BAROTROPIC TIDAL AND WIND-DRIVEN LARVAL TRANSPORT ON SALEH BAY,

SUMBAWA, INDONESIA*)

Widodo S. Pranowo1), Yulia Herdiani 2), Ivonne M. Radjawane 3)

ABSTRACT

Based on their mobility, fish larvae are classified as planktonic organism, which means
their mobility, are depend on ocean dynamics.
Fish larval transport commonly considered as a product of hydrodynamic as their physical
transport is strongly influenced by tides, winds, local geometry and bathymetry. Recent studies
show that fish larval transports are also including their specific behavior. Fish larvae can respond
to stimulation actively or passively, and modify their behavior to enhance their net transport. This
modification shows on their ability to migrate vertically, following the tidal pattern.
This paper describes a computer modeling study of tidal and wind-driven circulation and
accompanying Canthigaster valentini (puffer) larval transport characteristics in the vicinity of
Saleh Bay, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. To simulate the transport of Canhigaster valentini fish
larvae, we use 3DD Suite Computational and Marine Freshwater Laboratory developed by ASR
Ltd. The currents are generated by hydrodinamic model 3DD and then coupled with dispersal
model POL3DD to simulate the advection/diffusion process.

Keyword: larval transport, barotropic tide, wind-driven current, Canthigaster valentini, 3DD
Suite Software Model.

*) Presented on WOM-12 APEC/MRC/OMISAR in Dalian, China, September 7-11, 2004

1) Center Research for Maritime Territories and Non-living Resources, Agency for Marine
& Fisheries Research, Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries The Republic of Indonesia.
(email: w_setiyopranowo@dkp.go.id)
2) Study Program of Oceanography, Faculty of Earth science & Mining Technology,
Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia. (email: yulia_herdiani@yahoo.com)
3) Laboratory of Oceanography, Department of Geophysics & Meteorology, Bandung
Institute of Technology, Indonesia. (email: ivonnemr@geoph.itb.ac.id)

INTRODUCTION

The transport of fish larvae related to its mechanism and behavior. The body length of fish
larvae generally has a small size (~ < 10 mm) with limited swim ability (1-2 time body
length/sec) (Jackson et al., 2000 - in www.Larvalbase.org ). Due to the small swim speed cause
the larvae transport dominantly influenced by the advection and turbulent. Even though, many
researchers also found that the behavior of larvae is one of the reason in recruitment process. The
larvae must migrate in vertical direction, not in horizontal, because of the small swim speed and
this vertical migration is strongly affected by the ocean tide pattern (Baganti, 1997;
Romimohtarto, et al., 2004).
So, fish larval transport commonly considered as a product of hydrodynamic as their
physical transport is strongly influenced by tides, winds, local geometry and bathymetry. Recent
studies show that fish larval transports are also including their specific behavior. Fish larvae can
respond to stimulation actively or passively, and modify their behavior to enhance their net
transport. This modification shows on their ability to migrate vertically, following the tidal
pattern.

In the last several years, ocean parameters that influence the transport of fish egg and fish
larvae make an important role to determine the successful recruitment of fish stock (Nybakken,
1992; Fortier and Legget, 1985 – in Hinrichsen et al., 1997). In order to investigate the influence
of ocean dynamic or current circulation against the distribution of fish larvae and young fish, then
the advection and flux diffusion parts must be estimated before by the empirical relation (Sinclair
et al., 1985 – in Hinrichsen et al., 1997) as well as the numerical one by using the physical
circulation model (Bartsch, 1988; – in Hinrichsen et al., 1997).
The purpose of this research is to describe a computer modeling study of tidal and wind-
driven circulation and accompanying Canthigaster valentini (puffer) larval transport
characteristics in the vicinity of Saleh Bay, Sumbawa Indonesia (see Figure 1).

MODEL SETTING
Saleh Bay is a semi-enclosed bay located at the head of Sumbawa Island, part of Lesser
Sunda Islands in Indonesian Archipelago (see Figure 2). The maximum depth, bay length and
width of the bay are 338 m, 85 km and 43 km, respectively (Tim Proyek Carrying Capacity
BRKP, 2004).
The Saleh Bay model area was limited between 117o 33’ – 118o 17’ E and 8o 12’ – 8o 44’
S as shown in Figure 3. Based on Landsat image processing results in 2000, it has been known
the bay, corral waters and mainland areas were about 3575 km, 0,244 Km² and 12119 Km²,
respectively.
To simulate the transport of Canhigaster valentini fish larvae in Saleh Bay, we use 3DD
Suite Software Model developed by Computational and Marine Freshwater Laboratory - ASR Ltd
(Black, 2001a). The currents are generated by barotropic hydrodynamic model 3DD and then
coupled with dispersal model POL3DD (Black, 2001b) to simulate the advection/diffusion
process. The hydrodynamic model uses a bottom-following, sigma-coordinate system (Black,
2001c). In this study, the model has 10 vertical sigma levels. The horizontal grid is in the
Cartesian coordinate system and contains 129 x 111 grid points in x- and y- axis directions. The
horizontal grid resolution is 50 m x 50 m. For initial conditions, the water was assumed at rest
condition. Time series of tidal elevation was given along open boundary in north and west parts
calculated by ORITIDE tidal model. Along the lateral boundary, a normal zero flow was applied
to solid boundary, while the semi-implicit Orlanski’s radiation condition was applied to the open
boundaries. The model was also simulated for Southeast (SE) and Northwest (NW) Monsoons
cases (represented by July and January 2001) with adding the dominant wind during SE and NW
Monsoons to accommodate the effect of seasonal monsoon.

