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l\,vqntljo thonk everyone iNoh/ed In cleoiicg lhls book. grcJeful lom sinceely lo Donold Holden,I\,4ory Suffudy ond CondoceRoney for lheif wisdom ond gL]idonce.

and CandaceRan6y Ed'led by MarySLrilody by BobFlle Oe{ignd p|oduclion by E lenGons Graphic

Lrpli I Publoations Cogright@1986by Wat6on-G Fn$ pubtished 1986in NwYork by Watson-Guplill PLrbllcations, Publications, a dMsioi ol Billboard nc. 1515 aroadway NewYork, N.Y1003 t ir'ry ot Congrs Cat loging.ln"Publlcatlon D6lt

Lrssolls tom Michelangslo. 1. F$tEdlawing-Tschnique. 2. Drawing, 3. [4ichelangelo FgEirsaE-E{hniqu6. Buonarlo, r475-156a-Thern, moti!s. l. Title. 743'.4 ifc6t5.B8'/ 86 86-11107

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Disttrtsd h !E t niled Kingdom by PhaidonPress,Lld., Li@ab Eols, SL EbbebSt., Oxiofd All riits rs.Ed. No pa.t of ihis publication may be rwodrd 6usd h any iom or by any means graphic, electD.*i n nE ls*:al. indlding photocopying, recod'ng, lalirE, 6 hturdir| $rage ard leidevalsystems-wilhout sm.t pr.tri*irx: d t|e Fui*rer Manuftdlld in U.S-A. 1 23,1 5 6 7 8910/919089 8A87 86

l\lHI lloi lSOd OH/!{SllCOv',I IHI CNV cuol tHI io $sLalv IHI TIVol

CHAPTER FIVE

The Upper limb uu

IHEMUSCLES OF]HE UPPER A?IV 9 TRICEPSTIHE IHREE HEqDED MUSCLE 90 THE RELAIIONSH P OFlHEFORMS OFIHEARIV TOTHE SCAPULC 92 ..,. THE IVUSCLES OFIHERAISED ARM 94 ' TllEIVIUSCLES ANDBONS Of Iltr FOREARM 96 .

..

itE lvuscrrs or nE FoREARM AND IHUMB 98

: IVASSING IHEFOREARN' ,oo THE I\IUSCLES IIAND '02 OFIHE SIMPT]F/INGlHEI{AND'04

CHAPTER SIX
THE FRONT OFTHE 1HIOH,10l THE MUSCTES THAT IVO!THE iHIGH 408 THE IIAMSTRING l\ilUSCtES4,10 THE RELATIONSH]P OFIHETHIGH TOi}IE PELVIS 112 lHEBONES OFTHE KNEE4'4 THE FOR]\4S OFTHE KNEE1'6 THE BONES ANDMUSCLES OFIHELEE ,1'18 lHEMUSCLES OFTHE FIBULA '20 THE I\iIUSCLES OFTHE CALF /22 THE FOOT: THE BOIW ARCH 124 THE MUSCLES OF]HEFOOT 426 TIANITHE UPR]GHT ANIV1AL i28

TheLowef Lifllb ,oo

CHAPTER SEVEN

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, .M4SSING WTH Llcllt ANDSHADF .THE GESTURE-oRRH\+jM oF FABnlc : /36

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in o moslp eosurable woy, l wsnledlo nne do,/ \dh e vlewingo drowng show Rothet Vhod on etperience thot offected m-- st down wilh you,lookai lhesemognficent ond beg n d scuss ng thoseospecls of room, works :eeplyLs cosuoywo kedlhroughihe :aw o drowingI coudn't toke my eysolf, eoch wgrkthol o recleo resi1l.observeoswe lo lirstrolefgure drowing seemedsho ow os mosiimporloni :nd ol lhe olher drowlngs Iire drawngsseecied ior th s trookshow shed by comporson.Thoi and undslingu irom a ldi by M chelongelo ih,. figurein manywrols poses :rcwingwoso nude sfudy lihough iso greoloppodu h o d b e e n l o m i o r w l h terenlpo nlsofvew There '.ilcheongelotworkol my fe, iseemedlhol nly here10observe howo mosler drcflsmon monyol the fofmsof lhe body becouse of myeducolion foreshodens .nly now perhops :nd troinng,waslrecept\to hh nfe|preto ond chongeslheif shopesin ihe different _?ns f hodn-.ver of lhe figufe nfocl,ilwasos Anyone who serously $ontslo underslond :eenlhembeforeondlholnothingcouldbe -ore exciiing o conslder of greolfrgure drowingmuslde\r'cie lhcn lo be n ihe presence _ gh Renoissonce od ond flnoly hove eyes ob e omounloflirnelolhesludyofonolomy _rolcoud seeit on the moslimpor hoveonlyconcenlroled slr n ionl muscles ond musce groups on l1_ie lhol doy I ho! been lhoroLrghly Since ond mogicof drowing face of the f gure Forgreolerclorlv I ho\ ,c\,d n the process _.1e works o di knowledge hos ncludednextlo Michelongelob fgure My increosed _e\rde$royed ng ony ihe mus show lhe sponlonelly ond mogcl ogromof lhe skeleton ' hosonlyenhoncedilgreoiy ln foct,I ho! cle or muscesunder discussion These ore 'rund thol drowng wthouto frm foundolion nlended io he p you underslondond re_ lhe p ncpes of onoiomy s morediflicu I anember exocilywhereo fom beginsand ron ihe ocil.rolsdrnng of lhoseprnciples on inwrl ngsoTeio be considered When begonio wte lh s book,mYinTen- These _3nwqsio keep the spirl of fgu drowing troducton thoi slLlciy orcotolysl io o pfofound .iocl.lho! nol oltempled ng.I of )o!r doysenJoy io soyeveMhing yo! w spendlhe rest nor frove fei strongly ihol \tonled lo createo book roi con be saidoboul drowing, - ed to lisiolLihe esoflhe h!mon body ihoi would knockdown some borefs ond musc to a low \,oungorihisio beg n to reqllyundefwqy, I \tonlecl iclher,in o mosipleoslroble : i downwiih \,ou,lookol thesemognifcenl stondthe lormsoffhe flgure,lilscleorto me of thal f wonledihe reoder lo shoremy goT thosecspects ,,crks ond begindiscusslng ',llch6ongelo3 for onolomyanddrqwng prlnc\^ofklhoi ore ceoresllo ob- enihlsiosm some comp ex :?tueos wel os mosl imporiantio lilsl_roie p es, wou d have lo express '3iJ|edrowng, deos in o more simplfed wqy ond I loke iV lor thot. when lbegon io wriieihisbook,my inien responsib N4ore lhon on!4hngese, lhis book is ihe rn wosio keep lhe spit of figuredrowng _ioct, ho\ nol oliernpted affor thol I hovehodwllh on of o lo\, to soye\Mh ng express -ci con be sod oboui drowng, nor hove I the exhoordinory drawlngs of lhe greolesl - ed to sla I the mlrscles Mcheongeo. of the figure, of the humonbodl moster Michoe Bubon NewYork C ly,1986

ONE CHAPTER

UNDERLYING THE FORM OF STRUCTURE

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Preliminory Skerches
is n9.For Micheonge o,drow Eorm eleMh rcrm I ng s o pfoceou rcr oercrmrnrng appfoxmoleiJ the i uson of form s merely lorm is ndicoledby lighl ond shodeolone Theshopeof o form sdelined exaclly by ihe were use of ne, fire lhree seaied figLrres Ines colled pnr'' drownwilh lighl sketchy or chongesof m nd menli 'Yepenlonces," beforclhe lnol contourisdrown. sketches or conlour drowngs Prelminory overolproportonsondlhe ges thol ndicote fure of the pose o essenliollo sLrccessfu Thereis not much poini in fgu drowings, deloils os honds orelor moving onlo sLrch 10lhe nsidemodelng of lhe fgue wilhoul firsi eslab shing the ollside shopeoJlhe fig uTen o geneTotwgy E!ry figurehoson implcil oclion,or gesture.]helneA connechihe ports of lhe body lrcm heodio ioe and suggesis lhe geslure of nrepose.Gestu istheh.4hmor music ofthe p figure. whichcreoleso peosingrelotionsh benreen one form cnd onolher Mchef ongelo ncorporoled o slrongsense of ges Hhboldcurving ond turein o lof hisdrowngs. lire posefrcm bespirolinginespre\r'enled comingstiff ond wno'rurol,

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ond belllchelongelo drew consfonil\4 ItI cousepoper was expensi\e in the sixleenthceniuryh spogeswelen\oroblyflled wlh o\,e opping sketches ond studies. lhe his skelches on ihispoge cleory demonsirole eorly esioblishmenl of powe !1, e\ocot\ dlowings. Thebod, untoliernginesusedlo ndicotelhe oulside shopeof ihe odulttg! and ch d {A) ore beoulifuydrown Oncethe oliside conlourof o llgufev/osdelermined,

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Mcheongelo begon to indcote more deio ed forms He represented skeeiol ond musculor mosses by quick,light nes Forex omple,ihelnes ol Bindicoie the col orbones, or c avcles;ihe shod nes in lhe oreo of C greolpecioro muscles suggesilhe on lop of lhe r b coge.A seresof shorllnes, which \dere suggesi then applied lo lhe arge mosses, formsthoi ore lo be in shodowtnole lhe cur\,ed lines on the bock ofihe thlghoi D.

of Form The Shopes

on ihe rqhlotlhs drowing, The n o fgures ! whch ore renderedn lqhi ondshode(4 wereperhops frctskelched ln line,muchlike the n o frgus on the eft (Bl Itishelplulfilsilo indcolelheoulsideshape of lhe figLrre in o looseond genero monner, wilhoulbeing concemed oboul mnor de toils.lepng in mindhowlheheod,rib coge, ond pe vicmosses orelo be p oced inspoce, ne the poslonsof ihe ),oumuslo so delerrn orms ond egs,Onceyouho opproprole y drownlhe oulsde shopelo del lle lhe direc iion ond size of ihe forms,lhen colefully ond poienlly refne ollthe genero linesio ochieve the flno ouisde conlour ine Asyou of thesefgures, obser\ethe oulsideshopes in difeciion of lhe noiicelhe\,orous chonges lnes l.liimotely,lhe lines of lhe f glle connol the be vogue;ihey must cleory fepresent onolomy lt s mportanl, ho\^!i notlo drow d fecllonsond linesndicolngdetalsL.htilthe propofiions forms oreexocty lhe ol the lorger lhe woyyouwsnilhemObviouslythesiudyof shopes of ihe forms of ihe bodyisfundomenio io drowingihoseforms occuraieyAsihe slructure trueshopes of lhe boneond rnuscle ore underslood, linsbecome \ry eosyto

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Fromewofl( The Skelehl

ln the d'owing ol efl, tou con see how IMchelongelo bu i feshyforrns on lop of lhe skeletolshucture.lhe ribcoge (AJond lhe pevis(B) ore hugebonystructuresonwhichto Londmork boselhe enlireposeondgesture, greonyfrom \r'ory one indviduollo oflhe iLesh n pp esorelowl onolherOn somemodelsthe g \,eo reloble high Bones on olhers lheyore on whlchto setof fixedpoints, or ondmorks, buiLd o drowing. lvloke onofomcol drowlngsolong with the model. Ofcourselour )o!rdraw nggfrom rnode does nol ook like on onotomcal ng skel' drowng,bui by mokn9occompony etolondmuscu ordrcwngs,youore liflinglhe curtoinof skin n orderlo seelhe uhderlyng lhe shopes on lhe strlcture thof detgrmnes body s Agoodwoylo eorniheformsofihe ffom lo proclicedrowingthe majof mosses onoiomy chorh Drow ihe frcni, side,ond bock views Closeihe book dnd see how much'ou can dfowlrcm memoryll lsa soo good ideo lo proclice drowing frcm the greotmo$ers, con gi\ )ou lf N,l chelongelo shoud be pul down, on ideo wherethe lines you ho1?Another whal betrerhelp coLJld wqyio eorn isio dtaw ftom o reolskelefon, Skelch ihe skeeion o\r yourfguredrowings io seeif lou hove ploced ihe bonescorrecily, LJndor lhe skin-for Monybonesore directly instonce, ond lhe bonesof ihe sku l,the knee, ihe feol and hoads

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SIDEVIEW

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Ihese boxes ore bosed on the lenglh af the slernum. ^lale lhe relallonship af lhis lenglh la alhet

lhe xiphod process, minus the fgure s bu I oul ol mosses bone,or sternum, I n drowing, p io eoch oiher:Th 5 s wh ch s ocoiedot lhe boliomof lhe siern!m I lhol hoveo relofonsh propodons n o ploportono sYslem Thelenglhoflhe slernumnlocleqLrolslhe acLect _-re of lhe onoiporl of lhe bocly longlhof selerc oiher seclions ori st con usewhotever ^? kesos o lnl of meosure Thenhe need omy Forexompe, l eqlols the engthof The blode,or the lengihol lhe shoulder how lhh chosenunil Ie oles10 clovcLe, :- y anol\/?e belween lhe scopuoe, ons scop! o,lhe d slonce onc enl EgYpl :: erpodsofthebodyThe _:c o propodionol thoi\das bosedon the lenglhof lhe hand m nuslhe tp of lhe system -,. englh ol lhe midde fnger opp colions th rd f nger ond lhe w dth oi ihe heod lenglhmutpled n oddton, ihe siernol exompes oso occur n cerToin :: rhhsyslem the one ond o ho f limesequa slhe lenglhofihe :'Greek orl Accordng 10 lhs syslern, the top of the sku io the boliom :^qih ofihe midde fngermulip ed by n ne' heod (from _:.n equos the heght of ihe figure The ollhechin)ondthe englhollhe foreormThe ihe engih ol lengihdoubed eqLrols :^glh of ihe hond muiplied by ien or the slernol p ed by sx a so op- lhe r b cooe,iheoppfoxmoleu/dih oiihe fli) :^glh oi ihe looi muLl ofihe : .x moieslhe heghiof on o\roge hlmon coge oi iiswdesl poinl ond ihe engTh upper orm, or humerus Ihree iimes ihe ol tte ri l'redeveopedlhe drowing eqlo sihe Lengrih here, lenglhoilhe siernurn shown '. a.eongelo ofihe egwihlhe wosevdeniylhnkng of lhe lhighos\de oslhe lenglh :_!i1 of lhe kneeond how il le oieslo lhe fool, lhal s, the heighloi ihe fooi (ihe dis y render lonce fromihe onke io lhe groLlndl correcl bodyAfler :-: formsoflhe o drowng oiihe Ho\,e porlsoitheknee n ine, M cheongelo ),ouevercompleled :-e :::eeded to odd lght ond shode-noie figureonlyio fnd lhoi lhe head isioo srno, - :' -e ght in lhisdrowingcomesfromthe ihe orm s ioo long,oI the body sloo wide? osmuch slo work The curefortheseproblems =' .-i iowqrdthe fronlol lhe liglrre -: nlerest TheoncienlorT ng lo observe lholihe engihoi osyoucon wth proporions, -:..39,ihoi s,lhedisloncefromlhetopoisis of Greece lo\,ed lo work wlh meosure -: ::-rmon lendon,(4, of lhe quodrlceps mentsond numbers oLrs ond thosehormon -,:: . io ihe knee ng polnl,or tuberce oi numbersloundihe rwoyinlothereoi onships -: -: . of lhe br,aosi- of lhe forms of lhe lgure lBl,equa s the enerlh

Proportions Used byRenoissonce Artists

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the reoionshrps be- usuolly mode n the owerlmbs Qy underrtondng glween fofmsin a siondnq f qLrfeyouw According io lhs system of meosuremenf, hovea beller deo of whot io expeclwhen ihe heod lselfconsiitules the irst meosure fglres in seotedor clinng meni(A). Thesecondmeosuremenl h the dlslou encounler lance beireen lhe chin ond ihe nppes (B) Arlisisof ihe Reno ssoncewere fond of Thethird meosuremeni s lhe d sloncefrom Lrsing ihe englh of Jhe heod os o uni of lhe n pp es io the e\ ol the no\,e (C)rihe meosureThe engih of Jheheod mulip ed iourlh fromthe no\l lo ihe crolch,or symsevenond one hof lmes equo/slhe loto phys Rfih spubls(D)jthe ffornihe crolchloihe he ghiof on a\erogeliguretlhe heod lengih leve of lhe mddle ol ihe ihigh (E)r lhe sixth mulliplied by eghl equohlhe heighloJololl fromlhe midde ol lhe lhighlo ihe le\,eof the personrond the heod lenglh mulllp/ied knee (D;lhe se\,enfh from lhe knee lo lhe roughly by seven equo slhe he ghl ol o shod m dde ol ihe ower eg (G)jond the eighfh ndviduol.Renossonce orlsh usualy used fromlhe mlddleof the owerleg io the bol eghi heodsas o meosuremenl simpy be- tom of the foot (H) couse il s eosier10 subdivde eighl lhon I yo! oppy lhe englh of lhe heod to lhe se\,en ond o holf. Ofcourse nolo lrnodeho w dihsoisorne oi ihe mossesolihe figufe, ),ou ihe some height D screpdncyn heighl in con seelhol lhe lengthol one heod equa s mosT insionces, occursn the o\^rlimbsrlhe lhe d sloncebe veenthe nipples os we os lengihoilhe heodond lnrnkdoes not\ilryso lhe d slonceocross the \ro si, One ond one hol heod engihsequo lhe much.Thelefore, odjuslments n heghlwefe

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y'6youdrow conlinuoly scon\,oursubleci beireen the ormpihos wellosthe iLsiance resulls ol bod proporlions lemoeb The lntroduclion ,ldlh of lhe mo eh pevc massrlhe too longat ony givenpan or whenyou Look rnossss ghllywidet seLvic the lengih of tu/o heodsequoh ihe ds- delollof lhe body n odditionto lhe propor '3nce ocross lh,a moe3 shouders;the lionolsysiems here, thothovebeend scussed relo_ wlh oiher come up why nolexplore ond norrovt The ore sighty shouders =moeb olyourown?Themorereollonships .nglh of iv/oheodsso soequolto ihe lengih uonships thoiyouconlindosyoudrowlhe moreoccu_ :i ilre lhigh. sy$ems role yourlgure wiL be. Proporiiono n drow ngiromlhelop li so mhiokeiobeg Mchei_ and comiodoble your be lseful sh drow_ shoLrld lo fn ond oliempl ihe heod :: -g of ihe bo1lom oi ihe llgure ore ojl n one ex ongeos meoslrremenls oi the fgLrre lrcm lhoseol soy E Greco sketch n ihe poris of The ceorly differenl :arion Lnsfeod, 'j!re n o generolv/oy,lndicoing oh ond the orger proporiions Thefemoe fgu|e oi DeL ng hove beenstudy tholyou os o lg!re ofSornson figure drow ng nk of Th :_c ceslure, ),our -.p on whichyo! simpyv,/oni io pon ond here ore dfown occordingio proporlionol thal ore roughyihe same I s ihe :;coler ihe plocemenlof the porlsof lhe syslems lhal ore d i of meosure po ol nts,or lond lengths lhe Lrnits of ..:dy lhe esloblishmenl -ark, ond the plocemenlof inesconneci leni noiice lhol the heod ol Sornson is _3 lfese poinlsore mportonl n poitng i\r ce os lorgeoslhol oi Delioh : aperproporijonsbetvenlormsofthebody

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Fonns Designing
plocemeniot one obleci in The eftecllve I fe otonto onolheroblecfs\ery mporlonl in a work of orl. Thelhingsthot )ou leorn oboul drowingo sngle figure willo so be of help in composlngo piciule mode !p of groupngsof frgures. Juslos the iso geslule, or h)4hm, throughoulihe lorms lhol mokeup o singleflgure, theremuslbe a rhy,thm lhot connecls muliple imoges, In ihis drowing of Hercuesengoged in d sporole octions, lhe gesfuresof lhe ind! vlduolfgures biendhormoniousylo creoieo unifed composillon gestue Thoif hormonyof couses the eyelo fow freely fromone fgure lo onoiherTry io visuolize curved, ffowinglines thofconnecithethreef gufes in lhlsdrcwing. A good composilionollen hos numerous fildhm hesrunnlng ln monydifferent direclionr,Thus, ihe podsof o drawingore never ireoiedas bh ond piecesbul workiogether lo forrno lorgerlnljy

Rhy'hmlinesindi.ote lhe flaw ot .rD.Jenlenlwithin o drcwing ond rclote indiviluol figut$ ta the compositr, os o whole.

