Suvartha Dhodan

kphmm ZqX

Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

kphmm ZqX

Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

]m. PnPn Zm\n-tb

\nhym-P kvt\lw
""kvt\lw'' F ]Zw temtIm--c-amWv. kvt\lw F hmv CjvS-s-Sm--h Bcpw Xs ImWp-I-bn-. Cv a\p-jy ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]S-hp-I Nhnn-I-b-dn-smn-cn-p-I-bmWv; \mw AXn A`n-am-\n-pp. Fm Fhn-sSbpw Hcp Ac-n-Xmh Xfw sIn-In-S - p-p. Hcp-anp Pohn-phm Xocp-am-\n-n-d-nb `mcy-`m--m ]mXn-hg - n-bn ]ncn-bp-p. hnhm-lt - am-N\ - - hn-p-p. AXp \nanw amXm-]n-Xm-fpsS kvt\lw Inm Hcp Xe-apd hf-cp-p. Ch A\m-Ym-e-b--fnepw, BXp-cm-e-b-fnepw Fn-t\sd Fm-bn-Spw NqjWw sN-s-Sp-p. IpSn-ep-sXmv sImm-cw-h-scbp Fm Bfp- I pw Cm- h - i yambncnp-Xv ""\nhym-P-kvt\lw'' BWv. ""ssZhw kvt\lw BIpp'' (God is Love ) hnip ss__n- f nse Xmtm hmIyw GXv Fv tNmZn-m ""Xs GIPm-X-\mb ]p{X-\n hniz-kn-p Gh\pw \in-p-t]m-ImsX \nXy-Po-h {]m]n-t-Xn\v ssZhw Ahs\ (tb-ip-hn-s\) \Iphm X-hw temIs kvt\lnp'' (tbm-l. 3:16) F hmIyw BWv. thZ-]pkvX-Is ]g-b-\n-baw (Old Testament) Fpw ]pXn- b - \ n- b aw ( New Testament ) Fpw cmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p. AXn ]gb-\n-baw \ymb-{]-amWw BWv; B \ymb{]-am-W-nse {][m-\-`mKw BWv ]v Iev]-\-I; Cu ]p-I-ev]-\-I-fpsS cXv\kphmm ZqX
3

Np-cpw \p-sS-Imhmb tbip-{InkvXp Xs shfn-s-Spn kwkm-cn-n-p-v. AXn Hv: \ns ssZh-amb Im-hns\ ]q a\tkmSpw, ]q BmthmSpw, ]q intbmSpw IqsS kvt\ln--Ww, cm-a-tXp \ns-tmse \ns Ab-evm-cs\ kvt\lnWw. tbml-m 15:12 ""Rm \nsf kv t \ln- n- c n- p- - X p- t ]mse \nfpw Xn Xn kvt\ln-tWw Fm-Ipp Fs Iev]-\.'' ""kvt\ln-X-mp-thn Pohs\ sImSp- p- - X nepw A[n- I - a p kvt\lw Bpw C.'' F hmIyhpw hfsc {it-b-am-Wv. {]nbsc \mw ssZh-ns Cu Iev]\ {]am-Wn-m Cu temIw F{Xtbm kp-ca - m-Ipam-bn-cp-p. ""{InkvXpthm \mw ]m]n-I Bbn-cn-ptm Xt \ap-p-thn acn--bm ssZhw X\np \tm-Sp kvt\ls {]Zin-n-pp'' (tdm-a. 5:8). jmP-lm N{I-hn Xs `mcy-tbm-Sp kvt\lns {]Zi-\-ambn apwmv acn-tm am_n Ip-I D]-tbm-Knv Hcp ih- I p- S ocw Xop; AXv temI Ap-X--fn Hmb XmPva-l BWv. Fm tijw ssZh-kvt\lw {]Zin-nt]Pv - s - - t m Hmtcm 15 a\p- j y- \ p- t h- nbpw Hmtcm ih-Ip-Socw ]WnbpUnkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

ssZh-kvt\lw
]m. G{_lmw tPm

AXpy\mb ssZh-ns kvt\lhpw

AtX Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cs {]Zin-n-p-p. ssZh-n\v a\p-jy-t\m-Sp kvt\l-al - m-yamWv a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS aqe Imc-Ww. a\pjy ssZh-tbpw ap kl-kr-jvSn-Is - fbpw kvt\ln-p--Xn\pw Xncnv Ah-cn \npw kvt\ln--s-Sp--Xn\pw k-m-\n-bmb ssZhw \nXy-X-bn Imcy-v cq]-tcJ \In. ssZhns hyn-Xz-n-sbpw kz`m-h-n-sbpw Ax-k kvt\l-am-Wv. ]nXmhmw ssZhw {XnXz-n cm-a-\mb Im- h mb tbip- { Inkv X phns\ Ime- k q-Xb - n ]q-a\ - p-jy\pw ]q ssZhhp-ambn Cu [cn-{Xn-bn-tev Abvp--Xn\p Imc-W-amb t{]cI in ]m]w sNbvXv ssZh tIm]-o-bn hoW a\p-jy- hns cm-amw Hcp-p--Xn-\p AXnbmb kvt\l-hm-bv]m-Wv. Fm am\-h-PmXn-bn Gdnb ]pw Al-X-bn-m a\pjy-h-n-t sNmcn-bp ssZh-kvt\lw Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\pw Bb-Xn-t\mSv aXn-bmb tXmXn {]XnIcn-p--Xn\pw Ign-bmsX apt-dpp FXv Hcp hmkvX-h-am-Wv. ]m]w \nanw Bob Iv Ipcp-Smbntmb a\pjy kvXqe-ambXn {i-]-Xn-n-p-Ibpw AZr-iy-\mb ssZh-ns {]hn-Isf Xncn-dn-bmsX \nXy-\m-i-amb \c-Is ]qIpIbpw sNp-Xv F{Xtbm ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-Wv. ""kvt\ln-m-h - ssZhs Adn-n-n; ssZhw kvt\lw Xs'' (1 tbml-m 4:8). a\p-jys A_w a\p-jy Cm-bn-cn-p Ah--bpsS tXmXn am{Xta Ah-t sNmcn-bp ssZhkphmm ZqX
4

kvt\lw Af-p--Xn\v km[n- pIbpq F a- cw a\p- j y- h s th-bmSn sImn-cnp-p. \tmSp _-s Imcy- tami-am-sWn ssZhw \s shdppp Fpw, Fmw A\p-Iq-e-am-sW-n ssZhw \s kvt\lnpp Fpw `qcn-]w Bm Nnn-pp. acp-`q-bm-{X-bnse n{]-Po-hn-X-n e`np hnP-b-n-em-Wv, AmsX ]cm-P-b-ne ssZh{]hn shfn-s-Sp-Xv F hnIe-amb \nK-a-\--fn \mw thKw Fn-t-cpp. Fm a\p-jys Cu `qan-bnse kmlN-cy-v Ftmgpw Cfw kw`-hn-pp Fpw, ssZh-kvt\-l-n\v bmsXmcp tImhpw kw`-hn-msX \s kZm ]nXp-Sp sImn-cn-pp FpXmb bmYmy \mw Xncn- - d n- b m- X n- c n- p- p. ssZhns \tm-Sp \nXy-kvt\lw Hcn-epw \psS at\m-Z-W--\p-k-cn-p--X, ]nstbm a\p-jy\v \nXy-X-bn {]tbm-P-\I-c-am-Ip hn[-n-emWv ssZhw {Iao-I-cn-ncn-p--Xv. Cu ImWp BIm-ihpw `qanbpw Hgn-p-t]m-Ip-X - mWv; ssZhw krjvSn-p ]pXp- h m\ `qan- I - f mWv \nXy- a m- b n- p- - X v . ssZhw Xs asm-cp-p Ah-Imiw ]pXp-hm-\-`q-an-I-fn-em-Wv. a\p-jys Albpw ]m]-hp-amWv ]e-tmgpw Ahs ta hp ]Xn-p tLmc-amb hn]-p-Ipw sshjy-ay-pw \nZm-\-am-bn-cn-p--Xv. ssZhw \s hmkvX-h-n kvt\lnUnkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan
ppsn \psS Pohn-X-n sshXcn-Wn-I ISp hcp-Xn\v A\p-h-Zn-p-Xv Fp-sImv FXp a\-n-em-p-Xv antmgpw {]bm-k-am-bn-cn-p-p. Fm \psS ssZh-n-ep hnizm-khpw B{i-bhpw \psS Pohn-Xb - m-{X-bnse {]iv\ - s - f-sbmw AIn \np-sapw Hcn-epw bmsXmcp _pn-appw t\cn-Sp-I-bn Fp Nn-pXpw hmkvXh - h - n-cp-a - m-Wv. Fm \psS ssZhm-{i-bhpw hnizm-khpw Cu {]iv\ - f - n XIp-t]m-ImsX hnP-bm-fn-I-fmbn ]pdp hcp--Xn\v CSbm-Ip-p. ssZhw \s kvt\ln-p--h-\m-sW-n Fp-sImv \psS {]m-\bvv DS-\Sn adp-]Sn \Ip-n F tNmZyhpw ChnsS hfsc {]i--am-Wv. Fm Cp \S-p Imcy-v A\pZn\ Pohn-X-nepw hnZq-c-`m-hn-bnepw \nXy-Xbnepw D kzm[o-\hpw ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-fpw GXp hn[-n-em-bn-cn-p-sav lrkz-Zr-jvSnbp a\p-jy\v Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\v kmy-a. Fm BZnbpw Ahpw Fmw Hcp-t]mse Adn-bm-hp--h-\mb ssZh-ns lnX-n\mbn \s-s Gev]np sImSp-p-XmWv Ghpw Ic-Wo-b-am-bp--Xv. ssZh-kvt\lw AXn-cp-I-fn-m--XmWv ssZhw Xs kvt\lw ]I-cp-Xv \mw BcmW,v ssIhiw Fp,v t\- Fsmw Dv F-Xns\ Hpw Bkv]-Z-am-n-b. AXp-t]mse \psS kz`mh hnti-jXIfpw Bb-Xn\v Hcp am\-Z--ambn ssZhw IcpXpn-. \psS bmsXmcp {]hnbpw ssZh-kvt\-ls kzm[o-\n-p-hm aXn-bmb-X-. \mw \ sNp-tm-gpw, AXp-t]mse Xn sNp-tmgpw ssZhw Hcp t]mse \s kvt\ln-p-p. \mw ssZh-ns krjvSn Bb-Xp-sImv Xs AXn-cp-I-fn-m kvt\lw \n-tep ]I-cp-p. ]cn-[n-It - fm-sSbp kvt\lw AXns ZmXm-hn\v A\n-jvS-am-bpXp \mw sNp-tm, \n \npw kvt\kphmm ZqX
5