The dispersal model of larvae was running with the advection-diffusion velocity data
obtained from hydrodynamic model. The larvae source release started from south part of the
model according to the observation data. The model was simulated for 20 days including spring
and neap tide phases. List of dispersal model parameters and coefficients using in the model can
be shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Design of Larvae Dispersal Model

No. Parameter/Coefficient Value Unit

1 Model type Larvae
2 Vertical mixing options Layered
3 Layer orientation top down
4 Constant layer thickness 35 meter
5 Initial seed 100
6 Include horizontal advection yes
7 Vertical velocity included yes
8 Ambient background (magnitude) 33
9 Density inversion Positive
10 Model time step 60 Second
11 Model duration 479 Hour
12 Settlement period start hour 240 hour
13 Settlement period end hour 360 hour
14 Split steps 0 steps
 15 Steps between releases 10 steps
16 Release duration 0
17 Horizontal Diffusion Constant
18 Longitudinal diffusion coefficient 10 m2/s
19 Lateral diffusion coefficient 1 m2/s
20 Vertical eddy diffusivity 0.01 m2/s
21 Surf-zone vertical eddy diffusivity 0.1 m2/s
22 Universal fish behavior 13
23 Threshold current speed 0.1 m/s
24 Threshold duration 1 hour
25 Threshold wave height 0.5
26 Day time surface layer thickness 5 m
27 Night time surface layer thickness 10 m
28 Start hour of simulation 9 hour
29 Advection probability (0,1) 0.5
30 Seagrass release interval 60 steps
31 Swimming speed towards shallow 0.1 m/s
water
32 Wind boundary layer distance 1000 m/s
33 Depth where fish dive down to the 4
seabed
34 Fish swimming speed against current 0.14 m/s

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Verification results of tidal elevation between numerical, ORITIDE and observation
results on 2-8 February 2003 is shown in Figure 4a (2D Model) and 4b (3D Barotropic Model).
Tidal elevation produced by the 3DD Barotropic Hydrodynamical model shows in a good
agreement with the ORITIDE results both for amplitude and phase, but moderately good with the
observation results.
Simulation results shows that tidal current that coming into the bay originated from Flores
Sea that exist in the upper side of Sumbawa Island (see Figure 5 and 6). Water mass from Flores
Sea enter the bay through the two narrow bay mouth, one through Saleh Strait (between Saleh
Bay and Moyo Island) in west side and the other through Batahai Strait in north part. The current
coming into the Saleh Bay is dominated by the current originated from Batahai Strait caused of its
bathymetric configuration and narrow wide strait. So, the current in the north part has more
complicated pattern compared with the south part (Figure 6). The water exchange between bay
and outside bay is limited caused by its narrow bay mouth.
Simulated current pattern during spring tide condition in one tidal cycle can be described as
follow (Figure 5(A)-(D)) : water movement from flood to ebb condition show a high speed
current (~ 0,8 m/s) enter the bay through Batahai Strait, while inside Saleh Bay the flow leave the
bay. In ebb tide, the magnitude of tidal current become smaller, eventhough there is still low
speed current leave the bay through Batahai Strait. The water enters the bay while the ebb tide
water moves to high water with low speed current. In high tide, current pattern is similar with
initial movement, high speed current enter the bay through Batahai Strait and low current leaves
the bay.
The simulation results with adding wind generated force (see Figure 8(A)-(B)) is not
quite different in current patern with barotropic tide simulation, but the larval transport simulation
used the both of generating force.
The dispersal model results can be shown in Figure 9(A) and 9(B). The fish larvae was
release after 6 hours and 12 hours running the model at the south side of the bay and started to
transport around the release position. 3 hours later the larvae has distributed with highest
concentration around the shoreline (about 2.5 x 10-4 mg/l). After 15 hours dispersal area of the
larvae becomes wider and concentration increase. The transport dispersal of Canthigaster
valentini agrees with the current pattern circulation.