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Form Complex Simplifying

skelchnloving mony Thk is o foscinolino I fgufes ondmuchdynom c oction, lis!cuobe becouseii showshow lvlchelongelo lhoughl oboui ond drew compicotedcuslers oi inlerocJng fgures These ligures ore drownos simpe iornrs, bll the drowingis in no v\rcy vague, Theseporoionof one muscle moss irom onolheron lhesesmoi bodiesis c eorlydeined by Inei ond shorl holched nesore paced on thosetigures or porlsol fgures1o presentshoding Nole lhat lhe ighi source n N/ichelongelo's drowings ol mosio wqyscomes from lhe efl Wrelherlou are working on o drowingof one fgure or o hlfdred fgures,il is wiselo keepo lihe foms smple lf youcon v sucize you one hundred fguresos one lorge rnoss, w I ha\e discovered o fundomenlolkuth oboui whot greatdrowingenlois lhe subord nolionofdeioi io ihe elfeclverendering I

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SXEICHES TOR TI]E DEAD RIS]NG 1534, bl@k cholkll r 161,' en) Dohoaed 127.94, 41.91

TWO CHAPIER

NECK AND HEAD THE

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28

l
Mossing lheHeqd
lhol oppeors Th s h o delo I of lhe drowing concept oldestmossing I on poge 131.lhe |.Bedby orl slsfor lhe head h lhol of ihe boll to seelhrough deloils of lhe ond the owl. Try heodosif lheydid nol exslond nolelhoi the sosphefe(Al.ondthe or cranium, t rolncose, ore dismoss ofthe iJce, whenthe feolures ll is ex'egoded, oppeors lic be on o\r'ol(B). iemey imporloniic wderstondthe slzeof li|e bo oflhe heod in le olonshiptolhe size Thebolloftheheod,or of theowl of lhe nrce. cronium, willRl inloa perbcJsqloretthe ovol ofthe loce isone ond o holft mesoslongos lhe boll of the heod. Peopleofien moke lhe ihe cronium loo smollfor the foce Theorlisl mustalsoconsiderhow these1vr'o large mosses ore io be ploced, lhe relo lionship of ihe ballof the heod lo the owlof lhe foc will of cou6e wry depending on ihe posiiionof lhe heod.

the relallonshpat the poll of lhe hed b t'heawl at thb fo.P wj chonge os the mode/3pcrtion chonges

29

fheHeod in Spoce Posifioning

The iosr or dfowng,ucl"rcomplcoied I fo{m5os lhe heod in o llted posilions greaiy essened f youlrst th nk ofthot head oso slmpeiorm o bock,cy ndetorovo ond ihen placeihiss mpe form n o posilion lhoicorspondsioihedes redposion oiihe heod Disreoord ng ihe ieolures, The drowng of ihs heod con be Lrnclerslood os a cyiinder kemossi lling ntolhepoperoilh,-lopos the bolTorn of the cylnderprolecls forwarclf o cy nder were poced n lhis posion in spoce you woud see some of lhe c rcuor underpone allhe boltomor bosebul none oi the c rculor lop plone.Nolce lhal lh-- nes represenifg lhe hol (Aldefne ond ernphosze ihe cy ndrcol shope of ihe for-oheocl, ond ihol the rlesusedfor the borderof lhe oweriaw (BJ suggesilhe underpone ol the cy rdetvsuo z ng lhe foce oso cy nderwih inesencrc ng t also heps nsure thot you ploce eyes, nose,and mouthon the heod

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SIUDYOF IHE NEADOF DA\II..I 1524-21 tot totet) ed chdtk, bldck choik, ohd peh 13', \ 31/,', 63 42 t 21 se cn) L

30

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31

Syslems: Fociol Feotures Prcporfionol

ri.,,* : f# ..r
-$; r youmighlnoice n lhis dfowThe I fsllhinqs I ing of o heod ofe the beoulfulond com p exdetoih, blllhedelaiharenotwholmoke ihs drowing greol Whol h mportant lo nollce s lhclthe smollerforms o drawnso thotihey appeorlo reslgrocefully on lop of lhe ofger mossof lhe heod lslf.Heods gile the u drownby Micheangeoovr'cys sionof beng o solidmossn spoce. Whendecid ng on lhe plocomentol lhe feotures, t s hepful lo dividelhe loce inio Th rds Youmightwantlo rln ghl horizonio lnesoroundlhe ow - ikemoss of ihe foce al the evel of lhe balures.Theforeheodfrom the holrinelo ihe brcw (4 woud represenl one lh rdi lhe nosewoud represeni the sec ond lhirdtond lhe spocefrcmthe bofromof lhe nose (B)lo the bollom of the ch n (CJ woLrld loke up ihe losflhird.lhislosisecton con be further subdivided nio ihirds in order lo ploce lhe moLrih ond chin colecly The seporoton of ihe lps willbe otihe botiomol the firstlhirdtlhe top of the chn wil be neor lhe boltomofthe secondihirdr ond the bol, tomoflhechinw be ai ihe bollomol the osi thirdYouhoveto soy"neof"of "oboul,whsn speokng of meosufemenh becouselhere youcon justnotlce ofe no obsolutg rulest how c oselyihe leolures ofihe mode corespond io the c oss cal proportons oui ned obove n iems of depih, ihe reoilonship of ihe boiufesmust oho be c eory esloblished The nose s fodhefforv,qrd lhan lhe mouihiihe upper lip is mo forvr'ord lhon ihe owerllpr ond ihe chln s forther bockthanihe mouih. Iry drowing consiructonlines-hor zonioi, \ericol, ond diogono-from one feolure io onoiherThephllirum(D), or areo obo\ ihe cenler of lhe lpper p exiends downwqrd frornlhe cenlerof the boseol the nose,lhe philirurn formso rnosi nlereslngplonet I s conco! irom lop io boitomond oso conco\ iromsideloside. Thsistheonlypone of iisknd on lhe enl re lgure, you ore io reolronshlps the moresensili\,e belween vorous ieoiures, ihe belier your drowngswi be. Nolthat on mognory\r Uco ne exlending upword lromthe bock of point ihewingoJihenosewould conneclthis of org n withlhe innercornerol the ele. Noticeloo thot the chn sirop (E)in this drowlng serves aso contourineihothelpsio exploin ihecurid ospecloflheunderplofe ot the owerlow(Fl Ihe ch n stroposo separoles the ower jow flom onother cufted pone,lhe cylindor of the neck {Gl.Youcon seelholihechn ntesecis the neckot o ower elellhon doesthe backoJthe skull. The base oflheneck s owerinfronlthon in bock,which gives i o fo^/crd ihrust

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When pasilioning the feo ^.trct il is helpful ta divide lhe loce inla lhnds wilh light hai

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lheFeotures withLight Defining ond Shode

- : .:=re' c eorwheiher lh s slhe l]owiire symboof o so d s weokened. I--::: Olco!rsewiihihe heod rilh s posltion,the I :' : - an oro womon, lvlcheionoe o sde ond podonsoiihe fronipiones of ol of ,,.-:. -19 crlsfsnlo sketch olthe heodoreo sovisib e, lines crevs thesmolerforms .. ^nsCrowing There o reveryw slroighl osorelhebockord sde ponesofthe neck. .:3.efe Michecnge o wasconcerned wih Thed rect ght n thisdrowng comesifom .leci nga soldheodono faipieceolpopet ihe efi ondihe iellecled ghlcomeslrornthe ,n cars besloccomplished of ihe heod ore in ght, by using curvecl r ght.Thesideplones nes Ihe lines lhe frontpanes of lhe foce o in of lhe hol (Aond B)he p c or fo whereos iire foundness ol the heod Thelinesof lhe shodowLghl and shadedel ne ihe meelng siernocle domasloid muscle(C)help lo de poces of fronlond srdepones,ll rsmost m po onllholsr-rch fne the neckos o cylinder clefnilion be estobshedby This olherwhe lhe forms lhreequorlerposI on clro molicaIy n- lneor by ghl ond shcder creoses lhe uson of ihe heod os o lhree- of the heod ond lace w I oppeorfol Themerging ol thefronlondsidepiones of dimensionol foranThnk of a cube drown n juslsucho poslon Nowd.ow of lh nk of o lhe nose (Dl.s ernphcszedby lhe obrLrpl cube poced n o compelesde vewt nole chonge frornlghi lo shade Therdge oi o form,ihe iunclureof l^/o panes,shouldbe nlio y eslob shedby drowng o line. l/ore roundedformsore ndicoled by o groduallronslon more ofva ue fromiighiio progression. ihe clork. BecoLrse ol th sgrodLra loreheocl oncl neck oppeor mor,-ro!nclecl ihon do lh-6nose, rnollh,onclch n on which ihe clrongeifom lightio clorks obrupt.The nose.mouTh. ond chin are bocklike n opTlre eor sbeoli fu lydrowno nd posilofed. tsfroniborder s ocaled allheholwrypo nl of ihe sde of ihe heod f th s worco siroqhl profe viewihe lop oriheeorwoudoppeor e! w th lhe browondihe bofom ollhe eor woLrld appear e\,1rwilh lhe bofonr of the nose.8!i snce ihe hed.l s I 1e.l.lownword, ihe ear correspon.l ng y iilisupword n conkasl lo ihe nose ond o\irl oi the loce Th-. more the hecrd s t led, ihe more ihe reoAfierp npointing ihe conecllocoiion ofThe eor youshoud generolly --stabsh ls olrlsicle shope NoleM checngeob corefuoiJeniion lolhelubekecort ogesoflheeor lhefm,or heix (E)r lhe Yshopeclnnercorl oge oi ihe onlhe x (Fl, which cLr^/es dowri\,lord o ongsde ihe he ix;ihehro smalprojeclions (H) /rogus oi lhe irogus(G) ond ontilrosus comes fromlhe Greek wordmeonng goofs beorcl"r il s herelhol hoirsn lhe eor occur Thecorliogessurround cnd deine lhe hear ing cono, or concho 0. Theeor/obe!) s hondsomey decoroted wlh lhe eorrnO. The cortiogesformng the eols ond noseconlinue10grow througholtour lelme, whch hove er1roor meons od foks somelimes d nor y bg eorsond nosesi

'.1

nnl red cholkS' \ 6lr" 2AS \ '165 a;-!, NEID,1516,

Relolionship of Volue fo line The

con opply qhiondshode lo o cV n lf VoLr I Oer yolr con dfow ihe necl of o mode Oflenlhe heod cosls o shodow on lhe neck Mcheongeo knew lhol such dork spois coud spoillhesuble effeciof ghl. iis nier esing io nolelhol oilmes, he om iredor jLrsi borey suggesledsuch cost shodows(A There o refewexlremely dorkionesin ihe eye sockeioreo ondthecaslshodowiromihe {Bl, nose [C] is oso qule subJe ,\ o .ue, Micheongeo ,,!caexircmely corefu cboul cosl shodows and oiher dorktonesused10 defne forns n ghi oreasof hh drawngs. Youcon undersiond how lhe drcclon of ihisheoclwasesiob shed by vsualzng hvo mpo(onT consirucion nes;mooneo horzontc ne running throughlhe eyesond o !rfco ne runn nOlhrough ihecenierofihe foce Thenose s beouifLrly drowncnd pertucllyp oced coftislenlwth the directon of lhe rnoss of the head ll m ghl be he pfu lo lh nkofonimognoryorrowpiercing ihe bock ol ihe mossoi lhe head,ot lhe eve of the bottomof lhe nose, ond com ng oullhe froni of lhe head ol the some eve This onow woud ndiccle the direction n which lhe nosesnouro Deolown TheInesoflhh d.aw ng oreveryexpress ve onclore reoled 1oo llhe olher eemenlsof clrow ng.Lnesuseclto deineformsoflen ioke ihevo uesopp ed ioihe orgermosses ln ihe oreasihai lhey possover Forexample, ihe ne oi lhe lroi iso aonTour ihai isdrowno\er ord explonslhe shopeol The foleheoclThis ine s very ghl os i lrovehlhrough ihe high ighl oreo [D]ol the mossoi lhe heod ond becon'es .larl<er as il r'roves nlo lhe shadow oreo(ElTherno$ ofihe foce sstrocl,od mrch os o large egg woLrdbe The/ighi s fo nO fronrabove efi ond lo\dord ihe ironl.Such o ighlng schemeifsures thot threeJourlhs ol lhe heod s in ighi wh e one fourth s n Theines usedonlhe efl sideofsuchfofrfs os ihe eyebrows, ihe l.ls oi the eye,ihe w ng oiThe nose. ondihe lpsoreoll iglrier nione thanthe nesusedon the rightsde. Theeyebrows olso rcpresenled by nes lhoi eclro ond expoin ihe fofm obo\ ihe eye Thesepofotonfiefr'r'een the froniond sideof the foreheod occurs ct F Thecurved Lnes LJsed for lhe eyeldsdelinelhe rounded iorm of lhe eyebol, and lhese iinescurve sighiy up\dord,ndicolng thoi lhe heocl s t led s ghllydownwcrcl The ine usedlo sep orole the lps oso curles.slightyupward ghl nesonywhere Slro on the f gurelend io

'i

IEADOFFEMALP FIGURE 3ld ' 55/l(2121 \ 1129cn)

,n

theNose ond Mouth Shoping

T h e r g h l n g s c h e m ee m p o y e d h e f et r o sa I R)vofrle or Micheongeoe o enge lqhl soufce from lhe efl lowsrd ihe ironl ond obove ihe figure, L nes os wel os lghi ond shade n [,4 cheongelo3 drawngs ore olwcys bosed on lhe orlislsp'oiound underslondng oi forrn.Thevo ues con be ihoughloi os lhin oyerc of skin plocecl on lhe so d scu pluro forms of the figufe P,s n ihe drowngs seen eor er,eyeld linesore cqrefulyclrownherelo convey a sense of lhe mass of lhe eyeba l. AdisTs rarey nd cole fhe eye oshesbecouse lhey hove so lllle fo|m McheongeoS unclerslonding oi ihe poris ol The nose ore c eorly demorislraieclhere Theoreo bel\reenlhe bfows,obove the nose, s colecl lhe giobeilo (Al 1is o down\aord s o p n g p c n e , w h c h c u r \ e su f d e r o n c l o w o y from lhe lighfsourceemonolng from obove groylone oppl-ad lolhe g obello sug SLrblle gesTs ih scLrrving owoy lrom the lighi D reciy beow th.,rgobela s The Jrone coied by ihe bi.lqei of lh,- nose.which s composeii of l v / os m . r / l n o s o so n e . w h c h s b o n e s( B J . l h ip iooclo.l by ghl, wideris os l sopes.lowir\,!ad .rfd lerrrrfoles on o evc ihoT corre spoftls wiTh The nner corncrsol ih.- cyes.The ower hn iollhc cy r.lcrjiko rierl] oflhc fos{l lrecomes rnorc noffow os it eiTencis(lown rfTolhe bulb oi ihcrorc (Cl The owerer.rol thc nosc s formed by ihree smo . rolnded,

yelblocklke masseslhebub, niheceniet ond The wngs on eilhersde, wh ch ore por lio y embedded n the cenlro and slighiy orgerbu b Nolce howMichelangeob maslerfu monpulolionof \4tr ue couses cerioin oreosol Thenose io odvancewhie oiher oreosTecedeThereolonshipben/eenihe forms oflhe head n lermsoi deplh s oiwoys we consdered b'y Micheangeo For n slonce,one lee sihoi n h sdrawngslhenose sc eaflyiorwa rdoiihe eyes ofdiholihe eyes ole ceoriyfor\,lord of ihe eors ft4icheongeob drowi]rgs of mouihsfever ookfol. n thisdrowng lheTes o ceofsense oi Tfre mouihcurvngaroundlhe loolh cy n der of the underyingsku The upper p pone, receves which s o clownwarclsopng essghithqn doesthe oweriip,wh chslopes upwordTheowerlp lnlhis drawng hosbeen shacled osone woud shodeo horzontacy incleflhe upper p ismade up ofihfeeiorms one in the m .l.lle oricl onc on eoch sido whie Theow--r p s made up of hro forms. Once Thesirlclureof Thehe,:,:ls esTob ishecl,you sho! d TokecoreTo dec cleon ihe exocT ocoTion ol lhe leoTLil:s. A qoo.l eye n ihe wrongploce sworse ilran o bod drawfg ollh(--cye n lhrir ehip oce \lnr.rlirco !l ftJof hornrna onrl v-^dico r,-s o(f,ossyolr nxxlcl! lftje vr lhot yo! can .lejemii'r the p of lh--f-.aiues le ai onsh

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38

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39

Muscles The ofExpression

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SIUDY FOEruE HEAD OFTI]E DON MADONM '1503 4, red.hdlk /'h \ 6* [24 \ 1715cn)