lw FSp-p-If - b - p-p. Fm bmsXmcp ]cnan-Xn-bp-an-m-sX, Al-X-bn-m--h-cn-tep ]I-cp ssZh-kvt\-l-n\v Hml-cn-m-cmbn Xocp-Xn\v Im-hmb tbi-{In-kvXp-hneqsS ssZhw a\p-jy-h-n\v Ah-kc - - sf Hcp-n-bn-cn-p ssZh-Ir-]-bpsS kabw AkvX-an-m-dmbn Fv thZ-]p-kvXI shfns-Sp-e - p-I \apv hfsc hy-ambn apdn-bnp Xcp-p. tbip-hns\ Zmcp-W-ambn D]{Z-hn-p-Ibpw {Iqin Xdv sImp-Ibpw sNp--h-tcmSv an-p--Xn-\mbn Xs ]nXm-hmw ssZh-tmSv tbip At]-n-p-Ib - pmbn. AXp-sImv ]m]-tam-N\ - hpw \nXy-Po-h\pw A\y-ambn Xo a\p-jy-h-ns GIc-m-amw Cu AXpy kvt\l-\n-[n-bmb ssZh-n-t - ev Xs GIPmX-\mb {InkvXphn-eqsS aS-n-hc - nI FXp am{X-am-W.v ssZh-kvt\lw ]q-X-bp--XmWv ssZh-kvt\-l-tmSv Fs-nepw amp Iqp--Xn-t\m, AXn \nv Fs-nepw XcwXncnv amp--Xnt\m Bbn Hpw Xsbn; ImcWw AXv ]q-am-bn-p-X - mWv. Cu kvt\lw C-se-bpw, Cpw, F-tpw amanmsX XpSp-sIm-n-cn-p-p. am-anm ssZh-kvt\-l-n\v Hml-cn-m-cmbn Xocp--Xn\v {InkvXp-tb-ip-hn-eqsS Ghpw CS-bm-Is - . ssZh- k v t \lw hyn- ] - c - a m- b n- p- XmWv F-an-m-Xp a\p-jy-h-n Hcp-hs\ ]cn-KW - \ - b - - ; ]nstbm, ssZhw Hmtcmcp-t - cbpw hyn-]c - a - mbn kvt\ln-p-p. Hcph Bm-ambn ssZhs Adn-bp-Xn\pw, Ahs i_vZw tIp-X - n-\pw, A\pk-cn-p--Xn\pw B{Klw {]I-Sn-n-p-tm a\p-jy GXv Ah-b - n-em-sW-nepw ssZhw Ahs\ kvt\ln-pp FXv {it-ba - m-Wv.

Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

A{]-ta-b-kvt\lw
]m. n.hn. t]m
]m]n-I-fmb a\p-jy-hw CXn \npw F-t-p-ambn tamN\w {]m]n-p--Xn\v ssZhw Xs ]q-a-\pjy\pw ssZh-hp-ambn Cu `qan-bn-tev Cd-nhv bmK-ambn Xov, acn--S--sv aqmw Znhkw Dbns-gp-tv kz-n-te-p-t]mbn. tbip-hns c-m ]m]-n\p IgpI {]m]nv tbip-hns\ Dn kzoI-cnv ssZh-a--fmbn Xo Gh-tcbpw XtmsSmw tNp--Xn-\mbn tbip-cm-Pm-[n-cm-Pmhmbn thKw aS-n-h-cp-p. Cu ssZh-kvt\lw a\p-jy-a-\-p-Iv A{]-ta-b-amWv. a\p-jy-cn Bpw Xs ssZhw Fp-sImv \oN-]m-]n-If - mb a\p-jyhs C{X Bg-ambn kvt\ln-p-Ibpw cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp FXv a\-n-em-p-Xn\v kmy-a-. ssZhw kvt\l-am-sWpw \mw Ahs krjvSn-bm-sW-pw, {InkvXp-hneqsS \mw Ahs a-fmbn Xop Fpw \mw Adn-bp-p. Fm \mw ]m]w sNpXv XpS-cp-tm-gpw, ssZh-tmSv \mw sNbvXXmb DS-S - n-Isf \nc-c - a - mbn ewLn-p-tmgpw, XpSam-\-ambn ssZh-tmSp A\p-k-c-WtSv ImWn-p-tmgpw ssZhw \sf kvt\ln-p-Ibpw B kvt\l-n\v am-an-msX XpS-cp-Ibpw sNp-Xv Fp-sImv FXv a\p- j y- m- \ - n HXp- m- Xpw Hcp amnI hnj-b-hp-am-Wv. ssZh-ns ]cn-[nbn-m a\p-jy-h-tm-Sp kvt\lw \psS ]cn- m- \ - n\v AXo- X - a m- W v . "kIe m\- s bpw Ihn- b p ssZhkvt\l' sav ]usemkv Cu A{]-ta-bk - vt\l-s-p-dnv h\ \S-n-bn-cn-pp (Fs^-ky 3:19). kphmm ZqX
6

BZm-an

ssZh-kvt\lw Afhn-m-Xpw ]cn-[n-bn-m- X p- a m- W v . ssZh- k rjvSn-sm-n\pw bmsXm-cp hn[-nepw ssZh-kvt\ls Cm-Xmn Xop- - X n\v kmy- a - . ssZh-kvt\lw bm-sXmcp ]cn-an-Xn-bp-an-mXmb-Xp-sImv ]m-]n- m ]m]n- t bbpw Bg- a mbn ssZhw kvt\ln-p-Ibpw Ahs ssZh-kvt\-l-nte-p aS-n-hc - h - p-hsc a-tbmsS Imncn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. ssZh-kvt\lw ]-]m-ZnXz-an-m-X - m-Wv. ssZh-kvt\-l-n\v bmsXmcp ]m-t`-Z-hpan; Ah Hcp hnip-s\ kvt\ln-p--Xpt]mse Xs ]m]n-tbbpw kvt\ln-p-p. ]]mZn-Xz-an-m ssZh-n\v {]ob-am-b-hcp-v. ssZh-hp-ambn {]m-\-bnepw ssZh-hN\ [ym\-n-epw, ssZhs A\p-k-cn-p-Xn-epw, ssZh-tmSp kwkm-cn-p-Ibpw ssZh- i - _ v Z - n- \ mbn ImXp Nmbn- - b pw, Ahs am-\ntiw At\z-jn-p-Ibpw ssZhs kvt\ln-p-Ibpw sNp--h-tcmSv ssZhw Ghpw ASp _w ]pep-p. ssZh-lnXw Ghpw D-Xambn X-fpsS PohnX-n Xnsc-s-Sp-p-h - v ssZh-hp-ambn D _-nepw kvt\l-nepw Ignp IqSp-Xn\v CS-bm-Ip-p. k-i--\pw, km-\n-bpw, k-hym-]nbpw kvt\-lh - m-\p-amb ssZhw GsXmcp hyn-bp-ambpw D _-ntepw kvt\l-n-tepw IS-p-hc - p-X - n\v B{K-ln-p-p. Ghpw HuZm-cy-amb kvt\l-amWv ssZhUnkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan
kvt\-lw. ssZhw Xs kvt\lw HuZm-cy-ambn Hmtcm hyn-Ipw A\p-\n-an-jhpw Zn\w tXmdpw ]Ip- s Im- n- c n- p- p. ssZhw \psS Pohn-X-n sNbvXn-p Aq-XI-chpw B\--{]-Zhpw Bbn-p F{Xtbm \-I sNbvXp FXv Pohn-X-n- Xncnp-t\m-p Bpw a\-n-em-p-hm km[n-p-p. ssZhw \psS Pohn-X-n \In-bn-p Zm\- F{Xtbm A[n-Ia - m-W.v ssZhw F{Xtbm B]L---fn \npw \s cnp F-Xn\v bmsXmcp IWpw C. AXp-t]mse sshX-cn-Wn-Isf XcWw sNp--Xn-\p ssZh-Ir-]bpw Icp-Xepw \Snpw \psS Pohn-X-n- DS\ofw \In-bXv h-\m-Xo-X-am-Wv. ssZh-Ir-]bpw inbpw ss[cyhpw hnizm-khpw B{i-bhpw X-k-a-b--fn \n-tev [mcm-f-ambn ]Ip Xcn-Ibpw \s hgn \S-p-Ibpw sNbvX ssZh-ns HuZm-cy-kvt\-l-ns Bg F{Xtbm t{ijvS-am-b-Xm-Wv. ac-Wn \npw, \ncm-ib - n \npw ZpjvSs Ic-fn \npw, B]L---fn \npw, XI-bn \npw, A]-am-\-n \npw X-ka - b - v \s hnSp-hnp \S-nb ssZhns HuZmcy kvt\l-n-\mbn Ah-t\mSv \n-bp--h-cmbpw Ahs\ IqSp-X kvt\lnp-X - n-\pw, A\p-kc - n-p-X - n-\pw, kvXqXn-p- X n\pw Bcm- [ n- p- - X n\pw, Ahs\ aphtcmSv kmn-p--Xn\v Ah-kcw Is-p--h-cp-ambn Xocp--Xn\v \sfs ssZh-Ic - - f - n kan-mw. Imh- d n- b n ssZhw Hcp- n- b - X mb Ipcn-iv ssZh-n\p a\p-jy-tcm-Sp AXn-bmb kvt\l-ns aIp-tSm-Zm-lc - W - a - mbn \ne-sImp-p. ssZhw Xs GI-Pm-X-\mb Imhmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ a\p-jy-h-ns ]m]-in--tbp--Xn-\mbn Abvp-Ibpw Ahs\ bmK-amn ctbbpw \nXy-Po-h-t\bpw \c-hw-i-n\v {]Zm\w sNbvXp. "\mw ssZkphmm ZqX
7

