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Introduction
This Reuse and Salvage Guideline contains the necessary information in order to allow a dealer to establish a parts reusability program. Reuse and salvage information enables Caterpillar Dealers and customers to benefit from cost reductions. Every effort has been made in order to provide the most current information that is known to Caterpillar. Continuing improvement and advancement of product design might have caused changes to your product which are not included in this publication. This Reuse and Salvage Guideline must be used with the latest technical information that is available from Caterpillar. For additional information about this guideline, consult Repair Process Engineering of the Marketing and Product Support Division at 1 (309) 675-5434.
Summary
The engine reconditioning does not necessarily result in the installation of new pistons as part of the process of reconditioning. Pistons that meet the specifications in this guideline and other applicable guidelines can be expected to have the same performance in the same application until the next overhaul. Compare the pistons from this guideline with the pistons that are removed from the engine. This guideline gives specific types of wear. Some pistons cannot be salvaged. Reference this guideline before reusing a piston. The pistons that are considered unacceptable in this guideline should not be reused. Piston failure can be due to poor engine performance. Always correct the true cause of the original failure. Note: Salvaging pistons with extensive damage may not be practical due to labor costs.
References
Reference Refer to Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059-12, "Procedure and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons". Reference Refer to Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8051-05, "Inspection and Measuring Procedures for Piston Pins". Reference Refer to Contamination Control Guidelines, PEBJ0002, "Caterpillar Dealer Contamination Control Compliance Guide". Reference Refer to Special Instructions, SEHS8696, "Piston Cleaning Procedure".
Refer to the latest version of the Service Manual, NENG2500, "Tools and Shop Products Guide" for any changes.
Nomenclature
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Illustration 1 g01198372 The piston is from a 3114 engine or the piston is from a 3116 engine. (1) Crown (2) Crater (3) Ring Band (4) Ring Grooves (5) Ring Lands (6) Skirt (7) Pin Bore (8) Snap Ring Groove (9) Top Land (10) Cooling Jet Relief (11) Skirt Relief
Illustration 2
g01198447
The piston is from a 3114 engine or the piston is from a 3116 engine. (1) Crown
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(2) Crater (3) Ring Band (4) Ring Grooves (5) Ring Lands (6) Skirt (7) Pin Bore (8) Snap Ring Groove (9) Land (10) Skirt Relief
Illustration 3 g01198161 The piston is from a 3400 series engine of the direct injection type with a double ring land. (1) Crown (2) Crater (3) Ring Band (4) Ring Grooves (5) Ring Lands (6) Skirt (7) Pin Bore (8) Snap Ring Groove (9) Top Land (10) Cooling Jet Relief (11) Skirt Relief
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Illustration 4 g01198198 The piston is from a 3400 series engine of the direct injection type with a single ring land. (1) Crown (2) Crater (3) Ring Band (4) Ring Grooves (5) Ring Lands (6) Skirt (7) Pin Bore (8) Snap Ring Groove (9) Top Land (10) Cooling Jet Relief (11) Skirt Relief
Illustration 5 The piston is from a 3500 series engine. (1) Crown (2) Crater (3) Ring Band (4) Ring Grooves (5) Ring Lands
g01198306
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(6) Skirt (7) Pin Bore (8) Snap Ring Groove (9) Top Land (10) Cooling Jet Relief (11) Skirt Relief
Illustration 6 g01198322 The piston from a typical precombustion chamber engine (1) Crown (2) Valve Pocket (3) Heat Plug (4) Crater (5) Ring Band (6) Top Ring Groove (7) Middle Ring Groove (8) Oil Ring Groove (9) Third Ring Land (10) Skirt (11) Pin Bore (12) Snap Ring Groove (13) Top Ring Land (14) Second Ring Land (15) Cooling Jet Relief (16) Skirt Relief
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g01198332
Note: The piston and piston pin must be identified and marked with the cylinder number and orientation in reference to the front of the engine. Note: Do not mix and match pistons and piston pins from different cylinders. Ensure that the pistons and piston pins are oriented properly to the front of the engine upon reassembly.