.Jl

ng rormortheheod sthesku cronrum, hoso iendinous sheeilhol exlends T he dominor I Theob, i1lto drowlhe heod vlettEbosed o\r lhe lop of ihe cron Lrmlo lhe foreheod, on on underslonding ofthe shopeoJlheskull. wherefibers ogoinoccur. Allhe foheod the Thore ole o fewveryihin mltsc es ol ihe foce musce term noles in the skn obo\,e lhe eye Thoi i ll oulihebonysiruclure ol ihe skutt. These brows. Theoccipiiojronlals hosihe funclion cre the musctes oi expression Addltionolltj oi lfiing up lhe eyebrows, creoiinghorizonloi lhere ore lwo musceson lhe heod, wh ch wrinkes on lhe foreheodos seen n lhe exmo\e the ower jow or mandbe, ond ore press on of surpr se or ollenton usedfof chewng food Theele s sufiounded by se\ro musces, Themuscles of expression ore slrucluroly These include hro selsofcirclilor muscles lhe \ry diJlelenl fromlhe muscles of lhe body nnerondoulerrings of lhe orbiculorh ocu i (B the mlsclesiholmo\ lhe bodyofginofeot and Cl Theinnefrngs,or po pebralpori (Bl, one bone ond insertnto onolherbone.The are respons be for openingand closing ihe musc esol expss on o soorginoleon bone, eye ds. The ouler ring,or obiiol porl (C), on ihe sku I,bulihey inserlinlothe skin ofihe oboveThe eyes, whenconlracied w llpulllhe irce Whef lhesemuscles conirocl ihey pLt/l skin beireen lhe eyebrows s ghlly down producing the skin, wriousfcrcioexpressions. word,cousrng shortverilcolwrnkes lo op Theocc p to-frontolis (A co\ersthe peorbei/,eenlhe brows. muscle Ths muscle expresOock,lopond fronlof the cronium, Thls m!s- seslhe letlocll\,eor mediloli\e slo1e, cle, orginoiing n Jberson lhe bock of the Anolhermuscle in lhe ele oreo islhe cor-

ihe nseriinio ihe musce fbels surrounding lob lnmoulholthe lower p Thedepressor ferioispu lsthe ov,rlp down in lhe aclions oTcryrng. of Youmusiunderstond thal lhesemlscles wllh one expTession ore ol inlerconnecled lhusin ihe anolher n ihe r porlcu or oreos; ofthe nosesthe p^/ro- subllemo!rnenisof the eye oreo or the Oneofihe muscles _ridolis li orsesfromlhe nosa bones moulh regon, severolsmollfociol muscles nosi(E). Or the rnd exlends upvr'crdlo nsed nlo lhe skin moy be in\l\,ed n one expression. ng moreirronone emoThis musce pu s lhe loce moybe express ceiweenlhe eyebrows, oslh sone, ol lhe heodsuch :kn obo\ lhe nose downwqrd,creoing lon n o drowing lhe ndviduol nol d.ow lvichelongeo does of lhe short horzoniolwr nkes ol ihe bridge he cer_ iirem, lruT he mosses focio musces; nger on ol o sl c of lhe express rosechorocle ihem ond tronsoles hlhe ioiny knowsol ob,orri one oflhech efmuscesofihe rnoLrlh o olthe heodlhoishows .ygomotcusrnojor (D I oig noles ol lhe lhem inloo drowing greoi dea of expression. olzygomoT|c oflhe cheekbone, cwerborder down io nserlneorlhe cone,ond exlends osIn of lhe mouthwhen conlTocled, aorners ine expssonof oughtei thismuscleplls oflhe mouihupwqrdond tolhe iiie corners mouth onother minor(G), Thezygomolcus 'nusc zygomolic frorn the fronloflhe e, of ses aone,coser io lhe nose Theelewtol oflhe Jpper p, or e\'oiorlobi superios (H)rses or iom ihe lowerboldel of ihe ele sockeT, arbiio covlly lhese iwo muscesexi'enddown 'o inseri orlsin lhe oreoof iniolhe orbcuorLs 'le upper p They hovethe funclonof ftng 1e upper ip neor ihe midpoinlwh e lhe os n expresslons ofthelipdropdown, :ornerc al g ef. Theorbcuors orls0, a circuormLlsce ihe moulh,hoslhe funciion .vhich surrounds lhemoulhisouleribersbendwlh rf closing mus_ :nd con act ogoinslthe wriousolh-ar : esthot ore otiochedio t Anolhermusce ol lhe moulh,co led ihe : evoioroflhe upper p and lhe wingoi ihe -3se,or e\olor lob super oriso oeque nos fromlhe lpper orlginoting -1,so th n rnuscle moxilo, extending or the upper :.d of low oro o, oi lhe lo inserlnlolhe wing, i swnword _3se ore lfied forms ond lhe upper ip These - ihe ocl on of sobE ng. or ewior ongu oris(l!, orises Iheconinus, -3m the moxllo and inserls inlo ihe skn musc e litisihe I30\e lhe con ne looth This lhol loothto giveo sneer - 3per lp,exposing or ofthe angleof lhe mouTh, ihe depressor ihe mon orisesfrom ::cressorongu oris(L), upwordto : ae, or owerlow qnd exiends _:garnlolhe corners olthe moulhTheiunc_ _ar ofthismusc e islo pul the cornersoTThe -auih downuordn expressions ol ogony ofihe ower p, or depressor -e depressor on irremonohoorignoies :: nferors{lvl), exiends up lo ihere ihe muscle : : e. From

-Jgotor of lhe eyebrowor corugolor super or ginoting on lhe o \,ery smaI muscle : i (D), '3reheod, musunderlhe occipiiolironiolis oiihe ae. Thecorrugolornserh nlo lhe skin -ndpo ni of lhe eyebrcws, pu ling lhem n of .,rordond up\,!ardcreolng expressions

oflheJow The Muscles

the h{o musces of mostcolon edend I do\anhi. rdtromthe mmovobl--slill ioihe molcbe owerlow On lhe bock port of lhe cheek s lhe mossefer muscle(Al, whch exlends down$ord and bcclolofd from the zygomoicorchoflhe sku lolheongeoiihe owerjo\,vBybeing owqreof lhe posiiion of ih s mlsce, you can underslond is funciion, which ls lhal of fo sing lhe lowerjow This powerfulmusc e con be fellby c enchinglhe owerlow h th ckifont border o sho creoles lowdepression on the foce,d recly ln froniof Thelemporos musce(Blis locoledonihe sideotihe cronum in the temporo fossc ls lbers possdownwordunderlhe zygomolic orchond inserinio the coronod process on wih ihe moslhe owerjow Ths musc e works selermusce lo rose lhe oweriow when o personchews,lhe oiernoing coniroclon ond reoxalionoi the iemporalsmusce s opporenionlhe sideoflhe heod in iheoreo ol lhe lemples Ancenl onolomslsnarned lh s musce ond lh s oreo of lhe sku I lem poro s,reolng iollme,becouse liisherelhol hoirs lLrrn whle so qulckiy
.. .ir . . ..t:.i ,i

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: :aIUDGEMENI 1534 block ond Ed cholk l Sl/t' t 3r A NEADtOR TllE LAST

42

-...;,Ji

TNE MASSETER MUSCLE

IHEIEMPORALIS \4USCLE

O r gn :

to ihe corono d process

-...;,Ji

TNE MASSETER MUSCLE

IHEIEMPORALIS \4USCLE

O r gn :

to ihe corono d process

Foms oflheNeck The

sees brm in lerms of sirnple The orfl$nrsi going I mossbeic onliosmollerforms ond deloil.lhe neck is essenliollv o cvllnderllke moss, lvichelongelo ne\,'er lirlledto emphoqlollly of ihe neckwhichis size thecyllndrlcol widetot the bosethonot lhe top lhe neck ossumes o cvinddcol shooebecouse lhe flsi lvroribs, whichlbtmlhe boseof lhe neckore chculor, ]he hlgherle\,elof lhe neckIn lhe bocklhon ln the fronlof the body6ull$ in o fcMurdthrust moredfomotlclnwomen lhon In men.the sldes of the neckCyllnder or fomed bVthreescolonus muscles-onleior gdend m6dlus, ond podfior.Ihe6e muscle6 upv,ordfromthe ffnt two ribsic the uppr neck\erlebroe, ]he 6cdlenus muscles couso the n6ckto b6nd, Onthefronioftheneckihere ole importont piojector.rtv,ord icrmsthot ftom the cyllnder 'lhese mo$, o th6 cortlloges o@!ndlhe wlndplp, or trocheo, which fom the\oice boxorloryrx, The shope of thelorynx lslhot of on upslde-down lrlongl. The opo(of lhhlongle ls locdtedat the pli of the ihroot(Al, ondthe upperbordercofisponds to o le\l lustbelor tho lowr low Theportof thevolce boxthdl lvlchelongelo v ts most lnleisied In portoylnghelelslhE uppredge @), whlch prcJecis liofom the ldomt opple, Ano\er fom thdt i!4lch6longlo woswll owsrof ls th6 hlold bone,o smollhoBe' shoe+hooed boneoboletheAdomtoDole thol helprholothe wlndplpe In ploc6, thls smollh)he b hot vlslblg on th rurlbce,brJt occurs wherelhe underplone of lhe lower JowlepoiEis6ftom the fiont plon6 of th neck ]ho lhrootmufclos leatowr tho corillqger of the\olca bo(,lh9ethlnrduscies ole mossgd, ond fhry lprm the generol cyllndor 9hope of fd9fronlof lhe neck

THE SCALENE IVUSCLES

Orlgin-

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(\,olce lorynx bo0r Adqln!

SIUOY FOR IHE.HEAD OFAN E\IAXOEUSI '1517-18, Bd 6&R 'ht\, x Hl 123.26 , 19.6*'n)

i :

IheStetnocleidomosfoid Muscle
d mlsces resi The two nernoceidomosto I on, ond ore porlio v embedded n the cyindermoss of lhe neck,They ore ropelike musces thot exlendfromthe top ofthe ster num up to the heod beh nd the eor They nserinio lhe moslod process (A)of lhe sku Eachmuscleis oi ls widesiobout ho tMoy downtheneck.Alls lower end tbronchesoff inlohro iendonsr one lendonisotiochedto ihe top ol lhe siefnum(B), ond lhe other s altochedlo lhe clovcle (Cl.These hdolendonscreoieo smollhongLrlor (D); deprcssion lhe heod of lhe c ov cle s ot lhe baseof this depesson Theiendonlhol oltoches lo lhe lop of lhe sternum h verypronounced and cordlike, whie lhe one lhol ollocheslo ihe clovcle isrolherf ol ofd brood Theiendons thol ollochto ihe sternum formlhe pil oflhe ihroat IEJf lhe slernoc eidomosio d muscle on one sldeoflhe neckconhocis, ihe heod wll roiole in ihe opposiledireclionor t i downwordloward the shouder These lwo muscles usuolly \^/ofk ogo nsleoch oihot bui whenlhey do wo.klogelhe, ihey cousethe heod lo be lhrownup whie smuloneously pullnglhe neckdown, l\4ichelongeo hos drown ihe steF nocledomosioid muscles n o subiewsybe" cause, oshasbeennofed, iheyore delolls on ond porliolyembeddedn ihe orgermoss of ihe neck They musinoi oppeor ioo promnent.ln ihs drawingo smoI podlonof ihe orge tropezusmuscles vlsble (FJ, EetMieen the slefnoclo domqsloid musce and ihelropezius iso rolherlargefiongu or depression (G) co led ihe 'onofomicol sollbox" Theneckh consirucied lor greoi freedom ond vorlet of mo!meniThesho!dergidle (i,,/oscopuloe ond ]u,o c avic s) s ihe skeelo siruclLrre upon whichtho l oshyforms oi-

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DOMASTO STEANOCLE D MUSCLE

Orlgin:

ST]JOY FOR HEAD OFTHE NUDE ATLEFT ABOr'E PERSIAN SIBYL ',511,ed cholk 14h \ 7lt t3s86 , 1937@)

THREE CHAPTER

TORSO: THE ANTERIOR REGION

r. .a:-:: . ..

ft

Plocing lhelorue Mosses oftheBody

l nr formlhotthe orisldrowsw obviolrsv ook ng Lrpol lhe body of Chrsl bLriyou o ook ng down on h sfeeiond oilhe sku otihe Ahove o cerloinposton ondd recionreo '/elo thespacelholsurrounds position base of lhe cross The heod of lhe figure s il The : delermined bythe locolon oflhe obiect n direcled 10 lhe rghl lhe rb coge s turned :oocetlhe d recion s deiermned by wh ch lowofd lhe iefi ond si led londordrihe moss r.gy ihe obiecl h focng. mogne on oxis o f t h e p e v s s i l r n e d s i g h t y t o t h e g h t o n d io\rcrd The eft. a oced vedcollyihroughihe cenier oi the llled fo^altrrcl of rbjecl Now mog ne ihoi lhe objecl roioies Thereare ihe mpcrloni orge mosses h u m o n i g L r ei h e h e o d T h e r i b c a g e , o n d Thedegreeof roloion s of T h e rround ih s cxis. on tire pevs A: hos ceen shov/n n iire eor er .cu6elhe obleclsdreclon Thequeslons clrowing a I gureoreiWhcts sludy oi ihe hecd, i ! .rc!_ rnporionl lo :rlislaslcbefore '.e dreclon of ihe part oJ the body onr :rowng? s I d ecled lowsrdlhe ell oI lhe .ght and by how much?Howfor foovard or siori dro\^/ng ihe 'gLJre i s 'e .iLr ircn' ihe is lhe form ng? Furb e g i n nn g , i o d r r w i h e s g - a s s e . < as srnpe in spoce eon cocL^r'ord iitermore, ihe orlistrnustconslder lhe relo lorms,for exomc L cn egg, :cne a! .:er, 'onshipof h sown poslon n spocetothotof o r b o c k l t i s . n L r ce hc s e r i c p c a e o a . - c 9 r -heobieclbeingdrown Hedoesnol hovelo f o r ml k e l h e i b c o g e n o d f t c r ' p . : r . . . , / oblecl n lhe posiliofiromwhichhe d r o w i n go s i m p l eb o c k i n i h a i p o s i o . ' : : ' Crowlhe ne Youcon then skelch I lhe r b ccge o''sr i'e !ews I bulil hedoesnot,he rnusldelerm ire position from which lhe iorm s To be block Snce lhe humon figLrre s tne most occommodoTe complex iorm on oriisi can drow i s neces ond he muslmeniolly drown,
s o r yi o s e e r g h l i h r o u g ho l l h e i n i r c o i eo n d

l\4icheangeodetermned ihe poslion of confls ng clelo h lo the crrge,simpe mosses th s ligureverycorefuly n odv.rnceYo! ore

Ihese sinple bax figurcs con be Lsed l. detetnine lhe elolire pasilian af lhe moses the heod, r/b

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OVEPTHE DEAO CI]RISI t 26.2.n) 1232

51

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of theT0ls0 Ihe Plones

nons der whol porlonsotlhe vorousporis \rof the igLrreyou ore lookng ol n ihis drowng.Do)ou seelhe loo fionl sde, or o I ofthese? These are the plonos of o form. Dsregordlng foro momenlthinkof detoils thetorso aso orgeb ockcreoted bythofioni plone (4 ond ihe sde plane (Bl The sde plones onofthe lorsoole ol o sighl obluse g e lo thefrontp ane,moking the bockwider lhon the front of lhe torso rnogne o seresof linesrunning frcm lhe lop oflhe shoulderslolhe n pp es,lrom shou der lo shoulder and from npple 10 nipple Thesenes\^/ould define lhe b g lop ploneof lhe chesi(C), which iswiderol lhe shouder ihon ol ihe nipples, lhls pone lncLudes lhe fronlplaneof the delo d musc e (D) You moynolcetholthe occuroiedef niiion of plonesisd reciy fe oled 1othe successful hondingof ghi dnd shode. For insionce, the block armon lhe righiisdrownoso rounded the lght top plone (E)is clearlysepooted fromthe pane in shodow(F) Thetocilholbolh ihe ffonlof thelorsoond o section oflhe sldeorevisib e gives o powerfu i usion oso lhree-dimenslono ofihe figure The moslinlrigu nglhingoboulfigure drowyouto ihlnkond do seving s ihot ii requkes erol differeni ihingssmuioneously, Snce t s diilicult in lhe beg nningio ddselero ih ngs ol once, I moy be he pfL.tl lo consldef ony one eement ol o iime,e\,entholgh lt is !ndersiood ihoi oll e emenisof o drawlngore nierleloied. Theelemenhof o good figure proporilon, deioil, drawngareline, mossond perspecii\, thrusi, onotom\t lighiondshode, Whenbeginnng o drowng,iiisoflenhe pfLrlo consder onlyihe plonesAfleryouha\, esloblished ihe ouhide shapeof ihe lgure, drow ines thotseporote one ponefrom on' ofher Think of ond drow lhe plonesof lhe lorgest mosses f rsi lhen go on io ihe plaries of lhe smoller forms

Ihese slmpledrcwings werc dohe os preliminorysketches fo determine lhe lorge plonesal lhe la6o frcm lhe frcnl, bcck and lhrcequoners views

NUDE MALE FIGURE RIJNNING pq, b@n ihk ond block chotk 1496 150],, 1a! \ 9./d(3).47| 23.13m1

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whch k less finjshed I n lhisslrongdrowing, drowng,lher bcoge is I lhonthepreceding dromoilcolyUppedforv/ordli s cleor thoi Mchelongelodrewthe ligurewhie beorng ofihoiform n mnd lheiop orsuperiorview girdle, which reshon iop of Theshoulder ihe b coge, conssh of lhe hro clovlcles(A or ond B) ond ol lhe 1uo shouder blodes, ore bolh co\ed in scopuloe. Thescopuloe posebyihe hvc mosses of ihe iropezius lhLs musce [C ond D).Theshoudergirdle s oiiochedio ihe rib coge ony ot the pil of lhe lhroolwhere lhe clovclesmeeiihe iop of lhe

s ght ollochmenito the restof slernumThls the lwo scopuoe ond the skeeion offords mobLly1 Sinceihe up c ovicles exiensive fu/o bylhe per limbs ore oitachedlo ihe scopulo the ormsore oso onlyslighty shoulderloini, ottoched lo the restof lhe lrunk oi the body ond ore olsocopobe of greol movement \lewed from the fronl,the c ovlc e oppooB osa slroghi line,butwhenseenfiom obo\, os I s in lhs drowng, ils S shope cun is io observein suchon un It is inleiesiing nnshed drcwng os this one which cos

ii-r'i

':helongeo decided lo workon frsi ond _,, Thoseoreosthol projecl lorvr'ord ihe -:n ihe shoulders ond ihe righlorm ore hos : moslde\eoped Theheod,howe\,et :_ yei been refrnedievdenly lhe odisi of ihe ._ied ilsl lo e$oblshthe symmelry :_:- der gndle -e poston oJlhe siernlm scn impodont -:-.r whendrowng lhe fibcoge n o djllicult ihe slernum r,rrcn. Ve\{ed from lhe fronl, fromihe slde :.:ecrs os o vertcol line,bLrl : .!ru of lh s bone con be cleary ob.-.e.. HereMicheofgeo hosdrownlh-.