hs kvt\ln--X-, Ah \s kvt\-lnp Xs ]p{Xs\ \psS ]m]-p {]m-bn-a - m-Ip-hm Ab-Xp Xt kmm kvt\l-am-Ipp' (1 tbml-m 4:10). ssZhw \tmSp ImWn kvt\lw Xs-bmWv \psS sshcn-It - fmSpw {]Zin-n-p-Xv F hkvXpX \mw Adn-n-cn-t-Ww. Imhdn Ipcniv ssZhhpw a\p-jy-\p-an-Sb - n ay-X AWbvpp; Chn-sS-bmWv ssZhw a\p-jy-t\mSv CSs]-Sp-Xpw Ahs ]m]-v a \Ip-Xpw, Imhdn ae-bn ssZhw Hcp-nb {Iqin-s {InkvXp-hns bmKw ssZh-n\v a\pjy-h-tm-Sp kvt\ls {]I-Sa - m-p-p. \psS A\p-Zn\ ]m]-v a \Ip-Xn-eq-sSbpw \s io-Ic - n-p-Ibpw Bizkn-n-p-Ibpw sNp ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\ \Ip- I bpw sNbv X - X n- e pw, ssZh- t mSv hyn-]c - a - mb kt\-l_ - w \In-bX - n-epw, \psS {]m-\bvv adp-]Sn \Ip-X - n-epw, \s kuJy-am-nbpw, ac-W` - oXn \n \nv AI-n-bpw, \s ]cn-]m-en-pw, kzw \apmbn Hcp-n-bpw, \s in-W - n \Snbpw \tm-Sp ssZh-kvt\lw shfns-Sp-p-p. Cu kvt\l-tmSv aXn-bmb hn[n {]Xn-Ic - n-p-X - n\v Ghpw CS-bm I-s.

{]m\m klmbn
kphmm skdn {]m\m sk {]hnp hcpp. Fm Znhkhpw cmhnse 10 aWn apX sshInv 5 hsc hnhn[ hnjbmbn {]mnpp.

\nfpsS {]m\m hnjb RsgpXpI

kphmm sk
an shv ]n.H. t^m : 0469 - 2695058, 9961359567
The Editor, Suvartha Dhodan, Mallappally W.P.O. - 689 585

Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

ssZhnI kvt\l-ns khn-ti-jX

]m. hn. Fv. hdp-Kokv
kvt\lw Xt; kvt\ln hkn-p--h ssZh-n hkn-pp; ssZhw Ah-\nepw hkn-pp'' (1 tbmlm 4:16). Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns a\p-jym-h-Xmc ka-bv Xs ]c-ky-ip-{iqjm thf-I-fnsemw tbip-hns amtmSv tNn-cp, tbip Ghpw IqSp-X kvt\lnp-Ibpw tbip-hns\ Bcnepw A[n-I-ambn kvt\ln-p-Ibpw sNbvX tbml-m AsmkvsXm-e apI-fn {]kvXm-hn thZ-`m-Kv ""ssZhw kvt\l-amWv'' Fv tcJ-s-Sp-nbn-cn-p-p. BIm-ihpw `qanbpw Ah-bn-ep kIe Ncm-N-c-sfbpw Hp-an-m-bvI-bn \nv krjvSn--h-\mb ssZh-ns khn-tij-X-I-fn Hmb kvt\l-s-p-dn-mWv ChnsS ]cm-ainn-cn-p--Xv. ""ssZhw kvt\l-amWv'' F {]kvXm-h-\-sImv ssZhw kvt\lw am{X-amWv F \nK-a-\-n Hcnepw Fntcp-hm ]mSn FXpw IpdnsIm-t--Xm-Wv. ssZh-ns khn-ti-j-XI-fmb hnip-n, \ymbw, \oXn, hniz-kvX-X, kXyw BZn- b m- b - h - b n Hp am{X- a mWv kvt\lw. ssZh-ns av khn-ti-j-XI-fp-ambn tN-v ssZhkvt\l-am-bn-cn-pp; Ah-sbmw tNv a\-n-em-n-sb-n am{Xta ssZhkvt\-l-ns Bg- a\-n-em-p--Xn\v \apv km[n-p-Ib - p-p. ssZhw hnip-\ - m-bXp-sImv ssZh-ns kvt\l-n Hpw Xs If--an-m-Xpw ]q-ambXpam-Wv. ssZhw kzbm-kvXnXzw D-h-\pw \nXy\pam-bXp-sImv ssZh-kvt\-lw - Ah-km\w CmsX ]Ip-sImv Ccn-p-p. ssZhw ]cn-an-X-n kphmm ZqX
8

""ssZhw

I Cm- - h - \ m- b - X psImv ssZ- h - k v t \lw AXn-cn-m kvt\l-amWv . `qXew apgp- h \pw AXp- t ]mse Ah krjv S n A\- - a mb BIm-ihpw \-{X-tKm-ffpwsamw \ndp \np kvt\l-amWv ssZh-kvt\-lw. AXn-cp-I-fn-m ssZh-ns kvt\lw kzmb-a - m-p-X - n\v ssZh-ns Nne hyh-I IqsS \mw ]men-t-Xv Bh-iy-amWv. a\p-jy ssZhs At\z-jn-p-Ibpw Ahs CjvSw sNp-X - n-\mbn {ian-p-Ibpw sNp-tm ssZhw Ah-cn-tev Xncn-bp-Ibpw ssZh-kvt\-l-m Ahsc s]mXn-bp-Ibpw sNp-p. Fm ssZhw Xs ]p{X-\mb tbip-{In-kX v p-hn-eqsSbp a\p-jy-h-ns c-bpsS kphn-tijw Adn-bn-p-tm am\km-c - s - -Sm-sXbpw lrZ-bs ITn-\a - m-n-bpw, ssZh-kt v \-l - n\p {]Xn-Ic - W - a - mbn ]m-]n-p-Ibpw ssZh-n hniz-kn-p-Ibpw A\pk-cn-p-Ibpw sNmsX Ccp-m, ssZhw BXy-n-I-ambn Ahsc ssZh-kvt\-l-n \npw A\y-sv \nXy-X-ap-gp-h Ignp IqSp \c-I - n-tev Xn-f - b - pw. XXz-Nn--I-m ssZhs P\--fn \npw AI-pw, P\--fpsS bmsXmcp Imcynepw {i-bn-m-h - \ - pw, tNtXm-hn-Im-c - Hpw Xs Cm--h-\p-ambn hcp ImWnp-p. Fm XXz-Nn-I - - m-cpsS at\m-ap-Ipc-n Dcp-n-cnp h Hcp ssZh-s-b kXy-th-Z-]p-kvXIw hc-p-Im-Wn-p-X - .v thZUnkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan
]p-kX v Iw krjvSnsb kvt\ln-p-h - \pw IcpXp-h - \pw a\p-jy-h-ns c-mbn bmKambn Xo-h\ - p-amb ssZh-s-p-dnp shfnm-SmWv \Ip-Xv (2 sImcny 13:11; 1 tbmlm 4:10). bYm-kvt\lw P\-X-IfpsS ay-n kvt\lw F-Xns\-p-dnv hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b- \ne\n-evp-p. kv{Xo]p-cp-j-_--nepw CXc hyn-If - p-am-bp _-nepw ap-h - c - n \npw Fs-nepw e`n-p-Xn-\mbn {]I-Snn-p `mhw bYm-kvt\-la - ; \mw ap-ff-hv \Ip--XmWv kvt\lw. BZy-\q-mnse ssii-h-Z-i-bn Bbn-cp k`-bn Nne Xp-sXmw Xmm-f - psS Dmk-n-\p-thn D]-tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw k`-bn thsd Nne Bh-iy-n-en-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXXns\ Asm-kvX-e-m imkn--Xmbn \mw Asm-kX v e - - m-cpsS teJ-\ - n hmbn-p-p. hnizm-kn-I Ah-cpsS kvt\lw hmnepw {]hn-bnepw Hcp-t]mse {]I-S-am-t Bh-iy-I-Xsb ChnsS Nqn-Im-Wn-p-p. "Fm Cu temI-nse hkvXp-h-I-bp-h Bsc-nepw Xs ktlm-Z-c\p app-Xp Inp Ah-t\mSp a\--enhp ImWn-mm ssZh- ns kv t \lw Ah- \ n Fs\ hknpw?' (1 tbml-m 3:17). Hcp hnIm-c-Xn-anns ]m--e-n {]hn-p-Xpw kwkm-cn-p-Xpw kvt\l-am-sWv Nne sXn-cn-p-p. Fm kXyhpw hniz-kX v Xbpw \oXnbpw BmXbpw CmsX ASp \nan-j-n Fmw Imn ]d-npsImv apt-dp-Xv bYm kt\-l-n Ds-Sp Imcy--f-. hnImcm-thi {]I-S\ - - thK-n DXnp t]mIp-tm bYm kvt\l-{]-I-S-\- \ne\n-evp-h - b - m-Wv. ssZhkvt\l-n ZpxJ-tam, {]bm-kt - am, thZ-\I - tfm imk-\bpw Xncp-e - p-Ifpw Hpw kphmm ZqX
9