NOTICE
If the pistons and piston pins have been worn together, mixing the parts can possibly lead to pin rotation issues.
Illustration 8 Nomenclature for ring grooves (1) Ring Band (2) Top Ring Land (3) Second Ring Land (4) "J" Groove (5) Skirt
g01198333
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Illustration 9 Nomenclature for ring grooves (1) Third Ring Land (2) Ring Band (3) Top Ring Land (4) Second Ring Land (5) "C" Groove (6) Skirt
g01198336
General Procedures
Follow the instructions in this guideline in order to determine if a piston is reusable. 1. Make a visual check of the overall condition of the piston. 2. Clean the piston thoroughly. 3. Reinspect the piston after cleaning for the following.
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4. The following areas of the piston should be inspected before reusing. (a) Ring Band (b) Ring Groove (c) Ring Land (d) Skirt (e) Pin Bore (f) Snap Ring Groove 5. Measure the piston according to the specifications in the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedure and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
Initial Inspection
Make a quick visual inspection of the piston before cleaning. If no obvious faults are found, clean the piston according to the instructions in the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures to Clean and Inspect Pistons".
Visual Inspections
Top of Piston
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Small cracks around the heat plug are normal. To measure these cracks, use a 34 gauge wire that has a diameter of 0.15 mm (0.006 inch) as a gauge. A 6V-2196 Microscope and 6V-7894 Microlite can also be used.
Illustration 10 g01198512 Small cracks that are less than 0.15 mm (0.006 inch) wide around the heat plug.
Illustration 11 g01198517 The arrows show cracks that are wider than 0.15 mm (0.006 inch).
Illustration 12 g01198526 If necessary, use a 6V-2196 Microscope and 6V-7894 Microlite to measure the size of the cracks around the heat plug.
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Illustration 13 g01198531 View the cracks through the eyepiece of the 6V-2196 Microscope . This crack is wider than 0.15 mm (0.006 inch).
g01198535
Illustration 15 g01198540 Crack (A) goes into the valve pocket. Cracks (A) and (B) are wider than 0.15 mm (0.006 inch).
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Illustration 16 g01198569 The crack goes across the area between the valve pockets.
Illustration 17 g01198570 Cracks in the crater that are not wider than 0.15 mm (0.006 inch)
Illustration 18 g01198573 Crack (A) goes into the valve pocket. Callout (B) shows cracks that are connected to each other. If either type of crack is found, do not use the piston again.
Do not use the piston again. Do not reuse the piston if the piston shows signs of contact with a valve or contact with valves. See Illustrations 19, 20, 21 and 22.
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Illustration 19 g01198626 The light marks are caused by contact with the valves. Find the cause of the contact with the valve and then inspect the piston for cracks.
Illustration 20 g01198629 The light marks are caused by contact with the valves. Correct the cause of the contact.
Illustration 21 g01198632 The heavy marks are caused by contact with the valves. Correct the cause of the contact.
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Illustration 22 g01198635 The light marks are caused by contact with the valves. No material has been embedded into the surface of the piston. Check for cracks in the ring band area and measure the pin bores before reusing.
g01198642
Illustration 24 g01198651 The light pitting on the piston crown and in the area of the valve pockets is acceptable.
Use the piston again. The latest designs of direct injection pistons have a sharp edge at the edge of the crater bowl in order to ensure good engine performance for emissions and fuel economy. Fine cracks can begin at this sharp edge due to thermal fatigue and mechanical fatigue. Although some fine cracking may be normal, severe cracks can be a sign of severe engine load factor. The pistons with crater cracks that are less than 6.00 mm (0.236 inch) long may be reused. The piston can be reused if the cracks are on the edge of the crater rim of the piston. The cracks in the piston should not be within 30 degrees of the centerline of the piston pin bore.
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Illustration 25 g01198655 Cracks that are less than 6.00 mm (0.236 inch) long are allowed within the shaded area.
(1) The centerline of piston pin bore (A) 30 degrees (B) 6.00 mm (0.236 inch)
Illustration 26 g01198667 The cracks are in the crater area of a direct injection piston. Measure the length and angle of the crack in relation to the pin bore. Use the piston again if the crack is less than 6.00 mm (0.236 inch) wide and the crack is not within 30 degrees of the pin bore.