(E)n a waythot c eof y defines the stefnum d rection of the r b coge lorbordihrLr$jng ond l led downrard lowordlhe righi n ihis drowlnglhe siernum oppeorsmuch shorter wiTh lhe Tjpof your Coler up ihe siernum oJlhe orger lngerond seehowlhed recijon moss, lhe lono, is weokened. Suchsmo el forrns or lile sternum, f os c ovc es,breosfs, drowncorreciynperspeclile,wlgreoilyenhonce the ilusionol lorgermosses sirongly pilchedJoMord or bock in spoce

ofile Chest IheForms

LI ere iso mognifcenl drowing oJthe torco. lhe iuo greot pecfl the bosi muscles, loroh, peclorclis mojor (Aond B),exiendourwqrd from ihe sidesof the slernumond the borderof the clov holfof ihe lo^r'er lnlernol Intoihe orm underthe shoulder cle to inserl muscle,or deltoid (c). lhe fiberslwistos lheY neor lhe insertionpoinl, Ihe two greol pec ln shope lo llot ote sjmlLor torol muscles bloclc,whjch wrdp oroundthe fronl upper holf of ihe ib cgge, givlng lt o somewhoi intheuppergion,or oppeoronce ffojlened gredtpecicTol m!sThe icp shelf, of ihe chesi. frorn lhe lho b coge the front of cles cover clovicles10the le\el of the fftthor sMhrlb The lowetbordersof theselwg mlsclesole ropre' sented by h\lc llne6 (D ond E),wh ch cln oulurordond downv/qldliom the slernum Mcholongelohos Indlcoledo smollbLlt of lhe importonl detoll of lhls oreo lho frbers pectorolmuscleneol the orm oro pusneo cotlng o foMord bV ihe delicld muscle, neof (D breoot obole lhe bulge smolleggllke ihe armplt. A !rtlcol groo\e (Gl s the rqsull of the owayftom ploirudonof ihe peclorol muscles of lhe sialnum. lhe sides the liefnLrmis shopd\ery mlch lke o sword whlchpoinildownvlrd ll smolll?omon ls composedof lhe pods iho hondle,of monubrllmjihe body or blode (lometlrneg pofwhlchlsthelongesl th6 Olodlolus), coLled whLch replo' ioni ond the xlphoidprocess, Theuppq exlromily senlsthe iip of the sword, cenitms thleo noicheslthe ot the siernum ier noich forms lhe plt of lhe lnrooi (H) lhe inthenotcheg lnnerend of oochclovlce rests on elihersde of lhh ceniro noich thg plt of the stomoch0 l5formed bv the xlphoid

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t I

lHEGREAT MUSCLE PECIORAL

Orlgln:

(hondlel

sruDY FoR $ &qRrfploMEw 1s34-3tbtdcrchok 15t" \ 1YP9n9x 25.lo.ml Dodidoed

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Forms oftheTo|so overlopping

Ll e'e , /ef onothe'qrond drowng of the I lrqurelholtuns!rpossed n 15 represenio iion of o soid iorm n spoce,M cheongelo \.!nted ond orm To lhe igure3lefi shoulder To odvonceond lhe righikfee to od',cnce. pu somefo.msof lhe body fo^4ordwhile pushing olhersbock,ihe ori sl i rsicorcly drowstheforms nspoceHerehedrewlherb coge mcsscs o roundedbock, whch i is fonir'crd al lhe lop ond irockot lhe boiiom The efl orm is o bock ke cy nder lhe iower lhon doesThe end prolrudes fcrlherforv/ord lop Nexl, the orlsi fnds i helpfu lo cnot"e lhe overoppng oi lorms f yolr ook ol lhe youcon seelhollhe dei fguret leltshou der, lo cl musce (4 ond upper orm ore ceory posilioned n fronlof lhe etl pecloro smojor ccvi musce ondcovice;ihepeclorolond cle ore n fronlof lhe groo\e oi the sternum Theseiorms e oncllhecy ndershapedneck n fronioiThe iigureS righipectoro,wh ch s n lroni oi hisrghTarm Thsi lsiol] s occom p shedby overoppng neslhol e.ho over oppingfoimsot Thebod\r Noice loo ThoT on lhoseoreosol lhe body rirereara sirongvolLre ihoi prolecltoru4.ird conirosis Theolh,-rlorms n the.ircwng orc rendcredn ghiand shocle, buTthe cof ol5o nosT isnot nearly $ sirong os on ihe proleci It s niereningio nolcehowMcheorigeo smo haschoriged theshop,6 of ihe pecToro jor musce (8) ftom lhoi ri the prccedlno smusc eoppeorsas o drowng n thcrlvr'orkih nihsclrowngiTisspher fol. bock ke mossr ico The oclion orfunclon oflh s muscesTo drowihe orm to lhe lroni ollhe bocly oi Theserroturs mognus anlsce s mode Lrp ocoleclon n ne ifger kedglalonslhoiore ihe sclesoJlhe r b coge bul are lorgey h clden by the peclorolsmolor Thed giloiions orgnolefromihe uppereghl rbs,and ex lend lo\4ard lhe backoi ihe r b coge,wrrere lheyconverge ond poss underihescopuo 10 iermnole ol h nnerborderThetwo serroTls mognus mlsc espu the iwo scopuoe oporl ioword lhe fronlof lhe iorsoTheuppersx or bylhe pecioro s modgiloions o covered ore vsibe on lhe surioce lortihe owerlhre,o peclorolis mclor oi lhe body ol C bei"veen otssmLrs ondolorgebockrnusclecoledlhe in Ths dors(D), o smo!poriofwhchisvsjbLe pose.The dig loi orisoresomelmesconiused wih the r bs,bui I bs ore poro el Toone onions oul on lhe olher,whereos th s nruscLe on iop of lhe ribs sides ol ihe r b coge resling

T ]ESERRAILJS VL]SCL' I'.IAGNLIs

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:iUoYfORTHE NUDF ATEFTABOVE PERS|AN SByt, T6d ond whl cho/k1Atu r 71/!!2699 \ 19OScht

Ao

Abdominus Muscle Reclus The

mo llrhenihe ormisrosed,the oeciorols tt lor musce (Al lckes on o iionqucr shope Thelbefs ol lhe musce exlendfrorn the r b coge ond inseri nto lhe lpper orm (B)the moss underthe deioid muscle ol the peciora smojoro soconsliuiesihe troniilop or ihe ho ow oi ihe ormplt or ox lo (C) The ieresmojor, o sma muscleon ihe scopuio, iogeiherwliho sma pori on of ihe loiiss mus dors,formsa mass(Dl, which mokes !p ihe bock flop of lhe oxi o holow Thelosilhree (E,t G) of the serratus d gitotions nrognus poslion muscecre eegonly drown Their lhe pecloro smolorond oissmus behveen dorsi musc es sceoryvsible The pectoro regionol lhe lorso s seporcledfromlhe ob'domino regiof bylhethor occ orch of the rb coge.Ths s o orge po ntedorchformedbythe cortiogesofihe f bs ocoiedbe ow the siernum.The obdom(Hl, no musce,or reclusobdomins f s lhis irornlhe owerrbs qndJhe orchond e\:lends ol lhe slernum x phod process to ihe pubic bones orfio povs, nofiowng os lrlescends Ihe neo olbo ( wh le ne l iso slrong ien' .lon lhoiextends downlhe csnlerol lhe rec lusob.lonrn s,cliv.lng lhisrfusce iri ho f \r'er lco y Themusce s furlherdlvcledby lhree horzonlol. or lransverse, iendons One iendon crosses the abdomenotihe leve oflhe nove; onotherrilersecls the bollomol lhe rib cogei.rndihe Jhrd occLrrs beh,/een the bollornoflheslernum ondlhe bollomof the rb coge flhemusceswe deveoped.asil sin ih s drowng, lhe lndviduolsections of the musclecTe vsbe. Exceplior o smo i!' ongulor-shopecl musc e,pyro m dols,wh ch s locoled obo\,ethe pubic bones,rectus ob dom n s isthe onlymusceon lhe froniol lhe obdomno regon.F\rronrida s s coverecl by Jony tssue, wh ch protecls the pubc bones. ThereciLrs obdom nisworks ogoinsiihe slrong musc esof the bockto ho d ihe r bcoge in on uprghi posion, coLrnieroclng the force ol grav]y Thhmuscle couses the lorsolo bend fo^rordrI o so formslhe wol on lhe fronlof lhe pelvc bosin, wh ch proleclslhe orgons of digeslionEoch ndviduoLsecJon of lhe reclLrs obdominus muscle h lke o porlionof an -.gginshope ondconbe dm orlyshoded n lhs poselhe rb coge s lilledforwsrd oslhe pevic mosss plched bcck ihe obdom nol muscesfodedon hefolo eve iLrsl obove

NUs L.]S ABDOM RECI

Or0r.

STUDY FOR TNE NUD! YOUIN Or'ER THE PROPNEI DAN EL 1511 rcd cholk avet bldck cholk pepobtiahs 131/ t 9fd', (33.66 / 23.31 cn)Dohoged

62

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63

The Exlernoloblique

ng drowingot lhe figT his s o mostinJeresl I ure ln whch youcon obserue o rib coge lhcrl lsdlsiincllylipped to one side.The116shy moss ofJheexlernoobliquemusc e,or obliq, uusexternus obdom nus(4, exlendsfrcm lhe losleighl rlbsof lhe b coge ond inserh lnic lhe iop of lhe pelvis, or ilioccreslthe shape of lhe exlerno obllque ook like o leordrcp from mony ong es, n ihis pose, hore\t lhe efrernol oblique oppeors os o rounded block,Whenlho lwo obique musc es simultoneously coniroct, theywo in concerlwiih lhe recius obdomlnis io bend lhe body for v,,ord. Whenonlyone contrcc,ls,lhe ribcoge isrotoigd, of pulled,loone sde, Ihesem!scles olso prelent o ddewsysclllqpse of lhe db coge.Ihepelvlcmoss lsboundbylhe llloc crest (B), by ihe abdomen (C),whlch slopes downvrordbei\ren lhe lh ghs, ond by the buttocks(D). Theodhi olJghttoknownot onlythe forms of the bodtl the mLJscleg on the surfoce, bLJi olso lhe chonges ln ihEshopesofihese forms ln the dlffefenlmowments. A musclemoy become thlckerond $oder ln d sloie of conlrcclion,or ll moy be loxed and reloilvely ffotlened. Obsefwtion oswllos under,siondng lhe oc,lion or funciionof q mlscle wlll enobleyouto drow lhe foms wlthiruth.li ls offonsl\io see o drowlng of o llgure in gr6ol octlonwhlle ollihe mlsclesoreportro'dos Ino 16oxedstote, oro clinlngfgurewliholl lhe foms coniroclodqnd buging Inon oullondshmonneri The oncintGr6ek odlsh, obseryngtho nlde oth elesot ihe gymnoglum, bscome mosieA ot porifoylng the exdcf onolomyoflhg body In mo\ment.

o gif: the losleighlrbs (lhe libe6 nterd9 ioie w1hlhe d qltotonsof lhe lo{er senotus mosnut

FIGURE SIUDY FOR THE 'ECrrE OF QASCTM 1501,block chotk '16"x 10h [40.44 t 26.01\n]

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onieror superor iac splne o n i e r o rn i e o r l o c s p n e

Mole ondFemole of Form: Voriofions

of ihe lemoe iorsoc. Th6ls o ne drowing hc I whichlhe bosicformsol lhe figLJre y ole olvcE coled, Figurgs ind been coreful oflhe boo, moreintereslng whenihe mosss h rs ore onanged in opposingdireciions, lg ison herright modelsweighl drowinglhe Ihereforeihe pelv s h pushed'rp\dqrdon tE l|16 ighis de of her bodylhe r b coge,which downwqrd ond fo\dordlhe I ghl sid of ilE tho iil of ihe pelvd body,counterbalonces lowsrdltE lhe ib coge s olsoiurnedslghlly pelvic oc whereos lhe lefl side, models focesfondsrdloword lhe vie\det lhe moss (A) represenls lhe exlerno obllquemusce ll ls ony sllghtyseporolec frcm lhe mossbelow ii, ihe g uleus medi-6 appect (Bl, ihesei^lt forms becouse muscle e modelsl^ on monyfemo osonelorgemqss generol, of lhe obdomnol 'e ihe muscles glonofthe femolefiguleolemuchmoresubfrom one onolher ile ond essdlstlnguished ofthe mole musces cofiesponding ihon ore lgu. The llne epfesenilngihe lod of l'ne gron (C)ls nol os cleorydefned os ll vr'oub oi D ond Ecb be in o mole fg!, Theforms coused bythe ei ihey are musc nol pseni fatryllssueof the th ghs. Ihe shopeof ihe deio d muscle(F)ls dif. dels shou fefeniln menihon lnwomen,lvlen3 shope, lke n ond more block ore brooder deltod lssphercqloiihe o womon's whereos cleol_ downvlard slopegroduolly topi flbers oi ihe botlom of ihe tullness lng increoslng n pp e hiusl fgures,ihe n drowLngsofTnole obo\,e the owl border ond s ghily lo the side of the peclorolmusce. n drowngsof femole figus, howe\t the breaslsresl di onihe mlddle recily on ihe peclorolmuscles, lhkd of ihe rlbcogerihe I b coge oreoobole lhe breosis isequo lo ihe rib coge areobe_ lheseare closscalpro_ ow lhem Of course portions,ond e\ry mode is different, but genero y breosisore p oced c oser to lhe thon lo ihe obdomen heod ond shouiders Vlewedirom ihe fronl, npples appeor io point oulvirrd iowqrd the sldesol the body ne\rsiroghi io^dord.

SIIJDY OFCIASS CAI FEfi4AIE TORSO AN]IRIOR, bt6ck chotk 152A-21, lold x 714 [25J2 \ 'r3.10cn)

69

FOUR CHAPIER

TORSO: THE REGION POSTERIOR

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ANDFOR THE DAMNED cnl 15*' / 1ar'dUAA1 t 24.99

Simplifying theForms oftheBock

Micfrelongeo hod on mode lo ioke thh lnusual pose so lhol he A s hosbeen shown, Aeiiroord noryobi ly to seecomp er torms couldcoreful y copyit?ll sun/ikely Hehadon ci ihe body n lermsof lery simpe mosses, extensi/e underslond ng of the formsof ihe \oie ihe hvo orge egglikemosses thot ore lrody lhol o lo\red him io drow the hLrrnon creoled by the rlb coge. The heod of ihe figurefrom oulofh sheod,wthoulomodet, in liyng i gure smerelyndicoled ol lhissfage of onyposlon n spocethof hewished. Drowing thedrowlng. Micheonge o obvious y \,!'onied lrom liie is\ry mpodoni,o greotiesi oi on io eslobishthe symmelry cnd mossof the oarists obiliv but i s no1ihe onty exerctse iorsowithoulthe inJerrupton of lhe smoller necessory n leorning howio drowltrefgLrre iorm of Jhe heod The muscesorcundlhe Fgure drowng is noi copryingfrom o backond sideof the ribcoge oreolsodrown mode Sfudy lhe muscesso ihoi yo! know os smol,egg ke shopes, wh ch ore porlio y wrrereeoch one comesfuorn, ond where i embeddedno orgermoss goesto, os wellos ls aclon. \\,b ore oble jo Thesublle ilgure ol ihe uppeftettcornerof drcw inesonty by knowing ihe originond iil s drow ng suggesiso iorso seen from lhe inserton of the formsDrowing of the forms of sde lhe ouler line (4 represents the orge, ihe bodyccn comeonlyfTom onewhohoso dominonl moss oi lhe r b coge,Thedefn lve comp eie underslanding of construcion ond nesond tonesof ihe finsheddrowng are onoiomy ProcJice dfowingihe ngure fromout cbsenthere, olowng )oU1oobsenethe m- of yourheod, without o modet. Th is son excelcodonl inilio nesol o mosler drawing enTV/oyio see f you reallyknowJhengure. Do you lhnk ivichelongetoosked ihe

Muscles oftheBock Deep

lhe bocI iso gfeol cholengeben rowing ih influence lrcouse lhree olefsof mLJscles of oppeoronce. The deepslloler consisls lhe ereclorspinoemuscet which orlginote ond lhe bock of the pelvs,or ai the socrum io inserinlo up llium, extend the bockbone, Erecthe owerlorlebroeof lhe neckregion, buLge on ethersideofthe tor spnoe muscles \eriebro spnescousng o furrow(4 down the m ddle of the bock, ond exlend ouiw,ord lo lhe oreo ol whichthe ribslurn ond bend lowcrd the onlerior of the boq/, in lhe oreo of Ereclor spinogo lhlckest ihey ore lhe lo\der bock or umborreglonlB). lhere,whee they consequently mosivlsible on ihe surfoce masses col6 iwo cy nderlike floi in lhe r b oppeorrother of lhe body Thgy coge oreo becousethey don't hove rnuch flnclion lhefe.Their funciionislo exiend,or pullbockv,r'ord, ihe lrunk of ihe bodyofb ng ii bock oflet it hosbeen flexed,oI benl fondord. Theyoso hove ihe imporicni ftrncllonof bodyhiheupr ghi helpnOtokeepihewhole ol ihe Ariists oflen fer io ihe deep muscleg spne os the shongcordsof lhe bock bemosses lhey moke couseof lhe cylndedlke on the su oce of the owr back (umboi lkedto ploy up those regon,Mlchelongelo becouse oftholr!ry musces ln h s drowlngs humanfunclon ol holdlng us In ihe gcl posliion. WhendrowlngIn lghi and shode, the odist th nl<sof ihe \ir ues on fuo greoi thesemosses becomewry ropes orcolumns, pfomlneniwhen the mode 19corryingq heoq/ object.