C; Fmw ktm-j-{]-Z-amWv kZm-Im-ehpw F Nnm-K-Xnbpw kvt\l-ns hn`m-Kn \npw Xptemw hyXy-kvXa - m-bn-p-X - mWv. Hcp aIs\ kvt\ln-p ]nXmhv Hcnepw Ah B{K-ln-p hgn-bn Xs \Sp-X - n\v k-Xn-msX Xncp-t-h - sb Xncp-n-t\-cmb ]mX-bn \S-p-p. ssZhkvt\-lhpw CtX coXn-bn-emWv \tmSv CS-s]Sp--Xv. {InkvXp-hns\ IqSmsX \nXy-\-c-I-ntev \on-sIm-n-cn-p GsXm-cp hyntbmSpw Cu kXyw ]d-bp-Xpw Ah-sc \nXyPo-h\v Ah-Im-in-I-fmn Xop kphntijw Ah-cp-ambn ]n-Sp-Xpw bYm-kt v \l-ns Bhn`m-ha - m-Wv. ]nXmhmw ktXy-I-ssZ-h-ns kvt\lw Xs GI-Pm-X-\mb Im-hmb tbip-{InkvXp-hns\ am\-h-Ip-e-ns c-mbn Cu `qan- b n- t ev Ab- - X n- e qsS {]I- S - a m- n. "kvt\ln-X-mp-thn Pohs\ sImSp-p-Xnepw henb kvt\lw C' ( tbml-m 15:13). ssZh-ns a\p-jy-tcm-Sp kvt\lw Ghpw hen-b-XmbXpsImv ssZh-n\v Ghpw hne-tb-dnb Xs ]p{X-\mb tbip{In-kvXp-hns\ Xs a\p-jy-h-ns Dmc- W - n- \ mbn bmK- a mn Xop. AXpsImv ssZhw Fs kvt\ln-p-n Fv Bpw Xs ssZhs Ip-s-Sp-p-hm km[n- - n-. ssZh-kt v \-l - n\v \s Hmlcn-m-cmbn Xop-X - n\v ssZhw Hcp-n-bX - mb "Rm Xs hgnbpw kXyhpw Poh\pw' sav Acp-fn-sbvX tbip-{In-kvXp-hn--tev \mw Bm-ambn Xncn-tbn Ccn-p-p. tbip{In-kvXp-hns aS-n-h-c-hns e-W- thZ-]p-kvXIw Nqn-Im-Wn-p--sXmw \ndthdn Ign-p. CmWv {InkvXp-hn--tev Xncnv \nXy- P o- h s\ {]m]n- p- - X n\v ssZhw thXn-cn ka-bw.

Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

THE MEANINGS OF LOVE IN THE BIBLE

Love, in the Bible, as in our everyday usage, can be directed from person to person or from a person to things. When directed toward things, love means enjoying or taking pleasure in those things. Love towards persons is more complex. As with things, loving persons may mean simply enjoying them and taking pleasure in their personalities, looks, achievements, etc. But there is another aspect of interpersonal love that is very important in the Bible. There is the aspect of love for persons who are not attractive or virtuous or productive. In this case, love is not a delight in what a person is, but a deeply felt commitment to helping him be what he ought to be. As we will see, the love for things and both dimensions of the love for persons are richly illustrated in the Bible. As we examine the Old Testament and the New Testament in turn, our focus will be on Gods love, then on mans love for God, mans love for man and mans love for things. Love in the Old Testament Jesus said that the greatest commandment in the Old Testament was, You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul and mind (Matthew 22:36ff; Deuteronomy 6:5). The second commandment was, Love your neighbor as yourself (Matthew 22;39;Leviticus 18:19). Then he said, On these two commandments hang all the law and prophets (Matthew 22:40). This must mean that if a person understood and obeyed these two commandments, he would understand and fulfill what the whole Old Testament was trying to teach. Everything in the Old Testament, when properly understood, aims basically to transform men and women into people who fervently love God and their neighbor. Gods Love You can tell what a person loves by what he devotes himself to most passionately. What a person values most is reflected in his actions and motivations. It is plain in the Old Testament that Gods highest value, his greatest love, is his own name. From the beginning of Israels history to the end of the Old Testament era God was moved by this great love. He says through Isaiah that he created Israel for his glory (Isaiah 43:7): You are my servant Israel in whom I will be glorified (Isaiah 49:3). Thus when God delivered Israel from bondage in Egypt and preserved them in the wilderness it was because he was acting for his own names sake, that it should not be profaned in the sight of the nations (Ezekiel 20:9.14, 22; cf Exodus 14:4). And when God drove out the other nations from the Promised Land of Canaan, he was making himself a name (2 Samuel 7:23). Then finally at the end of the Old Testament era, after Israel had been taken into captivity in Babylon, God plans to have mercy and save his people. He says, For my names sake I defer my anger, for the sake of my praise I restrain it for you...For my own sake, for my own sake, I do it, for how should my name be profaned? My glory I will not give to another (Isaiah 48:9,11 cf. Ezekiel 36:22, 23. 32). From these texts we can see how much God loves his own glory and how deeply committed he is to preserving the honor of his name. This is not evil of God. On the contrary, his very righteousness depends on his maintaining a full allegiance to the infinite value of his glory. This is seen in the parallel phrases ofPsalm 143:11, For thy names sake, O Lord, preserve my life! In thy righteousness, bring me out of trouble. God would cease to be righteous if he ceased to love his own glory on which his people bank all their hope.

10

kphmm ZqX

Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

ssZhw kvt\l-am-Ipp
Chm. kn. sP. kJdnb

GI-k-Xy-ssZ-h-t-bpw, ssZh-ns kz`mhhnti-j - fpw, {]hn-Ifpw, lnX-hpw Fmw hcp ImWn-p-Xv ]cn-ipm-t{]cn-X-ambn Fgp-X-s kXy-th-Z-]p-kvX-I-am-Wv. ssZh-hy-n-Xz-ns _lp-hn-[h - i - - sf thZ]p-kvXIw C{]-Imcw shfn--p-sIm-p-h-ncn-pp: ssZhw XojvW-Xp--h (Zn-\. 6:15); Zln-n-p An (\lpw 1:23); \oXn-bp \ymbm-[n-]Xn (k-o. 7:11); hnip- (Zn-\. 4:31); Icp-W-bp--h (k-o. 116:5); hniz-kvX ( 2 sImcn-y 1:18); ssZhw Bm-hmWv (tbml. 4:2425); ssZhw shfn--am-Wv, Ah-\n A-Imcw Aev]w-t]mepw C (1 tbml-m 1:6); ssZhw kvt\l-amWv (1 tbml-m 4:8). ssZh-ns Fm kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-XI-sfbpw Iqn-bn-W - p-Xv ssZh-kt v \-la - m-W.v Cs Xe-ap-db - n A[n-Ihpw ssZh-n \npw e`np kuJyw, kar-n, A\p-{Kl ktm-j-fn Ip-\v Ccn-p-Ibpw ssZhw \n \nv B{K-ln-p-Xv FmWv FXv Xncn-dn-bp-Ibpw BbXv \nhn-p-Ibpw sNp-Xn ipjvImn Cm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpp. ssZhw \Ip A\p-{K-l- Fmw \n \npw Aev]-k-a-b-tv FSpp amn-bmepw ssZhw Bcm-sWp a\-n-emnbpw Ah \app \Inb hen-bc - - bpw \nanw \mw Ahs\ kvt\ln-t-X - m-Wv. ssZh-kvt\lw temI-n\v shfn-s-Sp-p-Xn\pw Cu kvt\l-hm-\mb ssZh-n-tev temI-P-\X Xncnv Cu `qan-bnepw \nXy-X-bnepw A\p-{Klw {]m]n-p--Xn\pw apJm--c-ambn Xocp--Xn\v ssZhw Xnc-sSp bn{km- t b- e ns ssZh- t m- S p- f f
kphmm ZqX
11

