Chapter 19 Electric Currents and Circuits Lecture 8

19.5 DC Circuits: Adding Capacitors

19.6 Making Electric Measurements : Ammeters
and Voltmeters
19.7 RC Circuits as Filters

20.1 Sources of Magnetic Fields
20.2 Magnetic Forces Involving Bar magnets



Chapter 20 Magnetic Fields and Forces Lecture 8
Kirchhoffs Rules - Review
Kirchhoffs Rule 1: Loop Rule
When any closed loop is traversed completely in a circuit,
the algebraic sum of the changes in potential is equal to zero.

0
i
loop
V A =

Kirchhoffs Rule 2: Junction Rule

The sum of currents entering any junction in a circuit is equal to
the sum of currents leaving that junction.
i j
in out
I I =

Conservation of charge
between I n and Out branches
Assign I
i
to each branch
Coulomb force is conservative
AV
i
>0 if V rises, AV
i
<0 if V falls.
Using Kirchhoffs Laws in Multiple Loop Circuits
Identify nodes (a and b) and use Junction Rule:
3 1 2
i i i = +
Identify independent loops and use Loop Rule:
Only two are
independent.
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
0 i R i R i R c c + + =
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
0 i i R i R i i R c c + + =
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
0 i i R i R i R i i R c c + + =
1 2
i i +
1 2
i i +
Circuit Analysis Tips
Sketch the diagram
Simplify using equivalent resistors
Label currents with directions
Use J unction Rule in labeling
Choose independent loops
Use Loop Rule
Solve simultaneous linear equations
Another example (with parallel R combos)
Replace by equivalent
R=2O first.
Sketch the diagram
Simplify using equivalent resistors
Label currents with directions
Use J unction Rule in labeling
Choose independent loops
Use Loop Rule
Solve simultaneous linear equations
I
1
+I
2
I
2
I
1
1 2 1
18 12( ) 6 0 I I I + =
2 2 1
3 21 2 6 0 I I I + + =
1 2
3 2 3 I I + =
1 2
6 5 21 I I =
2 1
3( ), 1( ) I A and I A = =
Capacitor at Various Times - RC Circuits
Just after the switch is closed
The charge is very small
V
cap
is very small
I = / R
Section 19.5

When t is large
The charge is very large
V
cap

The polarity of the capacitor opposes the battery emf
The current approaches zero
Capacitor at Various Times - RC Circuits (continued)
Discharging the Capacitor RC Circuit
Discharging the Capacitor RC Circuit (continued)
Current:

Voltage:

Charge:

Time constant: , the same as for charging

( )
t
c

=
t
I e
R
/
1
Section 19.5
/ t
cap
V e
t
c

=
/ t
q C e
t
c

=
RC t =
Capacitors in Series
Several capacitors can
be connected in series
The equivalent
capacitance is


The equivalent
capacitance is smaller
than any of the
individual capacitors
equiv
C C C C
= + + +
1 2 3
1 1 1 1
Section 19.5
Capacitors in Parallel
Capacitors connected in parallel also can be
equivalent to a singe capacitor
C
equiv
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
+
The equivalent capacitance is larger than any of the
individual capacitors

Section 19.5
Ammeters
An ammeter is a device
that measures current
An ammeter must be
connected in series with
the desired circuit
branch
An ideal ammeter will
measure current without
changing its value
Must have a very low
resistance
Section 19.6
Voltmeters
A voltmeter measures
the voltage across a
circuit element
It must be connected in
parallel with the element
An ideal voltmeter
should measure the
voltage without
changing its value
The voltmeter should
have a very high
resistance
Section 19.6
Filters
It is often desirable to filter out time-dependent
fluctuations in a voltage signal
Circuits that can do so are called filters
They can be constructed with RC combinations
A filter is useful in many applications
Noise in a radio signal
The amount of filtering depends on the values of R
and C
Section 19.7
Chapter 19 Electric Currents and Circuits Lecture 8
19.5 DC Circuits: Adding Capacitors
19.6 Making Electric Measurements : Ammeters
and Voltmeters
19.7 RC Circuits as Filters