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NAE MUSCLES SP Orlgin

STIIDIES FOR ADAMS RIGHI IdEEANDINREEANGEIS INlHECREAIION 6F ADAIVI 1511,ed dnd btockbhotk 11q." \ 7/a" [29.s3 \ 19.69cn)

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ondltsMuscles The Scopulo

muscles whch reslon dogonolyin ls uppef podon by o bony Tlre rhombodeus I ihe deep erec torsp noemlsc es,formNvo rdge,or spne (D)Thhbonyrdge exponds promnenimosses ot ihe summl of {Aond B)be /eenihe 1r,vo nlo lhe ocromon process scop! oe Theorign of ihesemuscess lhe the shou der (El se\nlh, or lcsf, neckveriebro and thel rslfve The suprospinclus musce (F) s ocoied ihorocc \debroe Thefibers of ihe rnuscles obove the bony rclge of lhe scopuo ond Trovedownwordond ouhlcrd lo olioch to Tefm noiesol lhe bock ol lhe upper orm oi ihe nner, orverlebrol, border ofihe scapuloe lhe humerus undef lhe deloid nruscleThe (C) Ihe fiombodeus musces pu ihe nfrosp nolusmusce ond teres rnnor bolh scopuoelogelher, thal s,lo$ardlhe bock foTmo rnoss(G) ocoled beow lhe bony bone. f o mode! sho! derscre lhus pu ed riclge. Theynsertnio lhe upperorm besde bock,lhemoss of the homboicleus musces lhe suprosp notus. Thefunclion ofihesethree oppeorcgrecty conirocled The fiombod mLrsces s to pu ihe ormsbock\rsrd ond lo moss s mode up of fu/o seclons rhonr- roioieihern oufilard,owayfromihe fronloi boideus rninor o nd rhombodeus mojor -'bui The orisilhinks oflhem os one moss (Hls occied beow Theteresmolor muscle Thesccpua hasmusceslhotrestontopof nirosp nolusand leresm nor I orginalesoi 1 t is o foi,lrionguar bone thol is crosse.J ihe owerporion of the scopulooncl nserls nlo the lronl of the upperorm beneoththe deTol:lmuscle Theieres molor\dorks wlh the teres minor.ihe infrospnoius, ond lhe s! prospinolus io pLrll lhe ormsbock Bli i acis o one io roiolethe ormsinwcr.l,lowrrcl lhe lronlorlhe bo.ly. Theleres filld (rndo othef lorms creole.lby lhc rnus.les of lhe scqpuc oppear os smoI, cgg kcishopes, whichore pcriia y cmbedde.lln the argermassolihe n ilr s clrowing the lighioga n comesfrom obo\4:ofi iyou.lisreoard a thesmollforms lor o momeni,you con visua lze ihe enllre bcick oso orgef olTened ovolr thereiso ctecI progresson ol clorkefingione from left Tc righl Thelighl crreo(ll,the ho lfone.or groy oreo, beh,leen lqhi ancl shocieond lhe shodow i uslrole ih sprogresson,lnmode n-c ndividuolsmolL lorms )ou shouclkeep ir minclihsmovernenl of ght fto dofk. i s importaninol oniy lo knowihe exocr shopesof the scopuoe bul olso precisert howondwherelo p oce thesebones reolve lo lhe rb coge Thescopuoe occupyihe upperholfof the rlb coge,ond ihe d sionce belween ihem isequoliolhelengihoi oneo. gol movemeni. Whenihe shoLrlders onc armsore ihrownfoMord, the scopuloe drau owsy lrom eoch olhe| when lhe sho! defs ore pulledbock,lhescopuoeore drownic word eoch oiher When ihe orm is roisec higherlhon ihe sho! det ihe scopuo rolote: poston on ihe lronra \,eriicoto a horizonio b coge Thekeylo delermn ng lhe posi or oflhe sccpLrlo whendrowng o f gurewlh cf ormro sedoboveihe shoulder islo ookotihe direclion olthe orm:1he scopulo cnd ormw

II]ETISYAN SIBYI :i-f,.S FOR ''| 3 h " ( 2 3 5t 3 2r.27cml

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rHERI-]OMBOIDEUS MIJSCIE

c rnree ol lhese musces luberosity ol lhe hlmefls

75

The Ttopezius Muscie

o.- o.--e oo-. ncnsvory occord ng lo lhe parlofihe nLrsc: T I :e e , P ' - . o - , . r _ 5 liol s ocivcied f bolh shouders ore i!e: :::'!: an t.e backof ihe neck, shouder the ibers ocoEd lhere wi pul ihe he::
:_: -33er back regon lls nner borcler ex':_:. n:n'ire bock oflhe slul tothe osi or -..eJ: ro veriebro sa s l C ) T n e t r o p e z r . rh ren.l noLrs slreeioreoson l, wh ch oppeoras s ght depressonson ihe s!fface oithe body Tne erlent oi These depressonsdepends on The erTenT oi muscu/ordeveopment ol the iro.le One afeo of ten.lon sheei s loccied orouridiha lwelflhlhorac cverl,.bro oTlheI p of the ia oiiheTropezus musce (C) Anolr]er o r e o s o c a i e . lo l t h e s p i n eo f i l r e s c a p r a o n ThesLrmmiof the sho! cer (D),on.] ihe lhrr.l .ireo nrrr()rn.ls lhe promirn|l 5ev,ariih cer v (! !erT,-br.r on llE b(r.rkoi the r--ck (L).I hrs osT a r c o i . r a r | o n d s h o p o . lo r . l s I o n s l by th. trrfi:r rErg ns ol iho ltupezus ni!s. -8.rtrrLr,a tlre iropcriLrs r|Lr5c e 5 ior!1,on.l riints nio s.rvcr.rl.rrrrrs otth,o bock, ts nrnc back, b,LJi f ony one sde is oclivolec -.. heodwi be pLr ed down io il-r cl sho! cler -lowerf bresolTheia of iheiraoez u3clrcn --: s h o i r d e To s o w n T h em d d l e f b e s o e . : Thescop! ae drowihe shouce6lowara : _= o n o t | r e rf l h e h e o c l s f x e d ,i i r e f b e r so ' ' _ : Trapezus i r i l r e n e c k o n c l s h o ! c l e rr e e : 'lb.lfow

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1D'i t1r3/ . ,.6/.nl ,

lhe mLrsc es ollhe back lo g !e _.: e i f e d o f a l h r e e d m e n so n c i g u r e , y o !- ! : fo conTfo Thc\,1] !$ ori the m|rsclesDi := w h c i r l o r m so r , ar ] i h e i g h T . w h i cc hl e r . : : Torre o.r l l w i r c h o r e n s h o d o \ rS k e k r h . ": url{resol ihe orgcsl nrosses lr5t Thenso:. the edllc bolw.iexrlhe I and sho.lc.i rir:: To rouril oli The lorms Ony geonr : sli.rpes s|rch .rs lr .Lrbc lrov.r $urp ec! : wfoG on,- profe nrccls.xjoTfr(j

76

9 ) Ulal

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Dorsi lotissimus
muscleot lhe bocL s /f, nothersuperfrcio tillhe loiiss musdorsi.Alonq wilhlhe bockoi lhe shoulders ond a srnoll lrlongulor oa of ihe muscles oflhe scopuo region, ihe iorms that rnoke up the surfoce of lhe back orei iropeziL$ ondthelwo holves of afssimusdors ihishuge,symmeir col musc]e origi [Aand B). nales oi lhe pe vis and socrum,exiendsup ward overjhe lurnbofregion,lhe lowersix poirs of rbs, ond the lo^,rportionof the sccpuloos it exlends ollwqrd io lhe ompl, lhere loiisslmls dorsi nseris, olong wiih the leresmojot intothe fronlof lhe hlmerus,lust below ls heod Thelowerport on of thisrnuscle,allhe socrum, pelvis, ond lo\der bock,is justo lhln lendnoussheei.Beneoih thisihln sh6ef,lhe underlyng eclor spinoemuscles (C)show cleorly on the surfoce ofthe figlle ln ths drawlng, Short, holched lnes(D)ndicoiewhereihe muscle fberc'ofloiisslmus dorslorsefrornihe lendon sheei n the lo\rerbock These linet exlendlrom the higheslpo nl of the pe vls, LJp\rgrd ond lnv,'ordtoMr'ord the bockbone, Theupperboderoflhismlscle{E),whlch runs horizontally over lhe deeper icrms of ihe bock oi,the le\l of lhe sxth r b veriebroof ihe bockbone, posseso!r iho lowErpofllon of the scopua ond ihusholds ll downon ihe rlb coge Thelroni bofderof the otsslmus dorsl (D extendsdownv,ord fforn lh6 ormpll ond clrves oroundio the bock of lhe rb coge, creoilngo beouiiful Ine on ihe fgufe, Lqtssimus do|simokeg ll possible to owr lhe rclsedorm ond pu it back wlh fofce. I showshef cleody in such movemenls os ployng gol swmrning, choppng wood,of p! lingono rope.lenob eslhe enllre bodylo be puled upvr'ord ond fonr/ord wh-cr) ihe ormsore in o flxedposlllon, Aciions thal por lcularly depend on ths muscleore rope climbing ond workon a horzonlolbor Thehohsof the oiissimus dors ond ihe l -nderlyng rio coge s-ggesl'he shopesot lMr'o lorge \^icfermeons, To ploce lighl and shodeon suchdominoniforms in Wlr drowing,lllshelpfuliovlsuolize, or elen ic indicoie on ihe paper on orror showing ihe direciion iromwhich lhe lighiiscomng.ThoiwllleslobI shihe diect on of lhe mo\menl of lighi lo dorkocross ihe flgue. ll willolsope\nt the ighl fromjumpingto hil formsfromdlfferenl direclions, lhus lending to destroy ihe I unit In rendering mojorforms il solsohelptuio runo I ne down ihe formsto seporoJe the light oleo fiomthe shodoworea. Theholtlpne oreofo ls alonglhol line.

TNE LAT SS N4US DORSI MUSCTE org n:

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qndShode withLighl lheBock Modeling

Lol dorsi The mossbemuscles lhoi cover sheetoi ihe lalissimLrs T..i$r. orqesuperfic I m.J cf ihe bock lolissimus of lhe rbcoge ondlhelop dors ond lro tuenihe bo1lom Deziis. ore relotively by lhe externol lhin folher ike o of lhe pevh is represenled cookei ond o thereforeinfuenced by oblique(ll. lie torms of lhe deeper Lrnderlyjng muscles As lhey ore shownon onoiomlcolchodrs, ona modelS Ln ltr sdrowingihe moss obo\ ihee o no lines bockseporot, ofihe bock(AJ Theformsoi the bock in ihe spineol ihe scopulois forrnedby ihe ing musclemosses. lropezius ond lhe underyingsuprospinolus.o finshed drowing ore dep cied by smol in lghtond shode, wh ch orepadolly The 1r^o mosses betweenthescopu oe (Bond mosses C) ore lomed by lhe rhomboideus ond lra- embedded n lhe greol mossof lhe bock pezius muscesA smollrnoss belowlhesplne lseI lrnemberlhotdark nlhe ghl oi\4oys theyreollyorc. Thesome of lhe scoplo (D) is caused by th-. n- oppeordorkerlhon frosp notus musc e.liismosiimporlonlio noie oppliesfor relecied lighl ln shodow lhe thot ihe infrospnofus inlerockswilh,or tres lghls ov/oysoppeor ghterihon theyore.lf posses fo lowo simpe rue,lhe vo ues),ouuseio onto,lhe moss of lhe deltoidmusce l1cu (E). The owr end of ihe scopuloond the shodelhe bock w be moredynomc and lhe ightoreosol orrlyng leres mojor form o smoll egg occurole Whenmodeling mokethe dorksLghter ihon they shopedmoss(F)Theies major is locoied tour flgurc, d recly on the iop borderof lhe lolssmus oppeor lo you, ond when working n the dorsi(GJThegreol coumngof lhe ereclor shodoworeos,moke lhe ighlsdorkerlhon splnoe [H) ore v]sibleihroughthe lenclon meyoppeorrc you

7!. t 101/t [19.69\ 2572 cn)

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lheBody Boloncing Gidle: Pelvic The

sf,eelo grdleson lhe body, Thee ore tuvo I ihe shou der qifdleond lhe pevic girdle g rdle s mob lilY Thefuncton of ihe shoulder ghlly lo lhe restof ihe ske' s ollached Only eion, 1 olfordslhe upper lmbs lreedomoi Thefunclionol ihe pelvc g rd e s stoblily aswellos ocomoion oflhe owerlimbsThe lwo orge ho\es of the pelvs (meonng ''basinl ole limly olloched n bock to the socrum, ond in l|onllhe hvopubc bonesore frmly connectedlo eoch other Thepelvs, which sts on iop of lhe heodsol lhe luo hods up Thebocklhghbones.or l6murs, Theonlyporlsof lhe pevislhot o vsible on the bock ore ihe pevic,or ilac, cresl(4 Theos socrumCsocred ond lhe sacrum(B). co ed, \doslhe bonel, os t wossomelimes bone ofleredup lo the gods n socriiceby early rnon ll i5 ociuoly fve !rtebroeihol ho\,osslied, or iusedlogeiherio iorm one isnollot bone,The socrum lfionguor-shoped but cufis ouhv]rd (con\x)from iop lo bol tom.On is boseond nd coiing ls widlhore pevic,or ilcc, spines (Cond Dl, the posierior of the body os whichoppeor on ihe surfcce londmorks ole fat andmorkd mpes.These womenlhan on men becalse therqpcrrton ond pe visorewiderthon the femolesocrum iv/opo nls,logeiher ihoseofihe mo e. These wlh lhe po ntlhatindcoleslhe bofiomof ihe (E), on lr ongle formo usefuconslruci socrum of ihe pelvs ln ony for clorlyingthe posilion g\n pose. ihroughpo nis (C A line TLrnning ond D)wouldindcofe ihe iill of lhe pevis. lhe socrumore lhe four verysmol Eelow of lhe o ihoi remoins bonesthoi represeni toi, or cocc\,l. ihotformlhe humon veriebroe The coccll s nol reo y of nteresllo orlsts ihe becoLrse li cur\s lnder ond betuvn lv/o bullocks and does nol oppeor on lhe surfoce of ihe fgure. lhe lhe posilion of the pevh delermines ihe model is rcsl_ I pose of the figure Lf o\r'ero ng herwelghlon one eg,lherghi eg jnlhis drowing,lhepelvsisplshed Lrpon lhe rghi sideA sdeond dropsoweron the opposile lhe smollerformsrnustbe correspgfldingy liled To mointain ihe modelis boonce den coLrn shou ogoinslthepu ofgroviv,lhe lerocl lhe d reci on ol lhe pelvis by tilt ng n lhe opposiledlreclonjthot s, ii ihe pevis s w lle h gher on the rght sde,lhe shoulder hgher on ihe eft side

C C IDLE IHE PELV

SIUDYOF CIASSICALFEN'IA[!FOQM 101h , 71h 125.72 t. 19.45 ml

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Moximus Gluteus
ond mo/mus[A] ihe orgesl The qutelrs I th clesl musc e of lhe bodv formsihebul lock ll ariseslrom the bockfourlhoflhe i ac m,ondthe cocc)r(Soflre of ils creslihe sccru n sheeis orfoscio,on fberslerminole off bers, lhe th gh; oihers nsed nio lhe bock of the shofi oi ihe femur lusi beow The greoTer (Bl, trochanier of o orge,squoreprojecTion lhe femur ocoied jlsi beow is heod ond neck Dependng on ihe conirocion of exponsonollhe g Lrleomusces oroundii,ihe grealer lrcchoni-.r o ppeors on lhe sudoce of lhe b,ody asa c ndmcrkdepress on or pfoiecpedecly stro ghl lon.Whenlhemode slonds wth weghiequa y dslrbuted on bolh egs, ore eve Howe\r ihe greaierlrochonlers when the weghi is ploced on one eg, ihe grcoter trocho nierof the sloncl nOeg slhru$ oui ond oppeorsas o proieclonon lhe sur reloxecl eg on The loce Thelrochonleroflhe opposle sde appeors oso depresson ThegluieLrs moxmus s bock ke in shope, bll the foi ihol occursorj Ts ower border solTe.is lhe shapelhereand creoles the g u 1eo loLd(C) Nollcehow MicheLongeo hqs manp'r olecl lne n lhs oreo of lhe drownO io nclcaie lhe unclerpane of lhe q uleLrs wThthe Thigh moxmls ol ilslunclure Theg {rleus lhe f execl, or nroxr'n!sexiencls bent, thsh,thot s,pu s I bdck rlo ne wih the lrlnk More rnporlonl,ii monlons lhe ir for body,whoserrlnk wo!d olherwise posion vlqrdol lhe hip jo nl, n on Lrprght Ars LongbeloreDorw f\ lheoryof evolufon, iolle coled ihe giuleusrnoxinuslhe mosi ng mlscleofmon Dur ngiheevo dhilngLrsh (rionory process ilssze ncreosecl, ond iwos for ihe roiolon of ihe ui rnoleLy responsrbe pevs iroma horzonioio o veriico posiion HerelVchelongelohos ceory inclcoied ihe lbers ol the gllieLrsmcximusinserlng behreenlhe homstr ng moss(Dlatlhe bock exTurnus musc e lEl ofihelhlghondlhevoslus

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NUOF 1534ond | 545,blaak cholk | fi.42cn) 9t r 7./t 12.1.13 Domo9ed

FIVE CHAPTER

LIMB UPPER THE

SI!D FSFORINE5 SJNECEIING VARIOUS lhklltl" , 74'(236 t 194 cn)

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siudyor the Ll ere s onothermogntfcer]t I I fe ofonsh/pbehtuen the musceson lhe bock oi the orm ond on the scopLrlo lhe smollegg ke mosson the owerend of ihe scopuo is ihe teresmajor muscte(Al.The rnossobove I oi B s rnode up of ihe inlrospnolug muscle ond the ieresminormuscle.Secouse ofthe bockvcrdposiiion of the orm,you con notce lhoi ihesefofmsof the upperbockorebulglngn o sioieof conlroc iion.Resi ng overlhe lop of the shouder ond receiv ng o lot oi ght isthe lropezius muscle of the tropez us and ihe {Cl.Theseparotion deliod muscleis indlcoiedby o chonge in The direciion of lhe lineol D Doube curves (E and D deine lhe shapeof lhe deto d Inih s beniposiiion of lhe ormlhe forms on The bockondlnsideofihe ormoreVtsib e,The exiernol heod [G], ihe nterno heod (H), ond the ong heod of ihe lriceps(t)orea tcteorly seporoTed from lhe lower border of ihe de lold.the commoniendon (J tiesabovethe poiniofihe elbow(l()lo lhe lnside ofthe point of lhe elbowis the inner owerend,or con dyle,of lhe humerus (L), wh ch forms o prom nem iondmark lhe abilly of the scopuoe lo mo! on jhe rb coge ]sextensive. Thus lhe shopes of mus clesin lhisoo wllllorygreolly occordln'g lo ihe poseoi ihe modet.

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lhe r! ll of on /l n e\ce ent way to obsetue Flort slisin lire dfowinqoflhe fo sedorm. n th s areo ihere ofe ihree muscles thoi orig, noTelrom ihe corocoid processof ihe scopulo. The ftrslrs lhe peclorolismino[ o smallmusc e lhot scovered bythe pecloro s mojorondgenefolydoesfoloppeoron lhe surfoce oi ihe body lhe second s ihe shori heod ol lhe biceps.lhe third is the coF ocobrocholis muscle, whichoppeors on lhe nside ofthe ormwhenlhe orm sroisedtiihos lhereiorebeen coled ihe brucfixon mus cle" SmoI and siender il s visibeoiA. lt exlendsupuordfromlhe ormptond nserhinio The upperorm oboui hal6,\oy up the shafiof lhe humerus beiween lhe bceps (B)ondthe ong heod of lhe lrlceps (C) The corocobrochios musce is on adduclorof the orm;tholh,il pu sihe armlo\rsrdthe sde of Aso visbe ln ths drowng s the ntefno heod of ihe triceps(D),lhelnnercondye of lhe humerus (E), the smollmossof ihe ieres mojor(F), oncllhemoss ollhe loiissimus dorsi (G).Theleresmojorond ihe oissimus dorsl exlend fromthe bockoflhefigureand pcssn froniof ihe long heod of the fceps io iermi, nate n ihe froni01lheshofiof ih humerus. Theolssimus dorcifofrns the backiop oi the ormpt wh e the peciorolsmolor (H)forms lhe ffonlilop. Mlcheangelomode mony siudies of ihe foised orm,Hedd soaso wayof knowing the forms lr1this oreo and how ihey chonge posilions. shopens ghty ditferent Theorigns ond insgriions of ihe muscles inlol\ed in ihe roised orm moy present o chollengeat frsl, buiwiihsludyloushould be oble lo drowthis complicoiedoreo of lhe fgure wilhoulony dificu1yol o/1.