kvt\lw Fs\ Bbn-cn-t-Ws - av ]pd-mSv 20:4-6 hsc-bp `mKv tcJ-s-Spn Ccnpp (C-hn-sS-bmWv a\p-jys ssZh-tmSp kvt\l-s-p-dn-p ssZh-lnXw thZ]p-kvX-I-n BZy-ambn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cnp--Xv). Cu {]Jym-]\w ssZhw \S-n-bXv cq]-n HXp-m Bm-hm-Ip ssZhs Xncn--dn bn{km-tb P\w _nw_mcm-[-\-I-fn-tev Xncn--Xmb ka-b-mWv FXpw Ipdn-sIm-t--Xm-Wv. "Hcp hn{Klw Dm-c - pXv; aosX kz-n Fnepw Xmsg `qan-bn Fnepw `qan-p-Iosg sh-n Fnepw D-bm-sXm-n-sbpw {]Xn-abpw AcpXv. Ahsb \a-kvI-cn-p-Itbm tkhn-tbm sN-cp-Xv. \ns ssZh-amb btlm-hmb Rm XojvWX - b - p ssZh-am-Ipp; Fs ]sI-p-h-cn ]nXm--m-cpsS AIrXyw aqm-atbpw \mem-at - bpw Xe-ap-dh - sc a-fpsS ta kin-p-Ibpw Fs kvt\lnv Fs Iev]\ - I - sf {]am-Wn-p-h - v Bbncw Xeap-d-hsc Zb ImWn-p-Ibpw sNpp'.

Imhns Imlfi_vZw hsc hN\amIp hnv hnXbvp Hcp ip{iqjbmWv kphmm ZqX amknIm {]h\w. {]mnpI, ]mfnIfmIpI
THE EDITOR SUVARTHA DHODAN MALLAPPALLY W.P.O. - 689 585
Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan
a\p-jy-hs cn-p--Xn\v Xs GI-Pm-X-\mb ]p{X\mw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ AXn-tLm-c-amb {Iqip-a-c-W-n\v Gev]n-psIm-Sp ssZhw XojvW-X-bp--h-\m-Wv. Ah Xs alXzw asm-cp-\pw _nw_pw A\ya\pjy \nn-X-amb tZhmpw hnp-sIm-Sp-p--h-\-. ssZh-m Xnc-s-Sp--s--h ssZh-tbpw _nw_- t fbpw Hcp- t ]mse Bcm- [ n- pXn\v ssZhw Xs hN-\-n Hcn-epw A\p-hZn-n-n-. ssZhs \mw kvt\ln-p-Ibpw A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw Bcm-[n-p-Ibpw Ahs kmyw hln-p-Ibpw sNp--Xn FhnsS-hsc hf-tcWw F-Xns ey-{]m]vXn Bh\w 6: 4-5 hsc-bp thZ-`m-Kv Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-p-p. "bn{km-sbte, tI; btlmh \psS ssZh-am-Ipp; btlmh GI Xt. \ns ssZh- a mb btlm-hsb \o ]q-lr-Z-b-tmSpw ]qa-\t - mSpw ]q-i - n-tbmSpw IqsS kvt\lntWw' CXns kmmmcw ]cn-ip-m-i-n-bm am{Xta \S-p-I-bp-f-fp. ]g-b\n-b-a-Im-ev BcpsS taepw ]cn-ip-m-mhv nc-ambn hkn-n-cp-n FXv {in-t-XmWv; AXpsImv Ah Cu hnj-bn tXmhn AS-bp--Xn\v CS-bm-bn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-n apJy-ambpw cv DS-Sn-I-fmWv ImWp--Xv. Hm-a-t-Xv, tamibn- e qsS ssZhw bn{km- t b P\- n\v \InbXpw hyh-I - v hnt[-ba - m-bX - p-amWv . A\p- k - c n- m A\p- { K- l n- m- s apw ssZh-\n-b-a-sf ewLn-m ssZh-tIm]w Ah-cpsS ta]-Ic - p-sa-Xpw Cu DS-S - n-bpsS ImX- e mb hnjb- - f m- W v . ssZh- I - e v ] \ ewLn bn{km-tb-ens taep ssZh-ns ITn-\t - a-dnb in temI-Nc - n-{Xhpw thZ-]p-kX v Ihpw hcp ImWn-p-p. Cv \psS PohnX-Im-epw Cu in `bm-\-I-ambn bn{kmtb-ens ta hp ]Xnp sImn-cn-p-p. kphmm ZqX
12

I-am-m c kmy-a F kXyw ChnsS hfsc i-ambn \tmSv hnfn--dn-bnp-p. thZ-]p-kvX-I-nse cm-a-tXpw ]pXnb-Xp-amb DS-S - n, tbip-hns c-n ASnm-\-s--Xm-Wv. Cu DS--Sn-{]-Im-c-ap A\p-{K-l - Hcp-hs {]hnsb Bkv]Z-am-n-bp--X; ]ns-sbm, X-fpsS ]m]v tbip-hns cw sImv Igp-I {]m]n-v, tbip-hns\ D-n kzoI-cn-v, Bob P\\w Dm-bn, ssZh-a--fmbn Xov ssZhm in-bm (]p-Xn-b-\n-ba DS--Sn-bn IS-p-h--h-cn ]cn-ip-m-mhv nc-ambn hkn-p-p) ssZh-CjvSw \psS Pohn-X-n \nd-th-dp--Xn\v CS-bmbn XocpI-bmWv sNp--Xv. cm- b ncw hj- ns ]g- - n ssZh-h-N-\-n \npw ssZh-n\npw AI-p-t]mbn Hcp-aX - a - mbn A[x-]X - n sblqZ-a-X-n Fcn-thmsS apt-dnb A[n-Im-c, km- n- I , hnZym- [ \ k- - \ m- b n- c p ]usemkv Fv \ma-I-cWw sN-s iu tbip-hns kvt\l-m cq]m-c - s - p Ign-tm D hyXym-k- ]pXn-b-\n-b-anse 2 sImcn-y 5mw Aym-b - n tcJs-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. `ua-`h - \w Agn-p-t]mIp--Xm-sWpw Fm Imhv Xs ambn Hcp \nXy-`-h\w kz-n Hcpp-Xv Xs Pohn-XI - m-ep Xs ]usemkn\v kz-n t]mbn Ip-a-Sn hv BbXv ap-h - t - cmSv kmn-p-X - n\v `mKyw e`np (2 sImcn-y 12: 14). kzo-b-amb ]mnSw {]m]n-p-thmfw `uanI IqSm-c - n Ign-bp-Xv Rc-t - m-sS-bm-Wv. Im-hn \nv AIv Cu `qan-bn Bbn-cn-p Imes ]c-tZ-ih - mk-ambn ]usemkv hnh-cnn-cn-p-p. ImWp Imcy-f - n-e - , ImWm kzob Imcy- sf hnizm- k - m Ip- tijw t]Pv 18 Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