Illustration 27 g01198673 The crack in the piston is outside of the allowable area for cracks.
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Illustration 28 g01198681 Remove burrs or raised edges with a file or a small grinder.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised edges are removed and the piston is cleaned and completely inspected.
g01198686
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised areas have been cleaned. Use the piston after the areas have been completely inspected. Pistons that have cracks in the area of the valve pockets should not be reused. The material that is below the valve pocket of the piston should not be removed. Do not remove any sharp edges or any other material that has been embedded in the piston that can be easily removed by hand.
g01198701
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Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised areas are removed and the area of the ring land is checked carefully.
g01198704
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised areas have been removed and the area of the ring land is checked carefully.
Illustration 32 g01198777 Arrow (A) shows a small chip on the top of the piston. Arrow (B) shows debris on top of the piston.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised edges or debris is removed with a file.
Illustration 33 g01198780 The small holes (A) are caused by debris. Light pitting (B) in crater.
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Illustration 34 g01198781 There is light pitting in the area of the valve pocket.
Illustration 35 g01198785 Do not reuse any piston that has heavy pitting on the entire crown.
g01198788
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Illustration 37 g01198791 The piston displays the maximum amount of erosion that is allowable. Do not reuse a piston that is displaying the severity of erosion that is more than the amount that is shown in Illustration 37.
Illustration 38 g01198792 The piston has heavy erosion on the crown. Any piston that is displaying this severity of erosion anywhere on the crown should not be reused.
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Illustration 40 g01198805 The heat plug is loose and uneven with the surface of the crater. If the plug requires tightening, do not reuse the piston.
g01198814
g01198821
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Illustration 43 g01198965 The piston crown is showing numerous deep pits and distinct pits.
Fuel Erosion
The piston has erosion in the area of the crater that is caused by fuel. The erosion of the piston that is caused by fuel is only a problem of appearance and the structural integrity of the piston is not affected. Use the photos that follow to determine if the piston can be reused.
Illustration 44 g01198972 The crater of the piston is showing light erosion that is caused by fuel.
Illustration 45 g01198977 The crater of the piston is showing light erosion that is caused by fuel.
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Illustration 46 g01198982 The crater of the piston is showing numerous areas of erosion that is caused by fuel.
Use the piston again. Do not use pistons that have more severe erosion than the piston that is shown.
Illustration 47 g01198986 The crater of the piston shows deep erosion that is caused by fuel.
Illustration 48 g01198989 The crater of the piston is showing six points of deep erosion that is caused by fuel.
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Illustration 49 g01198990 The crater of the piston is showing multiple points of deep erosion that is caused by fuel.
Illustration 50 g01199009 The piston shows normal carbon scratches. The scratches are common on pistons with offset pin bores.
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Illustration 52 g01199018 The piston is displaying heavy carbon scratches in the top ring land.
Illustration 53 g01199021 The piston has light carbon scratches in the top ring land.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised areas are removed with a file and the piston is properly cleaned. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
Illustration 54 g01199026 Deep scratches on the piston which have offset pin bores.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised areas are removed with a file and the piston is properly cleaned. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
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Note: If an engine failure has caused a force against the piston, the piston must be visually inspected for cracks. Refer to Illustrations 55, 63, and 77.
g01199027
g01199028
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised areas are removed with a file and the piston is properly cleaned. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
g01199038
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Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised areas are removed with a file and the piston is properly cleaned. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
Illustration 58 g01199084 The piston is showing separation of the ring band. Check below the ring band and above the ring band. The piston is not reusable if there is the slightest separation in the ring band.
Illustration 59 g01199093 The piston has had pieces that are broken out of the top land and the ring band.
g01199096
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Do not use the piston again. Note: The piston can be reused after a burr or a raised area is made smooth with a file.
g01199148
Use the piston again. Use the piston after the carbon deposits are removed. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
g01199152
Illustration 63
g01199157
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g01199167
Illustration 65 g01199168 The damage is to the ring land of the piston. The piston is not reusable as the ring lands have been compressed. Filing the area smooth will not make this piston reusable.