CORACOSRACI]IALS MUSCLE

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The Muscles ondBones oftheFoleotm

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Thes!eleton orlhe foreofmsdrownhere n I lhe posilion of dernipronoJion lhoi s,wrlh lhe pa m of lhe hand iurned holtutqy beh{een pronoton,or ioc ng downwcrd, ond supinolon, or foc ng upwsrd, When ihe hond s in supinolon, the hvobonesofthe foreorm ondlhe musc esoi ihe foreorm lienexl lo one onolhetBLrlin pronoiion,lhe rodius rololes, or crosses, o\r 1h6ulna,and lhe mlscleso so crossTheforeorm then chonges frcm a flot bockke moss to become cylindricolin shope In dempronolion, lhe lv!4,bones lhe rodus(L), on lhe thumbsde of lhe foreorm, ond lhe ulna (lvll,on ihe liiileJnger sde ond lhe foreorrn musc esore in o pos Tonwheretheyore beginnng lo cross lhem At ihe elbow ihe iop of lhe u no jo nsihe bollom of lhe humerus (N)os o hingejotnt which permls flexlon(bending) ond exlenson (stroighlen ng)oflheforeorm on iheorm. Thetop or heod,ol the rodlus lol s shoped likeo horzonloldsc,whlch shollo\red oulon lop This holowed-oui disc fis up ogo nsl o bo l-like shope,ihe copilu urn,on lhe boltom of ihe humerus, on wh ch tsp ns Thespinnlng moton oflhe d sccouses the rodiusto roiole oround lhe u natlhe polm oflhe hondisthus lurned downv/ord ond upv/ord through mo!menis of pronolonond supernol on Theproject on of bone oi P represenh ihe ponl oflhe elbowor olecronon. Thepfoleclon of bone on lhe rodius belowlhe heodoi Q isihe b cipiialiuberos i\/1 1owhichihe i-^ndon ofihe bceps s olloched There oree ghlbones nihewrisi(R) liis noi necessory io drow a I eighl wfhl or carpus, bones whenyoudfowtheorm,butii is mpor, toni lo indicolethe moss or shopelhot lhey creolebetu/een ihe fofeorm ond lhe hond From the iop of ih-. om lo the ilngers ihe sections of lhe orm become progressve y shorlerond nofiower. The foreorm s ihe englh of lhe upper orm essone-fifih. The hond equos ihe lenglhof lhe foreormless one lfth Themass oilhewrisisiwce aswide os t is ong, ond lhe meioco.polbones(S), whichfomlhe bodyofihe hond,oreirce os long as lhe wlsi. Thelineof the knuckles (Tl mokslhe meelingofihe melacorpolbones ond ihe lirslof lhree sections of phoonges, Jhe bones of lhe ingels. Thh mporlont junciure is m dv/oy betuveenlhe lop oJ the wrslandihe endsoflhe fngers. Thelengihof y equollo lhe w si ond lhefngersole rough On the onoiomcol orm on lhe lefi o ffol

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ond Thumb 0ftheFoleorm Ihe Muscles

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ARM SIUDIES FOR IHFIORD ANGETS ANDSILIO]ES FOR CREAT ONOFADAM INIHE tud ohd blo.k chdlk 1511, q) t 27.94 eqd x 11'(21,27

of ihe orm ln Ll ere ore o seresof siudles I ldiihrofl posilions ond direciofs in spoce Theorm o1A s seporaied frcm ihe bockg.ound whichdefnesils by a bold line, form Thereore some fu/enlymuscles n tho foreorm, ore bulin frgure drowing lheseiorms mossed ntolhreegroups lhe llexor muscles as one group Theerensor mlsclesos on olhet ond lhe longsupnoloros o lhkd moss of lhe foreormArnoslolof lhese musces o glnolefrom lhe condyles ol the humerus ond ofioch io the bonesol ihe wrhl ond hond. Becouse lhe muscies become tendinousobout hoif\4oy down lhe foreorm, ihe conlour ol the am chonges.The egglke shape of the lpper holf of lhe foleam h coused bylhe fieshytbersofthe esilhe musc ke shopeof lhe lo\irer blockl holf sformedby the iendonsond ihe fu/obones lhe rodus ond u no of ihe foreorm. (B), lhe fexor muscles on the fronl of lhe foreorm, orginoielromihe innercondye of thehumerusondconslsiof fourrnuscleslhe

plonolorlerest the ieror of ihe wrsl on ihe rodius, or fexor corp rod olisiihe pomors ongus; ond the llexor of ihe wdsion'iheulno, or fexor corpl ulnors The pronolorteres, which ierm noles ho fi\oy down ihe ouief is one ol the musces bords of the rodius, respons ble for the roioiionolmo\,emeni of lhe foreorm, wrlslond hond li controcls, ro loing (cfossngllhe rodluso\er lhe uno, wh ch ploceslhehondpo m down[srd (pro noion) The olher three supericlolfexo6, whlch inserlinlo lhe undersde of the wrlst ond hond,ole responsible for bendinglflex ngl the wrsl ond hond fotu'ord, iowqrdihe fronl ol the foearm. Beneoth thesefour supedcio flexols lso deeperflexor musc e,lhe llexor digtorumsupefiiciols I s vsibleony where is lendons oppeoron the wflstbehdeen lhetendonsof lhe mo superfic ol iexors.Deeporsii ond not visibe on the surfoces the llexordgiorumprofundus,d reclyunderiheflexdidgiiorumsuperf ciols,the powerfL{l lendonsof

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The Muscles oftheHond

otlhe polm ofe1l!omLrscle n n lhe su'foce \rqfoups. Themossundef the thumb,the (4 n M che onge ot drowingof thenormoss the handolihetop ofihe poge,ismode up ofthe musc esofthe lhumb There orefourof them an odductoror adductorpo icisian obductotor obductorpo lics brevs;o short fexot or flexorpol cis brevs;ond o musc e, opponenspo icis,which rfakeslhe thumb workln opposilion lo lhe fngers,Underlhe (B), lllle fingerore the hypolhenor muscles whichcontroi the lilllelinger Onthefronlof theforeorm, where the hond meehihew sf,orelhecoses, orwr nkes, of the skinco ed w sl brocelels, C in the drcwng to the r ght They whgnihe oremosivslble hondond wrisi ore pulledtowardihe frontof lhe foreom. The oreo on the po m of the hond,befiveenihe ihenarond hypolhenor (D) n the top drowing,s formedby mosses, lhe podding, whichpfolecis lhe hond,Asthe skln on lhe hondfoldsoverlhe Jonls, w nkes ore formedon ihe po m these nesofe occenilaled by ariisis lo express form, the bockofthe hond,in lhe r ghlCrossing hand drowng, ond extend ng loward lhe ihumb,islhe tendonof ihe ong extensor of (E). ihe thLrmb On lho ouhldeborderof ihe wdsiore thelv"otendon9 of tho shorloxiensor ond ihe ong abduclorof tho ihumb.on ihe surloc iheseforms oppeorosonelorgeiendon (F)Belween theselostlv/oiendons and lhe iefdon ot the long exlensoro depfesslon (Gl called ihe "onatomcalsnutlbox" is apporeniwherithe lhumb s pulledbocku/,ord. At one tme, men snffed lobocco ffom thls Thekeylo drowinghondswe s o com p ele understond ng of lhe skeleiostructure ond oi ihe n-oshy forms ihol fi t oul.Youneed nol leorn e\,erysmollmusclebul only ihe groups, muscie lhe shopeslhoiorcos ol lhe ormossume n posilions foreshorlened ore cleody depicled n ihe lowefdrowingTheseclions of lhe orm poced n shouldb-. visuoized os cylinders fronlol one onolherThe coniour ne usedfor the rightormot H s ocluolyo serles ofsmo , cund, o\erloppng nesthot indicotethoi lhe deioid moss {l sin fronloflheupperorm (Jlond lhollhe uppercrm isin fronlof moss the foreorm (K The lell orrn n lhe lowerdrowlngot L is exlremelyforcshorlened,Theseclionsof lhe ormoppeoroso\l3soregglike foms p ocod one in frcntof onolher

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MUSCLES OF THEHAND

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SIX CHAPTER

LOWER THE LIMB

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STUDIES ANDSKETCHES FOR ITELAST J]JOGEMENI 1534.35, block chalk 11' t 161/.i ' 4191ch) 127.94

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eroluqcnureLuoceq lueulLuord rnuro,oql lo pue rei o eq+p seipuoc eql puo 'no peL-lcla4s ao spsnlueql uot+lsod stL+ urieeq oql lo dol eql tD sedoLts tculstp 'tueq s ieql jo ouos esol sdor|ponb eL.+ SJoeqaqlueq^ d q eqlploql lurolpuoces o sessorc ll puo sned eq+ uo dn sr ur6ro eql sf esnooeq ^poq eq1 to lun4 eul ot q6 L.ll soqqrourq 6uxeuJouotpurytolo$tppoeq+ snpaj eL.ll '6e le,4o eql Jo loFlelxe eLll sltll]ledq3q/n',{uoleeq eql uedo q6tqieql buLlcv eqll6q+e6o{ lo luorleqt uo sepsnui q0lql eq+uo rDeooo eq+lo gdec|llor. so ecoJlns eorq aql 01relel uegoqspo op pql sqcsnLrj eql uo Llrol i\luenbesuo3slslD lo] eco]rns rolouro lou $ { arcJeleqlpuDe csnL!snureye deep sl 'snlpeurulel snlso^ eql q+Deujepun -ul sruso dnor6 qql ]o elcsnu q+rnol eql oelo eeu)leql oNt Atonporose^rncqqq,r 'snureye le+no elll snFo eql Joul lno+uoc seop uoql |e e )a\ol o +opuo ilploq eror,! eeq eql lo do+ eq+ o+lJler'Jncol sloeddo eul rnoluoc snurelul snlsDo!116u[uese]der uorl pd\el^ ueqrlA olFloo leuulel']l'NoUeq+ plro uopue+ uourLuoc eql to o6pe 16!!leqi olutsl]6sulpuo rnuJsl e|']lrolloqseqlro eps sqso^eql reulleq+uoI sestro E) snure{u q6lqleql ro )icoq eq+LJo e csnur+sr ] eqi qeour ll 6laqj!\ )cDq eq+ ol lolDrooslJnl eq+ ol prJo SllouJq sn+cer punoro eqlro.luoteLl{o{ spue86 I ereq/v\'oet UOLT.TLUOC eql 'O O6pele+noeql o+ul I UOpUel 6ql lo Luolloq Eiosll puD leNor]corl le+Der6 eql rDou1nL!e, eql Jo uoqsaq+p loo leq -dn qO ql eql ]o ep s+no eq+ eq+ uot sostro I uo papco sl tcj epsnLu snulelxesnFo^aq_L lJ) o q$ eqt]o atcreqnlro'tupdoltFaq eq+ ol lJlol eaui aql ouFsora olutpesul lueuots| ollepd eq so pro. u,rop senu&oc uopue+ !o!!L!oc 6ql aeq eq+ lo luorl oql s+colord 'colns xe^uoJo q+r ron6uol4^qonod tr 'otlalod ro 'uopuel q qql peppqure ut '(gldocaDieqt dnorostr{p sepsnlu eql o o] uouruloc s Llcll/r sloluel soecrrponoeq+ lo uopuel uoururoc orll lo ool eql o+uleeLil puo o selouur,|el oql e oqo eclolqp lroL.ls uroj uopuel s|^edoqljo eups30 llle^ oleq+ eql p uol+rod 6uo4sD sDselDulolo I ssour elppllu eql saldncco M sroLirejsnlcerql 'snlpeLUrapl pLro sqso eL.ll SnureNl snFo^ aL.ll'slroual srucer srusDeql'snure+xa eql sepsnu rnol lo dn epoLusl I sroure, sdel ponb oL+pelloJseJsnurrosualan e6roto srL.t6rql oll Jotuo4 eql ulli' lo ssolu

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Thot Move theThigh Muscles The

iheuppefporloflhelhgh nnlhe nsideof ry s o lfionqulof-shoped moss[A]. Theodduclormoss o g natesal the pelvsond terminotes in the innersde of the shoftol lhe femurlhe ower porlionof lhis mosss cov eredby lhe quodrcepsfemorsmlsclesThe odductormosss boundfromobove by lhe iold oflhe groinond lhe obdominolmuscle pu I lhe lh gh bocklo\4ord Theodduclors lhe body fromo poslon of obduclon, n which the ihigh s oMr'oy fromthe body. l^r'o olherimportontsma Iermuscles onthe lh gh ore lhe lensorfoscioeloloe ond lhe sarlorus. Thetensor foscioelqtoe (C), whjch principollyoiihe pelvc po ni (Bl, orignoles or onlerorsupeToT ioc spne,oppears as o smol mass jusi in fronl of lhe greoier irochanier ol ihe femur Jusl below ihe greolerlrochonietlhe musce exlends inlo the oiibol bond (D), o longbondol f berson lhe oulside ollheth gh ca led ihe toscioala Ths band posses overand holdsdown the vosius externus. the outsde of the Crossng kneeloint,the bond lerminoles oi lhe ouier condye of the libo Generolly lhe iolblol bond s noivslbleon lhe oLriside ofthelh gh, bul when ihe lensormuscleconlrocls, the i oiibol bond couseso s ghi ridge on ihe ouiside of lhe kneeond o \ryshoilow Oroovg on ihe wsiusexiernus muscle Thesodorusmuscle(9 o so orignaiesoi the anleriorsuperior oc spne. ll exlends down\tord ocfoss ihe insde ofihelhigh ond sweeps orcundlo ihe nnersde otthe knee, whereiiierminates neartheupperparioflhe innefsurfoce of ihe ibo,lhe sorlo us s only obouf /o fingers wde, but ii h lhe longest musceofihe body tspirohdownthe nsld-. of ihe ihgh n o beauiful c!r\, lhoi sepo rai,,.s lhe quodrcepson lhe lronlol lhe lhigh ffomlhe odduciormoss on the insdeof ihe ihgh. Thesodoriuss knownos the 'io or's muscle"becouse in the posi lallors soi crcssegged on top of Iorg\dork tab6s. In that postion the sortorius is cloory conThe sortorils musc foscioo e ond th6tensor lotoeworkogoinsieoch other ihetefsor rololesih-oeg nwsrd, toword lhe body {medi o y),ond lhe sododus rololesitoLrluord, o\roy fromthe body (lateroy).When boih muscles acJtogether ihey help lilithe thigh Lrp\eord,

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Muscles Homstring The

n the bock of the th gh s the homsfing moss,or posleror femorol musces,A n

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GHTIEG SIUDIES OF A SIRA T\^/O ANOTNE 8,ACK fAOM THE NSIDE ch) 11 '3 [21C4' 20.32

ihe right-hond drawng,wh ch ismode up of threemuscles the bicepslemors, the sem tendinosus, ond lhe semmembronosus Ths rnoss of flexor musc esorignaies on the bock of lhe pevs, or ihe heelof lhe schum,be' (B)Thenro ten' neolh the g uleusmoximus dons of ihe homslrngmuscesbronch oul ocrosslhe bock ot the knee The nner homstrnstendon (c) crcsses the kneeond nserisnto ihe nsideedge of lhe lbia jusl beow lhe knee Theolier homslaing lendon (D)crosses the outsdeof the kneejoni ond nserls niolhe heodoflhe fbLrlo. n ls enl rely the homslr ng moss isshcpedverymuchlike o foolbo tsfuncton islo bencl lhe knee, ihls fex ng the ower eg on lhe thigh. Thedrowng on lhe efl provdeson exce lenlopporlunlyio observe the sp ro quo t of the sortodus musce (E). lt olsoshows the sroc is (Fl,on oddlcior muscleocoled di groc ls(meon' recty beh ndthe sorior us. The ns sendef' ln tatinl orsesfrom ihe ower porloflhe peLvs, ola point neorihe meelng of ihe lvlo plbc bones Ths musce,wh ch clelines The nsideconlourot ihe ihgh, exlendsdownlvordr olonO withthesoriorius ond ihe nnerhamslrins lendon t nsertsnto the inner surloce ofihe tbia ot o po ntltrst be ow the knee Thetendons ofiheselhree mLrscles sweeporoLrnd the insdeoJthe kne6,whore ihey{orm lhespircmoss known osihe goose foor tcl Becouse lhe homstrngtendonsore !ry shorl,I is dffcul io lfl the thgh when ihe knee s unbenJ. I the knee bends, the homstng tendons ore releosed ond iththen eosyio ro sethe thightowordthe trunk. Try itl n theseonotomco drowngsof the leg, M che ongeloco refulydel neoiedihe forms Whendfowng frorn fe, howe\r, he dld nol seeor drowmonyof the musc es ndivduc yl nsleodhe dw them os mossesln o ile drowng,ihe hamstring moss wouldoppeor on lhe backofihe ihighnotosthreemusc es bli os one moss n the rshl-honddrowng nol ce the line(H) runnng \ri co y downihe cenleroflhehomsft ngs,This seporolion does nol exlsl on mosimodes lJ /o or moremusces ho\,e lhe somefunction, the sepcrotion behleenlhe muscesw noibe ndicoledol c in o drowng or wi be ndicoted ony slghiy by nes or shodng. li i\ro or more muscles hovediffentJunctons,lhe seporo I on betu/eenthem w / be ind caled by strong inesor shodng,

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ol lhelhighto thePelvis Ihe Relofionship

I rrthisdrowingyoucon cleoryobse^the p ol lhe muscLes of lhe lhigh to I reoiionsh Theextenlof lhe musc esol lhe pelvc oreos. lho lensorfoscioeloloe (Alfrom ihe pelvc po nl (B)downwsrdond boclolqrd to lhe ouie.Ihe exierno sideoftho lhlgh sc eorlyvisib on the creslof ihe e (Cl resis obliquemusc pe visobo\,ethe gLuleus medius musc e (Dl (El oflhe lemurond Ihe grooler lrochonter it ore olsoc eoly dethoi sLrfiound the forms ined; ihe tensorfoscae loloe musce (Al in frontof ihe greoler loms on egglikemoss trochonlei lhe sphericolyshoped gluieus (Dlisobo\,eil, ond the g lTeus mox rnedius rnoss blocklike mus lFl formslhe rounded, musce (G) is behind t. Thewstus exlernus (Hlby o moss fromlhe homslring seporoied lhol lhh seresof shortInes 0. Remember defniiionoflormsindicoios cearlyrendered funclions ihotlhesemuscesho\ seporole lhe fronlof ihe lhgh The ine represenling expo ns ihe anolomyl ond knee beouilulLy (.J), externus femoris ihe \l]sius noieihe rectus ond lhe potelo 10,the commoniendon(Ll, (M)

FGURESIUDYF lltE B,AntE Ot CASC M 15u, pen ovetbbckchdtk 10.4" t 6rA [26.U \ 71.44cn] Domoged bl donphds

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oftheKnee The Bones

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The knee is one of the oreosof lhe body I whelethe boneisc oseto the surfoce ond y infl si'ong uences ih form, Allhough the knee hosmonycomponenls, ihey ol mokesense joinl in iems of lh funclionos o compound lhe lowerend of ihe femurwidensinb n{o prcjeclions of boner lhe inner condyle (4 ond lhe outercondyle (B). these condles lsl on the lop or ploifom, of the tbio (g lhe poiella,or kneecop (Dl,hos okeody been described oso smollroughylriong!or bone wlh o con\,exsurfoceembedded lnio lhe orge commori tendon of ihe quodriceps, whichcrosses the iiont of the knee Thepotelo les ln ffonlof the lo\der end of lhe femur ond forms o projeciion on the flont of lhe kneejthe ower border of ths prdecfionis le\l wlth ihe poni of seporollonbeiween lhe femw ond ihe lbio. Theligomenlof lhe pdte lo (EJ terninotes ot the kneellngpolnl,or jhe iubercle ofthe iiblo(0 ]heiuberce ofthe iiblo ls on unmstakoble andmark whlch morkslhe lowefboderofthekneejit19c eo y vslblewhenthe eg isviewedln prolle.