Atem-k-c-ap-f-hm-nb Fgp-s-f-fv
]m. tPm_n lmhn

am\-hI - p-e - ns c-mbn PU-n shfn-sv \cv ImWm-\p-XIpw hn[w ssZhns GI-Pm-X `qan-bn-tev Fgp--n-bXn-s\-bmWv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns P\\w FXp-sImv A-am-p--Xv. BZy\pw Ay\pw, Hm-a\pw HSp---h\pamb tbip-{Inkv X p- h ns\ kw_- n- n- S - t mfw P\\w FXv \p- t S- X p- t ]mse Hcp Bcw- ` - a {]XyqX ]pcm-X\ - \ - m-bh - s `qan-bn-te-p Cdn-h-c-hm-Wv. B hchv De-I-n ]e-ta-J-eI-fnepw Hcp-]mSv Atem-kc - - Df-hm-n. AhI-fn NneXv Ime-{I-taW amdn-tmbn Fnepw NneXv Cpw \ne-\n-evp-p. tbip-{In-kvXphns P\\w As-n PV-nse shfn-sS temI-nse Nne taJ-eI - f - n Df-hmnb Atem-kc - s - -Sp-e - p-Isf \apv {in-mw. 1. {`an-p-t]mb adnb temI-ns c-I\ - m-sb-p ssZh-]p{Xs\ temI-n-tev kzmKXw sNbvXn-d - nb K`-]m-{X-ns DS-ab - mb I\y-Im-ad - nbw `mKyhXn Xs-bm-Wv. eqsmkv 1:48(_n) bn ""Cp-ap-X Fm Xe-ap-d-Ifpw Fs `mKyhXn Fp hmgvpw'' Fv ]d-n-cn-p-p. Fm Cu shfn-mSv {Klnpw apv I\yIm-a-dnbw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns BK-a\ kti-n {`an-p-t]m-Ib - m-Wv. hnhmlw \nbw Ignv `m-hn-s\bpw lrZ-b - n [ym\nv hnhml Znhkw Imv ]mh-\X - t - bm-Sn-cn-p Hcm K`w [cn-m t]mIpp FXv GXv I\y-Is - b-bmWv {`an-n-m-Xv? ain-lm-bpsS hchv sblq-Z Fm-hcpw {]Xo-n-p-p-mkphmm ZqX
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bn-cp-pshnepw A{]-XnnX t\cv ImXp-Ifn ]Xn {]Ir-Xym-XoX hnf-cw D-sm-m Nne \nan-j--sf-nepw I\y-Isbv Ign-n-. ssZh- Z q- X s h- \ ns k-dn-bp--Xphsc BZys sR DcpIn amdn-bn-. BXyq--Xs ]p{X Xn-eqsS temIn-se-p-Xv Bm-Z-I-c-am-bn-cn-p-tm Xs Xs I\y-ImXz Ah-b - n Hcp K`[m-cWw As--t]mse Cpw akvXnjvI {Kmly-am-bn-n-. As\mcp Imcy-n\v ]m{Xam-IpI F-Xv. X\n-p-mb shfn-m-Sns _e-n X\nv t_m[y-s-mepw temIs t_m[y-s-Sp-pI kmy-a-. \nbw Ign-tmtg K`n-Wn-bm-IpI FXv Apw Cpw Hcp-t]mse hne-bn-Sn-Xpw am\y-Xbp Hcp s]Ip-n-tm, IpSpw-_-n-t\m, kaq-l - nt\m tNcm-X - p-am-W.v Cm-cy-n\v Xms\m-cp-sm t\cn-tS-n-hc - p Fm Imcy-tfbpw Ipdnv icnpw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-n-pw. ZqXs hnj-bm-hX - c - W - - n-epw, ssZh-kvt\-lnepw B I\yI IXr \ntbm-K-n-\mbn Xs-m kan-p. \n-bn--s ]pcpj DssS kI- e cpw ssIhn- S p- h m\pw As kml-N-cyhpw tami-bpsS \ymb-{]am-Whpw A\p-k-cnv Is-dnv sIm-s-Sphm\pw Dd-p Hcp Imcy-n\v B I\yI Xp\n-Xv F{Xtbm t{ijvTw. Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ DZ-c-n t]dm I\y-Im-a-dnbw A\p-`-hn--Xns F{Xtbm aSv hep-XmWv tbip-hns\ lrZ-b-n t]dm \mw A\p-`-hn-t-p--Xv. hne-bp-Xns\ t\Sm hne Xs sImSp--Ww. ]g-b\n-ba {]h-N-\-`m-K--fpsS Bghpw hym]vXnbpw Adn- b p- - h - c pw, K`- ns bmYmys {Kln-h - cpw adn-bs t\cn Iv A`n-\-n-p-hm XpS-n. A`n-\-n-p-hm Fnb intam ]d-Xv ""\ns kz-{]mW-\n IqSnbpw Hcp hm ISpw'' (eqsmkv 2:35). FmWv. Ccw kt-i- taep-c - n Ah-b - n \nevp Hcp I\yI-bn Df-hmp-hm kmy-X-bp thZ-\I \apv {Kln-m-\m-hn-. Cu kIe Atem-k-c--sfbpw Iodn-ap-dnv Apdw ISXp sImmWv adnbw Cv `mKy-h-Xn-bmbn amdn-b-Xv. 2. [ k-S-n-emb tPmk^v Xm hnhmlw Ign-p-hm \n-bn-n-cnp I\yI K`n-Wn-bm-sW-d - n-m GXv ]pcp-j-\mWv sRm--Xv. Ipe-a-lna sImv Ieym-W - n \npw ]nm-dm-\p {]bm-kw, t\cpw s\dnbpw ImcWw Xm\p-am-sbmcp _an-m Ipns A-\m-Im-\p asmcp {]bm-kw. I\yIm adn-b-ns DZ-c-nse Ipn-s\-p-dnv hy-amb [mcW ZqX-\n \npw e`y-amIpw hsc tPmk^v A\p-`-hn Atem-kcw sNdp-X - . ZqX-\p-am-bp kw`m-jWm-\--chpw X\nv Imcyw a\-n-em-sb-ph-cn-Inepw ]pdw temIs Xm Fp ]dmWv {Kln-n-t-p--Xv. Chn-sS-sbmw Hcp am\y-\mb ]pcp-j A\p-`h - n-t-n-hc - p hyY-I hmNym-Xo-Xa - m-Wv. 3. {`an-p-t]mb sbcp-i-teapw sltcm-Zmhpw Xe- a p- d - I - f mbn sImm- c - h mkw ioen sltcmZmhn\v asmcp cmPm-hns P\-\h - n-hcw s\p-]n-fp Xc-n Atem-kcw Dmkphmm ZqX
14

n. sblq-Z-mv Hcp cmPm-sh-Xv sbcp-ite-an Bpw th-hn[w Dsm-m Ign-n-. hnZzmam hon-X - n-\m taev]Sn hnj-b-n ]Xn-cn-s-Xv taem-f-m-cpsS Ddw sISp-n. Cpw tbip F t]cv Hcp]mSv t]cpsS Ddw sISp-p-p-v. kpJ-temep-]X - b - psS ]caImjvTn-bn-te-p IpXn-n Ip-d-n-n-cn-p--hv {InkvXp-hpw D]-tZi-fpw sh{]m-fa - p-fh - m-p-p. Xncp-sh-gp-n {Kmly-an-m-X - n-\m imkv{Xn-am-tcbpw alm]p-tcm-ln-X-m-scbpw hnfn-p-h-cpn tbip P\n-t-p e-s-Ip-dnpw hnZzmamcn \npw ka-bs - bpw Ipdnv kqjvaa - mbn tNmZn-d - n-p. tbip-hns\ sImp-If - b - p-hm taev]-Sn-bm-m-cpsS klmbw e`n-msX htm cp-h-b-n\p Iosg-{]m-b-ap Fmscbpw sImp-hm Iev]\ sImSp---hn[w sltcm-Zmhv Atem-k-c-s-p. {InkvXphns\-Xn-cmbn At\-I Icp- \op-ps-nepw AXy-nI hnPbw ssZh-n-\p-Xm-Wv. 4. hgn-b--e-nse P\\w t]Nm \ntbm-Kmw Keo-e-bn \nv s_Xve-tl-an-tev bm{X-bmb tPmtk^pw IpSpw-_hpw hgn-aty A\p-`-hn-t-Xv henb henb Atem-kc - - f - m-Wv. ]q K`nWn-bpsS bm{X, hgn-b - e - - nse {]k-hw, InSm-\n-S-an-m k`w Ch-I-sfms hnXp Atem-k-c- Nn-d-b-. InS-m-\n-San-s-Xv amXm-]n-Xm-v Atem-kc - a - m-sWnepw taev]Sn InS-m-S-n-se-m Ign-Xn ktm- j - h m- \ mWv tbip- { In- k v X p. ImcWw tbip Xmsg-n-dn hcn-I-bm-Wv. ]nsbpw tbip {Iqinse ac-Ww-hsc XmWndn hcn-Ib - m-Wv. 5. hnd-e - n At[m-temIw ssZhoI ]-Xn-bn \npw a\p-jys\ hgn]n-g - n-X - ns B\-e - l - c - n-bn-em-bn-cpp ]nimUnkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan
Nns temIw. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ HSp-n-I-fbp-hm ]nimNv BIp--S-smw {ian-p-shnepw Hpw Gip-n-sp I-tm Xm Xs cwK-n-d-n. D]-hm-km-\-cw ]nimNv tbip-hns ASp- t\cn-s-n. tbip-h-Xns DZy-a - n \npw tbip-hns\ sXn-phm ]nimNv tbip-hn\v Cu `qan-t]mepw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. ]t tbip-{InkvXp h DZyaw ]qn-bm-n-bnv kz-n-tev Itcdn-tm-bn. B {InkvXp-hns\ Atem-kc - s - -Sp-phm temI-n\v Ign-n-s-Xv ]nim-Nn\v Atem-kc - a - m-bn. 6. Ka XnI-bm bn{km-tb tbip-hns P\-\ - nse ]Inp Ipdhv Ka IqSnb bn{km-tb-en\v tbip-hns\ AwKo-I-cnm hne-p-XS - n-bm-bn. tbip-hns {]Jym-]\-f - pw, D]-tZ-i - fpw Pohn-Xs - si-en-bp-samw bn{km-tb-en \smcp hn`m-K - n-sbpw A\mhiy am\y-Xsb _m[n-p. {InkvXp-hns alXz adn-bmsX A-coI Be-b-n\v {]m[m\yw \evIn A[n-Im-c--cmbn hne-knbn-cp--hv tbip-hns h-am\w Ip-ISn-bmbn amdn. tbip-hns\ HSp-n-I-f-bp-hm Ah kwLw tNp. Ap XpS-nb Atemkcw Cpw bn{km-tb-en XpS-cp-p. C\n Ah tbip-hns\ AwKo-I-cn-p--Xp-hsc AXp XpS-cpI Xs sNpw. 7. Atem-kc - s - am-gn PmXn kI-epw tbip-hns P\\w Atemkcw Df-hm-n-bt - m ]pd-Pm-Xn-If - mb \apv tbip-hns P\\w Atem-kcw amn-bn-cn-p-p. k P\- n\pw Dm- I p- h m- \ p alm ktmjw (eq-smkv 2:10). bn{km-tb tbiphns\ Xnc-kvIcnXp-sImv ]pd-Pm-Xn-I-fmb \apv {InkvXp-hns Im- ]-Z-hn-hsc Db-cphm Hcp Ah-kcw \evIn-bn-cn-p-p. Hcp {]Xym-ibpw Cm-Xn-cp \apv Im-bm-Im\p ]Zhn ]Xnp Inn-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn kIe kphmm ZqX
15