20.1 Sources of Magnetic Fields
20.2 Magnetic Forces Involving Bar magnets



Chapter 20 Magnetic Fields and Forces Lecture 8
Magnets
The first observations of magnetic fields involved
permanent magnets
Many ancient cultures discovered natural magnetic
properties of materials
Magnetite
Permanent magnetic applications include
Compass needles
Speakers
Computer hard disks
Section 20.1
Bar Magnet
A bar magnet is a
permanent magnet in
the shape of a bar
The symbol for the
magnetic field is
The magnetic field lines
can be deduced from
the pattern of the iron
filings
The filings are small,
needle-shaped,
permanent magnets
Demo
Section 20.1
B
Demo: Magnetic Filed of
Permanent Magnets
Magnetic Field Lines
The magnetic poles are
indicated at the ends of
the bar magnet
Called north and south
The magnetic poles are
analogous to positive
and negative charges
The north poles of the
filings are attracted to
the south pole of the bar
magnet
Section 20.1
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Fields, cont.
The SI unit of the magnetic field is the tesla (T)
The magnetic field lines go from the north pole
toward the south pole
The magnitude of the field decreases as you move
farther from a pole
The magnetic field lines form closed loops
A general property of magnetic fields, not just bar
magnets
Section 20.1
Horseshoe Magnet
Can be made by
bending a bar magnet
There are poles at the
ends of the horseshoe
The field is largest in
the horseshoe gap
The field is directed
across the gap

Section 20.1
Magnetic Field from Current
Moving charges produce magnetic fields
An electric current consists of moving charges, so it will
produce a magnetic field
The iron filings show the magnetic field pattern due to
the current
Section 20.1
Demo
Magnetic Field from Current, cont.
For a straight wire, the magnetic field lines form
circles
The magnitude of the field decreases as the distance
from the wire increases
The direction of the field is always tangent to the
circles
The direction of the field is given by the right-hand
rule
Section 20.1
Right-Hand Rule Number 1
Point the thumb of your
right hand in the direction
of the current
You thumb will be parallel
to the wire
Curling the fingers of your
right hand around the wire
gives the direction of the
magnetic field
If the direction of the
current is reversed, the
direction of the field is
also reversed

Section 20.1
Plotting Field Lines
Field lines are three-dimensional
A large dot () indicates the tip of the vector when it
points out of the plane
A cross () denotes the tails of the vector when it
points into the plane
Section 20.1
Charges and Magnetic Fields
The electric current can be modeled as a collection
of positive electric charges
The charges would be moving with a velocity parallel
to the current direction
The direction of the magnetic field is given by the
right-hand rule
Your thumb will be in the direction of the velocity of the
charges
A positive charge moving to the left produces the
same magnetic field as a negative charge moving to
the right
Section 20.1
Magnetic Fields of Moving Charges
Section 20.1
Superposition
The Principle of Superposition states the total
magnetic field produced by two or more different
sources is equal to the sum of the fields produced by
each source individually
The principle of superposition can be used to find the
pattern of magnetic field lines in virtually all situations

Section 20.1
Magnetic Field and Current Loop
Treat the loop as many
small pieces of wire
Apply the right-hand
rule to find the field from
each piece of wire
Applying superposition
gives the overall pattern
shown in B
Section 20.1
Magnetic Forces & Bar Magnets
To determine the total
force on the bar
magnet, you must look
at the forces on each
pole
The total force is zero
The total torque is non-
zero
The torque acts to align
the bar magnet along
the external magnetic
field
Section 20.2
Magnetic Moment
The bar magnet possesses a magnetic moment
The bar magnet is similar to an electric dipole
The poles of the magnet can be thought of as a sort of
magnetic charge
The north pole of one magnet will attract the south
pole of another magnet
Unlike poles attract
Like poles will repel
Similar to electric charges
Section 20.2
Magnetic Force Another View
The axes of the
magnets are aligned
The upward force on
the north pole of the
lower magnet is
stronger than the
downward force on its
south pole
Due to distances
The total force on the
lower magnet is upward
The magnets attract
Section 20.2
Demo:
Levitating Magnet