fhis diogrom af lhe benl kn6a shows lhe rckrlbnshiqaf the tibla ond tenut ta tha pate a

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Forms oftheKnee The

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flecouse lhe l,neeiswder in bocl,lhon in l, front. someforms of the boci.of the [nee oreopporenlinthisdrowingoflhe frcntvew Theouler homslring lendon (Al is visibe on ihe oulsideof the knee lhis lendon insefs Thespko moss intotheheodof the libuo (B). lol,whichsmodeupofihemed ol homstring oflhe sortorius ond iendonond the tendons groc ismuscLes, suepsoroundlhe insde of on ihe shoflol lhe knee, whereil lerminoies lhe lib o Ths spiro mossof lendons cu^,s down lowordlhe f.oni of lhe eg, wh e lhe outer homsfing ndon exlends slroght dowa nlothe heodof the nbuloon lhe ouler sideof ih6leg Abo\eond be ow lhe pofelo (D on the frontof the kngeorelhe lol mosses ond E)whlch ore esponsibefor lhe greoi vorioions lhol orlisls encounljgr when drowkneesore ditferenl lng the knee.Eyeryoneb ond ihe fot masses oroundihe poleliocon show!p os smollproject ng foms mosking They o, ihe rest ofthe onoiomyoflhe kriee. howe\tnot o grealilcior on th benl knee os l-e) coe nlo o hollowc eoled bv 'he oo-or oll_e fecr.'o"o'^e op ol lre'lbo

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I u + c 5 l h e r eo r e t a o b o n e . n l h e r o r e o r m , t, rhere ore tuo bone5 n ihe o^er leq lhe o r g e ri b a , o c o i e d o n i h e n s d e o i i h e e g , se o n d l h e s m o l e rf b ! o , o c a i e d o n i h e o u T d T h e n n e rs ! r f o c eo f l f e s h a f l c f l h et b o o n d lhe shorp anlerlor cresl cre enirey on ihe The cutue ofihe ibo from ihe boi surfoce. iol.noflhe knee lA)down loihe proiecion on l h e n s d e o f l h e c n k e k n o v r 'c ns t h e n i e r n o n a e o u s( B l s c e a r y v s b l e T h e p r o j e c l o n o n t h e o l t s d e o f t h e o n k e . l h e e x l e r n c. n a fbu o iThe worcl rio eo us comes irom the L a i n i o r " h a n r m e l ' o r " m a l e t : l T h e h - - a do f TlreibLr.r rs ocoied on lheo{rts.le s!rfoce ol The knee Ofy ihc uppor and ower ex lrem tes of th-a l b! r ore v s b e on irre sur facc. The shofi Lrn.leres tlre m|rsces oT lire .q i o l h e o l h r 1 ! - ' . r lfh . -i-b o s i h c i r r r . ' s a n T - ror (Dl. d l e x o r t r r ( r s . r l-h - a i o r l l i r x r l c s . l ll h c L r p p -h - rv o t h ( l s o l l t i eI b r r T t t l . J i ! l o r i o f l l r \ nrrn:u pdjlrs I iurl ol ihlicf kc.rf.ld sop i l r r f , o f l t t r r n u 5 ! . o l l h o l o o l .w h e r c I pa$.s L rdint.rlh .rf.l rnscrls inTollrc lros.l ol rtlr rfch rxlir l)ornr oi lic ltrc.rl lo.. llrc l . 5 lr f c l N l o r n r L T hj j i l . l ( ) f J V c r vo r g c o n c i s !i be wheie t cr.rsses lhe troft (n llre ()w.:r ,o! cn.l.rnke isnrnclon slo b,-.d (l--rlthe iooi nrv]l.l The eq, wheri ih,- t.rot D n ihit posi.D. iiie Tcl].lor.or be mod c,-ary D re.J y lo ih,- o!lt|.ie ofih,- Ubo sornerrr is The .,nq ollcnsor ol The To,4s. or ,Frl,Fns.] . l . l l o r l n r o r . l L s ( E )l l i s m | ] s c e o s o o r s , - s fronr l h - .L 4 ) t ) , lw r ( )l t i ( l : r . ) l i h { r i t r t ro n . i p o r l of Tlre f bLro lhe T.nclonoTTh s ri|]sc e crosses into l.rLrr ire nonTollhe.rnke, wh,-r,ai div cl,qs sflro erTenclons llr.rTlonouton iir--T.rpback, or .lors|]mol Thefool fhese imo er len.lo15 n s e n n t o l h e o s t p h a o n g e so f t h e s e c o n d lhrough i h . rf i t h i o e s A s l s n o m e i m p e s . l l r e ong erlensor oi llre ioes exlends (uncursl these i o e sa n c lh e L Ffs exthefooi Boihibois c1renrcrssed anleror oncl ihe ong exTensor lnto one lorm or the froni ofihe eg isironr the efiironi The ghl n ih s dravr'ing of ihe fgure Youfab ly to clrow n ghl ond slrade greoiy mproveswhenyoLr reo zeilrol ghl os i oppeors on o lgLrre n noiure s noi necessorlylhe besl ol-tl lor drowng Ari$s usuoly d e v s eo s n g e i g h l s o u r c e , s n c eg h l hlifg ihe igure lrom d ilerenl clreclons iends lo breok up the lorms oflhe igure, creongelodd nol copy iohlng os l ex$ed n nanrrebut creoted h6 own

FDHAMA\ ESFORTNE CRUC]F STUD \ A& t 2A96cn) 1511,edchalk1t 6 31,U

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l w o p e r o n e o m l s c e s a r , e f r o ml h e f b L o I on ihe ouhde or ihe eq The rorcl PeF fbuof Ceorly o n e o m e a n s p e r l o n si o i l " r e vs b e on ihe ouls de of ihe eg s Tl-teong peronecrmLrsc e, or percneus ongus,A nfhe ihe up r i g h t - h o n c l d r on w g . w hc h a r s e s i r o m p e r t w o i h r d so i i h e i b u o T h e i e n d o n o TT hs orolno lhe ouiet moleous mlsce posses and exlenos Lrnderond across ihe fool lo ierm nole n ihe base olihe meloiorso oiThe g r e a i l o e l s m o l n f u n c l o n s l o e N T e n dl h e of lhe poih of is ien lool;howevei beccLJse clon acrossthe soe of lhe fooT,ihrs 'nuscle oso s responsib e ioriLrrnrrgihe so e ouiwrr.l leverirfg tl The short peroneo nLsce. ol two p-.roneus brevis[B], orses fforn ifre ovr'er The oi Th 5 nusce r.ls lbLr o. ferr.lon th of lhe oho posses oroln.l ihe exlerno molLeoLrs, inTolhebdsc ofTlrenrekrt.rrsoof blrl 1 rserTs ol.rrso The mnld o The l!e lol]. or ifih rrrer ibre5 of lh s m!s.e ore covejed rry Theten tuf ol ihe of.l fr:]rofeo Togel'.J wilr The The pe(/re!s brevs ext--n.]5 orq peri]nl:].l1. rg thl Thel.rn by tflnq Thehee wh .r pLrslr olc rorey s,oerior ThertAofca mLr5c-as .lrowr oj n.lvil|ro nrrj.l.rsr on-.1 on(l slcnder Theyt--f(l io nrosi log--lh.J formrnq ih--llcncra cy n.lri.rr shopcolThe ow.rr cg. the eg s I o iT.rieot llcol Vhef. lrowcver. o.Ji{)f ior nn.rncc. wh-^n llic --ni re weighj .rt Th,- b(rly s on The l.r--5 lfrcse musc,-5 nr.'ss 1'|row up os sep.lruie fttffis onTh,-lor9-^r o f t h - -e q M c h e o n q e ( ) t ) l l . n . i e c o r o T e . i l h e oLrls cl,-ol ih.- fooTwlh no.rrlons oflhelen dons ol the nto p.'roneol n|]sc es \,vroppnq oro!fil ihc bcrckol lhe exicrfol nro eourr r ths dfowng lh,- smo niossof Th,-short el1ero oi ihe loes, of --xiensordSLTorlnl brevs(Cl, s cleory visbe Th. ne rLrnnnll lsihe I blo s clownlhefronioi lhe eg r,-prer-6n onler o| the te r.)on oth s m(rsc,- lDlcreoies o hondsornecurye on ihe fronl of ilre onke. Rememberthot the eg oLuays lo.s ihe fool noje ihai lhe eg shoLrdr]ol os o cLrrveALso o p p e o r i o e n l e ro l l h e i o p o i t r e c r c h o r l h e fooi; ihe aciuo meellnQpo ni s allhe bock

SIUDESFONIHE SANLE OF CASCNA NIO T GURT 15U, pen ond btd.k chotk 1 A 1 ' . 1 . k 1 2 6 1 7/ 1 9 3 / c n )

lne /e9 e.ters rhe ioor o/ rhe boci pod ol /he orch cnd ror or

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oftheCoff Ihe Muscles

The colf of lhe leg is rnodeup of hi/omue(4 (the nome I cLes. The gostrocnemius vsimeonstrog3be ly'l h a bulgingmuscle ble on lhe surfoceof lhe leg,lt hoslwo heods, wh ch orig nole frcm ihe bock of the con dyles nlolhelop of of themur,ond it inserls the pchilles lendon,on lhe bock of lhe leg Thepoinlotwhichihefibers ofthe musc ejo n (B) thol l,endon \cr esfrom person lo person downlhe bui usuolly occurs obout holfvi/,oy is we I bock of lhe leg lf ihe gostrocnemius de\loped or In o sloteof controclion, the juncfure ond lendonwll of the mlsc e fibers be cleorly denned,lheinnerholfoflhe gostrocnemlus lson o lo\der le\lthdn sthe olier holfjlhe Innerholf thefefore Inserls lntothe Achiles tendonon o le\lslghily owerthon pont of the ollier hoi Theinthe lnsertlon lefno moleolus,how\,f, ls on ihe higher moleolus ond le\el lhon lhol of the exiernol ln o drcwlng, shoudbe so epTesenled ls The soleus lC) (lhenone meons'floifsh') o llot nluscle ihoi esdlecily underthe goslrccnemlus,ll or glnotes oi lhe upperpodlon of the bockof the tblo ond fbu o ond Inseft intothe Achilles tjendon wellbeow ihe go!' lrocnem us.Exceptfor ilsriower fbers,the 5olgosels s covorodby tho moIe superfcioL lheAchilles tendon(D)lswlde oi lh upper bofderjlilaperctouordlhe backollho onke and ihen wldensogoln os t nseds intolhe (E) heelbone,or calconeug Thepowrlul colf mlscleso lhe extengor muscles ofihe fooi.Theyenoble o person lo putthe enl rewelghtofthebodyon lhe toes. In lhis drowingthe iendon of lho tbiols (0 lscleorlyvis onterlor ble on lhe lronioi ihe onkLe.lhe dorsum ofihe fooi sdol ned bylhe iendon of lhe extensor of ihe greoi toe (O).

MUSCLES OFTI]E LOWER LEG

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O r gn : underneoih the soslrocnemllrs, rfomihe upperpodon oi ihe bock ot the libio nsedion: cMrthongaslrccnem us,

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Bony Arch The The Fool:

Voucon leornogreoideolo boutlhe onolI om/ of lhe fool from studying Micheange 03 drowngs Theformsof ihe fool o determined more by skeelal slruclure lhon byo nyotherfociorOnihe dorsum ol lhe fool ihere s only one sma musce,the shoriex tensor oftheloes, ondthelendons of lhe ong exiensor of the toesond olher muscesthat ore ocoledon ihe frontof lhe eg.Theonkle, lhe orch,ond lhe heeloflheloot oreformed by lhe se\,enlorso bones lhe coconeus, lhe oslaogalus, the ncviculorbone, ihree ond the cubod bone.The cuneiform bones, co con-auslorms the hee (4, osnoledeorlier Abole i the oslrogolus restsn the covt formedby lhe lowerendsoflhe iibo (B) ond lhe fibu o (CJnlhiscovt lacls keahnge joinf, wh ch o owsihe fool lo mo\, up (flex ionlor down(exiens onl lhe novcuor bone, lhreecuneforms, ond lhe cubod bone form lhe archofthe loot ol D Beyond lhe lorso bonesore ihe i\e meio lcrso bones, wh ch formlhe bodyofihe fool, connecing lhe lorsus 10lhe loes Eochloe hos threepho onges, of ihe greolloe, exceplf which,ikethe thumb,hosony 1wo

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N THE CREAIION FOR ANANGEL STUDIES ABOVF DANIEI, ATRIGHT ANDMOON INENUDE OFSUN NGJOMI] FGURE r'JTEND ANO TNE 9 w t 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 3/1 3 3 6 4 c n )

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Muscles oftheFoot The

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OFTl-tE FOOI N4ISCLES

Org n

oby s mibr io ihe hond. The fool h remorf however; ihe greol I lhere ore dfferences, loe isnol os mobib oslhe lhumb. Aso,unlike posilion lhethumb,whose onthe honddlfferc poslion thegreoJloe's fromtholofihef ngers, on ihe fool isnot \,eryd fferenlfromlhol of lhe othertoes. Whenlhe gct loe h lified, o len' downlhe center of lhe don-runnlng stroight loe-is cleory vsibleon ihe dorsum of lhe fool. Ths h ihe lendon (4 of lhe exlensorof lhe greol loe, whch orises from oboul holfwoyup lhe shoflof lhe fibuloond lermnoigs phoanxoflhegreoiloe.on inihe osi(dsto) ihe fronloflhe leg,this muscle h complefely co\eredby the moresupernc ai rruscles ond soh noivis b e,lislendon lsimporlontioorlsls becouse il morks the hlghpoinl,or rldge,on the dorsum of lhe fooi. n thisdrawingnoiice thol,ffomlh s fidge,N4lchelongelo hosmode groduoly onep oneoflhe foolseemloslope iowrrd ihe litl e ioe, downvr'ord ond oulvr'ord whiLe ihe pdne ot the insdeol the fooi op" peofslo drop downobruptyThefuncilon of lhe exiensofof the greol toe h lo extendthe greoiioe by llfilngt up io\dord lhe fronlof the leg The on y muscleon ihedorsum oflhe foolis lhe sho exiensorofthetoeg, osfoisd eor loi whch orignalesotihe h6elboneond lorms sdeof o smoIegg-shoped mass onlhe oLtler ihe fool (B),direcily n fronl ol ihe externo molleoLus, Fouflendonsextendffom il ond ioes insed iniothe pho ongosof the ffrslfour poss These iendons underlhe fendons of the long exiensor of ihe toes ond iherefore are fololyvisibeon the foot Theskeletoorch on the innersideof ihe byihe abdLrclor footlsflledoulond sofiened of the greoitoe,or obduciofhol uc s (c) on (dlsfal)end iheforiher of ihe metolarsc bon (D)ihoi s an of ihe goitoe s o proleciion mporlonl ondmokforihe odlsl Theouiside conlour oJihe fool isdeflned byihe obduclor of ihe tlle ioe, or obduclordjgitiminim (El and by o second londmorkprcleclion(D, whichiscousedbytheenlorged c oser(prcximoI end oi ihe meiolorsol bone of the tt e toe ln ihh drowng, l\/lcheongelo emphosized lhe powertullendon of lhe tbio lsonieriormusc lho onke loinllo e (G)os l crosses i,.rm nole n ihe nsideborder of the fool,

O r qn :
SIUD ES FOR THE LEGS OFTHE LORD INCREAT ON OFADAMHEAD OFTHE NUDE 1511,ed chdlkdet blo& cholk prepbollo* \ 7Cf [2953 t 29.69m) 11C3',

ot the boseof ihe meioioGo

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Animql Ihe Uprighf Mqn:

nfowinglhe egsolthe hlmon flguresnoi l, thol d tierenlfromdrowng lhe orms.lhe on lhe fronioflhe lh gh resem iricepsmass blesfhel cepson lhe bock ollhe orm.One grolp openslhee bow ond slroighlmuscle lo olgn wllhlhe lpperormj enslhe foreorm openslhe ond the olher group of muscles leg ond olgn il kneelo slroghlenlhe lo\der wlh lhe ihigh muscle exlernus Thef bersof lhe voslus {4 connectlo the commontendon (B) In the forms o projeclion while lhe muscle drowing porlrotd os o llol oreo Ihe the iendon h t cepsmuscles on lhe fionl ofthe thighho\ o common furlc'lontlherefore Mcheongelot linesIndcoiing ndivduoL musc es are subilyond ghtydrown t isimpodonlloren_ ond lkemoss deriheth gh aso lofge,cyllndel ihe l ceps muscesos deloih portolly embedded n ond wroppingaroundthelorgel moss bet$enmon one of ihe gdldifferences up" ond ihe ofhercnimosisthotmonslonds drowings rghi l isevdent n M cheiangelo3 ihoi he knewvreI thot monyof the muscles hove ihe funclon ol hodng lhe body up ogolnslihe force of glovljy.porexomp e, ihe obdomnus rbcoge moss lsheldup by rcius splnoe irom elec'lor on the lloni ol ihe torso, muscles on obl qLJe bhind, ond iho exiernol maxmuspfewnh lhe lhe sldegi ond gLuieus pelvlsfrom foling foMald. And, os con be s6en In the deto ol lotl, ihe knee lolnt h ol the thlgh muscle supported by lhe irlceps (D) (C)ond ihe homslrlng moss

,j

Befarao.iding lhe deloils ol mus ci mosses ond prcilberoncs ol bane, lhe lhlgh shautdfnn be conceved as a long .yfindtl.nl
flGURE SI]JDT FOR IHEBATILE OFCASCIM 1504, btlck cholk \ 14',[39.69 , 25.40.n] 15q3',

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CIIAPTER SEI/EN

DRAPERY

TI]ECRUC F X ON OF 5I PEIFR 3 715 . 5 1Ei {2623e' 1553ecn)

130

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'ornol 3qtlo esodaqt uo DuLpLrad 'slol lDr ep 'Drclsro'lrrr\ T^! oqD Aolr.r 11 epur aqi ry aro qlrod lloddnt asellal3q^\ oo uroll srapsuo.tsrlFfo aqllloodnsJoslLJ spol dorp13qlrit ^or0lo,^q eql ol Llrrollloc s^D ^ V slsor rapune\11 arnollOULI I ]o )iLJLL-]1 eLlls)ioltuadorc \13 LtaLro uioleLttlo edoqs iradDrp ot srKldooqD- o|p lnoqo 6ul qs qoFe slo,^^lo-ern61 irro,r erolaqssouJ ueq^ e lesqo no^ enl aulos eql 6uL^\orp ra6ro aLll./sorppuo s Dlap su-lrol aqL lsrLt aqt puoiaq loot po]ire o r'doc^qs^os ol ueqM tuossaceu lou s l lradDrp 6u.'v\Drp sarn6,l.]1 ]o sluro] e5uoq r+ {no oulq pLro ronasnur'6uorls sasn oeouoeqc r\ san ol arsllfuedDrp Lr -6,qt punorDi quozrrotl dor^ loql (VJsnu A.ra^ a4 Llf,nur q6nopio srrpLr bur^rn) tAtr I rqtlo sporaqI aro6u aorpsr+urtudorp

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The Geslure or Rhylhm ofFobric

on o f gurethot hoso Cince droperyresls lrgesiue or oclon he fobrictoo musf ho\ o rhyihm, or geslureThe linesof the iods olA spiro downthe nsideof lhe lhigh much ke ihe sorlor usmusc e underneofh, n o studyof the workoi Mlcheongelo, ii s nol olwoysceor whch drowingswere ocluoly mode by him ond whlch drowngs ho! been lnoccuroleyoliributedlo hm, N4ichelongoo schoorsoflen disagree, my sellh nkthollhls s nol one of Nliche onge ob drowings despileils ollribulion to him The nes do nol hove lhe sureness ond spon ianeiy ot hk oiherworks. Nordo lhey deflne lhe underlyngonotomy n lhe unheslolng v"qy lhol ho\,e come lo expecl in his skelches, Also ihe honds, heods, ond feelore rolherweoky porlroled

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ll IIREEMENIN COIIVERSAT ON 1526,peh ohd ink 14th \ 10 t3).8 | 25 cn)

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FOOT SOTD]ERS Of HORSEMENAND COMAAI cfr) 15A4,peh7 r 97h{1773t 25.03 ash nal N n Museun, AnaId.