Atem-kc - - fpw ]Sn-bn-d - n-bn-cn-p-p. tbip{InkvXp-hns\ CS-b-mv ZqX shfn-s-Spp-tm kzob ssk\yw ]mSn-bXv Cs\-bm-Wv. ""AXyq--X--fn ssZh-n\p alXzw; `qan--bn ssZh-{]-km-Z-ap a\p-jyv kam[m\w'' (eq-smkv 2:14) Fpshm ]ip-sm-n-bn InS-p tbip-ssZ-h - n\v al-Xz-am-W.v B tbip-hn-eqsS ssZhw Bcn-semw {]km-Zn-p-pthm Ahv kam-[m\w Fm-Wv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hnizkn-p-hm Hcp-h Xm-dm-bm Ahs kIe ]m]-f - psS Atem-kc - X - bpw XpS-p-amn Ahs\ \oXn-I-cnv ssZh-tmSv kam-[m-\-ap-h\ - mn amp-p (tdm-a 5:1). \mw i{Xpfpw ]m]n-Ifpw _e-lo-\cpw Bbn-cn-ptm Xs \mapw ssZhhpw Xn Dmbncp kIe Atem-ck - - fpw amp-hm ssZhw Xs kvt\lw {]Zin-n-p. Cpw tbip-hns\ lrZ-bw-K-ambn kzoI-cn-p-hv tbip-{InkvXp-hns P\\w Bm-Zhpw Am-hv Atem-ck - hpw BWv.
XpS t]Pv 3 \npw

I-bm-bn-cp-n-. adnv \mw ]m]-n acnv \oXnmbn Pohn- t - - X n\p ssZh- ] p- { X- \ mb {InkvXp-tb-ip \psS ]m]-sf hln-psImv {Iqin-t Ib-dp-Ibpw \apv ]I-cambn Ipcn- i n acn- p- I bpw Bbn- c p- p. \psS AIrXyw \nanw Ah\p apdn-thp. \psS ]m]w \nanw Ah acn-n-cn-p-p. {]nbsc \n B{K- l n- p kv t \lns ]qX AXs{X ssZh-]p-{X-\mb tbip acn Imh-dn. ""Imh-dn-{Iq-in ImWpw kvt\l-n ]qX; i{Xphmw Fs ssZhw ]p{X-\m-n-tb.'' Fs{Xtbm t{ijv S - a mb A\p- ` - h w. \mw At\ym\yw kvt\lnv ssZh-I-ev]\ \nd-th-p-I. Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan
thZ-]p-kvXI ]wn

thZ-]p-kvX-Ihpw kzmX-{yhpw
]m]-]-cn-lm-c-bm-K-n B{i-bn-p--Xn-eqsS a\p-jys Ip-t_m-[n \npw hnSp-X e`n-p-p. {InkvXphns Dbns-gp-t-e] v ns in-bn B{ibnp Pohn-p--Xn\v Ign-bp--hv Ah-c-hcpsS kzb-ns Incm-X-l-kvX--fn \nv hntam-N\w e`n-p-p. tbip acn--S--sv Dbns-gp-tv kz-nepw `qan-bnepw ]mXm-f - nepw D kI-e - n-tepw A[n-Imc-ta tbip-hns a-fmbn Xo-hv kIe `b--fn \npw kzmX-{yw e`nv Pbm-fnI-fmbn B-i-n-tbmsS Pb-ns tLmjw apgn ssZhnI ip{iq-j-bn ]mfn-If - m-Ip-X - n\v CS-bm-Ip-p. a\pjy\nn-X-amb \nJphn kzmX{y-s-p-dnv sImSp-n-cn-p Ahym]vXn bmsXmcp XS-k - f - n-m-X - pw, Pbn hmk-an-m-X - pw, ASn-a - Cm-Xpw Bb Ah-s - b-m-Wv. bYm-kzm-X{yw GsX-nepw ASn-a - -en \npw hnSp-X {]m]n-p-X - p-am-{X-a; ]ns-tbm, ]qn-bpXpw A-h-mb Hcp PohnXw \bn-phm Ign-bp--Xm-Wv. ssZhw \s krjvSn Af-hn \mw Fmbn Xocp--Xn\v B{K-lnpthm B \ne-hm-c-n Fn-t-cp--Xn\v CS-bm-Ip-X - mWv bYm kzmX-{yw. hmkv X - h - n \mw B{K- l n- p- Xv Fpw sNp--X kzmX-{yw. BcpsSbpw \nb-{-W-v hnt[-b-\-m Im-[nImhpw cmPm-[n-cm-Pm-hp-amb ssZh-s-pdnv \mw thZ-]p-kvX-I-n \nv a\-n-emp-Xv Nne-Im-cy- Hs ssZh-n\v Hcnepw {]hn-p-hm kmy-a-. Fm ssZh-n\v ]m]w sNp--Xnt\m hymPw ]dbp- - X nt\m hnip- nbpw hniz- k v X - X bpw kphmm ZqX
16

tbip-hns

ssIsh-Sn-bp-X - nt\m hmp-am-dn-d - b - p-X - nt\m Hcn-epw kmy-a - . ssZhw Xm Bbn-cn-p Ah--bpsS A`n`mPy LS-I--fmWv Chsbmw; Cu khn-ti-j-X-I shSn-m ssZhw ssZh-a-m-Xmbn Xocpw. ssZh-n\v Fpw sNp-X - n-\p kzmX{yw Dv Fp hcn-Inepw ssZhw Xs kzmX{yw D]-tbm-Knp-Xv ssZhw Bbn-cn-p HuXyw Imp kqn-p-X - n\pw thn-bm-W.v ssZh-ns kzmX{yw ssZhw GXp-hn[w D]-tbm-Kn-p-p-thm, AtX coXn-bn krjvSnbpsS aIp-S-ambn ssZh-km-Zr-iy-n \nXy\mbn krjvSn a\p-jy\pw ssZhw \Inb kzmX{yw hn\n-tbmKw sNp-tm am{XamWv Cu `qan-bnepw \nXy-X-bnepw a\p-jy A\p-{Klw {]m]n-p-Xpw ssZh-tm-Sp-IqsS Bbn-cn-p--Xn\pw km[n-p--Xv. Hcp ayns kzmX{yw sh-ap CS-p-am{Xw ]cn-an-Xs - -Sp-n-bn-cn-pp; AXns\ adn-IS - - pXv \misbmWv hnfnp hcp-p--Xv. AXp-t]mse a\p-jy Pohn-p-X - n\v ssZhw Hcp-n-bX - mb kml-Nc - yhpw ssZh-tbpw ap a\p-jy-tcbpw {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw Fmw kvt\lnv ssZhw X-Xmb ssZh-hN - \ - { - ]-Imcw Pohn-p-Xn-\m-W.v kvt\l-hm-\mb ssZhw a\p-jy\pw Cu kz`mhw kZm Ah-cpsS Pohn-X - n {]kcn-n-p-X - n\v B{K-ln-p-p. ]m]w \nanw i{Xp-Xbpw ssIpw Ak-ln-jW v X - bpw ssIapX-embn e`n a\p-jy\v CXn \nsmw kzmX{yw e`n-p-X - n\v a\p-jy-h-ns Dm-cW - - n-\mbn Cu [cn-{Xn-bn Cdn hv cm-amw Hcp-nb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns cw-sImv Igp-I {]m]nv Hcp ]pXpkrjvSn-bmbn Xotc-n-bn-cn-p-p. "Hcp-h {InkvXphn-em-bm Ah ]pXnb krjvSn-bm-Ipp'. Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