Illustration 66 g01199171 An example of a piston with normal wear on the skirt. The area that is gray has many small scratches.
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Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the scratches are removed by cleaning with glass beads. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
g01199282
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the scratches are removed by cleaning with glass beads. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
Illustration 68 g01199285 The piston skirt is from a 3500 series engine that has been cleaned per the guideline the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons". The piston skirt still has light scratches but there is no raised material.
Illustration 69
g01199295
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The piston is showing evidence of seizure. The piston has more damage that is suggested so the piston should not be reused.
Illustration 70 g01199297 The piston shows scuffing just below the bottom ring groove.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the skirt has been cleaned and inspected. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
Illustration 71 g01199299 The piston shows small shiny areas of particles or aluminum bearing material that have been embedded in the skirt.
Do not use the piston again. Do not use the piston again unless the particles can be removed by cleaning with glass beads. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
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Illustration 72 g01199304 The piston shows metal particles in the skirt. The piston has dark particles that are not aluminum so the piston should not be reused.
Illustration 73 g01199310 The piston is showing the maximum amount of damage to the skirt that is possible. A piston must have no raised material in order to be reused.
Illustration 74 g01199315 The piston displays wear due to lack of lubrication for a short period of time.
Use the piston again. The piston can be reused if there is no raised material or embedded material in the skirt after being cleaned.
Illustration 75 g01199316 The piston is showing damage just below the ring groove. The piston has no cracks that are visible.
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Use the piston again after the raised material is removed with a file and the piston is clean. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
Illustration 76 g01199329 A piston that has light damage to the bottom of the skirt
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised material is removed with a file and the piston is clean. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
Illustration 77 g01199333 The piston is showing heavy damage to the skirt. A piston with cracks in any area of the skirt make the piston unusable.
Do not use the piston again. Note: Illustrations 78 and 79 are displaying a crack in the piston skirt of a C15 piston. The piston skirt that is shown in Illustration 78 and Illustration 79 is the same piston.
Illustration 78
g01243290
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The C15 piston is showing damage to the piston skirt. There is a crack near the hole for the pin.
Illustration 79 g01243598 The location of the vertical line is at the transition line of the piston skirt.
Illustration 80
g01199385
Do not use the piston again. If the cover plates of the cooling gallery are found in a loose condition the piston should not be used again.
Illustration 81 g01199395 The piston has minor scratches in the graphite coating of the skirt.
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Illustration 82 g01199403 The piston has minor scratches in the coating of graphite on the skirt.
Illustration 83 g01199408 The piston has loss on the coating of graphite on the skirt.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again if the loss of coating on the skirt does not exceed half the area of the skirt. The piston should not be reused if the wear is from hard contact.
Illustration 84 g01199422 The piston has loss on the coating of graphite on the skirt.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again if the loss of coating of graphite does not exceed half the area of the piston skirt. The piston must also show no signs of wear from hard contact.
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Illustration 85 g01199436 The piston has loss on the coating of graphite on the skirt.
Do not use the piston again. The loss on the coating of graphite on the piston exceeds half of the skirt. The piston is also showing signs of wear from hard contact.
Illustration 86 g01199491 The piston has loss on the coating of graphite on the skirt.
Do not use the piston again. The loss on the coating of graphite on the piston exceeds half of the skirt.
Illustration 87 g01199571 The piston should not be reused because of scratches that extend into the steel skirt.
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Illustration 88 g01199573 The scratches on the piston that extend into the steel skirt that can be felt should not be used again.
Illustration 89 g01199576 A piston with light damage to the pin bore and skirt
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the raised material is removed with a file and the piston is clean. Refer to the Reuse and Salvage Guidelines, SEBF8059, "Procedures and Specifications to Clean and Measure Pistons".
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g01199578
Illustration 91 g01199581 The piston has internal damage to the area of the piston pin bore.
Illustration 92 g01199584 The piston has light wear on the edge of the bore, but the measurements of the bore are correct.