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GTOSSARY
Iheljollow;ng in he sfudy ofo.rolomv, h o ris'otterrrsleqLe1ty e^coJnlered qt duc'ljor o musclelhol pullstiM/lry from the mid Ine of the body oclduclor o musclethof pu lslowqrd ihe midline of lhe body condyle o orge bump on o bone crsl o rldge on o bone odnsor c musclethol cousessome port of the body to slrolghlenout llexor o muscleihof cousessome port of the body to bend insrllon lhe end poln' of Tusce ottochrren' o gln the flxed polnt of muscleottochhent pondlor a rnusc e thdt lurns the polm of lhe honddownword proluberonce or lube|o6ily o smollbumpon o bone splne o shofprldgeof bone suplnolor o muscle thotilrng ihe polm of lhe hond lpword lemor o muscle lhoi pedorms o ughlenlnq flnctlon ,

'901-r0t td :ouaoH 'EUJfl

'troL '69-89 ',19-99',99-t9 ',t9-09',8t '9ffi9'rg-fln' 6L-A L'eL-ZL'9W9'69-8 '68-ge'Qe-ze 'Le-oe 'et-zr '99-29 '9t dd :urauoDH'ulnssnn rede_L't -w 'Ev-zv

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'eer-zer'6rr-s 't6-06 18-98'es-28

'rtcrnq3 '601-80t dd rprotxo $ur.]c '0t dd recuaroll oso3 1|orDuonS

-gel,E r-z , 'LZ '92-ra 'OZ'dd :rosput/\ tuorqtl 6er-Set Let to^cu '98 iE'eZ ZZ '68-88 ',t9-99 'SV-VV ',EL-Ow'6242 Ed 'gL tt do rprolxo'urnesnnuDeloLurlsv re+uolutpodoS lc louopDN oesiy\l sepoN 'lt,L-9i|dd racuaoH'[orouon ot^tr]crv 'gLNL '9t vzr'rz,ozl 'dd '+,IV uDllpdo4er! 4q{ aeN lo u.insny\l '96-96 11-9L E A9 00 'qcupua) puo tuuaH r$uc,wo ecnporoer 01uolsqlLreo qclpuol s eaooe s \eqdeu slq lq uopc
'surnesnu 'e tur.raH puo 'seLrorqll p /lJouen 6ul4\ol urutagzr-vzl'89a9 roJsuo[ce]loc puote elc od rpuoteeo !v lo LLrnesny\l - o' eqf o+epDL!I luauropel/v\ouiconjelDie

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musc es,62 Abdominol ingers,'104 1oal,126 um of hiploinl6T Aceiobu Achi esfendon,122 process, 17,18,75,77 Acromion moss ofthlgh,108 109 Adduclor grocllh, 110-111 thigh,108 109 lhumb,99 col drcwn9, 16,71,100 Anolom 46 col soltbox, Anotom 102 col snutfbox, Analom 125 Ankte.17,21,124 of supeioriliacsPne,19,66 Anler Anihe x, 34 34 Antirogus, Nch,124 125 pit,62,95 ArnT Ar$oie, 84 seeHumerus Arm-bone, Arms,88-105 bonesot 17,89,96-97 ond flexon, 96 exiension 97-99 exiensors, 104 89,96-97,'100-101, loreom, dorsiond, 78 loiissimus lengthof, 96 of, 74,78,96,99 movement musces,89-97 scopu o ond,92-93 100 lendons,98, t ceps,90-91 upper 89 Axilo,62,95 Bock10,7219,8A-81 toms ol 70 80 81 modelng, musc es of, 72 79 50 Bockbone, Boonce, 82-83 Biceps, 89,90,94 95 orign ond nsettion,89 short heod,95 58,/5, 78 Bicp tal groo\,, 96 Bicpiol1rrberosiv olis,97 Brcch see SlernLrm Breoslbone, Breosls, 68 plocemenlmole/femole, 68 Buuocks, 84 85 122'125 18,19, Colconeus,

Coli muscles,122 123 Coninus, 41 Copilulum, 96 Coracoidprocess, 89 Corpus,17,96 Costshodows, 36 Cheekbone, 17,4'l Chesl,58 59 Ch n $rop 32 '12, C avtcle, 17 , 18,21,46,52,56,58 Cacc\x, 18,19,82, 8A Colarbone,see Clovicle Commonlendon,21, 92 93,115 Composlon,24 Concha, 34 Condy e ol humerus, 92-93,98-99 Condy es of bmur 122 Contour drowng, 11 Corccobrochio s,94-95 Corocod process of scopuc,17 Corcnod process, 42-43 Cron um,19,29,40 relolonshp to foce,29 C.icod cori loge,44 Dollvn, Chor es,84 Delold muscles, 58,62,68,89,92-93, 94 95 oclionoti 89 on lomoe,68 orign ond lnsedon, 89 roised orm,94-95 Depssofobi inferor s,41 D giloiions, 60,62,64 DofsoLspnes of lhoraciclertebloe,78 Da'srm,122, 124,'126 Dropery 130-137 gesture of, 136 slmpting, 132 po nts,'131, support 132, 134 Dtaw)ng,'t2,110,128,139 drapery130-137 wiih line,12 Eor34 Eorobe,34 propodons, Egypton 21 ElGco, 23 ELbow'17,89,96, 100 pointof, 96 Ereclor sp noe,72 Enendorl 96, 123,124 Extensor d gitorum longus,1'18 119,126 Extensor oJlhe greotloe, 126 127 Extensors, 96 97,98 99

at.r'96 97,104 fnger '104 '126 laat, 118-119, 122, 124, ]egs, 147 118-119, 126 , thumb,99 Externol molleolus, 19,118 Exlernol obique muscle, 64,66,68 Eyes, 34,32,4a-41 eyes, 30,32,40 4l lghl ond shodeon, 34,36 mouih, 38 mlscles ol40-41 nose, 38 pocemento132,38 prcporlionol syslem, 32 Fdscio, 84 Femo e/tvlole lor oiions,68,82 pe vis,82 socrum, 82 iorso,68 Femur 17,'18, 19 r bato, 17 124-121 , 18,19,118-119, heod of, '19 muscles of, 120-121 Fingers, 17,96,100, 104-105 Flexian, 96, 123,124 Flexor rnuscles, 98-99,'110-111 bockof 9,110-11'l loreorm, 98-99 lowereg,'118-119 Foldof lhe groln,66-67 Focn, 124, 124-127 bonyarch,124-125 leg le olonshlp120 muscles of, 126-127 Foreshofen ng, 52,56-57,89, 102 Form,'10 27,38 bock,70 desgn ng, 24 25 fofeorm, 100 lneond,12-13 moe/lbmoe voriaiions, 68 overlopping, 60, 89 p ones ond,54 shopes ond, 14 15 slmplfuing,26 30,52,131 skeLelol slrlclureond, 16 19 underdrapery131 undeiyng structure, 10,16-27, 131 Go$rocnemius, 122 123 Geomelrc forms,52, 60 Gesfxe, '11, 16,24, 136 GlobeLo, 38 Glodio us,58

'e3oos poaq ur 0 LUep to uorrouorc 16 96 urrD '0uruoursod

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,61, ,lutod6u eeu) tz Dta+Dd aesdmeeu) ',Lo ,z suoloooro lrL-9r, 10 sLUro,L 9tr-tlt'1o seuoq 9w 9t, vt|z aeuyL wZ'WAVL^al

8Zr'rLtblrdn g8 z8 'puo sr^leo g8 z8 1o ecuotDq '9r 'rL'asod 00t'eg z8 99',rq',s3uod z0 urnrutqd gZt-VaL6tt Ll saol vot L6 96 Lt e6r! lL re6uotoqd tzt-02, 3e csn!! touorod tr'uueauued
9Z ',JO SSOU-I

tt lt'D[xDl,\ 9t'gt'sse:)od plolsol et Lt'epsnurralssol,\ tt epoqspuDlqonqu zet tt ^reoorprpun '3oD3qr 0q 'puo paurasqd 6t 89',02',s]^ed ',eloure] uo 89 !-og'puoou lspoLu t 9t zt 6z poeu l,0' 001''urrDsroJ t8 09 2coq '0urssol V' Zl ssoN 89'6V',92',L 89 urnqnuol\ tt'lt'etq puon ,sn oellon 6t suoloug\ eton/elo!!el es'suolorD etourel/eton lL rqDn

8rr'6t'snpeDurDurelu souDlDlsnesaqsu 86 26',t8 08',91 tl sr4DutosDrju zL L9 &t1ll 9tt'60|, Sot puoqtoquoI 8r lOLe$Od loleluo 6L loUeOnS co tl 6t'8t,'lt'eutds vg 8t'v9 Lt lsel..aI z0r 3sourroueqlod^H tt euoqpo H 6 Z6 p etlploc 16-96 9t',99',tZ',6t',ll,snreurnH

t8 z8 sLrolloroe oLriel/ololu 'puo ecuDtoq e8-28 1t 9t sntei '61, 'lu cL^tei od 99 c ^led 6t +serc S[Orol3oi t6 1OU[_r_] '89 lotolu slDroped '68 ',29'09 t6 9tt-9t, 10lueurooI 9w ,fi'6t'L',a eIDa 9t seuoq oleroi '68 'se! zot | ouddotro o '09 sLrrotouddotre 68 c)

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qlo |,t sl)oslDlnc 'lnco slrolnc qro 0t ',8t uouol3ao 96 68 '0t 3 3co ,t toluo4-olo 8r'elroqtoldtcao sn!re$esnnbrqo t9 snurLLropqo z! Jo lueLlecoLd t9 lo secsnL! '8e 'ze '00 '3soN tP ',e ou luauJaaoo 89 OlrJate selddN 6' 1OOrqAlrO^ 91',9t',tt to sacsnu 'lo sLr.rrol ,f/ '9e )1ceN t't l|seuoq tosoN 'uoBserdxa sacsnf\ lo |,t 0t os/oe6s uoFeEpuo uorsuelxl 'uorsserdxe tt 0t lo IL aL V9 lr luewe/ou-r prro^ etoLu/etDura] 89',suo a6 rg ,L'vg lo ual.Dltra. 'selcgnn

',sorqeuaroqurnl 6L roqLLlnl 8l'slsorneuodo buot rolouldns eeslolourdns 6tt-8r|, 5ol eqllo rosueyobuol 'te 'puo onto 90 o 00,'t9 puDseuo t8-08 )lcoq eqlouLtepour 'q,o oouoteqcln 8ll 't8 $elnpel olcq 90

ger,r,tuedorp

00, '8l ',tl '9 'rz 'tt puD epoqs ,, ltlo l 'DqLO Olll z9 'puo en o 9g 99'puo selod '6! ddotrao ZO, 68 6t gL'29 ,t et-Z, pro UJlot 'po rnc tg 6tt'z|t'?t lnoluoc '99 ',Zq ',lt 'eull 6l tet '8 ',82 ',tl '89 ',90 ',92 ',rZ ',acrnos rL.]6|1 '|, 'Fo! anbaoo srotrsdns rqotrotMet |,t 'qrotradns rqotrop et tt tt s roln6uoro+oat 60t-90!',qbqt
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96 ^^oqF 96',1t'tuole6uH 'qq6tq6 98 H ttxoH sneuoc 03 eos euoq |eoH te lDuoc oufoaH ',91 ',9t '0e p 88 t0 1$ 'lo uotlDlor 9t ',a3ol o+ otqsuolo ar 6Z 'ecDds u uo!+Fod oe 9l'p!o )perJ '62 '6u ssDul z8 opoJ 8e'te'20 serruoei lt 1o saloq zv-6z poeL]' t0,'z0t suopuel q0, t0,'6utA[dL].rs t0r'zot:lo sopsnul 'L_t16uo 96 96 10 sauoq '96'puoH q0r 20l, ',t[ 'tg sepsnul 9,|/ ]o 0tt 0[ Jo uoll3o 6uL4surDH 9r!',r[-0tr'r8'ssoLu

l,r '8e'ze'09'!+nou\ ')poqeq+ 6u spol^ t8 o8 ,zt,,6tt 8 .,tt sosrololen 96',tt sLodrocotan

ze 1oluaurecop ,t 1o sa3snur

tt! otl 36urlsLloL] tzt zzt'aar'prD+oa! zt zz,'saf,snur JtDr 56el tt'xul]o'l 'L!rD pesor 96 t6 'uofesu puD! olo 8l 81 1o uoll.D 96 V6 '18-08',81 ',29 ',09',srop snll]rss[o] 9Zt'rt,'a6 69'r8',28 tz rlalJ-rpual

89 elourq uo p ol',u or9 99',19-991o 'suolodod tz rcere 06 4 soleqq reloorS tg 6r'8, Fluoqcot reloe ttt qat,N^da ,Lt 0[ s]tcDr3 tr, 0tt looJssooe ,sn 98 89 peursnertS Snqnte 98 t8',SnUJlxOU_r 68',8'it^Dc p|oueo

prof e of lorso,86 pronolion oi hond,99 rb coge n spoce,52 seeHomsTr ng moss femorh, Posleror Posler or iLoc spne.18 lgoment 66 67 Pouporls 12,23 Pren'r noryskelches, 32 locio feollres, knee1obody 21 ol lgr'e.2o 23 22 23 Reno ssonce, syslems ot 20 23,32 Pyramidolis,62 108 Quodiceps,21,84,107 ociionol 107-108 common tendon,107 on,107-108 org n ond inserl 17,18,19,89,96-97 Rodus, of,96-97 movemenl Recius obdominus,62 107, 115 '116 Reclus femoris, proporions, 22-23 ssonce Reno 74-75,80-81 Rhombodeus, 24-25 Rhyrhm, Ribcoge, 21 of,50,52 mosslng poslon ng in sPoce,52, 56 57 t pped,64 Ribs, 18,19,50,58,60,62 o150,58, 62 corliloge Rimot eat seeHelix 72,82 84 socrum,18,19, vraotons,82 83 mole/femole orion ol ereclorspnoe,72 34 orign of g uleusmoximus, orign oi lol ssmusdors,78 108 109, 110 111 Soriorius, oclon ol 108 '108109 ofign ond nserlion, es,44 Scoene musc a. 17, 18,21,56 ScopLr oi 60,74 75,78 musces p ocemenlol 74 75 p io orms,9293 rcohonsh splneol l8 onierot 95 Serfo'tus rrognJs,60,64 Serrotus 36 Shodows,

Shope, oi dropery131,132 ol fornrs, 14 '15 oulside,14, 134 smp fuing,132 Shinbone, seeTbio Shorl exlensor of lhe loes,126-127 Shou der blodes, seeScopu o Shou dergirde,46,56 57 Shou derjo nl,17 Shou der muscle, 58 Shouders,82 83 fromework Skeletol 16-19 Skul, 40 Saetrs,122 123 Spoce,lorms n, 30,52,56 57,60 Spne ofihe scopuo, 18,75 ng, 128 129 Slond Sternoc e domostoid, 46 Sternomoslod,34 Stefnum, 17,21,46,50,58 Portsol, 58 Supnolor 97 99 Suprosp noius, 74-75 pubis, Symphyss 19,66-67 Torsq bones,124-125 Torsus,17,21 Ternpora is,41 43 Tencion sheeh,76,78 Tensor fosce oioe,108-109 Teres 93, major62,74-75,80-81,92 94 95 inseriion, 75 Teres minoi 74 75,80-81,92-95 Thenor mass,102 Thigh, 107 113 ironi ot '107 homsir ngsond, 1'10-111 movemenl ol 108 109 p lo pelvis,l'12-113 reloiionsh Thlghbone, seeFemur Throol46,56,58 Thoroc c orch,62 Thumb,99, 104 105 mLrscles of,99,104 reolionship 1ofingers,104-105 Throid codioge,44 \bia, 17 , 18,19 , 21,118-119 lLrberc e ol '19, 21 Tbiohonterior 118119,126 lt t, ol heod,30,34,46,76,83 for boonce,82 83 of pelvis Torso, 48 86 onlerior of,48 69 bonesol 17,58

iormsol chesl53-59 formsol 6l overlopping po$eior ot 70 87 prof e ot 86 rb coge,50 52 gkd e, 56 57 shouldef Trogus, 34 Tropez us,46,56,76 77,8o 81,89 orign ond nserlion, T6-77 Tro\,erse lendons, 62 Tr ceps,89,90,92-95 ociionol 90 externoheod ol92-93 nlerno heod ol 92 93,94 ong heod of,92 93 90 orlgn ond inserlon, Ir cepsfemoralis, seeQuodrceps Iuberce of lhe libo,19,21 19, 100 101 Uha,17, 18, 89,96-97, moss ng,100-101 mo\emeniof, 96 97 Uprght pose,128 \(rue, 34,36,38,80-81,134 mode ng ihe back,80-81 \tstus exlernus, 115, 116 107-108, orginond inserton, 107-108 \bsluslniermedlus, 107 ,l07, \hsiLrs 116 iniernus, 115, \brlebrae,'18, 19 ceNical, 19,14-15,76 eeclor spinoemusces ond, 72 latssimus dorsiond, 78 trmbat.19,72,78 scalene musc es ond,44 scopu oe ond, 74 75 lrapezius ond, 76 thotaclc,19, 50,7 4 75,78 vtetgfi , 68, 84, 86,124,02 on egs,84,86,120 a.t laes,122 plocemeni ol 68 Whiiene,62 Wist, 17,96, 100 101 Wistbroceleis, 102 Xipho d process, 17,21,58,62 Zygomol c orch,40 43 Zygomotclsmolor41 /gomotcusm not 41

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