PohNcn{X]wn

amn eqYdpw Imjn-I-hn--hhpw

1524 apX 1526 hsc P-\n-bnse IjIcpw Ah- c psS A\p- ` m- h n- I fpw tbmPnv P kaq-l - nse kmaq-lyhpw km-nIhpw k`m-]-c-hp-amb A\o-Xn-Ipw NqjWn\pw Ak-aX - z-n\pw FXn-cmbn \S-nb kmbp[ hn-h-amWv IjI hnhw F t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv. eqY-dpsS Imev P-\n-bn Ij-I-cpsS \ne ]cn-Xm-]-I-cam-bn-cp-p. Hcp IjI IpSpw-_mwKw IqsSbmbn-cp eqY-dns amXm-]n-Xm- Pohn-Xm`n-hr-n-mbn amns _mey-Im-ep Xs Pew hnv t]mtI-n-h-Xv \mw apv I-Xm-Wt - m.- Ir-jn-`q-an-bn-t Ij-Iv Ah-Im-i-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. AXv `qhp-S-a-Iv kz--am-bn-cp-p. Irjn Cd-n--gn-m hnfhns knwl-`m-Khpw \new DS-a--cmb {]`p-v Ah-Im-i-s--Xm-bn-cp-p. Irjn \mitam CXc \jvS-tfm kw`-hn-mepw DSa-Ip Hml-cn-bn Hcp Ipdhpw hcp-nbn-cp-n-. `mc-s-Sp-p At\Iw \nIp-XnIfpw A\m-hiy \nb-{-W-fpw Ah-cp-sSta Npa-n-bn-cp-p. hnhmlw XpS-nb hyn-]-c-amb Imcy-pw sXmgn-em-fn-Iv `qhp-S-a-I-fpsS A\p-aXn hm-W-am-bn-cpp. Ij-Ic - psS Aajw {]Xn-tj-[a - mbn ]etmgpw Dbn-p-v. el-f-I-fmbn hf kw`-h-fpw Gsd-bp-v. Fnepw AsX-mw XnIpw {]mtZ-inI Xe--fn HXpn \nncp-p. Cu Akz--X-In-S-bn-emWv s{]mm v hnhw P-\n-bn-sepw Ac-t-dnb-Xv. amn eqY-dpsS {][m\ {]mcw` IrXnI-fn-sem-mb "P\n tZi-nse {InkvXy {]`p--mp Xpd Iv' (An open kphmm ZqX
17

letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation) {]Xy--s--Xv. hnZym`ym-k-]-chpw \nba kw_-hpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb ]e \hoI-c-W-fpw eqY AXn ]cm-ain-n-p-v. P\-\ ey-amn Nqj-W-p Adp-Xnh- c p- t - Xv A[n- I m- c n- I p ssZhw \Inb Npa-Xe - b - m-sWpw Bob `uXnI thXn-cn-hp-I Dm-p tdma k`m\bw Xncp- stS- X m- s Wpw C- e n- m P\ P\-Xsb kzm em`-n-\p-thn ASn-a-I-fm-p k{-Zmbw \n sNW-sapw eqY hmZn-p. "{InkvXob kzmX{y-s-p-dn-p {]amWw' (A Treatise on Christian Liberty) kIe P\- n- s bpw ]utcm-lnXyw (Priesthood of all believers) Fo eqY-d {]t_m-[-\--sfmw Nqj-Wn-\n-c-bmbn kzmX-{yw kz]v\w Ip-sImn-cp Ij-I-k-aqlw Bth-i-tm-sSbmWv kzoI-cn--Xv. eqY-dns Bi-b- X- f psS k- e v]- pw Xmev]- c ypw CW-pw-hn[w Ah hymJym-\nv kz-am-n. Fcn-Xo-bn F ]I-cp kao-]-\-am-bncp-p- Xo{hNnm-KX - n-m-cmb \ho-Ic - W hmZnI Cm-cy-n kzoI-cn--Xv. Immv (Karlstat), tXmakv ayq (Thomas Muntzer) sl- b nse ^nenv (Philip of Hesse) Fn-h Ij-I-k-a-c-n Bth-iI-c-amb t\XrXzw \In. k`m-\-ho-I-c-W-ns\mw kmaqly \ho-I-c-Whpw \S-m-t-Xp-sv Ah ]Tn-n-p. tbip-{InkvXp \Inb kzmX{yw Dd-m-p-X - p-am-Wv Ah Dun--d-p. Ah-cpsS shp-hn-fn-I Dbnb {]kw-K--fn Ij-I-cpsS Bthiw Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan
kS-Ip-S-s-gp-tp amn eqYdpw Xv XnIpw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-p-sav Ah Icp-Xn. An-mbn In-cp AkzkvXk - a - qlw Hmbn kwLw tNp. X-fpsS Xmev]c - ymw {]hn-p Hcp tZiob {InkvXy eoKns cq]o-Ic - W - a - m-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS eyw. hyn kzmX-{yhpw ]c--cm-KX Bh-iy-fpsS kwc-W - hpw ]cn-c - n-m {]mtZ-inI `c-W-Iq-S-sf Ah \nin-X-ambn hnain-p. Zimw-ihpw \nIp-Xnbpw hn-n--Xv, th-bmS, ao]n-Sn-n, acw apdn- XpS-n-b-Xns\m-sbpw ]cn[n \n-bn--Xv, {Kma-tIm-S-XnI-fpsS \oXn \ntj-[w, tdma \nb-a--fpsS Ii {]tbmKw Ch-sbms Ahsc sNmSnn-p. Ij-Ic - psS sNcpv AhcpsS ap{Z-bmbn (A-S-bm-fw) Ah kzoI-cn-p. ssZhnI \nb-a-fn \ne-bp-d - n-p-sImv Xmevm-en-Ihpw efn-Xh - p-amb ]cn-jvIm-c - -pdw k`-bpsS `uXn-Im-[n-Im-c - f - n-t-ep \nb-{-W - n\v ]cn-]q-amb AdpXn hcp-m Ah B{Kln-p. 1525 s^{_p-hcn amk-n Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-fpw ]cm-Xn-Ifpw t{ImUo-I-cn-psImv Hcp eLp-teJ Ah Xm-dm-n. "]{p {]am-W - '' F Npcp-t - -cn CXv Adn-bs - -Sp-p. hn\-bhpw BZ-chpw \nd Hcp Ah-Im-i] - { - Xn-Ib - m-bn-cpp AXv. ssZh-hN-\s Ah am\n-p-p-shpw AXn-s\-Xncm-bh - sb Ah \ncm-Ic - n-p-p-shpw {]kvXmhn-p. ao]n-Sn-p-I,- acw apdn-p-I, th-bm-Sp-I, XpS-nb Imcy-f - n-t Xp A[nImcw kphn-ti-jm-[n-jvTnX in-bm-Wv. BIbm AXn-s\-Xn-cm-bpw Ah-Im-i - ]cn-an-Xs-Sp-n-smp-X - p-amb \nb-a - ]nhen-W - w. {]`p-fpw ]ptcm-ln-Xcpw IjIsc \nXy-tcm-Kn-I-fm-n-op-I-bm-Wv. Xp t\Xm--sfbpw ]mam-scbpw Xncs-Sp-m\pw \ow sNm-\p-ap Ah-Imiw X-fns \nn-]vXa - m-W - w. ^yqU kphmm ZqX
18

hyh-n-Xnbpw AXn-t\m-S\ - p-_ - n sXmgn \nbafpw dm-Ww; tImS-Xn-I-fn \oXn e`y-am-Ww; Zimwiw ssIImcyw sNp-Xn\pw \nb-{n-p--Xn\pw A[n-Imcw e`y-amWw XpS-n, ssZth-jvS-n-\-\p-kr-X-amb kmaqly hyh-n-Xnp thn-bp ZmlamWv Cu {]am-W--fn-eqsS {]I-S-am-b-Xv. ISp Xo{h-Nn-b - p t\Xm-f - psS hiy-amb hmp-I-fn IpSp-n-tmb Ch {ItaW {InkvXn-bm-Sn-d - b - mb Hcp Ij-I- kwm\ cq]o-I-c-W-ns Bhiyw aptmp hp. N{I-hn-bnepw eqY-dn-ep-am-bn-cpp Ij-IcpsS {]Xo-. k`m-\-ho-I-cW Im-hmb amn eqY Xs Cu kmaqly \ho-Ic - W {]m-\ - n\pw t\XrXzw \Ip-sapw hN\m-[n-jvTn-Xa - mb Hcp atX-Xc kaql \nnXn kmy-am-p-sapw Ah hymtam-ln-p.
XpS t]Pv 13 \npw

sImv PU-hmkw ssZh-Cj - S v { - ]-Imcw \bn-pIbpw ico-cw-hnv {InkvXp-hn-t\mSp IqsS Bbncn-p-Xv Xm A[nIw Imwn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. "AXp-sImv ico-c - n hkn-mepw icocw hnmepw R Ahs\ {]km-Zn-n-p-h BIp-hm A`n-am-\n-pp' (2 sImcny 5:9). "{InkvXp-hns kvt\lw Rsf \n_-n-pp'. Fm-hpw thn acn {InkvXp-hn - \p-thn PUhpw PmXnbpw aXhpw t{ijvSX - I - fpw acnnp-Xn\pw PUnep _ - - { - ]-Imcw Bscbpw hon-msX {InkvXphns kvt\l-n kI-e-scbpw ImWp-Xn\pw {InkvXp-hns kvt\lw A-dn-b-s temIw apgp-h\pw Fn-p--Xn\pw ]usemkn\v CS-bm-bn. cm-bncw hj-ns ]mccyw ssIh {InkvXp-a-X-ns AwK-fmbn Xo-hpw tbip-hns aS-n-h-chv Bk-a - mb Cv Cu cq]m-c - a - mWv Ic-Wobam-bX - v. Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

kphmm ZqX

19

Unkw_ 2012

Suvartha Dhodan

kphmm ZqX

20

Unkw_ 2012