Illustration 93 g01199614 The piston has discoloration on the underneath side. Measure the piston pin bores in order to make sure that there is no distortion.
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Illustration 94 g01199941 The piston has a wear pattern inside the pin bore.
Use the piston again. Do not use the piston again if the scratches can be felt with a fingernail.
Illustration 95 g01199944 The piston shows wear and scratches in the pin bore that can be felt with a fingernail.
Illustration 96 g01199956 There is a track of heavy debris on the piston. The piston pin bore can be used again because the surface of the bore is smooth.
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Illustration 97 g01199959 There is embedded debris in the surface of the piston. The piston has debris that can be felt.
Illustration 98 g01199964 The piston has visible scratches that cannot be felt. The surface of the piston is smooth.
Illustration 99 g01199969 The piston has visible scratches and a track of debris that cannot be felt. The surface of the piston is smooth.
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Illustration 100 g01199975 The piston has visible scratches that can be seen but not felt. The scratches on the piston have been caused by removing and installing the pin.
Illustration 101 g01200089 The piston bore has a maximum allowable amount of debris.
Illustration 102 g01200090 The piston has severe tracks of debris but the surface of the bore is smooth.
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Illustration 103 g01200091 The piston has impact damage that was caused by mishandling. This type of damage to the piston will result in a crack that will extend to the bore.
Illustration 104 g01200093 The piston shows a wear step in the snap ring groove. This type of damage is caused by a rotating snap ring.
Illustration 105
g01200096
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The piston has damage that has been caused by snap ring pliers during the removal of the snap ring.
Two-Piece Pistons
Nomenclature
Illustration 106 g01200097 The schematic of a two-piece piston crown and piston skirt (1) Crown (2) Crater (3) Ring Grooves (4) Ring Lands (5) Piston Pin Bushing (6) Skirt (7) Pin Bore in Skirt (8) Top Land (9) Piston Side Relief
Reconditioning Procedure
There are several methods for reconditioning minor damage to the piston crown and the piston skirt. Use the method for cleaning that is least aggressive during the process for reconditioning of the piston. A depression results when a part is scratched, nicked, or dented. The scratch, the nick, or the dent can also result in a area that is raised.
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Illustration 107 g01200111 Carefully remove the raised metal area that is caused by nicks, dents and scratches. Illustration 107 shows examples of the various types of damage to the piston. In order for the piston to be reused, the piston must be cleaned and the area of metal that is raised must be removed from the surface of the piston. (A) Scratch (B) Raised Metal
The raised areas of the piston can be removed by several methods. The most common methods of removing raised metal are a file, a polishing wheel, or a Scotch-Brite abrasive disc. The file is the most aggressive method for removing raised material. The file is generally recommended for small areas on the surface for material that has been raised more than 0.20 mm (0.008 inch). Use caution to ensure that only the raised material is removed. Be sure that no indentations are left behind from the reconditioning procedure. The polishing wheel and the Scotch-Brite abrasive disc are used to remove small scratches in larger areas. The piston skirt is made from aluminum. In order to reduce the risk of damage to the piston, manual buffing is preferred to a polishing wheel to remove scratches and imperfections. Illustration 132 shows an example of a skirt that was buffed with a Scotch-Brite abrasive disc.
Visual Inspection
Make a basic visual inspection of the piston before cleaning. Check the piston for obvious damage. Do not use the piston again if obvious damage is visually inspected. Clean the piston and inspect the piston if no damage is observed.
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Use the piston again. The piston may be used again if the raised material can be removed with a file or an oilstone.
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Illustration 109 g01201901 The piston has several small nicks that appear as shiny areas.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after removing the raised material.
Illustration 110 g01201911 The piston has several small nicks that are visible.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after removing the raised material.
Illustration 111 g01201914 The piston has a crack in the web area. There is also damage near the pin bore of the piston.
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Illustration 112 g01201921 The piston has damage in the area of the pin bore. There is no amount of damage that is allowable in the area of the pin bore.
Illustration 113 g01201926 The piston has a large nick on the surface of the skirt. The damage to the skirt is not repairable.
