K c + K1 K c + K1 + K11 + K 12 Kc + K2 K c + K 2 + K 21 + K 22
(2.5)
(2.6)
K1 and K2 are the stiffness coefficients for the adjacent lengths of column. Page 4
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Figure 2.4
Where the beams are not subject to significant axial forces, their effective stiffness coefficients may be determined by reference to Table 2.1, provided that they remain elastic under the design moments.
Table 2.1 Effective stiffness coefficient for a beam
Effective beam stiffness coefficient K (provided that beam remains elastic)
1,0
I L
I L
Pinned at far end Rotation as at near end (double curvature) Rotation equal and opposite to that at near end (single curvature) General case Rotation a at near end and b at far end
I L
b I + 1 0 , 5 a L
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For building frames with concrete floor slabs, provided that the frame is of regular layout and the loading is uniform, it is normally sufficiently accurate to assume that the effective stiffness coefficients of the beams are as shown in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Effective stiffness coefficient for a beam in a building frame with concrete floor slabs
Non-sway mode Sway mode
Loading conditions for the beam Beams directly supporting concrete floor slabs
1,0
I L I L
I L I L I L
0,75 0,5
I L
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Where, for the same load case, the design moment in any of the beams exceeds Wel fy/M0, as a conservative assumption the beam may be assumed to be pinned at the point or points concerned. Where a beam has semi-rigid joints, its effective stiffness coefficient should be reduced accordingly. Where the beams are subject to significant axial forces, their effective stiffness coefficients should be adjusted accordingly. Stability functions may be used. As a simple alternative, the increased stiffness coefficient due to axial tension may be neglected and the effects of axial compression (when N/NE > 0,1) may be allowed for by multiplying the second moment of area of the beams I by the factor
N 1 0,4 N E
Where NE =
2 EI
L2
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Table 2.3
Approximate formulae for reduced beam stiffness coefficients due to axial compression
Effective beam stiffness coefficient K (provided that beam remains elastic)
Fixed
I N 1,0 1 0,4 L NE
Pinned
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Quality Record
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