CONCLUSION REMARKS
Tidal elevation produced by the 3DD Barotropic Hydrodynamical model is in a good
agreement with the ORITIDE results, but moderately good with the observation results. The
current entered the Saleh Bay dominated by the current originated from Batahai Strait. The
current pattern in the north part of the bay is more complicated compared with the southern part.
Because of the narrow wide of bay mouth in north part of the bay, so the water exchange between
bay water and outside bay is limited. The transport dispersal of Canthigaster valentini agrees with
the current pattern circulation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research funded by Indonesian National Budget Fund (APBN) 2003-2004 for
Agency for Marine & Fisheries Research, Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries. We would like
to thank to Dr. Agus Supangat (Head of Non-living Resources Division) and Dr. Safri
Burhanuddin (Director of Center Research for Maritime Teritorries & Non-living Resources), and
also gratefully thank to Sumbawa Carrying Capacity Team.
REFERENCES
Baganti, W. S.: 1997, Two Dimensional Numerical Model of Diatom Distribution in Jakarta Bay
(in Indonesian), Final Project, Oceanographic Study Program, Bandung Institute of
Technology.
Black, K.: 2002a, Model 3DD description and user’s guide, ASR Ltd., Hamilton.
Black, K.: 2002b, Langrangian dispersal and sediment transport model POL3DD, ASR Ltd.,
Hamilton.
Black, K.: 2002c, Model support manager description and user’s guide, ASR Ltd., Hamilton.
Hinrichsen, H. H., Lehmann, H., John, M. ST., Brügge, B.: 1997, Modelling the cod larvae
drift in Bornholm Basin in summer 1994, Continental Shelf Research, 17, 14, 1765-1784.
http:// www.LarvalBase.org
Nybakken, J. W.: 1992, Biologi Laut: Suatu Pendekatan Ekologis. (Translation of “Marine
Biology: An Ecological Approach”). PT Gramedia. Jakarta.
Romimohtarto, Kasjian, S. Juwana.: 2004. Meroplankton Laut: Larva Hewan Laut yang
Menjadi Plankton. Djambatan. Jakarta.
Tim Proyek Carrying Capacity BRKP: 2004. Daya Dukung Kelautan dan Perikanan.
Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan. Jakarta
 Figure 1. Canthigaster valentini fish

TELUK SALEH

Skala:

0 km 10 20 30
Watef Features

Spot Depth
Falls rapids
▲ River, Stream

♦ Intermitten River
or Stream
Canal
Lake
Intermitten lake
Reef
Ocean, Sea
Other Water Feature

Figure 2. Map region and tidal (diamond) and velocity (triangle) observation stations
in Saleh Bay. Larvae fish release location for the dispersal model indicated by “T”.
 Figure 3. Bathymetric map of Saleh Bay with Saleh Straits & Batahai Straits in
Sumbawa Island (note: Teluk = Bay, Selat = Straits, Laut = Sea, Samudera = Ocean)

Verifikasi Elevasi Pasut Hasil Simulasi Model Hidrodinamika 3DD - 2 Dimensi

terhadap Elevasi Pasut Hasil Pengukuran Tide Gauge
dan Elevasi Pasut Hasil Peramalan ORITide
Perairan Teluk Saleh
2-6 Februari 2004

1,000

0,500
Elevasi (m)

0,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

-0,500

-1,000

-1,500

Waktu (jam)

hasil pengukuran Tide Gauge hasil simulasi 3DD hasil peramalan ORITide

Figure 4a. Verification of tidal elevation between observation (yellow line),

ORITIDE (dark blue line) and 3DD Hydrodynamics Model results (turquoise line) on
February 2-6, 2004.
 Perbandingan Elevasi Pasut Hasil Simulasi 3DD - 3 Dimensi Barotropik
terhadap Elevasi Pasut Hasil Peramalan ORITide di titik T
Perairan Teluk Saleh
2 - 22 Februari 2004

1,8

1,6

1,4

1,2
elevasi (m)

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
-0,2

Waktu (jam)

hasil peramalan ORITide hasil simulasi 3DD - 3 dimensi barotropik

Figure 4b. Comparison of elevation between 3DD model (turquoise line) and
predicted ORITIDE (dark blue line) results during 2-22 February 2004 in location of
larvae release.
 (A) (B)

(C) (D)
Figure 5. Horizontal current pattern in north part of Saleh Bay during spring tide in the first level for (A) Flood to ebb, (B) Ebb, (C) Ebb to Flood,
and (D) Flood tide condition.
 (A)

(B)

Figure 6. Detail horizontal current pattern from flood to ebb in Saleh Bay during
spring tide in the upper level at (A) north part of the bay , (B) south part of the bay.
 (A)

(B)
Figure 7. Simulation results of current circulation pattern in NW Monsoon (January
2001) during spring tide (A) from ebb to flood water; (B) from flood to ebb water
 (A)

(B)
Figure 8. Simulation results of current circulation pattern in SE Monsoon (July 2001)
during spring tide (A) from ebb to flood water and (B) from flood to ebb water
 (A)

(B)
Figure 9. Simulation results of larvae transport distribution after
(A) 8 hours and (B)15 hours.