Illustration 114 The piston has a nick that is too large to repair.
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Illustration 115 g01201935 The piston has an area of damage that is too large to repair.
Illustration 116 g01201938 The piston has damage to the top surface of the skirt. The piston must not have damage in the joint between the skirt and the crown.
Scuffing
Scuffing is not permitted on the piston skirts that are going to be reused. Scuffing is a combination of scratching and embedded material. Do not reuse skirts that have evidence of scuffing.
Illustration 117 g01201941 The piston has a scuffed area that is small and material is also embedded in the surface.
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Illustration 118 g01201951 The piston has a scuffed area that is small and material is also embedded in the surface.
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Illustration 122 g01201974 The piston has a horizontal marking that is discolored. The horizontal marking does not affect the reusability of the piston.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the scratches have been polished.
Illustration 123 g01201978 The piston has discoloration due to the cleaning solution.
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Illustration 124 g01201990 The piston has horizontal markings that are the result of the manufacturing process. The horizontal markings are not a defect on the piston.
Illustration 125 g01201992 The piston is showing corrosion that is the color of rust.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after polishing the skirt to remove the corrosion. There must also be no corrosion in the piston pin bore or in the groove for the piston snap ring.
Embedded Material
There must be no embedded material in the piston. Embedded material can appear as dark hard particles in the surface of the skirt that can scratch the cylinder wall. Embedded material can also appear as light particles on a dark piston. Do not reuse any piston skirt that has embedded material.
Illustration 126
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Do not use the piston again. Note: The piston skirt that is shown in Illustration 132 has scratches that can be smoothed through buffing. The piston skirt has embedded material so the skirt cannot be reused.
Illustration 127 g01201997 The piston has a large embedded particle which makes the piston unacceptable.
Illustration 128 g01202022 The piston shows a heavy concentration of embedded particles.
Scratches
Illustration 129
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The piston has scratches that are not deep and no embedded material is visible.
Use the piston again. The piston can be used again after the piston is smooth from buffing.
Illustration 130 g01202026 The piston has scratches that are not deep and no embedded material is visible.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the piston is smooth from buffing.
Illustration 131 g01202028 The piston skirt is showing scratches that cover a wide area but the scratches are not deep.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again after the piston is smooth from buffing.
Illustration 132
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The piston has a skirt that is smooth from buffing with a Scotch-Brite abrasive disc.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again if all the raised material is removed by buffing.
Illustration 133 g01202296 The piston may have scratches that are too deep to salvage. The piston needs to be buffed and the piston needs to be inspected before the piston can be reused.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again if there is no visible raised material or embedded material.
Illustration 134 g01202297 The piston may have scratches that are too deep to salvage. The piston needs to be buffed and the piston needs to be inspected before the piston can be reused.
Use the piston again. Use the piston again if there is no visible raised material or embedded material.
Illustration 135
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The piston may have small scratches but embedded material is visible.
Crowns
The recommendations in this section are based on two-piece piston crowns. To illustrate damage to pistons, some of the photographs in this section are of one-piece pistons.
Illustration 136 g01202305 The piston has damage in the areas between the lands. The piston can be reused because the damage does not extend into the ring groove.
Use the piston again. The piston can be used again if the raised material can be removed with a file or oilstone.
Illustration 137 g01202308 The damage to the piston extends into the area of the ring groove which cannot be corrected.
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Illustration 138 g01202310 The damage to the piston is in the area of the ring groove which cannot be corrected.
Illustration 139 g01202331 The damage to the piston is on the bottom of the crown which cannot be repaired.
Illustration 140 g01202333 The piston has porosity in the bottom of the ring land that does not affect the sealing ability of the ring. Notice the dent at the top of the piston crown. The piston can be reused after the raised material is removed.
Use the piston again. Do not use the piston again if the damage to the ring land is by the piston ring that will affect the shape of the groove.
Illustration 141 g01202335 The piston has a dent between the ring grooves that can cause the groove to change in shape.
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Illustration 142 g01202339 The piston has a dent between the ring grooves that can cause the groove to change in shape.
Illustration 143 The piston has damage inside the ring groove.
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